Anatomy Presentation

Pathophysiology of skeletal System Anatomy & Physiology Osteoporosis Osteomyelitis Osteoarthitis Infectious Arthritis Gout

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteria . It can be usefully subclassified on the basis of the causative organism, the route, duration and anatomic location of the infection.

Defect of tibia, caused by septic osteomyelitis in childhood, with compensatory thickening of the fibula (right). The normal bones are shown at left.

Causes Staphylococcus aureus is the organism most commonly isolated from all forms of osteomyelitis.

Treatment Osteomyelitis often requires prolonged antibiotic therapy, with a course lasting a matter of weeks or months. A PICC line or central venous catheter is often placed for this purpose. Osteomyelitis also may require surgical debridement.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease), is a clinical syndrome in which lowgrade inflammation results in pain in the joints.

Types of OA Primary This type of OA is a chronic degenerative disorder related to but not caused by aging, as there are people well into their nineties who have no clinical or functional signs of the disease. Secondary: This type of OA is caused by other factors or diseases but the resulting pathology is the same as for primary OA .

Causes Although it commonly arises from trauma, osteoarthritis often affects multiple members of the same family, suggesting that there is hereditary susceptibility to this condition. A number of studies have shown that there is a greater prevalence of the disease between siblings and especially identical twins, indicating a hereditary. Up to 60% of OA cases are thought to result from genetic factors. Researchers are also investigating the possibility of allergies, infections, or fungi as a cause

Treatment Generally speaking, the process of clinically detectable osteoarthritis is irreversible, and typical treatment consists of medication or other interventions that can reduce the pain of OA and thereby improve the function of the joint.

Gout

Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of uric acid. In this condition, monosodium urate or uric acid crystals are deposited on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues due to elevated concentrations of uric acid in the bloodstream. This provokes an inflammatory reaction of these tissues.

Shows classic location at first MTP and small erosion with "overhanging " edge. Notice that the joint space and bone density are

Cause caused by too much uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia). Hyperuricemia usually does no harm, and most people with high levels of uric acid in the blood never develop gout. When uric acid levels in the blood are too high, uric acid may form crystals that accumulate in the joints.

Signs and symptoms Gout is characterized by excruciating, sudden, unexpected, burning pain, as well as swelling, redness, warmth, and stiffness in the affected joint. This occurs commonly in men in their toes but can appear in other parts of the body and affects women as well.

Treatments and drugs Treatment for gout usually involves medications. What medications you and your doctor choose will be based on your current health and your own preferences. Medications for gout include: • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs • Colchicine • Steroids

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of noncollagenous proteins in bone is altered.

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Cause The strength of your bones depends on their size and density; bone density depends in part on the amount of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals bones contain. When your bones contain fewer minerals than normal, they're less strong and eventually lose their internal supporting structure

Signs and symptoms Osteoporosis itself has no specific symptoms; its main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Osteoporotic fractures are those that occur in situations where healthy people would not normally break a bone; they are therefore regarded as fragility fractures. Typical fragility fractures occur in the vertebral column, rib, hip and wrist.

Treatments and drugs The primary goal of treatment of osteoporosis is to reduce the risk of pathologic fractures.The three mainstays of treatment are: • Weight-bearing exercise Exercise is an important treatment for osteoporosis to maintain healthy bones. • Nutrition supplementation Calcium supplementation is an

• Medications There are several available medications used for osteoporosis treatment. These include: Bisphosphanates (Fosamax) Calcitonin (Miacalcin) Raloxifene Estrogen

Infectious arthritis

Infectious arthritis is a form of joint inflammation caused by a germ. The germ can be a bacterium, a virus or a fungus. Infection of the joints usually occurs after a previous infection elsewhere in the body.

Symptoms infectious arthritis vary according to the type of germ causing it. If the arthritis is caused by a bacterium, inflammation is generally located in only one place or area. The infection is often accompanied by fever and chills and its onset is quite sudden. With infectious arthritis caused by a virus, there is usually no fever, but there is an aching feeling all over the body. Inflammation caused by a fungal infection can be in one area or throughout the body, and it usually occurs very slowly, over weeks or months. You may have a mild

Treatment Infectious arthritis usually requires several days of treatment in a hospital, with follow-up medication and physical therapy lasting several weeks or months.

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