Ambedkar Book

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„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi =∂Å`«fi=∂...? =∂#=`«fi JOÉË^Œ¯~°`«fi=∂...? =sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞㨺ÃÑ· K«~°Û

BRAHMANATVA MALATVAMA...? . MANAVATVA AMBEDKARATVAMA...? . (VARGIKARANA . SAMASYA PAI CHARCHA) - Sambaiah Gundimeda

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q+¨Ü«∞ã¨∂zHõ A POWERFUL INTELLECTUAL CASE

Faculty of Law & Social Sciences

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INTELLECTUAL CASE

- Sudipta Kaviraj

PK«~} ° Ï`«‡Hõ PÖ’K«#Å∞ – ã¨∞nѨΠHõq~å*ò =sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ ^Œ$HõÊ^äŒO – ^•~°¡ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ Ö’xH˜ "≥à§ı =ÚO^Œ∞ – ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"∞≥ _» ^Œo`« JO`«ó ã¨OѶ∞¨ ~°¬}–„Ѩ™êÎ=# „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO =∂Å`«fiO ã¨=∞HÍb# ^Œo`« ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å∞ =∂Å`«fi"å^ŒO–`˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ∞ : qâı+¡ } ¨ =∞#q∞ѨC_Õq∞ KÕÜ∂« e? =ÚyOѨ٠P^è•~° „QÆO^ä•Å∞

A POWERFUL

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What is a democratic society? This is one of the most pressing questions for those who reflect historically about Indian politics, beyond its everyday excitements. Sambaiah Gundimeda’s short book deals with this unavoidable question, and therefore addresses everybody who is interested in a serious discussion about the past, present and future of our collective political life. Obviously, the idea of a democratic society can be read in two different ways – in terms of a governmental form, or in terms of a principle. If we view democracy simply as a form of government in which elections are held regularly and freely, governments are elected by the ordinary voters, they abide generally by publicly declared principles, the judiciary protects the rights of citizens, a free press can reach an unrestricted audience – we can contentedly conclude that India is a successful, and in some ways even flourishing democratic society. Without being quite incorrect, this however is a shallow view. After all, these institutional mechanisms are simple means to secure an end. A second view of democracy would see it more broadly as a society in which its citizens are reliably treated with dignity and respect. This dignity should be a dignity of everyday relations, not just in the dramatic arena of a court. The political institutions of democracy are meant to realise a society of this kind. Independence, as people like Ambedkar realised, could mean two different beginnings: the transfer of power from unelected British rulers to elected Indians, and also the much subtler, deeper, fundamental beginnings of a change in the ‘habits of the heart’ of a society historically scarred by hierarchy. If we apply the second criterion of judgement, despite its secure governmental democracy, Indian society still has to realise the democratic principle of equal i

dignity in everyday life. Following Gandhi, it can be asserted that the real test of a society is how it treats its most disadvantaged people. In Indian society, there are two kinds of obvious disadvantage – poverty and caste indignity: and clearly, in case of the Dalit groups, these two disadvantages coincide, making their uplift the most important single agenda for Indian democracy. The framers of the Indian constitutional system, on which our democratic life is based, realised the distinction and the connection between these two aspects of democracy. Their way of connecting them, and ensuring that democracy did not become a simple institutional form, but a force of deep social change, was to incorporate provisions for reservations into the constitutional structure – in legislatures, education and employment. Notably, they made these reservations proportional to the numbers of these groups in the whole population. Sixty years have passed since these provisions were devised; and we have also had a long period of their cumulative functioning. The results of this experience are clearly twofold. On the one side, they have resulted in some amelioration of conditions of those individuals and families who have been able to benefit from reservations. It is equally clear, on the other that a vast number of people belonging to these groups have fallen outside the scope of these improvements. Since the purpose of democracy as a principle, and of the institutional mechanisms of reservation, was to address the question of backwardness of disadvantaged groups, it would be unforgivable complacency to leave the situation as it is, and not to think critically about them. After all, the purpose of institutions is to realise certain principles; and these principles have to be realised in historical conditions that keep changing. Thus there can be case of rethinking the institutions themselves either because the historical context of the institutions have changed; or because there were faults in the designs of institutions that were revealed through their functioning; or the institutions themselves change the environs. In all of these cases, we require a new critical debate about the purposes of our public political life, and the institutional design established to realise them. Sambaiah Gundimeda’s book in my view invites us to a reconsideration of some of these basic issues of the structure of the society and the design of our public institutions. It must be realised that the historical significance of Ambedkar was that he was not merely an intellectual who merely enunciated high ideals, but had the much rarer capacity to translate these ideals into ii

institutions to affect daily practice. Without that critical translation, high ideals tend to remain practically ineffectual. To reopen this debate it is necessary to assess the historical record of these provisions. As academic researchers have shown for a long time, two processes occurred through the operation of Indian democracy. First, the reservation provisions affected the lives of a segment of the Dalit communities and offered them prospects of education, employment and representation. But this was numerically a small group relative to the size of the entire Dalit population; and secondly, some of these benefits tend to go persistently towards some specific sections among them, because these groups enjoy some prior advantages like better access to education. The serious question that arises here, as Sambiah Gundimeda asserts forcefully, is whether we should not modify the distribution of these benefits. The original principle behind reservations was to protect groups who were disadvantaged who will inevitably lose out in an entirely open system of competitiveness, because the market prefers those with initial advantage. Should these principles, which originally justified the corralling of opportunities for the Dalits, against competition from upper caste groups, not be applied to the case of competition among the Dalit communities themselves? This is an eminently reasonable argument, and has considerable emotive power. Sambiah Gundimeda makes these arguments with great moral conviction, and considerable intellectual force. It will be pointed out, quite rightly, that there was a second front of democratic politics through which there has been a more subtle, but probably more substantial change in the position of Dalits in Indian society. This is through electoral politics. By declaring them as Scheduled Castes, the constitution, in a sense invited them to view themselves as a single social group, ignoring internal sub-caste boundaries. As electoral politics unfolded, this gave the Dalit groups a new power of aggregation. Democracy is a politics of numbers. The creation of this new bloc of Dalit groups which transcended their earlier sub-caste separations, and began to operate in electoral politics as a single caste identity had immensely significant results. It first affected large political parties and forced them to attend to the question of reform of social practice. Subsequently, this consolidation led to the creation of political formations and parties based on Dalit identities. No one can deny that this has led to a huge transformation iii

in Indian political life, and made Dalit groups and their demands more visible, insistent and effective. The controversies in Andhra among the Dalit groups centres around some of these essential issues for the growth of Indian democracy. Would a modification of reservations, by either suggesting an exit of those who have been beneficiaries or subdivision of benefits proportional to their numbers affect the capacity of the Dalit groups to mobilize as a single bloc for electoral power? That seems to be a central and difficult question: but it is also an unavoidable question of the relation between democracy and equity. I cannot read Sambaiah’s writing in Telugu; but I am very familiar with his line of argument through his English writing. He makes a powerful case in both senses – it is driven by a passionate moral conviction, but more significantly, it puts forward a powerful intellectual case. He is able to present his case with emotion without compromising lucidity. By this book, he may not persuade everyone to agree with him; but he will certainly force those who oppose his case to be reflexive; that is, to be clear about their own arguments and their premises. This will, hopefully, start a serious discussion in the political public sphere on the fundamental principles of democratic equity. I hope his book shows to all his readers that there are deep and serious questions underlying the sordid chaos of everyday political practice; and it will invite all who are interested in politics to act and live life more thoughtfully.

Sudipta Kaviraj Chairman Department of Politics and International Studies School of Oriental and African Studies University of London, UK.

PK«~} ° Ï`«‡Hõ PÖ’K«#Å∞ ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ã¨=∂[O JO>Ë Uq∞\˜? ÉèÏ~°`« ~å[H©Ü«∂Å ~ÀA"ås HÀÖÏǨÏÖÏxfl ^•\˜ Kåi¢`«OQÍ PÖ’zOKÕ"åà◊√§ "≥O@<Õ `ÕÅ∞ÛHÀ"åeû# J`«ºO`« =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# ¢Ñ¨â◊flÅÖ’ Wk XHõ\ ˜. `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀÖËx D ¢Ñ¨âıfl ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» z#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x q+¨Ü«∞O. JO^Œ∞=Å¡, =∞# ã¨q∞+≤ì ~å[H©Ü«∞ rq`«O ZÖÏ LO_Õk ZÖÏ LOk ZÖÏ LO_»É’`«∞Ok, J<Õ ¢Ñ¨â◊flÅ QÆ∞iOz ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ K«~°Û#∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°O^Œih L^ÕútOz# ѨÙã¨ÎHõO. ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ã¨=∂[O J<Õ ÉèÏ=#H˜ Ô~O_»∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ# J~å÷Å#∞ fã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û J<Õk ã¨Ê+¨ì"Õ∞. XHõ ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ~°∂ѨOQÍ QÍh ÖË^• XHõ qÅ∞=QÍ QÍh. ¢Ñ¨*Ï™êfi=∂xfl XHõ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ~°∂ѨOQÍ J~°úOKÕã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ¢Hõ=∞ =º=^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ ¿ãfiK«ÛQÍ ZxflHõÅ [~°Q_Æ =» ¸ ¢Ñɨ ∞íè `åfiÅx ™ê=∂#º ¢Ñ[¨ ÖË Z#∞flHÀ=_»=¸ ÉÏǨ@OQÍ ¢ÑH¨ \õ O˜ z# q^è•<åÅH˜ ¢Ñ¨Éèí∞`åfiÅ∞ Hõ@∞ì|_çLO_»@O, áœ~°∞ŠǨωõΩ¯Åx <åºÜ«∞=º=ã¨÷ HÍáê_»@=¸ ¿ãfiKåÛùÜ«Ú`« Ѩ¢uHÍ~°OQÆO, ¢Ñ¨™ê~° ™ê^èŒ<åÅ∞, "å\˜x K«k"Õ K«∂¿ã áê~î°‰õΩÅ∂ ¢¿ÑHõ∆‰õΩÅH˜ ¿ãfiKåÛù WÖÏO\˜ q+¨Ü«∂Åx K«∂ã≤ =∞#O ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâßxfl ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ q[Ü«∞=O`«"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º=∞h PY~°∞‰õΩ =iúÅ∞¡`«∞#fl „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º=∞x ‰õÄ_® f~å‡xOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. Wk =∞s JO`« á⁄~°áê@∞ PÖ’K«# Ug∞ HÍ^Œ∞. HÍHõáÈ`Õ Wk Ö’`«∞ÖËx PÖ’K«#. D ~°HõO ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`« Ü«∞O„`åOQÆ=∞O`å XHõ ÅHõ∆ ºO ™êkèOKÕ ™ê^èŒ<åÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞. WHõ, Ô~O_À ~°HõO PÖ’K«# „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxfl =∞iO`« qã¨Î $`å~°úOÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º=∞O>Ë áœ~°∞ÅH˜ Q“~°=O, P`«‡Q“~°=O WKÕÛkQÍ K«∂ã¨∞ÎOk. D Q“~°=O ^≥·#Ok# rq`«OÖ’ ^˘iˆH Q“~°=O. <å@H©Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# HÀ~°∞ì QÆkH˜ Ѩiq∞`«=∞ÜÕ∞º Q“~°=O HÍ^Œ∞. WÖÏO\˜ ã¨=∂*Ïxfl ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞ˆH „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºÑ¨Ù ã¨Oã¨÷Åx U~°ÊiKå~°∞. ™êfi`«O„`«ºO JO>Ë Ô~O_»∞ "Õˆ~fi~°∞ ~°HÍÅ =ÚO^Œ_»∞QÆ∞Åx JOÉË^Œ¯~üÖÏO\˜ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. Z#∞flHÀ|_»x „a\˜+π áêʼnõΩÅ #∞Oz JkèHÍ~åxfl Z#∞flHÀ|_Õ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅH˜ =∂iÊ_ç KÕÜ«∞_»O XHõ ~°HõO. Kåi„`«HõOQÍ ÃÇÏK«∞Û`«QÆ∞æÅ =º=ã¨÷`À QÍÜ«∞Ѩ_»¤ ã¨=∂[Ѩ٠ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xfl #Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞_»O Ô~O_À~°HõO. Wk =∞iO`« Ö’`≥·#k. =∞øeHõ"≥∞ÿ#k. xt`«"≥∞ÿ#k. D Ô~O_À „Ѩ=∂}O fã¨∞‰õΩx =∞#O f~°∞Ê W"åfiÅO>Ë „ѨÉèí∞`«fiѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO xˆH∆ѨOQÍ L#flѨÊ\˜H© ~ÀA"ås rq`«OÖ’ ã¨=∂# Q“~°=q∞=fi_»O J<Õ „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ã¨∂„`«O ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ WOHÍ "åã¨Î=O HÍÖË^Œ∞. QÍOnè K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞ìQÍ J`«ºO`« |ÅÇ‘Ï#∞Åx ZÖÏ K«∂ã¨∞ÎO^Œ#fl q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞ XHõ ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ x["≥∞ÿ# w@∞~å~Ú. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Ô~O_»∞ ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# |ÅÇ‘Ï#`«Å∞

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JHõ_»q∞H± Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ∞ KåÖÏHÍÅO „H˜`«"Õ∞ K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k: ^Œo`« |$O^•ÅÖ’ H˘kÌ=∞Ok rq`åÅÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê =zÛOk. "åiH˜ K«^Œ∞=Ù, Láêkè, „áêux^茺O =O\˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú. J~Ú`Õ, "≥Ú`«ÎO ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏÖ’ g~°∞ Ju H˘kÌ=∞Ok =∂„`«"Õ∞. Ô~O_»∞: D ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂ÅÖ’ H˘xfl ZѨC_»∂ P H˘kÌ=∞OkˆH áÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë "åiH˜ q^•º=HÍâßÅ =O\˜ =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î J_®fiO>Ë*ò L#flk. ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» â◊H˜Î=∞O`«OQÍ "åkOz#@∞ìQÍ WHõ¯_» XHõ ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ „Ѩâ◊fl ѨÙ_»∞`«∞Ok. ^Œo`«∞ÅH˜ L#fl D ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Åx "Õˆ~ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ѨOÑ≤}© KÕÜ«∞~å^• J<Õ „Ѩâ◊fl. =∂Ô~¯\ò ZѨC_»∂ =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î Z_®fiO>Ë*ò L#fl"åiˆH J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ LO@∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ ѨÓiÎ áÈ\© =º=ã¨÷Ö’ |ÅÇ‘Ï#∞Åx Ѩi~°H˜∆OK«_»"Õ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =¸Åã¨∂„`«O. =∞i ^Œo`«∞Å HÀã¨O J=HÍâßÅÖ’ H˘O`« ÉèÏQÍxfl J>ËìÃÑ@ì_»O J<Õ q^è•<åxfl ^Œo`« |$O^•Å ֒Ѩe áÈ\©H˜ =∂„`«O =iÎOѨ*ËÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^•? Wk KåÖÏ ã¨=∞O[ã¨"≥∞ÿ# "å^Œ#. ÃÑ·QÍ B^ÕfiyHõ â◊H˜Î L#fl „Ѩâ◊fl. ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» Q˘Ñ¨Ê <≥·uHõ |ÅO`À#∂ K≥ѨCHÀ^ŒQÆæ "Õ∞^è•â◊H˜Î`À#∂ D "å^•xfl =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞.

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ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å |ÅÇ‘Ï# ã≤÷ux "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞ѨiKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ~å[H©Ü«∂ÅÖ’ Ô~O_À =∂~°æO–ZxflHõÅ ~å[H©Ü«∂Å ^•fi~å–LO^Œx Z=Ô~·<å <åºÜ«∞OQÍ<Õ ZuÎ K«∂Ñ≤OK«=K«∞Û. Ã+_»∂ºÅ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Jx Ñ≤Å=_»O ^•fi~å ^Œo`«∞Å∞ `«=∞ LѨ‰õΩÅ `Õ_®Åx q㨇iOz XˆH XHõ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ |$O^ŒOQÍ `«=∞x `å=Ú K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕÖÏ ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆO "åix „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. ZxflHõÅ ~å[H©Ü«∂ÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞ÅH˜ nx=Å# ã¨OMϺ|ÅO ã¨=∞‰õÄiOk. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO JOÔHÅ P@. JO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ\ ˜ LѨ‰õΩÅ `Õ_®Åx JkèQÆq∞Oz ZxflHõÅ ~å[H©Ü«∂ÅÖ’ L=∞‡_ç ^Œo`«ÉÏ¡‰õΩ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å# ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# K≥ѨCHÀ^ŒQÆæ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ =KåÛ~Ú. ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ g∞^Œ nx „ѨÉèÏ=O Ѩ_çOk. ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ =º=Ǩ~°OÖ’ ã¨O㨯~°} J<Õ „Ѩâ◊flx Jq Ѩ\ ˜ìOK«∞‰õΩ<ÕÖÏ =uÎ_ç KÕã≤Ok. P `«~åfi`« ^Œo`« QÆ∞iÎOѨÙÅ g∞^Œ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç# ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ, W`«~° ~å[H©Ü«∞ HÍ~åºK«~°}ÅH˜ Jk ^•ifã≤Ok. WO^Œ∞=Å¡ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ rq`«OÖ’ „Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# =∂~°∞ÊÅH˜ HÍ~°}=∞~ÚºO^Œ<Õ q+¨Ü«∂hfl ^Œo`« |$O^•ÅH˜ =∞iO`« â◊H©Î, ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO, „ѨÉèÏ=O =zÛO^Œ<Õ x*Ïhfl Z=~°∂ HÍ^Œ#ÖË~°∞. PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ ^Œo`« |$O^•Å =∞^茺 q"å^ŒO ÉèÏ~°`« „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºÑ¨Ù Jaè=$kúH˜ H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# D JOâßÅg∞^Œ<Õ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flk. ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Åx á⁄Ok# "å~°∞ WHõ `«Ñ¨CHÀ"åÅx ã¨∂zOK«_»O QÍh [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O =sæHõ~°} KÕÜ«∞_»O QÍh ~å[H©Ü«∞ JkèHÍ~°O HÀã¨O ^Œo`« |$O^•Åx XHõ¯ ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏOQÍ ã¨OѶ¨∞\˜`«=∞ÜÕ∞º â◊H˜Îx ^≥|ƒf™êÎÜ«∂? D q"å^ŒOÖ’ W^Õ Jã¨Öˇ·#, H˜¡+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞㨺 Jx JxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#flk. HÍh Wk „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH© ã¨=∂#`åfixH© L#fl ã¨O|O^èŒO QÆ∞iOz# `«Ñ≤ÊOK«∞HÀÖËx „Ѩâ◊fl. ™êO|Ü«∞º `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ~åã≤#^•xx <Õ#∞ K«^Œ=ÖË#∞. HÍh J`«_ç WOw¡+¨µ ~°K«#Å ^•fi~å PÜ«∞# "å^Œ# Uq∞\’

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<å‰õΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞"Õ∞. J`«x "å^Œ# Ô~O_»∞ J~åúÅÖ’ â◊H˜Î=∞O`«"≥∞ÿ#k. L^ÕfiQÆÉèíi`«"≥∞ÿ# <≥·uHõ qâßfiã¨O #∞Oz ѨÙ\˜ì# |ÅO JO^Œ∞Ö’ LOk. JO`«HõO>Ë =ÚYºOQÍ |Å"≥∞ÿ# "Õ∞^èÀѨ\ ˜=∞ L#flk. ã¨Ê+¨ì`«x HÀ֒ʉõΩO_®<Õ `«# "å^•xfl L^ÕfiQÆÉèíi`«OQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞ÃÑ_»`å~°∞. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO`À PÜ«∞# `«# „Ѩ`«º~°∞úÅx XÑ≤ÊOK«ÖËHõáÈ=K«∞Û. HÍh "åix PÖ’zOѨ*ËÜ«∞QÆÅ~°∞. „Ѩ`«º~°∞úÅH˜ `«=∞ "å^Œ# =∞iO`« ã¨Ê+¨ìO HÍQÆÅ^Œ∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ ã¨=∂#`«fiO J<Õ JOâ◊O g∞^Œ Ѩa¡H± ~°OQÆOÖ’ ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ K«~°Û#∞ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ@ìQÆÅ^Œx <å Pâ◊. ~ÀA"ås ~å[H©Ü«∞ =º=Ǩ~°Ñ¨Ù HõOQÍm`«#OÖ’ Ö’`≥·# ã‘iÜ«∞ãπ q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ Wq∞_ç L<åflÜ«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl áê~î ° ‰ õ Ω ÅH˜ D Ѩ ٠㨠ΠH õ O K« ∂ Ѩ Ù `« ∞ O^Œ h ~å[H© Ü « ∂ ÅÖ’ P㨠H ˜ Î L#fl"å~° ∞ =∞iO`« PÖ’K«<å`«‡HõOQÍ „Ѩ=iÎOKÕÖÏ rqOKÕÖÏ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO „¿Ñ~°} Wã¨∞ÎO^Œh Ptã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.

– ã¨∞nѨΠHõq~å*ò K≥·~°‡<£ _çáê~üì"≥∞O\ò PѶπ áêe\˜H±û JO_£ WO@ˆ~fl+¨#Öò ã¨ì_ôãπ ã¨∂¯Öò PѶπ FiÜ«∞O@Öò JO_£ P„Ѷ≤Hõ<£ ã¨ì_ôãπ Ü«¸x=iû\˜ PѶπ ÅO_»<£, Ü«Ú<≥·>ˇ_£ H˜OQ∑_»"£∞. `≥Å∞QÆ∞ J#∞"å^ŒO:z\˜ìÉÏ|∞ Ѩ_»=Å

Dr. Darla Venkateswara Rao

UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD (Central University), Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 46. E-mail : [email protected] Ph. : 9247837735 Dt 16-03-2006

M.A., (Telugu), M.A., (Sociology), PGDLTT, Dip. in Sanskrit, M.Phil., Ph.D., (Telugu) Lecturer, Dept. of Telugu,

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=∂~åæÅ∞ J<Õfi+≤OK«HõáÈ=_»O, `≥eã≤<å H˘O`«=∞Ok "≥·Ü«∞H˜ÎHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åʼnõΩ "å_»∞HÀ=_»O =O\˜˜ "å\˜ =Å¡ Jq <Õ\ ˜ =sæHõ~°} "å^•x‰õΩ#flO`« Ѩ\ ˜+¨ª`«#∞ ™êkèOK«ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú.

âßã¨#, HÍ~°ºx~åfiǨÏHõ, <åºÜ«∞=º=ã¨÷Å =∞^茺 ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ™êkèOK«#O`« =~°‰õÄ '<åºÜ«∞O / ^èŒ~°‡O— JO^ŒiH© JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜ ~å=_»O JO`« ã¨∞ÅÉèí"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞O HÍ^Œ∞. D ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ™êkèOK«_»OÖ’ ^˘ˆ~¡ á⁄~°áê@¡ =Å¡<Õ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ H˘O`«=∞Ok „Ѩ[Å∞ WHõ¯@¡ áêÅ=fi=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk. g\˜x LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ H˘O`«=∞Ok, =∞i H˘O`« =∞OkÃÑ· PkèѨ`åºxfl K≥ÖÏ~Úã¨∂Î, JO^Œ=Åã≤# ǨωõΩ¯efl JO^Œ‰õΩO_® PѨQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∂, `å=Ú J#∞ÉèíqOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∂, `«=∞H˜ P@OHõO Hõey#ѨC_»∞ ''J<åºÜ«∞O—— [iyáÈ`«∞O^Œx QÆQÀæÅ∞ ÃÑ@ì_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O@∞Ok. JѨC_»∞ "åà◊√§ Zxfl "å^Œ#Öˇ·<å qxÑ≤OK«_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ =™êÎ~°∞. "å^Œ##∞ ã¨=∞~°ú=O`«OQÍ qxÑ≤OK«QÆey#, x~°∂Ñ≤OK«QÆey# "åàı¡ q*Ë`«Å∞! q*Ë`«Å∞

JO`å <åºÜ«∞O „ѨHÍ~°"≥∂, ^èŒ~°‡O „ѨHÍ~°"≥∂ `«=∞ ǨωõΩ¯efl á⁄O^ŒQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°#∞HÀ=_®xH˜ gÅ∞ ÖË^Œ∞. ã¨∞„Ñ‘OHÀ~°∞ì Zãπ.ã≤. =sæHõ~°} K«\Ïìxfl H˘xfl ™êOˆHuHõ HÍ~°}Ïefl K«∂Ñ≤ `å`å¯eHõOQÍ H˘>Ëìã≤Ok. ^•xH˜ H˘xfl ~å*ϺOQÆ P@OHÍÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤Ok. Zãπ.ã≤. =sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞㨺#∞ PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO âßã¨#ã¨Éèí ^•fi~å P"≥∂kOz# f~å‡<åxfl ѨOÑ≤<å, áê~°¡"≥∞O@∞ P"≥∂^ŒO ^•fi~å =∂„`«"Õ∞ K«@ìO HÍ=Åã≤ LOk. W=hfl ™êOˆHuHõ JOâßÖË! HÍh, ã¨=∂[ "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ [ã‘ìãπ ~å=∞K«O„^Œ~åA Hõg∞+¨<£ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ K«∂ѨQÆeyOk. =∞m§ WѨC_»∞ ˆHO„^ŒO xÜ«∞q∞Oz# ^Œo`« =sæHõ~°} J^茺ܫ∞# Hõq∞\© ^•fi~å x~°‚Ü«∞O HÍ=Åã≤ LO^Œ x JO@∞#fl "åà◊ √ § L<åfl~° ∞ . nxfl =ºuˆ ~ H˜ O KÕ "åà◊ ¥ § L<åfl~° ∞ . ^•xH˜ _®II a.P~ü. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü PÖ’K«# „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ K«∂ã≤<å 1935 ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fi K«@ìO „ѨHÍ~°O JѨÊ\˜ „a\©+π „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ǨÏÜ«∂OÖ’<Õ XHõ L`«Î~°∞fi *Ïs KÕâß~°∞. nx „ѨHÍ~°O XHõ ~åROÖ’ XHÀ¯ q^èŒOQÍ Jã¨Ê $â◊º`« LO@∞O^Œx, ^•x „ѨHÍ~°O JѨC_»∞ 9 ÉèÏQÍÅ∞QÍ P L`«Î~°∞fiÖ’ qq^èŒ ~å¢ëêìÖ’¡x Jã¨Êâ◊º ‰õΩÖÏÅ, *Ï`«∞Å, `≥QÆÅ#∞ q=iOKå~°∞. ^•xfl JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ã¨q=~°"≥∞ÿ#kQÍ#∞, "åã¨ÎqHõ"≥∞ÿ#kQÍ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«=eã≤O^Œx „ѨHõ\ ˜OKå~°∞.(ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ~°K«#Å∞ – „Ѩã¨OQÍÅ∞ (ã¨OѨÙ@O–7) – PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞ : 1992–246) Hõ#∞Hõ, ˆHO„^ŒO xÜ«∞q∞Oz# ^Œo`«∞Å =sæHõ~°} J^茺ܫ∞# Hõq∞\© ZÖÏO\˜ „Ѩuáê^Œ#Å∞ KÕã≤<å, XHÀ¯ ~åROÖ’ XHÀ¯ ~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# ¿Ñ~°¡`À ‰õΩÅq=Hõ∆, Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å∞ J<Õq H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞x QÆ∞iÎOz, PÜ«∂ ~å¢ëêìÅ "åsQÍ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ U~åÊ@∞ „ѨHÍ~°O i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ „ѨHõ\ ˜OK«_»"Õ∞ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. nxfl D „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î =∂kQÆ =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ ZÖÏ Ñ¨~ånè#"≥∞ÿáÈÜ«∂Ü≥∂, JHõ¯_» ‰õÄ_® =∂kQÆÅ∞ HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞QÍ<Õ K«∂_»|_»∞`«∞<åfl~À KÕã≤# qâı¡+¨}Ö’ Ѩ@∞ìHÀQÆeQÍ_»∞. WÖÏO\˜ Ö’`≥·# qâı¡+¨}Å∞ ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~åʼnõΩ H˘`«Î HÀ}Ïxfl JOkOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. e_£HͺÑπ ^•fi~å<À, `ÀÅ∞ Ѩi„â◊=∞Å ™ê÷Ѩ# ^•fi~å<À =∂kQÆʼnõΩ Pi÷Hõ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O JOk¿ãÎ, Jq =∂kQÆÅ ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`å~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê, x["≥∞ÿ# =∂kQÆ =$uÎ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ JO^Œ=<Õk „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Ö’ `Õe# XHõ JOâ◊O! `ÀÅ∞ Ѩi„â◊=∞Å∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz# "å~°∞, ÖË^• e_£HͺÑπ ^•fi~å K≥ѨCÅ ^Œ∞HÍ}ÏÅ∞ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl "åà◊§#∞ ˆHO„^ŒO xÜ«∞q∞Oz# =sæHõ~°} J^茺ܫ∞# Hõq∞\© „ѨtflOK«_®xH˜ Z#∞flH˘<Õ Ñ¨^Œúu Uq∞\˜? Z#∞fl‰õΩ<Õ „Ѩâßfl=o ZÖÏ LO@∞Ok? nxH˜ JO`«\ ˜H˜ Ѩ>Ëì HÍÅ"≥∞O`«? W=hfl ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ H˘xfl =~åæÅ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =∞~˘Hõ =~°æO '™êfiǨ— KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ HõeyOKÕ U~åÊ@∞QÍ ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏqOKÕ gÅ∞Ok. ˆHO„^Œ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO F Hõg∞+¨<£ "Õã≤, âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ x"ÕkHõ ã¨=∞iÊOz, XHÀ¯ ~åROÖ’ XHÀ¯ Ѩiã≤÷ux q=iOz, PÜ«∂ ~å¢ëêìÅ∞, ˆHO„^Œ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi =∂~°æxˆ~ÌâßÅ#∞ J#∞ã¨iOz H˘xfl J=HÍâßÅ#∞ W=fi_®xH˜ PÜ«∂ âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíňH JkèHÍ~°O Hõ@ìɡ@ì=K«∞Û ÖË^• L=∞‡_çQÍ<Õ XHõ =∂~åæxfl ã¨∂zOK«=K«∞Û. JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ H˘xfl =~åæÅ∞

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WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ ÖË#O`« ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O W`«~° áêsìÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® WѨC_»∞ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ JOkOK«_»OÖ’ QÆÅ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞`«fi ~å[H©Ü«∂Å#∞ QÆ=∞xOK«=∞O@∞#fl ^Œo`«`«fi ÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® YzÛ`«OQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤O^Õ. ~å*ϺOQÆO HõeÊOz# J=HÍâßÅ =Å¡, ~åROÖ’ [iy# HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞, K«∞O_»∂~°∞, Ѩki ‰õΩѨÊO =O\˜ „áêO`åÖ’¡ [iy# ^Œo`Õ`«~° =~å‚Å ^•_»∞Å`À ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ =zÛ# K≥·`«#ºO ™ê=∂#º"≥∞ÿOk HÍ^Œ∞. |Ǩï[# ã¨=∂*ò áêsì ã≤^•úO`«H~õ ,ΰ =º=™ê÷ÑH¨ õ J^躌 ‰õΩ∆ _»∞ HÍh¬~å"£∞`À JѨÊ\˜ ~åR =ÚYº=∞O„u Ü«∞<£.\˜. ~å=∂~å=Ù á⁄`«∞Î ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åÅ#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. Jk XHõ ~°HõOQÍ ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ =zÛ# K≥·`«<åºxfl QÆ∞iÎOK«_»"Õ∞. =∞i JÖÏO\˜ K≥·`«#ºO `«~åfi`« ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˘#™êQÆÖË^Œ∞? ZxflHõÅ =∂ºxÃѶ™ÈìÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ PHõi¬OKÕ Ñ¨^äŒHÍÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO_® LO_Õ"Õ HÍ^Œ∞. =∞iѨC_»∞ "å\˜<≥O^Œ∞‰õΩ q㨇iã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞? ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ qÉèílOKåÅx Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂¿ã Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞`«fi „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO H˘O`« Ѩx KÕ¿ã, <Õ\ ˜ =sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ ѨÓiÎ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#_»OÖ’ H˘O`« Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`«ºO LOk. HÍh, J^Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎ ã¨`«ºO HÍ^Œ∞. ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ qÉèílOz áêeOK«_®xH˜ ÖË^• ^Œo`«∞Å<Õ HÍ^Œ∞ Z=i<≥·<å q_»Q˘\˜ì `«=∞ PkèѨ`«ºO K≥ÖÏ~ÚOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ J<ÕHõ =∂~åæÅ∞<åfl~Ú. "å\˜x JxflO\˜h HÍ^Œx, =sæHõ~°} "å^•<Õfl ã¨=∞i÷OK«_»OÖ’ Jxfl áêsìʼnõΩ UHÍaè„áêÜ«∞O U~°Ê_çOk. z=iH˜ Jxfl áêsìÅ∞ ~åR JÃãOc¡Ö’ UHõ„w=OQÍ P"≥∂^ŒO `≥eáê~Ú. W=hfl Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏÖË J#_»O ¿ÇÏ`«∞|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# PÖ’K«# JxÑ≤OK«∞HÀ^Œ∞! g\˜x D „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞OQÍ<Õ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞, Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`åºÅ#∞ K«∂ѨÙ`«∂<Õ =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl ã¨=∞i÷OK«_»OÖ’ Jxfl áêsìÅ PÖ’K«#Åh ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O KÕÜ«∞QÆeQÍ_»∞. ã¨=∞HÍb# Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Åx K«∂ѨQÆeQÍ_»∞.

#+¨ìáÈ`«∞<åflÜ«∞<Õ "åã¨Î"åxfl QÆ∞iÎOz, `«Hõ∆}O ~åR âßã¨#ã¨Éèí P"≥∂kOz# f~å‡#O „ѨHÍ~°O J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ Jaè=$kúÖ’H˜ =zÛ# ^Œo`«∞Å∞ `«=∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï ^Œo`«∞Å HÀã¨O H˘xfl `åºQÍʼnõΩ ã≤^ŒúO HÍ=Åã≤# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O Pã¨#fl=∞~ÚºO^Œx K≥ѨÊ_»OÖ’ ~°K«~Ú`« ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ x+¨¯Å‡+¨ ^Œ$+≤ìHÀ}Ïxfl K«∂ѨÙ`«∞<åfl_»∞. W`«~°∞Å #∞O_ç á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L#fl"åà◊√§, W`«~°∞ʼnõΩ x*Ï~ÚfQÍ `«=∞ J=ã¨~åÅ∞ f~åÜ«∞x XѨCH˘x, J=HÍâßÅ#∞ '`åºQÆO— KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ^Œo`«∞Å∞ ZO`« =∞Ok ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~°x J_»QÆ_»O J<Õk ˆH=ÅO =∂ÅÅ<À, P LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ<À =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞. JÖÏO\˜ Jaè=$kúH˜ KÕ~°∞"≥·# =∂kQÆ, LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ ‰õÄ_® D ã¨∂„`«O J#fi~Úã¨∞ÎOk. D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ ™êO|Ü«∞º „Ѩuáê^Œ#Å#∞ H˜Ok JOâßÅ∞QÍ qOQÆ_çOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O LOk. =sæHõ~°}`À<Õ ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺Åhfl Ѩiëê¯~°"≥∞ÿáÈ`åÜ«∞<Õ ^•x`À „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î ‰õÄ_® qÉèËkã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. HÍh ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~°OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ "≥∞@∞ìQÍ, ÖË^• XHÀ¯ "≥∞@∞ìQÍ ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°=∞<Õk ™êkèOK«@OÖ’ '=sæHõ~°}— XHõ\ ˜QÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«=∞O@∞<åfl_»∞. nxH˜ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ „H˜g∞ÖËÜ«∞~ü q^è•<åxfl ‰õÄ_® áê\˜OK«_»O =Å¡ x["≥∞ÿ# ^Œo`«∞ňH J=HÍâßÅ∞ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜ ~åQÆey, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ÅHõ∆ ºO <≥~°"Õ~°∞`«∞O^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞. i)

=sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi Éèí∂q∞Hõ#∞ ~°K«~Ú`« JOwHõiOK«_»O ÖË^Œ∞. „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi/ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi ÉèÏ"åÅ`À =sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞i÷OKÕ áêsìÅ∞ L<åfl, J^Õ „ѨÉèÏ=O ѨÓiÎQÍ =sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞~°÷#‰õΩ LO^Œ#_»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨O HÍ^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞. ^•xfl ™ÈѨѨuÎHõOQÍ x~°∂Ñ≤OKå_»∞. ii)

¿Ñ~°¡ "≥#∞Hõ LO_Õ ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõŠѨ@¡ ‰õÄ_® ~°K«~Ú`« ^Œ$+≤ì ˆHO„nHõiOK«_»O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. '‰õΩÅ Jã≤Î`«fiO— ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =ºH˜Î Jã≤Î`åfixfl x~°‚~ÚOzOk. ''Jã¨Ê $â◊√ºÅ∞——QÍ L#fl "åàı§ JO`«~° qÉèí[#ʼnõΩ QÆ∞Ô~· "åi ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõÅ#∞ Q“~°= „Ѩ^ŒOQÍ ÉèÏqOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡<Õ Q“~°"åxfl á⁄O^ŒQÆeQÍ~°∞. HÍh, =∂Å–=∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõÅ∞ |Å=O`«Ñ¨Ù P~ÀÑ≤`« ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂zHõÅ∞. xO^•~°÷OÖ’, hKå~°÷OÖ’ JOwHõiOѨ*Ëã≤#q. J~Ú<å "å\˜`À<Õ 'u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ `« ` « fi O—`À Q“~° = „Ѩ ^ Œ O QÍ =∂~° ∞ ÛHÀQÆ Å QÍÅO@∞<åfl_» ∞ „QÆ O ^ä Œ H õ ~ ° Î . D q+¨ Ü « ∞ OÖ’ JOÉË^Œ¯i["£∞`À H˘OK≥O Ö’`«∞QÍ PÖ’zOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. HÍh, „Ѩ`åº=∂flÜ«∂xfl PÖ’zOz, Jk JO^ŒiH© „Ѩã¨iOѨ*ËÜ«∞_»O HõO>Ë, L#fl ^•xÖ’<Õ B#fl`åºxfl ™êkèOK«∞HÀ=_»O J<Õ Ñ¨^Œúf LOk. P Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’<Õ Páêk`« Q“~°=O ‰õΩÅã¨∂zHõʼnõΩ U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. nxflOHÍ Ö’`«∞QÍ K«iÛOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk! D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å ™êkèOz# ™êO㨯 $uHõ B#fl`åºxfl ã≤^•úOfHõiOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. iii)

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„ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# `«~åfi`« „Ѩ~Ú"Õ\ò ~°OQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ HÀã¨O ^Œo`«∞Å∞ L=∞‡_çQÍ áÈ~å_»=Åã≤# `«~°∞}OÖ’, =sæHõ~°} KÕ@∞ `≥ã¨∞ÎO^Œ<Õ ^•xfl ã¨∞xt`«OQÍ<Õ Ñ¨ijeOK«QÆeQÍ_»∞. „ѨÉèí∞`«fi Láêkè J=HÍâßÖ’¡ L#fl H˘kÌáê\˜ J=HÍâßÅ<Õ =∂kQÆ, `«k`«~° LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ ÅaèOK«x=fix"åà◊√§, ˆ~Ѩ٠L=∞‡_çQÍ „Ѩ~Ú"Õ\ò ~°OQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ ™êkè¿ãÎ JѨC_»∞ P J=HÍâßefl á⁄O^Œx™êÎ~°x ZÖÏ #=∞‡QÆÅ=∞x 㨿ÇÏ`«∞HõOQÍ<Õ „Ѩtflã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. Ô~O_À HÀ}OÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ∞ WѨÊ\˜ˆH HÀÖ’Ê~Ú<å, WHõÃÑ· ~åÉ’ÜÕ∞ „Ѩ~Ú"Õ\ò ~°OQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#~Ú<å HÍáê_»∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë =sæHõ~°} LO_»=Åã≤O^Õ J<Õk =∞~À "å^Œ#QÍ =ÚO^Œ∞H˜ fã¨∞H˘ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. v) ~å*Ϻkè H Í~° Éè Ï =# QÆ ∞ iOz PK« ~ ° } Ï`« ‡ Hõ ã≤ ^ •ú O `åxfl D „QÆ O ^ä Œ O Ö’ „ѨuáêkOz, '^Œo`« ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O— J<Õ ^•xH˜ H˘`«Î x~°fiK«<åx=fiQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl_»∞ ~°K«~Ú`«. JOÉË^Œ¯i[O ѨÙ<åkQÍ<Õ nxfl qã¨Î $`«Ñ¨iKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO KÕâß_»∞. ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O ~å=_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl JOwHõiOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞O^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞. JÖÏ HÍ#O`« =~°‰õÄ ^Œo`«∞Å ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∂ÅÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î<åfl~°<Õk ^Œo`« ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ¿Ñ~°∞`À [iˆQ H“\˜ÖϺxfl =∂kQÆÅ∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«QÆeQÍ~°<Õk „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î qâı¡+¨}. nx`Àáê@∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi q^ŒºÖ’ ã¨O㨯~°}Å∞ ~å"åÅ<Õk ‰õÄ_® ~°K«~Ú`« PHÍOHõ∆QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. JÖÏ HÍHõáÈ`Õ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ÅHõ∆ ºO ^≥|ƒu<Õ „Ѩ=∂^ŒO LO^ŒO@∞<åfl_»∞. Wk ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡x XHõ =~° æ „Ñ¨ Ü ≥ ∂ [<åxfl =∂„`« " Õ ∞ PHÍOH˜ ∆ O KÕ k HÍ^Œ ∞ . =sæ H õ ~ ° } Ï#O`« ~ ° O ^Œ o `« ∞ Å âßâ◊fi`åaè=$kúH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# `åuÎ fiHõ PÖ’K«#. Hõ#∞Hõ, D „QÆO^èŒO ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ XHõ =~åæxfl QÆ∞_ç¤QÍ ã¨=∞i÷ã¨∞Î<åfl_»#∞HÀ=_®xH˜ gÅ∞ÖË^Œ∞. iv)

WÖÏ ^Œo`« ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO`À 'ѨOK«ã¨∂„`« ã≤^•úO`åxfl— D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ „ѨuáêkOz, XHõ Kåi„`«Hõ Ѩ„`«O (Historical Document)QÍ nxfl ~°∂á⁄OkOKå_»∞. „Ѩu Ñ¨Öˇ¡ =¸Å=¸ÅH© D ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO „ѨKå~°O HÍ=Åã≤ LOk. ~å=∂Ü«∞}, ÉèÏ~°`«, ÉèÏQÆ=`åÅ∞ K«kqOK«∞‰õΩx P#OkOz#@∞¡, D Kåi„`«HõѨ„`«O „Ѩu ^Œo`«∞_»∂ K«kq/ K«kqOK«∞H˘x PÖ’zOK«=∞O@∞<åfl_»∞. =sæHõ~°} áÈ~å@OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO HõeÊOK«∞H˘x, =sæHõ~°}#∞ ™êkèOK«∞H˘<Õ kâ◊QÍ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò ~åR âßã¨#ã¨Éèí P"≥∂kOz# f~å‡<åxfl J#∞ã¨iOz, ~åRѨu q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕã≤# XHõѨÊ\˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ K«@ìO =ÖË QÍh, „Ѩ`ÕºHõ L`«Î~°∞fi`À QÍh =∂kQÆ, J#∞|O^èŒ LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ "åi ǨωõΩ¯Å#∞ `«Hõ∆}O Ѩi~°H˜∆OKåÅ<Õ^Õ „QÆO^äŒHõ~°Î "å^ŒOÖ’x ™ê~åOâ◊O. J^Õ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õk. =∂kQÆ, `«k`«~° LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ PtOKÕk! JO`«=~°‰õΩ ˆH=Å „H˜g∞ÖËÜ«∞~ü, „áêO`åÅ"ås i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡, „QÍg∞}, Ѩ@ì} ^Œo`«∞Å qÉè[í #, ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O =O\˜=hfl `«~åfi`« PÖ’zOK«=Åã≤# q+¨Ü∂« Å~Ú<å „áê^è•#º„Hõ=∂xfl áê\˜OK«=Åã≤ LO@∞O^Œx qâı¡+≤ã¨∞Î<åfl_»∞. xv

„QÆO^ä•xfl K«H¯õ x â‹e· Ö’ ~åâß_»∞. "åHͺ֒¡ JHõ¯_»H¯õ _® ǨÏ$^ŒÜ∞« O #∞O_ç á⁄Oyá⁄~°ÖË Hõq`«fi ^è•~° ‰õÄ_® LOk. ã¨Ê+¨ì`«#∞, Pf‡Ü«∞`«#∞ =∞iO`« J~°÷=O`«OQÍ K≥áêÊÅ#∞‰õΩ<Õ JHõ∆~° "Õ^Œ#QÍ ^•xfl J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. ™ê=∂#∞º_çH˜ JO^Õ q^èŒOQÍ `«# ÉèÏ"åefl ÉÏQÍ Ñ¨OK«∞HÀQÆeQÍ_»∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ âߢ™êÎÅ J^茺ܫ∞#O =Å¡ ~å@∞^Õe# Social Scientists ~å=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. JÖÏO\˜ Social Scientists "≥·Ü«∞H˜ÎHõ Jaè=$kú HõO>Ë, =º=ã¨÷ Jaè=$kúH˜ `À_»Ê_»QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. P ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_»Ö’ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞x D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO K«kq# "åi JO^ŒiH© JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. WOHÍ J<ÕHõ H˘`«Î PÖ’K«#Å∞ „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ L<åfl~Ú. „QÆO^äŒOÖ’xH˜ "≥à◊§O_ç. |Ü«∞@ ã¨=∂[OÖ’x "åã¨ÎqHõ`«#∞ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀO_ç. x["≥∞ÿ# <åºÜ«∂xfl |ÅѨ~°K«O_ç. ^Œo`«∞Å JÉèí∞º#fluH˜ Hõ$+≤ KÕ¿ã "åiÖ’ ™êO|Ü«∞º QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» ‰õÄ_® XHõ =~°∞ã¨Ö’ xÅ=QÆeˆQ =∞Oz PÖ’K«#Å#∞ JOkOKÕ WÖÏO\˜ =∞ixfl ~°K«#Å#∞ KÕÜ«∂Åx Ptã¨∂Î...... g∞ ^•~°¡

xvi

„ѨK«∞i`«=∞~Úº# ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, ÉÁ*Ï˚ `å~°HõO, HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞ºÅ "庙êÅ∞, 'Z^Œ∞s`«—Ö’ JK«Û~Ú# L. ™êO|t=~å=Ù "庙êÅ∞, '^Œo`« ~å[ºO— ^•fi~å =Ú„kOK«|_ç# HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù, ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡ =∞™êÎ#~å=Ù QÍ~°¡ "庙êÅ∞, '‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#— ˆH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞} "庙êÅ∞, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆ 'U_»∞ "庙êÅ∞—, 'Kè«O_®Å Kå\˜OѨٗ`À '=∂kQÆÅÖ’ K≥·`«#ºO— ~°yeÛ# '=∂kQÀ_»∞— _®Hõì~ü <åQÆѨÊQÍi ã¨∞O^Œ~° ~åA, '=sæHõ~°}©Ü«∞O (^Œo`« n~°…HÍ=ºO)— ZO_»∂¡i ã¨∞^è•Hõ~ü, |Ǩï[# `åufi‰õΩ_»∞ a.Zãπ. ~å=ÚÅ∞ ~°K«#Å∞ PO„^èŒ ~åR ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∂OâßÅ#∞ PHõoOѨ٠KÕã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ <å‰õΩ ZO`À ^ÀǨÏ^ŒÑ¨_®¤~Ú. D<å\˜ <å D ~°K«#`À gÔ~=iH˜ „Ѩ`«ºHõ∆ ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖˉõΩ<åfl Ѩ~ÀHõ∆ ã¨O|O^è•xfl q㨇iOK«ÖË#∞. <åÖ’ HõeæOz# L`ÕÎ*ÏxH˜, *Ï˝#`«$+¨‚‰õΩ "å~°O^ŒiH© D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ P#O^ŒÑ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl#∞.

Hõ$`«[˝`åO[e `å*ò=∞ǨÏÖò xi‡OzOk ëê[Ǩ<£ J~Ú<å P ™œ^èŒ x~å‡}ÏxH˜ ~åà‹§uÎ# ‰õÄbÖˇ=~°x NN P~å fã≤#>Ë¡ D "åºã¨O "≥#∞Hõ ǨϙêÎÅ QÆ∞iOz P~å fã≤#@¡~Ú`Õ D zxfl ~ÚO\˜x xi‡OzOk <Õ#~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H˜© ZO^Œ~À ã¨ÇϨ $^ŒÜÚ« Å∞ KÕܸ « `«xzÛ <å QÆ$ǨxH˜ JÅOHÍ~åÅ^•Ì~°∞. JO^ŒiH© ¿Ñ~°∞¿Ñ~°∞<å Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∂Åx L<åfl ã¨÷ÖÏÉèÏ=O =Å# JO^Œix „Ѩ™êÎqOK«ÖËHõáÈ`«∞#flO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∞xflã¨∂Î Pj~°fikOK« „áê~°÷#. ◆

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q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ ¿ã"å HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂ÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ<åÅx, =ÚYºOQÍ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ<Õ J=HÍâ◊O Hõey# ^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ `å=Ú <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#flk `«=∞ "åiH˜ <Õ~°Ê_»"Õ∞QÍHõ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ ^Œ∞~åKå~åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ K≥·`«#ºO fã¨∞‰õΩ~å"åeû# ÉÏ^茺`« LO^Œx K≥|∞`«∂ á¶ê^Œ~ü W=∂‡#∞ÜÕ∞Å∞ '™È™ê—H˜ „áê}O áÈâß~°∞. D ã¨Oã¨÷ `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# q[Ü«∞"å_», =∞OQÆà◊yi, q#∞H˘O_», ~å=∞<å^èŒÑ¨Ù~°O (`«q∞à◊<å_»∞), =∞„^•ã¨∞ÅÖ’ Z<Àfl HͺOѨÙÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz ^Œo`« ã¨=∂[ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞ŠѨ@¡ XHõ J=QÍǨÏ# HõÅQÆ_®xH˜ ^ÀǨÏ^ŒÑ¨_®¤~°∞. ™È™ê ^•fi~å q[Ü«∞"å_», =∞zbѨ@flO, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞, kO_çQÆÖò ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl „áêO`åÅÖ’ ‰õΩÅ ã¨=∞㨺, ÉÏeHõÅ K«^Œ∞=Ù „áê=ÚYº`«, Z~Ú_£û, =~°Hõ@fl ã¨=∞㨺 ÖÏO\˜ JOâßÅÃÑ· gkè <å\˜HõÅ ^•fi~å, K≥·`«#º `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_»O ^•fi~å „Ñ¨[ÅÖ’ K≥·`«<åºxH˜ áê@∞Ѩ_»@O <å K≥·`«<åºxH˜ <åOk. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ á¶ê^Œ~ü W=∂‡#∞ÜÕ∞Å∞ QÍiH˜ ã¨^• Hõ$`«A˝_»#∞. ã≤.P~ü. âıY~ü, '^Œo`« â◊H˜Îx JO`«"≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæHõ~°} : áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ =∂i# =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞,— ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl „ѨK«∞iOz =sæHõ~°}#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ =ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~À `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞Hõ áÈ~Ú#@¡~Ú`Õ <å PÖ’K«#ʼnõΩ JHõ∆~° ~°∂ѨO HõeÊOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ J=HÍâ◊O Hõey LO_Õk HÍ^Œ∞. P J=HÍâßxfl HõeÊOz# âıY~ü‰õΩ =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.

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`«# \©zOQ∑`À, Ããq∞<å~°¡`À, ~°K«#Å`À Hõ∆}O fiHõ ÖˉõΩ<åfl <Õ#∞ J_çQÍ#x HÍ^Œ#‰õΩO_® D "庙êxH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞=∂@ '=sæHõ~°} "å^•xH˜ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ ^Œ$HõÊ^èŒO— „"åÜ«∞_»"Õ∞QÍHõ, <å `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ÉèÏëê ^ÀëêÅ ã¨=~°}‰õΩ ã¨ÅǨezÛ# ¿ãflǨÏje _®II ^•~°¡ "≥OHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°~å=ÙH˜ <å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.

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ÉÏÉÏ™ê¿ÇÏÉò JOÉË^Œ¯~ü, HÍ~°Öò =∂~ü¯û, W\ÏeÜ«∞<£ ™ê=∂lHõ ^•i≈x‰õΩ_»∞ „QÍO㑯, ¢ã‘Î"å^Œ – „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º"å^Œ∞Å∞ P# Ѷ≤eÑπ, Si+π =∂iÜ«∞<£ Ü«∞OQ∑, <åhû „ÃѶ[~üÅ ~°K«#Å∞ pHõ\ ˜ Hõq∞‡# <å J*Ï˝# rq`«OÖ’ *Ï˝#HÍO`«∞Å∞ „Ѩã¨iOK«QÍ, '#Å∞Ѩٗ֒ xvii

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ã¨∂~庿Ñ@ Ãã~ÚO\ò *ËqÜ«∞~üû ÃÇ·Ïã¨∂¯Öò #∞O_ç PO„^èŒ ÖÁÜ≥∂ÖÏ HÍÖËrÖ’ a.Z. =~°‰õΩ Lz`« q^Œº‰õΩ J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊOz <Õh ~ÀA# ÅO_»<£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O, ÅO_»<£Ö’ ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°z# *Ëã¨∞ ã¨Éèí ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ, P ã¨Éèí QÆ∞~°∞=ÙʼnõΩ =ÚYºOQÍ á¶ê^Œ~ü ™êìh¡, á¶ê^Œ~ü *ËqÜ«∞~ü É’™È¯, á¶ê^Œ~ü ‰õΩoO^£ ~å*ò, á¶ê^Œ~ü PO^äÀx, á¶ê^Œ~ü *Ï˝#âıY~°<£, á¶ê^Œ~ü *Ï<£ *’ã¨Ñ¶πʼnõΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl#∞.

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WO@s‡_çÜ«∞\ò #∞O_ç _ç„w =~°‰õΩ S^Œ∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ <å‰õΩ K«^Œ∞=Ù K≥Ñ≤Ê Jxfl q+¨ Ü « ∂ ÅÖ’ ##∞fl „áÈ`« û Ç≤ Ï Oz# QÆ ∞ ~° ∞ =ÙÅ∞ g~° „|Ǩ Ï ‡OQÍ~° ∞ , Zãπ . Ñ≤ . ~å=∞~åAQÍ~°∞, q[Ü«∞ ÉÏ|∞QÍ~°¡‰õΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞Î<åfl#∞.

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ZO.Z. ѨÓ~°Î~Ú# "≥O@<Õ ZÖÏO\˜ É’^èŒ<å#∞Éèí=O ÖˉõΩ<åfl q*Ï˝# _ç„w HõàÏâßÅÖ’ ~å[hu ÖˇHõÛ~°~üQÍ J=HÍâ◊q∞zÛ ##∞fl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz# ÖÏ=Ù ~°`«ÎÜ«∞º QÍiH˜ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. xviii

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<å ÅO_»<£ „Ѩܫ∂}ÏxH˜ Pi÷HõOQÍ, <≥·uHõOQÍ =∞^Œ∞ú`«∞xzÛ# ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞, q∞„`«∞Å∞ aÖÏ¡ Hõ$áê^•#O, |∞„i ~°[hHÍO`ü, ~å"£∞QÀáêÖò, J~°∞} QÆ}Ë+π, _®Hõì~ü âߺ"£∞, Éèí~°`ü Éèí∂+¨}üʼnõΩ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. „Ѩu =ºH˜ÎH© F ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∞, ^•~°≈x‰õΩ_»∞, =∂~°æ^Œi≈ L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ <å‰õΩ ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O ™ê=∂lHõ âßG qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ s_»~üQÍ L#fl _®Hõì~ü â◊Å+‘*ò ÃÇψQ¤ L<åfl_»∞. D "åºã¨ ~°K«#Ö’ PÜ«∞# ã¨ÅǨÅ∞ ZO`«QÍ<À LѨHõiOKå~Ú. PÜ«∞#‰õΩ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. U ¿Ñ^Œ „Ѩ[Å ã¨=∞㨺ŠQÆ∞iOz =∞#O Ѩiâ’^èŒ# KÕã¨∞Î<åfl"≥∂ "åiH˜ =∞# Ѩiâ’^èŒ# Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ JO^Œ_»O ÖË^Œ∞. =∞# Ѩiâ’^èŒ#Å∞ "åiH˜ `≥eÜ«∂ÅO>Ë "åi ÉèÏ+¨Ö’<Õ „"åÜ«∂e. =sæHõ~°} ÃÑ·# D "庙êxfl `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ „"åã≤#O^Œ∞‰õΩ <å‰õΩ KåÖÏ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ LO^ŒO@∂ `«# P#O^•xfl =ºHõÑÎ ~¨ z° D "庙êxH˜ F =∂@ „"åã≤# <å Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç ã¨∂Ѩ~ü "≥·[~ü ã¨∞nѨΠHõq~å*òH˜ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ <å q∞„`«∞Å∞, q∞„`«∞Å∞ÖÏO\˜ H˘O^Œ~°∞ QÆ∞~°∞=ÙÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO>Ë P qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞OÖ’ <Õ#∞ ã¨=∞iÊOz# ZO.Ѷ≤Öò =∂„`«"Õ∞QÍHõ Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ ÅO_»<£ #QÆ~°O =~°‰õΩ =K«∞ÛO_Õ "å_çx HÍ^Œ∞. +¨i‡, aO^Œ∞, ™œ=∞º, +¨q∞‡, =~°∞, =∂^èŒq Å`«, =∂^èŒ∞i, ~å[N Ô~_ç¤, =∞OA, tÅÊ, |~å‡ e„|@, xix

t"åm, +¨á¶êe, ã¨∞ˆ~+¨#fl, "≥O‰õΩ, ã¨∞Éσ~å=Ù, N^èŒ~ü, #~°ûÜ«∞º, QÆ∞„~°O N##fl, q[Ü«∞âıY~ü pe, H˘eHõѨÓ_ç Nx"åãπ, ã¨∞^Œ~°≈# áêѨ#fl, ã¨~å=}, q[Üü∞ ‰õΩ=∂~ü É’~°\ ˜, kQÆ∞=∞iÎ ã¨∞ˆ~+π, ã¨`«ºO, g„~åA, K«O^Œ∞, =∞Å¡Ü«∞#fl, J~°∞}ü‰õΩ=∂~ü, `å`«º~å=Ù, ~°"Õ∞+π–"≥∞ÿ„`Õ~Ú, ~åkèHõ–„ѨâßO`ü, Jq∞`ü–tÅÊO, xdÅ, â◊tHÍO`«† _®Hõì~ü Ѩ_çHõ¯Öò, _®Hõì~ü u~°∞=∂àò, _®Hõì~ü z„`å Ѷ¨}˜Hõ¯~ü, _®Hõì~ü ˆHâ◊"£‰õΩ=∂~ü (áêO_çKÕÛi), _®Hõì~ü kbÑπ g∞#<£–pHõ\ ˜Ö’ „Ѩܫ∂}˜ã¨∞Î#fl <å‰õΩ k"≥fiÖˇ· <å rq`«OÖ’ "≥Å∞QÆ∞ xOÑ≤# g~°O^ŒiH© Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ F z#fl J=HÍâ◊O Hõey#O^Œ∞‰õΩ P#Okã¨∞Î<åfl#∞. ◆

`˘q∞‡k ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =Ü«∞ã¨ûѨC_»∞ <å#fl H˘\Ïì_»x ~À+¨O`À ~ÚO\˜ #∞O_ç "≥o§áÈ~Ú# ##∞fl "≥uH˜OK«=∞x =Úã≤Å=∞‡ (<åÜ«∞#=∞‡) U_»∞ã¨∞ÎO>Ë, 'laƒ<≥uÎ^•<å, P_»∞ ѨÙeÑ≤Å.¡ ZHõ¯_»HÔ o§<å +¨O¿+~°∞QÍ uiQ˘™êÎ_#» fl— <å#fl (QÆ∞O_ç"∞≥ _» ÃÑ^Œáê=ÚÅ∞), '<å =∞#=_»O>Ë U=∞#∞‰õΩ<åfl"Õ, P_»∞ JK«Û~°O. P JK«Û~°O`À ѨѨOKåxfl K«∞@∞ì H˘™êÎ_»x— nè=∂ ѨeH˜# ÉÏ|∞ (`å`«–QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» ÃÑ^Œ"≥OHõÜ«∞º) D ~ÀA =∂ =∞^茺ÖˉõΩ<åfl "åi #=∞‡HÍÅ∞, É’^èŒÅ∞ ZÅ¡"Õà◊ÖÏ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ #_çÑ≤ã¨∞ÎO\Ï~Ú.

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HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù, ã¨fi~°‚‰õΩ=∂sÅ 'Å∞Oah =#O— <å r=# QÆ=∞#OÖ’ F =ã¨O`«O. <å Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç Ѷő ∞¤ =~°∞¯ xq∞`«OÎ "≥Ú@ì"Ú≥ ^Œ\ ™˜ êi PÜ«∞##∞, PÜ«∞# ~ÚO\˜eá¡ êkx HõÅ=_»O [iyOk. <Õ#∞ JHõ¯_»∞#fl <≥Å~ÀAÅáê@∞ <åHõO@∂ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ=∞~Ú# QÆkx ˆH\Ï~ÚOz Lz`« Éè’[# ã¨^Œ∞áêÜ«∂Å∞ KÕã≤, ''h H˘~°‰õΩ Å∞Oax =# ^•fi~åÅ∞ ZѨC_»∂ `≥~°∞K«∞‰õΩ<Õ LO\ÏÜ«∞x—— HõuÎ ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨Éèíº`åfixflzÛ# "åi „¿Ñ=∂aè xx

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=∂<åʼnõΩ U Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ ã¨i*ÏÅ=Ù. D ã¨O^Œ~åƒù# ã¨fi~°‚‰õΩ=∂i, L=∞Å#∞ QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Ú^•=ǨÏO. HõuÎ ~ÚO\˜e¡áêk P^ŒiOK«_»O XHõ Z`≥·Î`Õ, Ѩ^•‡~å=Ù „áÈ`åûǨÏO =∞~À Z`«∞Î. ÅO_»<£ #∞O_ç <Õ#∞ „"åã≤# L`«Î~åÅ∞ K«kq, `«# „Ѩ`«∞º`«Î~åÅÖ’ 'h „"å`« |OQÍ~°O. h=Ù „"åÜ«∂e— JO@∂ ##∞fl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz, <å `≥Å∞QÆ∞ g∞^Œ <å‰õΩ #=∞‡HõO HõeˆQ@@∞¡ KÕã≤# '*Ïu~°`«flO— Ѩ^•‡~å=ÙH˜ <åq#„=∞ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞. ◆

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D "åºã¨OÖ’ =ºHõÎѨ~°z# Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å`À ÃÑ·# ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ QÍx ^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞ HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎʼnõΩQÍh, "åi <åÜ«∞Hõ`åfixH˜ QÍx ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖË^Œ∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’ =ºHõÎѨ~°z# Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ ˆH=ÅO "åºã¨Hõ~°Î =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞.

SOAS, University of London 123 # Canterbury Hall 12-18, Cartwright Gardens London WCIH 9EE E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Phone : 0044 (0) 20 7121 7354 Mobile : 0044 (0) 7737461672

Ö’xH˜ "≥à§ı =ÚO^Œ∞ H˘O^Œ~°∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ D "åºã¨O K«kq Wk `«=∞‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „"åÜ«∞|_çO^Œx ÉèÏqOK«_®xH˜ J=HÍâ◊O LOk. D "åºã¨OÖ’ <å‰õΩ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ „Ѩ^è•#O HÍ^Œ∞. P =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄Okã¨∞Î#fl ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å`Àáê@∞, ™êO㨯 $uHõ ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏÅ#∞ ѨijeOz qâı¡+¨} KÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ „Ѩ^è•#O. JO>Ë F =∂Å=ºH˜Î Jaè„áêÜ«∞O F =∂kQÆ =ºH˜Î Jaè„áêÜ«∂xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ LO^ŒO>Ë J\˜ì Jaè„áêÜ«∂xfl P =∂Å =ºH˜Î U ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∂ŠѨi^èŒ∞ʼnõΩ Ö’|_ç, U ™êO㨯 $uHõ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åʼnõΩ QÆ∞~°~Úº =ºHõÎѨ~°∞ã¨∞Î<åfl_À J\˜ì ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å#∞, P ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl qâı¡+¨} QÍqOz =ºHõÎѨ~°K«_»"Õ∞ <å L^ÕÌâ◊ºO. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë XHõ =ºH˜Î PÖ’K«#Å∞, Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ „áê^äŒq∞HõOQÍ P =ºH˜Î ѨÙ\˜ì ÃÑiy# Ѩiã¨~åÅ #∞O_ç, P ã¨=∂[O JO`«‰õΩ =Ú#∞¿Ñ U~°Ê~°z# ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ =º=ã¨÷Å #∞O_ç ~°∂á⁄O^Œ∞`å~Ú. D ^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç PÖ’zOz#ѨC_»∞ „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅOÖ’ ѨÙ\˜ì# F =ºH˜Î `å#∞ ѨÙ@∞ìHõ`À<Õ Q˘Ñ¨Ê"å_ç#x J#∞HÀ=_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ q∞ye# =~åæʼnõΩ, ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ `«‰õΩ¯= "å~°∞QÍ, J^èŒ=ÚÅ∞QÍ ÉèÏq¿ãÎ, Hõ=∞‡‰õΩÅOÖ’ ѨÙ\˜ì# =∞~À =ºH˜Î ‰õÄ_® J^Õ `«~°Ç¨Ö’ PÖ’z¿ãÎ `«Ñ¨C Ѩ@ì=Åã≤Ok P W~°∞=Ùih HÍ^Œ∞. U =º=ã¨÷ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åxH˜ QÆ∞~°~Úº "å~°∞ JÖÏ #=∞‡QÆeQÍ~À P =º=ã¨÷#∞, P ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl. WHõ¯_» XHõ JáÈǨÏ#∞ xsfi~°ºO KÕÜ«∂e. KåÖÏ =~°‰õΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞ ÉèÏqã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ â◊¥„^Œ, ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤ =~åæʼnõΩ K≥Ok# "åÔ~=~°∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ`À áÈÅ∞Û‰õΩO>Ë `«=∞k `«‰õΩ¯= *Ï`«x, `å=Ú `≥eq `«‰õΩ¯= "å~°=∞x ÉèÏqOK«~°∞. "å~°∞ ѨÙ\˜ì# *Ïu Ѩ@¡, "åi ѨÓ~°fi`«~åÅ "å~°∞ JOkOz# *Ï˝#O Ѩ@¡ ZO`À QÆ~°fiѨ_»`å~°∞.i ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷ÅÃÑ·, q^Œº – q*Ï˝# ~°OQÍÅÃÑ· „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ PkèѨ`«ºO, ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#flO`« HÍÅO J}QÍi# =~åæÅ *Ï˝#O, *Ï˝#OQÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«|_»^Œ∞. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ i

Blunk, E.A.H. (1960), The Caste System of North India with Special Reference to the United Province of Agra and Oudh, Delhi : S. Chand and Company.

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xxii

ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl `«∞`«∞ÎxÜ«∞Å∞ KÕã≤ =∞#∞+¨µºÅO^Œ~°∂ ã¨=∂#=∞#fl „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl Ѩi_è»qÅ¡*Ëã≤#ѨC_Õ "åi *Ï˝#O QÆ∞iÎOK«|_»∞`«∞Ok. F =ºH˜Î PÖ’K«#ÅÃÑ· P =ºH˜Î x=ã≤ã¨∞Î#fl ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷, P =º=ã¨÷#∞ HÍáê_Õ ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«# '‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#— ã≤^•úO`«OÖ’ KåÖÏ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. ''XHõ ã¨`åºxfl =∞#O QÆ∞iÎOK«=Åã≤ LOk. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ ‰õΩÅO Ѩ@¡ JO`« Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅQÍ LO\Ï~°O>Ë JO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O "åà◊√§ J=∂#∞+¨ „Ѩ=$uÎ HõÅ"å~À, `«Å u~°∞QÆ∞_»∞ =∞#∞+¨µºÖ’ HÍ=_»O HÍ^Œ∞. "åà◊√§ ‰õΩÖÏxfl JO`«QÍ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩ „"ÕÖÏ_»∞`å~°O>Ë – "åà◊√§ ѨÓiÎQÍ =∞`«O JO>Ë Ñ≤zÛ #=∞‡HõO HõÅ"åà◊√§. Hõ#∞Hõ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ „Ѩ[Å∞ ‰õΩÅ=∞O>Ë Ñ¨\ ˜ìOѨ٠Hõey LO_»_»O `«¿ÑÊq∞ HÍ^Œ∞. x*ÏxH˜ <å L^ÕÌâ◊ºOÖ’ Jã¨Å∞ `«Ñ¨C U=∞O>Ë Jk "åà◊§ =∞`«O, ‰õΩÅO J<Õ Ñ≤zÛ #=∞‡HÍxfl "åà◊§ =∞#ã¨∞ûÖ’ <å\˜# "åà◊§ =∞`«O. J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞ =∞#O Z^Œ∞~˘¯# â◊„`«∞=Ù ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷#∞ J#∞ã¨iã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩ[Å∞ HÍ^Œ∞. J\˜ì ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷`À ‰õÄ_ç# =∞`åhfl, "åà◊§‰õΩ „Ѩɒkèã¨∞Î#fl âߢ™êÎÅ#∂. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ =~å‚O`«~° Éè’[<åʼnõΩ, =~å‚O`«~° q"åǨʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅx q=∞i≈OK«_»O =Å¡HÍh, ¿ÇÏà◊# KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å# HÍh ÖËHõ JѨC_»Ñ¨C_»∞ =~å‚O`«~° Éè’[<åÅ∞, JHõ¯_»Hõ¯_» =~å‚O`«~° q"åǨÅ∞ [~°Ñ¨_»O =Å# HÍh Ug∞ „ѨÜ≥∂[#O LO_»^Œ∞. =∞#O J#∞ã¨iOK«=Åã≤# ã¨Ô~·# =∂~°æO Uq∞@O>Ë – âߢ™êΊѨ@¡ "å\˜ Ѩq„`«`« Ѩ@¡ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ QÆÅ qâßfi™êxfl `˘ÅyOK«_»O. ‰õΩÖÏxfl x~°∂‡eOKåÅO>Ë âߢ™êÎÅ JkèHÍ~åxfl x~°∂‡eOKåe.——ii J"≥∞iHÍ, WOQÍ¡O_»∞ ^ÕâßÅÖ’ K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘x |~À_® ã¨O™ê÷#OÖ’ PѶ‘ã¨~°∞QÍ KÕi# JOÉË^Œ¯~üH˜ „`åQÆ_®xH˜ =∞Ozhà◊√§ ~Ú=fi_®xH˜ PÜ«∞# „H˜O^Œ QÆ∞=∂™êÎQÍ L#fl „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷_»∞ u~°ã¨¯iOKå_»∞. P J==∂<åxH˜ P„QÆǨϟ„^Õ‰õΩ_≥·#ѨÊ\˜H© JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«# P„QÆǨxfl P QÆ∞=∂™êÎÃÑ· K«∂ѨÖË^Œ∞. `«##∞ `å#∞ ã¨=∞#fi~ÚOK«∞H˘x, U ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ =∞`«∞ÎÖ’ P „ÉÏǨχ}∞_»∞ `«#‰õΩ ho§=fi_®xH˜ u~°ã¨¯iOKå_À P ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO ÃÑ·<Õ `«# P„QÆǨxfl ii

Ambedkar, B.R. (1989) 'Annihilation of Caste,' in Vasanth Moon (compiled) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar : Writings and Speeches, Vol. I, Bombay : The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, p. 68. xxiii

=ºHõÎѨ~°Kå_»∞. =∞~À q^èŒOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë JOÉË^Œ¯~ü P„QÆǨÏO „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷_çÃÑ·#QÍHõ, P =ºH˜Îx `«#‰õΩ ho§=fi‰õΩO_® x~åHõiOѨ*Ëã≤# „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅ`«`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÅOÃÑ·#, P ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl LQÆ∞æáêÅÖ’ ~°OQÆiOz `åÑ≤Oz# =∞#∞^èŒ~°‡ âßGOÃÑ·#. D q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl ɡ·aÖò „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ F JOâßxfl ã‘fiHõiOz =∞iO`« Ö’`«∞QÍ Ñ¨ijeOK«=K«∞Û. ÜÕ∞ã¨∞ „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "Õã≤# `«~°∞"å`« J`«x =¢™êÎÅ#∞ tÅ∞= "Õã≤# =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ ѨOK«∞‰õΩO@∞O_»QÍ "åi#∞^ÕÌtOz „H©ã¨∞Î: 'F `«O„_ô gˆ~q∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~À giH˜ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. gix Hõ∆q∞OK«∞—iii JO\Ï_»∞. D "åHõºO P^è•~°OQÍ „ѨѨOK« <åQÆiHõ`« Pq~åƒù"å#∞flO_ç, <å\˜ '`≥Å¡"å_ç ÉèÏ~°=Ú— (White Man's Burden) #∞O_ç, <Õ\ ˜ W~åH±ÃÑ· J"≥∞iHÍ, „a@<£Å ^Œ∞~å„Hõ=∞} =~°‰õΩ =∞x+≤ =∂#ã≤Hõ ã≤÷u, J\˜ì ã≤÷uÃÑ·# ã¨=∂[O U~°Ê~°K«∞‰õΩ#fl =º=ã¨÷Å „ѨÉèÏ"åxfl qâı¡+≤ã¨∂Î H˘xfl "ÕÅ „QÆO^ä•Å∞ „"åÜ«∞=K«∞Û. „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»O `«áêÊ, XáêÊ J<Õ q+¨Ü«∂xfl '#=∞‡HõO–ÉÏ^茺`«— J<Õ ÉèÏ=#Å P^è•~°O`À `åufiHõOQÍ K«iÛOK«=K«∞Û. '„H©ã¨∞Îx J=`å~° ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_çQÍ— #q∞‡#@¡~Ú`Õ =∂#=*Ïux L^ŒúiOK«_®xˆH =∞x+≤ ~°∂ѨO ^èŒiOz# ^≥·"åxfl tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»O `«Ñ¨C. JÖÏ QÍHõ, „H©ã¨∞Îx F ™ê^è•~°} áœ~°∞_çQÍ ÉèÏqOz#@¡~Ú`Õ J`«xx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’x `«á⁄ÊѨCÅ∞ P ~å[º K«@ì ѨikèÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO\Ï~Ú. „H©ã¨∞ÎÃÑ· "≥∂Ñ≤# P~ÀѨ} J`«x qѨ¡= „Ѩܫ∞`«flO. F áœ~°∞_»∞ qѨ¡=O ^•fi~å ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ‰õÄÅ„^Àã≤, ^•xx ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«O KÕã¨∞H˘#_®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ∞ ™êyOK«_»O P ~å*ϺxH˜, P ~å[ºO U~°Ê~°∞K«∞‰õΩ#fl K«\ÏìxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõO. „H©ã¨∞Î rqOz# HÍÖÏxfl |\˜ì, JѨÊ\˜ "åi PÖ’K«# q^è•<åxfl |\˜ì ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° =ºuˆ~H˜ ~å[º ^ŒO_»#‰õΩ áê„`«∞_»∞. ÃÑ·QÍ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl Pnè# Ѩ~°∞ÛH˘#_®xH˜ ã¨<åflǨÅ∞ KÕã¨∞Î#fl =ºH˜ÎH˜ tÅ∞=ÃÑ· =∞~°}"Õ∞ Lz`« tHõ∆. HÍ|\˜ì „H©ã¨∞Îx ™ê^è•~°} áœ~°∞_çQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ "åi ^Œ$+≤ì HÀ}O #∞Oz K«∂z#@¡~Ú`Õ J`«xx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ∞« _»O XѨC! „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "Õã≤# =ÚQÆ∞æi Ãã·x‰õΩÅ K«~°º#∞ D <ÕѨ^䌺O #∞O_ç ѨijeOz#ѨC_»∞ ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ „H©ã¨∞Îx 'J=`å~°Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µ_çQÍ— #=∞‡ÖË^Œ∞. JÖÏ #q∞‡#@¡~Ú`Õ „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =KÕÛ"å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞. F ™ê^è•~°} áœ~°∞_çÃÑ· qkèOz# ~å[º^ŒO_»##∞ x~°fiiÎOK«_»O ™ê=∂#º ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞QÍ "åi =ÚO^Œ∞#fl ÉÏ^茺`«. J\˜ì ÉÏ^茺`«#∞ x~°fiiÎOK«_»"Õ∞ "åi 'q^èŒ∞ºHõÎ ^èŒ~°‡O.— JO`ÕQÍx, J\˜ì ^ŒO_»##∞ qkèOK«_»O, ^•xx J=∞Å∞ Ѩ~°K«_»OÖ’x `«á⁄ÊѨCÅ `åufiHõ ã¨=∂Ö’K«# KÕÜ«∞_»O ("åi "≥·Ü«∞H˜ÎHõ Jaè~°∞z HÍ=K«∞Û HÍh) q^èŒ∞ºHõÎ ^èŒ~°‡O HÍ^Œ∞. HÍ|\˜ì „H©ã¨∞Îx tÅ∞= "ÕÜ«∞_»O ã≤áê~ÚʼnõΩ `«Ñ¨C HÍ^Œ∞. ÜÕ∞ã¨∞„H©ã¨∞Î J=`å~°Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µ_® ÖËHõ ™ê^è•~°} =ºHÍÎ J<Õ K«~°ÛhÜ«∂Oâßxfl „ѨHõ¯# LOz J`«xx F iii

#∂`«# x|O^è#Œ , Å∂HÍ Ñ¨Ùã¨HÎ =õ Ú, 23= J^蕺ܫ∞O, 34= =K«#O. xxiv

`åufi‰õΩ_çQÍ ÉèÏqOz#@¡~Ú`Õ, ã≤áê~ÚÅ K«~°º#∞ "åi q^Œ∞ºHõÎ ^èŒ~°‡Ñ¨iáêÅ# HÀ}O #∞O_ç `åufiHõ zO`«# KÕã≤# „H©ã¨∞Î 'F `«O„_ô gˆ~q∞ KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~À giH˜ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞—, Jx J#_»O "≥#∞Hõ ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ ˆH=ÅO xq∞`«Î =∂„`«∞Åx "åix #_çÑ≤OKÕk =∞~˘Hõ~°x K≥ѨÊ_»O. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ‰õÄ_®, 'Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ ‰õΩÅO Ѩ@¡ JO`« Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅQÍ L<åfl~°O>Ë JO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O... ‰õΩÅO J<Õ Ñ≤zÛ #=∞‡HÍxfl "åà◊§ =∞#ã¨∞Ö’ <å\˜# "åà◊§ =∞`«O— J#_»OÖ’ QÆÅ `åufiHõ`«#∞ =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ QÍHõ, P =º‰õΩÎÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄Okã¨∞Î#fl =º=ã¨÷#∞, P =º=ã¨÷#∞ L`«ÊuÎ, ѨÙ#~°∞`«ÊuÎ QÍqã¨∞Î#fl ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜ QÆÅ JO`«s¡# ã¨O|O^è•xfl =∞#O J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.

"åi L^Œº=∞O ÉÏ@Å∞ ѨizOk. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ} =ºuˆ~HÀ^Œº=∞O „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å`À `«=∞‰õΩ ã¨=∂#`«fiO H˘~°‰õΩ Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡ #_»∞ѨÙH˘#fl L^Œº=∞OQÍh, ã¨=∂[OÖ’x Jxfl ‰õΩÅ–=~åæÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO H˘~°‰õΩ #_çÑ≤# L^Œº=∞O HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë Hõ=∞‡Å∞, ~Ô _»∞¡ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å PkèÑ`¨ åºxH˜ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅ∞ QÍx, „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅ∞ HÍ^Œ∞.

ÉèÏ=*ÏÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åxH˜ QÆ∞~°~Úº JO^Œ∞Ö’ „ѨuáêkOz# ã≤^•úO`åÅ#∞ =∞#™ê, "åKå, Hõ~°‡}Ï, #q∞‡ JO^Œ∞Hõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ `«=∞ rq`åÅ#∞ =∞~°Å∞ÛH˘<Õ"å~°∞ H˘O^ŒÔ~·`Õ, J\˜ì ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl ã¨fi„ѨÜ≥∂[<åʼnõΩ qxÜ≥∂yOz ^•x ѨÙ<å^Œ∞ÅÃÑ· `«=∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ PkèѨ`åºxfl xi‡OK«∞"åà◊√§ =∞iH˘O^Œ~°∞.

"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k, q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å r=# QÆ=∞<åxfl 15 âß`åxH˜ ‰õΩkOz# =º=ã¨÷Ö’ QÆ`«ºO`«~°O ÖËHõ L#fl Ju H˘kÌ J=HÍâßÅÖ’<Õ `«=∞ rq`åÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀ"åe. Hõ#∞Hõ J\˜ì J=HÍâßÅÖ’ Z=ˆ~x ÉèÏQÆO HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_£ KÕã≤#ѨC_»∞ `«=∞‰õΩ L#fl ã¨fiÅÊ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ã¨O~°H˜∆OK«∞H˘#_®xH˜ L^Œºq∞OK«_»O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. D HÀ}O #∞O_ç =∂ÅÅ =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ`«#∞ Ѩije¿ãÎ "åi L^Œº=∞O Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ <åºÜ«∞OQÍ JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.

„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl, H“\˜Åº~å[º =º=ã¨÷#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ Hõ∆„uÜ«ÚÅ∞, "≥·â◊√ºÅ∞ D ^Õâ◊ ™ê=∂lHõ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ, Pi÷Hõ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÃÑ· PkèѨ`«ºO =Ç≤ÏOz â◊`åÉÏÌÅ `«~°|_ç ~å[Éè’QÍÅ∞ J#∞ÉèíqOK«_»O [iyOk. D =~åæÅ PkèѨ`åºxfl x~°ã≤ã¨∂Î ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷ÅÖ’, ÉèÏ=*ÏÅOÖ’ ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅO@∂ 1920ÅÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ} =ºuˆ~Hõ L^Œº=∞O #_çÑ≤# â◊¥„^Œ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ (Hõ=∞‡, Ô~_ç¤, ^Õ=~° "≥ÚII) P L^Œº=∞O JOkOz# [=ã¨`åfiÅ`À LK«Ûù™ê÷<åÅ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞ „`Àã≤"ÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. ^ŒH˜∆} ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`«Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ K≥ѨCHÀ^ŒQÆæ q+¨Ü«∂ÅÖ’ D L^Œº=∞O F Q˘Ñ¨Ê ã¨OѶ¨∞@#. J~Ú`Õ, PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞, "åi J#∞OQÆ∞Å#∞ „`Àã≤ "Õã≤#ѨÊ\˜H© „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO ~å=}HÍ+¨ªOÖÏ Éèí∞QÆÉèí∞QÆÅ`À ÃãQÆÅ∞ „Hõ‰õΩ¯`«∂<Õ LOk. =∂kQÆ, =∂Å, =∞OQÆe, Ü≥∞~°∞HõÅ, Ü«∂<åk, Q˘Å¡, Q“O_»¡ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ ™ê=∂lHõ q=Hõ∆`«‰õΩ, K«∞ÅHõ#H© QÆ∞i J=Ù`«∂<Õ L<åfl~°∞. Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßʼnõΩ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ LOK«|_»∞`«∂<Õ L<åfl~°∞. WÖÏ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ [iyOk, ZÖÏ [~°QÆQÆeyOk Jx „ѨtflOz ã¨=∂^è•#O K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë, ã¨=∂^è•#OQÍ =∞~À „Ѩâ◊fl "≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤ LOk. „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞, "åi q∞„`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ „`Àã≤ "Õã≤# ™ê÷<åʼnõΩ UO [iyOk? JO>Ë ™ê=∂lHõ PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅ∞ MÏmQÍ LOK«|_®¤Ü«∂ ÖËHõ Z=Ô~·<å P ™ê÷<åÅ#∞ ÉèísÎ KÕâß~å? =∂#= *Ïu K«i„`« "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’#∂ U<å_»∞ ™ê=∂lHõ PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅ∞ MÏmQÍ LOK«|_»ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞<å PkèѨ`«º"Õ∞ =ÚH˜Î =∂~°æOQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ ‰õΩÅ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ J@∞=O\˜ ã¨=∞㨺 ~å^Œ∞. PO„^èŒ^Õâ◊OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å PkèѨ`åºxH˜ K«~°=∞w`«O áê_ç# Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡ P PkèѨ`«º ™ê÷<åÅÖ’ u+¨ì "ÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. D<å\˜ "åi ™ê=∂lHõ ÃÑ`«ÎO^•s `«<åxH˜, Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÃÑ· "åi PkèѨ`åºxH˜ P<å\˜ xxv

D K«~°Û P^è•~°OQÍ =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ "å^Œ##∞ Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.

Ô~O_»=k, J~Ú`Õ 15 âß`«O J=HÍâßÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅHõx ¿Ñ~˘¯#flѨC_»∞ P ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å`À áê@∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞, "åi LѨ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Ô~e¡ – "åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® L<åfl~°∞. S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ ÃÑ·QÍ J=∞Å∞Ö’ L#fl i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ q^è•#OÖ’x Ö’áêÅ =Å#, Kåi„`«Hõ–™ê=∂lHõ JOâßÅ HÍ~°}Ï# L=∞‡_ç J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ H˘xfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ JkèHõ "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Å# q∞ye# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ J\˜ì J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀÖ’Ê=_»O [iyOk. J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =sæHõ~°} KÕÜ«∞=∞x J_»QÆ_»=∞O>Ë ~å*ϺOQÆ |^ŒúOQÍ `«=∞‰õΩ ~å=Åã≤# "å\Ï#∞ `«=∞‰õΩ ~Ú=fi=∞x J~°÷OQÍx, =∂ÅÅ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞ Hõ|oOK«_»O HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ q^èŒOQÍ, q^è•#OÖ’x Ö’áêÅ#∞ ã¨=iOz ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅxflO\˜ =∞^茺 [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ P^è•~°OQÍ ã¨=∞ÉèÏQÆO K≥Ü«∞º=∞#fl =sæHõ~°} L^Œº=∂xH˜ =ºuˆ~Hõ L^Œº=∞O xi‡OK«_»O JO>Ë Jk ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œi J=HÍâßÅ#∞ `å=Ú =∂„`«"Õ∞ J#∞ÉèíqOz "åiÃÑ· ÃÑ`«Î#O K≥ÖÏ~ÚOKåÅ<Õ =∂Å`«fiÖ’x „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi hu. `«=∞ÃÑ· PkèѨ`«ºO =Ç≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å`À ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅx áÈ~å_ç# Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡ `«=∞HõO>Ë ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ kQÆ∞=#∞#fl ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ J^Õ ã¨=∂#`åfixfl x~åHõiOz "åiÃÑ· PkèѨ`«ºO =Ç≤ÏOK«_»O, `«=∞ ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ KÕÜ«¸`«x™êÎ~Ú QÍ|\˜ì P i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ H˘#™êyOKåÅx L^Œºq∞Oz# =∂ÅÅ∞, ~Ú`«~° ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ P =ã¨`«∞Å∞ JO^Œ‰õΩO_® PkèѨ`«ºO =Ç≤ÏOK«_»O–D Ô~O_»∞ PkèѨ`«º PÖ’K«#Å "≥#∞Hõ ^•y# hu, '`«##∞ `å#∞ „¿Ñq∞OK«∞H˘x ~Ú`«~°∞ŠѨ@¡ J=∂#∞+¨OQÍ „Ѩ=iÎOK«_»O.— xxvi

=∂kQÆ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£x =∂ÅÅ∞ WOHÍ "åi „âıÜ≥∂aèÖÏ+¨µÅ∞ =ºuˆ~H˜OK«=K«∞Û. JÖÏ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ „Ѩ*Ï L^Œº=∂xfl xi‡OK«_®xH˜ "åiH˜ ã¨~°fiǨωõΩ¯Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. J~Ú`Õ J\˜ì "åiH˜ <å^˘Hõ¯ =∞#q. =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} L^Œº=∂xfl Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_ç# "åi ^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç QÍHõ Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠~°QÆ∞Å∞`«∞#fl "åi ^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç, `«∞á¶ê#∞ =ÚOѨىõΩ QÆ∞~°~Úº X_»∞¤# Ѩ_»¤ =º‰õΩÎÅ x=∞‡à◊O #∞O_ç QÍHõ =ÚOѨÙÖ’ =ÚxyáÈ`«∞#fl "åi HõÖ’¡ÅO #∞O_ç, ѨÙ~°∞ëêǨÏOHÍ~° PkèѨ`«º Jaè*Ï`«ºO #∞O_ç QÍHõ ¢ã‘Î`«`«fiѨ٠ã¨=∂#`«fi ã¨Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞`« #∞O_ç, =~°‚ =º=ã¨÷ ~˘K«∞ÛÖ’ ^˘~°∞¡`«∞#fl QÍO^èÕÜ«∞"å^ŒO #∞O_ç QÍHõ ѨiѨÓ~°‚ =∂#=`«fiO`À QÆ∞ÉÏeã¨∞Î#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~°∞x ã¨=∞`å"å^ŒO #∞O_ç PÖ’zOz, qâı¡+¨} QÍqOz# <å_»∞ =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO J~°÷=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.

<À@∞¡— Jx Ö’HÍxfl =∞~°z =∞#ã¨∞Ö’ ÖˇHõ¯ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩO@∞O_»QÍ „"Õà◊§ =∞^茺#∞#fl c_ç z=~°HõO\Ï HÍe JO\˜Oz# K«∞~°Hõ‰õΩ D Ö’HõOÖ’H˜ =zÛ, [fi~°O`À Ô~O_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞QÍ ‰õΩOH˜o =∞OK«OÖ’ Ѩ_»∞#fl K«O\˜^•xfl Pã¨Ê„uH˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ "≥à◊§_®xH˜ _»|∞ƒÖË¡Hõ JѨC HÀã¨O ~å=∂<åÜ«Ú_ç ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ |Ü«∞Å∞ ^Õ~å##fl q+¨Ü«∞O QÆ∞~˘ÎzÛ J@∞QÍ J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ "Õã¨∞Î#fl =∂kQÆ Ü«∞OHõ_ç HÀã¨O† uO_çH˜ [~°Hõ¯ F Ü«∂Éèˇ· ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞ JѨC ^˘iH˜`Õ Ô~O_»∞ =∂}˜ÔHÅ∞ aÜ«∞ºO `≥K«∞ÛHÀ=K«Ûx Pâ◊QÍ ~åq∞Ô~_ç¤ ~ÚO\˜H˜ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi# =∂Å~°uÎ H˘~°‰õΩ D "åºã¨O „"åâß#∞. "å~°∞ K«^Œ"åÅx, XHõ"Õà◊ K«^Œ∞=Ù ~å‰õΩ<åfl K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ#fl "åà◊§`À K«kqOK«∞H˘x D =sæHõ~°} q"å^•xfl Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞H˘x, ziy# `«=∞ rq`åÅ#∞ ‰õΩ@∞ì‰õΩO\Ï~°#fl z#fl Pâ◊`À „"åâß#∞.

z=~°QÍ, qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂Ö’¡ \© HõѨC g∞^Œ \© HõѨC áê#O KÕã¨∂Î, QÀÖò¤ áê¡H± Ѷ≤Åì~ü H˜OQ∑ Ãã·Ax ã≤yÔ~\ò g∞^Œ ã≤yÔ~\ò ÖÏQÆ∞`«∂, 'Hõ$+¨‚ =∂kQÆ WÖÏ J<åfl_®? ^•xH˜ ~å[âıY~°Ô~_ç¤ U=∞<åfl_»∞? ÉÏ|∞ ZÖÏ ã¨ÊOkOKå_»∞? WO`«‰õΩ =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ U=∞O\Ï~°∞?— Jx =ÚK«Û@∞¡ K≥ѨC‰õΩx, XO\˜ QÆO@‰õΩ HͺO\©<£H˜ "≥o§ "Õ_ç "Õ_ç Le¡áêÜ«∞ q∞#Ѩ@∞ìÅ∞ ux, ™êÜ«∞O„`«O S^Œ∞ QÆO@ÅHõÖÏ¡ WO\˜H˜ KÕi ÉèÏ~°º KÕã≤# Hõi"Õáê‰õΩ ѨHÀ_ç uO@∂ D \˜q Kèå<≥ÖòÖ’ D<å_»∞ ã¨~åQÍÅ∞ gH˜∆OKÕ "åi H˘~°‰õΩ <Õh "庙êxfl ~åÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. =sæHõ~°} q"å^ŒO ^•fi~å ã¨÷OaèOz# =∂kQÆ–=∂Å rq`åÅÖ’x P„HõO^Œ#, P„HÀâ◊O "åiHõ~°÷O HÍ=Ù. J~°÷O J~Ú<å `«=∞ Öˇ·Ñ¶πÃã·ìÖò ëêÑ≤OQ∑, S=∂H±ûÖ’ ã≤x=∂Å∞, ǨïO^•Üü∞ @H± ã¨<À¡ @∂~°¡ Q˘_»=Ö’ "åi QÆ∞iOz Ѩ\ ˜ìOK«∞‰õΩ<ÕO`«\ ˜ f~°∞|_ç, `«Ñ¨# LO_»HõáÈ=K«∞Û. f~°∞|_ç ^˘iH˜ D "åºã¨O K«kq<å WO^Œ∞Ö’ ÖËx HõàÏ`«‡Hõ qÅ∞=Å QÆ∞iOz PÖ’zOK«=K«∞Û. HÍx nxÖ’x PÖ’K«#‰õΩ, P"Õ^Œ#‰õΩ qÅ∞= W=fiHõáÈ=K«∞Û. J\˜ì "åi QÆ∞iOz <å‰õΩ ÖˇHõ¯ÖË^Œ∞.

HÍ~üì Ô~·\ò QÍÔ~¤<£û, ÅO_»<£ 7–04–2006

„ѨѨOpHõ~°} ™êH˜∆QÍ, HõOѨӺ@sHõiOK«|_ç# ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•s =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ÃÇÏKü.W.ã≤. K«^Œ∞=Ù`À Kè«„áêã≤ Ѩx ‰õÄ_® ^˘~°Hõ^Œx PÅ㨺OQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x k‰õΩ¯`ÀK«x Ѩiã≤÷uÖ’ =∞O_»∞>ˇO_»Ö’ HÍà◊§‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# K≥ѨCÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO_®<Õ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° H˘O_»"≥·Ñ¨Ù #_»Hõ ™êyã¨∞Î#fl x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Ü«Ú=`« H˘~°ˆH <å "庉õΩÅ`«. "åiÃÑ·<Õ <å "å`åûźO. „QÍ=∂Ö’¡ x=ã≤ã¨∂Î, ZO_»H˜ ZO_ç, "å#H˜ `«_çã≤, `«=∞ ÉÏxã¨`åfixH˜, ¿Ñ^ŒiHÍxH˜ HÍ~°}O ‰õΩÅ=º=ã¨÷ Jh, ^•x ѨÙ<åkÃÑ·# xi‡Oz# H“\˜Åº ~å[º=º=ã¨÷ J<Õ Hõh㨠J=QÍǨÏ# ÖËHõ =∞\˜ì =∞#∞+¨µºÖÏ¡ „|`«∞‰õΩ`«∂, D<å\˜ "åi ã≤÷ux `«=∞ Hõ~°‡QÍ Ñ¨Ó~°fi[#‡Ö’ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl áêѨ „ѨuѶ¨ÅOQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ <å J}QÍi# =∞#∞+¨µºÅ n#ã≤÷`Õ <å QÆ∞O_≥#∞ ~°OѨѨ٠HÀ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕã¨∞ÎOk. 'ÉÏ|∞ =¸_»∞ "ÕÅ HÀ@∞¡ `≥KåÛ_»O@! WѨC_»∞ ~å[âıY~°Ô~_ç¤ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "ÕÅ HÀ@∞¡ `≥KåÛ_»O@—, Jx „QÍ=∞ ÃãO@~À¡ K«iÛOK«∞‰õΩO@∞O>Ë qx '<åÅ∞QÆ∞ "ÕÅ HÀ@¡‰õΩ Zxfl =O^ŒÅ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å xxvii

xxviii

„ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO :

„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi =∂Å`«fi=∂... ? =∂#=`«fi JOÉË^¯Œ ~°`fi« =∂...? (=sæH~õ } ° ã¨=∞㨺ÃÑ· K«~Û° ) ^Œo`« JO`«ó ã¨OѶ∞¨ ~°¬}–„Ѩ™êÎ=# :

'„ÉÏǨχ}`«fi—, '„ÉÏǨχ}˜[O— ÖÏO\˜ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_»∞Å∞ F =ºH˜Îx, F ‰õΩÖÏxfl ÖË^• F =~åæxfl „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x "å_»|_»_»O ÖË^Œ∞. „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixfl F ã≤^•úO`«OQÍ, F ÉèÏ=*ÏÅOQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞H˘x, ^•xH˜ =∞`«O ~°OQÆ∞ ѨÙeq∞ ^•x P^è•~°OQÍ Éèí~°`«*Ïux ‰õ Ω ÖÏÅ∞QÍ, =~åæ Å ∞QÍ JO@|_Õ " å~° ∞ QÍ, JO@~åx"å~° ∞ QÍ, J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ–J„QƉõΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ, xÅ∞=ÙQÍ–J_»¤OQÍ <å<å~°HÍÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOK«_»"Õ∞QÍHõ, P qÉèí[# ѨÙ<åkÃÑ·<Õ ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ–™êO㨯 $uHõ PkèѨ`åºxfl <≥ÅH˘eÊ „Ѩ*Ï ÉÏǨïàϺxfl r=â◊Û"åÅ∞QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤# XHÍ<˘Hõ PkèѨ`«º q^è•#"Õ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO. P ã≤^•úO`åÅ ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxfl XHõ<å_»∞ „ÉÏǨχ}, Hõ∆„uÜ«∞, "≥·â◊º ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀQÍ, D<å_»∞ Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡, "≥Å=∞Å∞, ^Õ=~üÅ∞, eOQÍÜ«∞`üÅ∞, *Ï\òÅ∞ ÖÏO\˜ â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ"å~°∞ (™ê=∂lHõ âßG"Õ`«ÎŠѨiÉèÏ+¨Ö’ '#Ü«∂–„ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞—) ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞ÛH˘x nx P^è•~°OQÍ ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ (H˘O`« "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ™êO㨯 $uHõ) ~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞ PkèѨ`åºxfl <≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ~°∞. JO^Œ∞Hõ<Õ „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixfl XHõ ‰õΩÖÏxH© XHõ =~åæxˆH K≥Ok#kQÍ ÉèÏqOK«~å^Œ∞.1

=∂Å =∞Ǩ<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ "åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ#fl W`«~°∞Å∞ `å=Ú K≥Ñ≤Ê#^Õ tÖÏâßã¨#OQÍ 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =sæHõ~°} =¸ÖÏ# ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^茺 SHõº`« K≥_çáÈ`«∞O^Œx, i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ KåÖÏ ã¨fiÅÊ q+¨Ü«∞=∞x, Jxfl ~°∞QƇ`«Å∞ fˆ~Û ã¨Or=x ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°=∞x, JO^Œ∞ˆH `«Hõ∆} ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ q_»<å_ç ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° ™ê^èŒ# "≥·Ñ¨Ù J_»∞QÆ∞ "ÕÜ«∂Åx— áê_ç# áê>Ë =∞~°ÖÏ =∞~°ÖÏ áê_»∞`«∂ D =∞^茺 `«=∞ áê`« áê@‰õΩ H˘`«Î K«~°}Ïxfl HõÅ∞ѨىõΩ<åfl~°∞. '„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 [iˆQ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°}~°OQÆOÖ’ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ =∂iO^Œx, =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ`«∞#fl „ѨQÆujÅ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞ â◊‰õΩx "å~°ã¨∞Åx— xOkã¨∂ΠѨÙOMÏ#∞ ѨÙOMÏÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨^•ºÅ∞, Hõq`«Å∞, "庙êÅ∞, ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ =Ú„kã¨∂Î ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~åxH˜ =∂~åæÅ∞ J<Õfi+≤OK«=Åã≤#k áÈ~Ú =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã¨∞Î#fl "≥·<åxfl QÆ=∞xã¨∞Î#fl "åÔ~=iÔH·<å Jã¨Ç¨Ï#O, P„QÆǨÏO, ÉÏ^èŒ HõÅ∞QÆHõáÈ=Ù. D xO^•~ÀѨ} Ѩ~°fiOÖ’ D =∞^茺<Õ „ѨK«∞i`«"≥∞ÿ# ã≤.P~ü. âıY~ü "åºã¨O. '^Œo`« â◊H˜Îx JO`«"≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæHõ~°} : áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ =∂i# ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞,— =∂ÅÅ =∂ÅÖ’ KÕi# =∞~À L"≥∞‡`«ÎѨÙ+¨ÊO. D "åºã¨O „"åÜ«∞_»OÖ’ : ''„Ѩ™ê~° ™ê^èŒ<åÖˇ·# ˆ~_çÜ≥∂, \˜.q., "å~åΠѨ„uHõÅ∞, =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl qxÑ≤Oz#O`« L`åûǨÏO =sæH~õ } ° =ºuˆ~Hõ "å^•xfl qxÑ≤OK«_®xH˜ „Ѩ^iŒ ≈OK«Ö^Ë ∞Œ . JO^Œ∞=Å¡ =sæHõ~°} "å^Œ∞Å "å^Œ# „Ѩ*ÏhHÍxH˜ `≥eã≤ =zÛOk. HÍx =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ "å^Œ# `≥eÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. D HÍ~°}OQÍ =sæHõ~°} "å^Œ"Õ∞ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ#k Jx JáÈǨÏѨ_Õ J=HÍâ◊O U~°Ê_çOk. D „Ѩ=∂^•xfl x"åiOKåÅO>Ë =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# JOâßÅ#∞ x~˘‡Ç¨Ï=∂@OQÍ K«iÛOKåeû LO@∞Ok...—— Jx "åºMϺxOKå~°∞ âıY~ü (âıY~ü, 2005, ѨÙ@ : 7). HÍ|\˜ì D Ѷ¨∞’~° „Ѩ=∂^ŒO #∞O_ç Ü«∂=#‡Ok „Ѩ*ÏhHÍxfl ~°H˜∆Oz, =∂kQÆÅ J<åºÜ«∞ "å^•xfl =∂ÅÅ <åºÜ«∞"å^•xfl q=iOK«_»"Õ∞ âıY~ü =ÚM’º^ÕÌâ◊O. "åºã¨Hõ~°Î ã¨^Œ∞^ÕÌâ◊O U"≥∞ÿ#ѨÊ\˜H˜ D "åºã¨O ^•fi~å =∂kQÆ–=∂ÅÅ =∞^茺 ~åA‰õΩ#fl ã¨=∞™êºyfl ÃÑ·# (=sæHõ~°} =∂kQÆ =∂Å ã¨=∞㨺QÍ Ñ¨i}q∞Oz# ^Œiq∞ÖÏ) `«# =O`«∞ P[ºO áÈã≤ D ~Ô O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^躌 ^Õfi+¨ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ ÃÑOK«_O» Ö’ ã¨Ñb¨¶ Hõ$`«O JÜ«∂º_»∞. Wk „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixfl ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ#fl =∂Å`«fi ÉèÏ=#! q=~åÅÖ’H˜ "≥àı§ =ÚO^Œ∞ '„ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO— JO>Ë Uq∞\˜? '=∂Å`«fiO— JO>Ë Uq∞\˜? D Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^•Å "å_»∞Hõ#∞ U q^èŒOQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe? J<Õ "å\˜x q=iOK«∞HÀ=_»O J=ã¨~°O.

'Imagined Religious Communities? Ancient History and the Modern Search for a Hindu Identity,' Modern Asian Studies, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, pp : 209-31; Aloysius, G.(1997)Nationalism without A Nation in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press (Especially Chapters V &Vl, PP: 123-213).

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=∂Å`«fiO : =∂ÅÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å "å\ÏQÍ =KÕÛ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅÃÑ· Ѩ@∞ì ™êkèOz "å\˜ g∞^Œ<Õ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç# =∂ÅÅÖ’x XHõ „âı}˜x Ü«∞^ä•ã≤÷u"å^Œ∞Å∞QÍ, "åi‰õΩO_Õ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ =∂Å`«fiQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∂ Nx"åãπ, z\˜Éì Ï|∞ D q^èOŒ QÍ K≥Ñʨ _»O [iyOk.

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''=∂Å`«fi J<Õk XHõ PÖ’K«<å q^è•#O =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞. Jk XHõ rq`« q^è•#O ‰õÄ_®. JO>Ë, áê`«~å[H©Ü«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ|_çÖ’ K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë Ñ¨Ù<åkH© LѨi x~å‡}ÏxH© Ô~O\˜H© K≥O^Õ XHõ "åã¨Îq`«Hõ. Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂`«fi JO>Ë Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂=∞`«O (D Ô~O_À ^•xfl HõeÊ`« Jã≤Î`«fi q"å^ŒO HÍ¿ãѨ٠„ѨHõ¯#ÃÑ_ç`Õ) HÍ#@∞ìQÍ<Õ =∂ÅÅO^Œ i H© =∂Å`« fi ÅHõ ∆ } ÏÅ∞O\ÏÜ« ∞ x QÍh, ^•xx P"≥∂k™êÎ~°x QÍh J#∞HÀ#=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞... „Ѩ=∂^ŒOÖ’ Ѩ_»¤ Pã≤Îx ~°H˜∆OK«∞‰õΩ<Õ =~åæÅH˜ LO_Õ ã¨=∞~°jÅ`« D „âı}˜H˜ LO_»^Œ∞. „â◊=∞ ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º =~åæÅ =Öˇ giÖ’ qѨ¡"åxH˜ =Ú_çã¨~°∞‰õΩ ^˘~°Hõ^Œ∞. „â◊=∞ ^ŒHõ¯x D ^Ò~åƒùQƺ ã¨=¸Ç¨xH˜ PO^Àà◊<ÕQÍh D ã≤^•úO`« f~°∞`≥#∞flÅÃÑ· =∞iO`« q=~°} H˘~°‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Thapar, Romila. (1989)

P„QÆǨÏO HõÅQÆ^Œ∞. L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# giH˜ L`«∞ÎuÎ ã¨$[# =∂„`«"Õ∞ ™ê^茺O. Ѩ~å#flÉèí∞‰õΩ¯ =~åæÅH˜ LO_Õ Ö∫HõºO, KåHõKåHõºO, =Ú~îå`«`«fiO ‰õÄ_® giH˜ LO_»=Ù. D „âı}˜ ^ÀÑ≤_ç KÕÜ«∞^Œ∞. Hõhã¨O ^ÀÑ≤_ôH˜ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º ÉèÏQͺxÔH·<å <ÀK«∞HÀ^Œ∞. „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ^ŒQÆæ~° ^Õ|iOK«_»O `«=∞Ö’x |ÅÇ‘Ï#∞ÅH˜ ѨOz ÃÑ@ì‰õΩO_® ^•K«∞‰õΩO^•=∞#∞HÀ=_»O gi ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞. gik ǨωõΩ¯Åx J_»∞‰õΩ¯<Õ `«ÅH˜O^Œ∞Å K≥·`«#ºO. gix WOHÍ H˘O`≥·<å „Ñ¨QÆujÅ ÉèÏ=*ÏŠѨikèÖ’ LOK«∞`«∞#flk 'JÅ"å@∞— =∂„`«"Õ∞. ^•xH˜ Éè∫uHõ ѨÙ<åk ÖË^Œ∞. Hõhã¨O g~°∞ WѨÊ\˜ÔH·<å `«y#O`« ™êO㨯 $uHõ ÃÑ@∞ì|_çx ‰õÄ_»Éˇ@∞ì‰õΩx LO>Ë `«=∞ Jã≤Î`«fi 㨠O H∆ À Éè Ï xfl qâ◊ fi [h# Éè Ï +¨ Ö ’ ™ê~° fi „uHõ ÅH∆ Í ºÅ`À =ºH©HÎ iõ OK«∞HÀQÆeQˆ H“â◊Å=¸ qâßÅ`«fi=¸ giH˜ Jaƒ LO_Õk. Wk Å∞OÃÑ<£ =∞^茺`«~°QÆu, H˘\Ï¡_»QÆÅ^Œ∞ QÍh áÈ~å_»ÖË^Œ∞. |∞HÍ~ÚOѨÙÖË QÍh "åkOK«_»O KÕ`«QÍ^Œ∞. gi ã¨OH∆ÀÉèíO XHõ "≥·Ñ¶¨Åº"Õ∞ QÍh qѨ¡"åxH˜ „Ѩ"ÕtHõ HÍ^Œ∞. D ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏѨ٠PÖ’K«<å q^è•<åxfl, r=# q^è•<åxfl =∂Å`«fi JO^•O.——2 „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ã¨OˆH∆=∂ÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# XHõ =∂Å ‰õΩÅ „âı}˜ PÖ’K«#, rq`« q^è•<åefl =∂Å`«fiQÍ „QÆÇ≤ÏOKåe. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ, ã¨fiã¨=∂[, ã¨fi‰õΩÅ, ã¨fiH©Ü«ÚÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åŠѨi~°Hõ∆}Ë ^èպܫ∞OQÍ ~°∂á⁄Ok# „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ =∂Å ‰õΩÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’#∂ ^Œo`«∞Å "å\ÏÖ’x ã¨OˆH∆=∞ =ã¨`«∞ÅÃÑ· PkèѨ`«º"Õ∞ rq`« ÅHõ∆ ºOQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x, `«=∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞"Õ∞ "≥Ú`«ÎO =∂Å–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè„áêÜ«∞OQÍ K≥ѨC‰õΩ<Õ =∂ÅÅ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ q=iOz, qâı¡+¨} QÍqOK«_®xH˜ =∂Å`«fi, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ J<Õ Ñ¨Å∞‰õΩ|_»∞Å#∞ D "åºã¨OÖ’ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.

ã¨=∞HÍb# ^Œo`« ã≤u÷ QÆ`∞« Å∞ : U^Õx XHõ ã¨=∞㨺 L`«Ê#flO J~Ú#ѨÙ_»∞ ^•x ѨÓ~åfiѨ~åÅ#∞ âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ѨijeOz Ѩiëê¯~° =∂~åæÅ#∞ Hõ#∞Q˘#_»O ÃÑ·<Õ F =ºH˜Î ÖË^• F ã¨=∂[ „ѨQÆu P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO@∞Ok. JÖÏ [~°QÆx ѨH∆Í# P =ºH˜Î ÖË^• P ã¨=∂[ „ѨQÆu xez áÈ=Ù@"Õ∞ QÍHõ q∞ye# ã¨=∂*ÏÅÖ’ =ã¨∞Î#fl =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ, áÈ\©Å‰õΩ `«@∞ìHÀÖËHõ HÍÅ„Hõ=∞OÖ’ P ã¨=∂[O 2

Nx"åãπ, lÅ∞Hõ~°. z\˜ìÉÏ|∞ (2005) '^Œo`« ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO KÕã≤# q+¨„ѨÜ≥∂QÆO,— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 18 AÖˇ·. 3

JO`«~å÷#O HÍ=_®xH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ "≥∞O_»∞QÍ LO\ÏÜ«∞#_»O Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`«ºO. 1994Ö’ =∂kQÆÅ∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£`À ^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\˜ì# <å\˜ #∞O_ç D<å\˜ =~°‰õΩ (JO>Ë XHõ ^Œâß|ÌO ÃÑ·QÍ) „ѨѨOK«OÖ’, ^Õâ◊OÖ’ Pi÷HõOQÍ#∞, ™êOˆHuHõOQÍ#∞ Z<Àfl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú. „ѨѨOK« PkèѨ`«º Pi÷Hõ q^è•<åxH˜ („ѨѨOpHõ~°}) J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO Pi÷Hõ ~°OQÍxfl „ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ =º‰õΩΊѨ~°O K≥Ü«∞º_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#, |ÅÇ‘Ï# =~åæÅ „âıÜ≥∂"å^Œ q^è•<åʼnõΩ ^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ ã¨fiã≤ΠѨÅHõ_»O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. D =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ #∞O_ç `«Ü«∂~°∞QÍ L#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆO #∞O_ç "≥·^˘Åy ¢ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’x J=HÍâßʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ `«=∞#∞ `å=Ú ã¨Oã≤^ŒúѨ~°K«∞H˘x P ~°OQÆOÖ’ u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx PkèѨ`åºxfl ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. D =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ `«Ü«∂~°∞QÍ ÖËx "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#, ^Œo`«, Pk"åã‘ =~åæÅ∞ ˆH=ÅO ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° B+¨^èŒO ã¨HõÅ ~ÀQÆ x"åi}˜ JO@∂ QÆ`« Ѩ^Õà◊√§QÍ „Ѩܫ∂㨠Ѩ_ç, J@∞ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O ™êkèOK«ÖËHõ W@∞ `«=∞ Ü«Ú=`«#∞ Pi÷Hõ, ™êOˆHuHõ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ, ã¨"åà◊§‰õΩ nè@∞QÍ ã¨Oã≤^Œú Ѩ~°K«∞HÀÖËHõáÈ=_»O =Å# Jaè=$kúÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ HõO>Ë Z<Àfl ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«#O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. 1985 HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞ <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’ U~°Ê_ç# 'PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò ^Œo`« =∞Ǩã¨Éèí,— 1994Ö’ ã¨=∞<åºÜ«∞O H˘~°‰õΩ Pq~°ƒùqOz# '=∂kQÆ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ áÈ~å@ ã¨q∞u— (=∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å) J}QÍi# =~åæÅÃÑ· „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ AÅ∞O#∞ ~°K«ÛH©_»Û_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ, D ^Õâ◊ áœ~°∞Öˇ·# `«=∞‰õΩ D ^Õâ◊ ã≤i ã¨OѨ^ŒÅÃÑ· „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À ã¨=∂# J=HÍâßÅ∞, ǨωõΩ¯Å∞ L<åflÜ«∞x QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕã¨∂Î, P ǨωõΩ¯Å H˘~°‰õΩ L^Œºq∞Oz ^Œo`«∞Å K≥·`«<åºxfl ѨiѨÙ+¨ìO KÕâß~Ú. J~Ú`Õ '*Ïu H˘~°‰õΩ `åºQÍÅ— ¿Ñ~°∞`À „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÖËx L^ÀºQÍÅ H˘~°‰õΩ ^ŒO_À~å ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∂ÅÅ∞ `«=∞ Ü«Ú=`« Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î#∞ H˘O`« =~°‰õΩ <åâ◊#O KÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ ^Œo`«∞Å q<åâ◊<åxH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°#_»O x+¨Øì~°OQÍ L<åfl ã¨`åºxfl JOwHõiOK«Hõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. HÍx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞O_ç HÍh¬~åO =~°‰õΩ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#, ^Œo`«, Pk"åã‘ =~åæÅ∞ ÉèÏqã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°"Õ∞ '=∂ã¨ì~ü H©— J~Ú`Õ J\˜ì `åºQÍÅ∞ `«Ñʨ xã¨i.3 ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å =sæHõ~°} 3

'~å*ϺkèHÍ~°"Õ∞ =∂+¨ì~üH©— J<Õ "å^Œ#`À "åºã¨Hõ~°Î JOwHõiOK«_»∞. D<å_»∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl K≥ÖÏ~Úã¨∞#Î fl KåÖÏ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ XHõ<å_»∞ ~å[H©Ü∞« ~°OQÍxH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ LO_ç Pi÷H,õ q^•º, ™êO㨯 $uHõ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞#∞ `å=Ú =$kú KÕã¨∞H˘x P ~°OQÍÅ P^è•~°OQÍ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã∞¨ HÀQÆeQÍ~°∞. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ Hˆ ~°àÖ◊ ’ ÃÇÏ["å~°∞,¡ `«q∞à◊<å_»∞Ö’ ëê<å~°∞¡ XHõ<å_»∞ JO@~åx =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok#ѨÊ\˜H© Pi÷HOõ QÍ Zky ~å[H©Ü∂« ÅÖ’ „Ѩ"tÕ Oz P ~°OQÆOÖ’ `«=∞ =Ú„^Œ "ÕÜ∞« QÆeQÍ~°∞. PO„^èŒ ~åROÖ’ Hõ=∞‡Å ~å[H©Ü∞« =$kú ‰õÄ_® D suQÍ<Õ ZkyOk. Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J}z"Õ`‰« Ωõ QÆ∞iHÍ|_»¤ ^Œo`«∞Å∞ Hˆ =ÅO XHõ¯ ~å[H©Ü∞« ~°OQÆOÖ’ =∂„`«"∞Õ HÍHõ Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ Hõ$+≤ KÕÜ∂« eû LOk.For an analysis see, Rudloph I. Lloyd and Rudolph H. Susanne. (1967) The

Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; ëê<å~°¡ áÈ~å@O H˘~°‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Hardgrav R.L. (1969) The Nadars of Tamilnadu, Berkeley: University of California Press. 4

_ç=∂O_£, Jk ~ˆ HÔ uÎOz# „Ѩâfl◊ Å∞, =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ JÉèºí O`«~åÅ∞, "åi "å^Œ#Å∞ ã¨OH˜+¡ Oì¨ QÍ, z`«Îâ◊√kúQÍ ã¨g∞H˜∆Oz XHõ Ѩiëê¯~° =∂~åæxfl PÖ’zOz ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ XHõ¯ `å\˜ ÃÑ·H˜ `≥zÛ, gi`À áê@∞ q∞ye# J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ P `å\˜ ÃÑ·H˜ #_çÑ≤OK«x^Õ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÍ^Œ∞ Hõ ^ • =∂Ô ~ ¯\ò =º=㨠÷ ÃÑ`« Î O ^•s J~Ú# 㨠= ∂[OÖ’ Hõ h 㨠r=<Àáêkè ‰õ Ä _® =∞$Qƺ=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œ<Õ q+¨Ü«∞O „ѨѨOK« ^ÕâßÅ, =ÚYºOQÍ ¿Ñ^Œ^ÕâßÅ P@∞áÈ@¡#∞ QÆ=∞xã¨∞Î#fl "åÔ~=iÔH·<å QÀK«i`«=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.

=∂Å`«fi "å^ŒO – `˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ∞ – qâı+¡ } ¨ : =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO, Jk Pq+¨¯iOz# W`«~° „Ѩâ◊flÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#_»O HõO>Ë =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =∂ÅÅ∞ qxÑ≤Oz# "å^•xfl Pã¨~åQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å „Ñ¨â◊flÅ#∞ ѨijeOK«_»O D "åºã¨OÖ’ <Õ<≥#∞fl‰õΩ#fl Ѩ^Œúu. =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ "å^Œ#Å#∞ ‰õ∆Ω}‚OQÍ Ñ¨ijeOz "åi "å^ŒO U q^èŒOQÍ „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixH˜, J„Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH˜ „ѨfHõQÍ LO^À x~°∂Ñ≤Oz, =∂kQÆ"å^ŒO =∂Å "å^•xH˜ q~°∞^ŒúOQÍ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º "å^•xH˜, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü Pâ◊Ü«∂ʼnõΩ U q^èŒOQÍ „ѨfHõQÍ xezO^À K≥Ñ≤Ê, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç#, ^Œo`«, Pk"åã‘ =~åæʼnõΩ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O ˆH=ÅO =∂kQÆ "å^•xfl ѨiѨÙ+≤ì QÍqOz# <å_Õ ™ê^茺=∞x K≥ѨÊ_»O D "åºã¨ L^ÕÌâ◊ºO. WO`«‰õΩ ѨÓ~°fiO =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =zÛ# =∂Å ™êÇ≤Ï`åºhfl, ã≤.P~ü. âıY~ü 36 ¿ÑrŠѨÙã¨ÎHõ ™ê~åhfl ‰õΩk¿ãÎ =∂ÅÅ "å^ŒO, "åi xO^ŒÅ∞, "åi Ѩiëê¯~° =∂~åæÅ#∞ `˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ∞QÍ K≥ѨCHÀ=K«∞Û. Jq : 1. =∂kQÆʼnõΩ#fl ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ ÖËx ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ. 2. ^Œo`« i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’ =∂ÅÅ∞ 64 âß`«O qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O =∂ÅʼnõΩ QÆÅ P`«‡Q“~°=, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $ǨÏÅ∞ – Jq H˘~°=_ç# =∂kQÆÅ∞. 3. q^Œº, L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ =∂ÅÅ 28 áêà◊§ PkèÑ`¨ º« O Ju ã¨fiÅÊ q+¨Ü∞« O. 4. =sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O ã¨=∞㨺#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«HõáÈQÍ =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã¨∞ÎOk. 5. =sæHõ~°} "≥Ú`«ÎO =∂kQÆʼnõΩ „ѨÜ≥∂[#O KÕ‰õÄ~°Û^Œ∞. 6. ¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨHõ¯ =∂kQÆ#∞ `«yeOK«∞ H˘x P`«‡Q“~°"åxfl HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# =∂kQÆÅ∞. 7. =sæHõ~°} "å^•xfl ã¨=∞i÷Oz q[˝`«, q+¨Ü«∞ Ѩi*Ï˝#O Ö’Ñ≤Oz# „ѨQÆujÅ, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì, aã≤ "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞. 8. ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ÉèÏ=# „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#^•? ^Œo`« â◊H˜Îx JO`« "≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæHõ~°}. 9. ^Œo`«∞Å ÅHõ∆ ºO i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HÍ~å^Œ∞ – ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÍ"åe. D `˘q∞‡k JOâßÅ ™ê~°O '=sæHõ~°} =^ŒÌ#_»"Õ∞— J~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© XH˘¯Hõ¯ JOâßxfl fã¨∞H˘x ã¨∞xt`«OQÍ Ñ¨ije^•ÌO. 5

1.

=∂kQÆʼnõΩ#fl ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ ÖËx ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ

^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞O „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# <å\˜ #∞O_ç =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£#∞ =ºuˆ~H˜OK«_®xH˜ =∂ÅÅ∞ `«=∞ J=ڇŠá⁄kÖ’ J„QÍGOQÍ =∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ PÜ«Ú^è•xfl Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ „ѨÜ≥∂yã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. XHõ\ ˜, =∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ "åiH˜ r=<Àáêkè HõeÊã¨∞ÎOk – U ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ ÖËx =∂ÅʼnõΩ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÍ=HÍâßÖË r=<å^è•~°O. Ô~O_»∞, =∂kQÆÅ ã¨OˆH∆=∂xfl „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO x[OQÍ HÍOH˜∆Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ "åi ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ Jaè=$kúH˜ x^èŒ∞Å∞ ˆH\Ï~Ú¿ãÎ ã¨iáÈ`«∞Ok.4 =∂kQÆÅÃÑ· *Ïe`À "åi ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åxH˜ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ѩ_»=Åã≤OkQÍ n#∞Öˇ·# =∂kQÆÅ `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# ã¨Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«ÚÖˇ·# =∂ÅÅ∞ „ѨÉèí∞`åfixfl JÉèíºi÷ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl "åã¨Î=OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Ãã·`«O K≥Ü«∞ºÖËx (XHõ"Õà◊ K≥Ü«∂ºÅx L<åfl JO^Œ∞‰õΩ [OˆH) „Ѩuáê^Œ#Å#∞ =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ K≥Ü«∞º_»O [iyOk. Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ „QÍ=∞O =¸Å"≥∞ÿ# ^Œâ◊Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =º=ã¨÷ `«=∞ÃÑ· ~°∞kÌ# K≥ѨCÅ∞ ‰õΩ>Ëì =$uÎ<Õ QÆ`«ºO`«~°O ÖËx Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ Pã¨~åQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x =∂kQÆÅ∞ á⁄@ìáÈã¨∞‰õΩ#fl q+¨Ü«∞O Kåi„`«Hõ ã¨`«ºO.5 J~Ú`Õ =∂kQÆÅO^Œ~°∂ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎÖ’<Õ L#fl@∞¡ K«i„`«Ö’ ZHõ¯_® P^è•~°O ÖË^Œ∞. XHõ „QÍ=∞OÖ’ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ Ѩk #∞O_ç W~°"≥· =∂kQÆ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ LO>Ë "åiÖ’ U Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÖ’ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎÖ’ x=∞QÆfl=∞=fiQÍ q∞ye# "å~°∞ =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ, r`«QÍà◊√¡QÍ „|uHÍ~°∞.6 P^èŒ∞xHõ Ü«ÚQÆOÖ’ Ñ¨Öˇ¡ #∞O_ç Ѩ@ì}O Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ ˆHO„^Œ aO^Œ∞=ÙQÍ =∂i# <ÕѨ^茺OÖ’ ÉÏ\Ï, Hõ~À<åÅ∞ =zÛ =∂kQÆ K≥ѨC#∞ qѨ}˜ gkè #∞O_ç ^Œ∂~°OQÍ qã≤ˆ~âß~Ú. ^•x`À K≥ѨCÅ#∞ #=Ú‡‰õΩ#fl =∂kQÆÅ „|`«∞‰õΩÅ∞ gkè#Ѩ_®¤~Ú. WHõ¯_» XHõ¯ q+¨Ü«∞O `«Ñ¨ÊHõ „Ѩ™êÎqOKåe. U [O`«∞ K«~å‡<≥·fl`Õ JѨq„`«=∞x, U 4

See, Balagopal, K. (2000) 'A Tangled Web : Subdivision of SC Reservations in AP,' Economic and Political Weekly, March 25, pp : 1075-1081. 5

`«Ñʨ xã¨i Ѩiã≤`÷ ∞« ÅÖ’ K«~‡° =$uÎx ‰õΩÅ =$uÎQÍ =∂kQÆÅ∞ ã‘fiHõiOz#ѨÊ\˜H© P =$uÎ ^•fi~å D ^Õâ◊ <åQÆiHõ`åaè=$kúH˜ =∂kQÆÅ∞ KÕã#≤ Hõ$+≤ J##º ™ê=∂#ºO. ~°™êÜ«∞# âßG=∞O>Ë Uq∞\’ `≥eÜ«∞x D ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ x`«º "å_»HÍxH˜ HÍ=Åã≤# |ÔH¯@∞¡, =º=™êÜ«∂xH˜ J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ Ѩ>Åìˇ ∞, "å~°∞Å∞, Z^Œ∞ÅÌ Hˆ ¿ã ɡÅ∞ìÅ∞, HõÅ∞¡w`« HÍi‡‰õΩÅHõ=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ `Àà◊§ ã¨OK«∞Å∞, ™ê=∂#º =∂#=ÙÅ∞ `«=∞ =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ∞ ^•K«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ ã¨OK«∞Å#∞ Ѩâ√◊ =ÙÅ K«~‡° O`À `«Ü∂« ~°∞ KÕã≤ D ^Õâßaè=$kúH˜ `«=∞ =O`«∞ ¿ã=Å#∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞ JOkOKå~°∞. q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Ilaiah, Kancha (1996) 'Productive Labour Consciousness and History : The Dalit - Bahujan Alternative', in Shaheed Amin and Dipesh Chakrabarthy (Ed.), Writings on South Asian History and Society : Subaltern Studies IX, Delhi : Oxford University Press, pp : 187-193. 6

See, Singh, T.R. (1969). The Madiga : A Study of Social Structure and Change, Lucknow : Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society. 6

K≥ѨCÅ∞ ‰õΩ>Ëì =$uÎ<≥·`Õ JѨiâ◊√„Éèí=∞x ÉèÏqOz TiH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ <≥\ ˜ì "Õâß~À P K≥¿ÑÊ ÉÏ\Ï, Hõ~À<åÅ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}∞ʼnõΩ, „ÉÏǨχ} =~åæʼnõΩ Láêkè HõeÊOz Éè’[#O ÃÑ@ì_»O =$`«∞ΊѨ~°OQÍ P^èŒ∞xHõ`« `≥zÛ# Q˘Ñ¨Ê qѨ¡=O. „Ѩu q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞ =ºuˆ~H˜ã∂¨ <Î Õ "åi =∂~åæÅ#∞ J#∞ã¨iOz 'h=Ù <ÕiÊ# q^ŒºÜÕ∞ h~°*ÏH∆Í— JO@∂ ÃÑ`«OÎ ^•i ™ê÷<åÅ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å#∞ ™ê÷# „ÉèíOâ◊√Å#∞ KÕã≤ P ™ê÷<åÅ#∞ P„Hõq∞Oz# Hõ=∞‡Å∞ =∂kQÀà◊§ K≥ѨCÅ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’#∂ "åix q_»=ÖË^Œ∞. Ñ≤K«ÛѨe¡ +¨Ø=∂~üì, áêѨٺÅ~ü +¨Ø=∂~üì ÖÏO\˜ ¿Ñ~°¡`À q[Ü«∞"å_» ^•x K«∞@∞ì „Ñ¨Hõ¯Å „áêO`åÅÖ’ K≥ѨCÅ á¶êºHõìsÅ#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz =∂kQÆ K≥ Ñ ¨ C H˜ Hõ = ∞‡Å∞, gi`Àáê@∞ WOHÍ H˘O^Œ ~ ° ∞ W`« ~ ° ~å¢ëêì Å =∞~åfi_ô Å ∞ Ü«∂[=∂#∞Å~Úº, Jã¨Å∞ K≥ѨC Ü«∞[=∂xx HÍi‡‰õΩxQÍ =∂iÛ"Õã≤# q+¨Ü«∞O [QÆkfi`«O. J~Ú`Õ =∂kQÆÅ |∞=fi K≥ѨCx ˆH=ÅO „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, Hõ=∞‡Å∞, =∂~åfi_ôÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ÖψQã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. "å~°∞ ÖψQã¨∞H˘x =∂kQÆʼnõΩ q∞yeÛ# <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "≥∞`«∞‰õΩÅ∞ Ãã·`«O giH˜ ^ŒHõ¯‰õΩO_® `«=∞ =O`«∞ áê„`«#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ â◊H˜Î =OK«# ÖˉõΩO_® áÈ+≤OK«_»O [iyOk. q[Ü«∞"å_» ɡOl ã¨i¯Öò ^ŒQÆæ~° K≥ѨCÅ á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’ Ѩx KÕ¿ã HÍi‡‰õΩÅ#∞ Ѩije¿ãÎ D q+¨Ü«∞O x~À‡Ç¨Ï=∂@OQÍ ~°∞A==Ù`«∞Ok. K≥ѨC #=¸<å#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ „áê^äŒq∞Hõ ™ê÷~Ú #∞O_ç K≥ѨC ѨÓ~°ÎÜÕ∞º ™ê÷~Ú =~°‰õΩ „Ѩu ™ê÷~ÚÖ’#∂ =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë =∂ÅÅ∞ JkèHõOQÍ LO_»_»"Õ∞ ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩ|Å x~°^Œ≈#O.7 D q^èŒOQÍ ÖÏÉèí™ê\˜Ü≥ÿ∞# =∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎx „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å ^ŒQÆæi #∞O_ç Hõ=∞‡Å∞, "åi ^ŒQÆæi #∞O_ç =∂ÅÅ∞ Hõ|o¿ãÎ ~ÚHõ P =$uÎ ^•fi~å =∂kQÆʼnõΩ r=<Àáêkè ÅaèOKÕ^≥Hõ¯_»? Ô~O_»=k, K«~°‡HÍ~°∞Å =$uÎ Jaè=$kúH˜ x^èŒ∞Å∞ ˆH\Ï~Ú¿ãÎ ^•x =Å# "≥Ú`«ÎO =∂kQÆ ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷Å Jaè=$kú [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx Ѷ¨∞O\ÏѨ^äŒOQÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl =∂Å âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ∞ Pi÷Hõ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ#∞ Ãã·`«O J|∞ƒ~° Ѩ~°K«_»O`À áê@∞ uHõ=∞Hõ‰õΩ QÆ∞i KÕ™êÎÜ«∞#_»O xifi"å^•Oâ◊O. Pi÷Hõ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ uHõ=∞HõÖˇÖÏ =Ù<åfl „QÍ=∂Ö’¡ Q˘_»¡#∞ HÍK«∞H˘<Õ =∂kQÆÅ∞ Ãã·`«O =∂Å"Õ`«ÎÅ QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ∞ `«Ñ¨Êx x~°∂Ñ≤OK«QÆÅ~°∞. ~åROÖ’ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù 80 ÅHõ∆ʼnõΩ ÃÑ·QÍ [<åÉèÏ L#fl =∂kQÆÅÖ’ D<å_»∞ ˆH=ÅO XHõ¯ âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ P^è•~°OQÍ „|`«∞H©_»∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. P XHõ¯ âß`«OÖ’ ‰õÄ_® ã¨QÆO =∞Ok K≥ѨCÅ á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’ ‰õÄbÖˇ·`Õ, q∞ye# ã¨QÆO ~À_»∞¤ „ѨHõ¯# ziy# Q˘_»∞QÆ∞ h_»Ö’ `≥y# K≥ѨCÅ#∞ ÉÏQÆ∞ KÕã¨∞H˘O@∂ U ~ÀA HÍ ~ÀA =zÛ# zÅ¡~°`À á⁄@ìáÈã¨∞H˘<Õ x~åƒùQÆ∞ºÖË HÍx ã¨fiO`« ^Œ∞HÍ}^•~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® HÍ^Œ∞. =∂ÅÅ ã¨∂K«# "Õ∞~°‰õΩ =∂kQÆÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO x^èŒ∞Å∞ =∞OE~°∞ KÕã≤<å P xkè XHõ¯ âß`«O =∂kQÆʼnõΩ KÕÜ«¸`«xzÛ q∞ye# 99 âß`«O 7

D á¶êºHõìsÅÖ’ Ѩx KÕ¿ã =∂kQÆ–=∂ÅÅ`À `«# Ñ≤ÃÇÏKü_ç H˘~°‰õΩ D "åºã¨Hõ~°Î x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# WO@~°∂fi ºÅ∞, K«~°ÛÅ∞ P^è•~°O. 7

=∂kQÆÅ r=<Àáêkèx „Ѩâßfl~°÷HõO KÕã¨∞ÎOk.8 =∂kQÆÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ x^èŒ∞Å∞ ˆH\Ï~ÚOK«=∞O@∞#fl =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å L^•~°|∞kú D HÀ}ÏÅ#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl^•? ÖË^•? =∂Å`«fi "å^ŒOÖ’x „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi HÀ}O : „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ XHõ¯ ѨÓ*Ïi =$uÎ q∞#Ǩ U ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ ã¨=∂[ Q“~°"åxH˜ <ÀK«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. =∞i =ÚYºOQÍ JO@~åx ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi (JO@~åx ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ Ãã·`«O) U=yOѨÙH˜ QÆ∞~°Ü«∂º~Ú. K«~°‡HÍ~°∞Å∞ ÉèíH˜ÎѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã≤# K≥ѨCÅ#∞ `˘_»∞H˘¯O@∂<Õ P =$uÎx, P =$uÎ^•~°∞Å#∞, hK«OQÍ, UǨϺOQÍ K«∂¿ã ã¨=∂[O =∞#k. JO^Œ∞ˆH PÜ«∂ ‰õΩÅ =$`«∞ÎÅ#∞ g_ç q^•º |∞^Œ∞úÅ#∞ QÆ_çOz ^Œo`«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® =∞#∞+¨µºÖÏ¡QÍ „|`«HÍÅx =∞Ǩ`«‡Ñ¨ÓÖË, PÜ«∞##∞ Jq∞`«OQÍ Jaè=∂xOKÕ JOÉË^¯Œ ~üÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl~°∞. 'q^Œº ÖËHõ<Õ Ju â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞ ÉÏkè`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞— Jx Ѷ¨ÓÖË ÉèÏq¿ãÎ, ''q^ŒºÖ’ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}º`« ™êkèOK«_»=∞<Õk ™ê=∂lHõ ^Œ∞~åKå~åÅ#∞ ~°∂ѨÙ=∂Ѩ_®xH˜ ™ê^èŒ#OQÍ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_»∞`«∞O^Œx <å #=∞‡HõO. ^Õâ◊OÖ’x J}QÍi# [#O ã¨=∞㨺 ˆH=ÅO Pi÷Hõ"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞ ™êO㨯 $uHõO ‰õÄ_®, ˆH=ÅO ‰õÄ_»∞, QÆ∞_»¤, h_» HõeÊOz L#fl`« =~åæÅ "åiH˜ ¿ã= KÕ¿ã "å~°∞QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O <åH˜+¨ìO ÖË^Œ∞. `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ ri‚OK«∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# #∂º#`å ÉèÏ"åxfl, W`«~°∞ʼnõΩ ^•ã¨ºO KÕ¿ã ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl `˘ÅyOz D ^Õâ◊OÖ’x „Ѩã¨∞Î`« ™ê=∂lHõ x~å‡}OÖ’ „‰õÄ~° ^ÀÑ≤_çH˜ QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl "åix q=ÚH˜Î KÕÜ∂« Åx <Õ##∞‰õΩO\Ï#∞. L#fl`« ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ q^•º=O`«∞Å∞ HÍ=_»O ^•fi~å<Õ Jk ™ê^茺=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx <å #=∞‡HõO,——9 Jx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü #=∂‡_»∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åiH˜ PÜ«∞# J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊOKå_»∞. x`«ºO JOÉË^Œ¯~ü <å=∞㨇~°} QÍqã¨∂Î<Õ PÜ«∞# „ѨuáêkOz# P^èŒ∞xHõ q^Œº#∞ `«∞OQÆÖ’ „`˘H˜¯ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ "åi ‰õΩÅ=$uÎx Jaè=$kú K≥Ü«∞º=∞O@∞#fl ã¨∂_À JOÉË^Œ¯iã¨∞ìÅ∞, D =∂Å „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å Lz`« ã¨ÅǨÅ#∞ U q^èŒOQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe? 8

#O|∂~°∞, ÃÑ^ŒÑi¨ q∞, `å_çH˘O_», =∞OQÆày◊ iÅÖ’ "åºã¨H~õ ΰ KÕã#≤ WO@~°∂fi ºÅ∞, =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞HÍ~°∞Å∞, <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ`À [iÑ≤# K«~Û° Å∞ P^è•~°O. 9 ѨÓÖË, JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü "åHͺÅ#∞ [ã≤ãì π q. Hõ$+¨Ü ‚ ∞« º~ü (1994) 'JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü áÈ~å@ "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O,— ^Œo`« ~å[ºO, U„Ñ≤Ü«∞Öò, ѨÙ@Å∞ : 19–21 =∞iÜ«Ú 25 (WHõ¯_» ѨÙ[email protected]) #∞O_ç fã¨∞HÀ=_»O [iyOk. 8

™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ ѨÓ~°fiO „a\©+¨µ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ^Œo`« – â◊¥„^Œ¢Ñ¨[Å ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ L^Œº=∂ʼnõΩ `«ÖÁyæ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ "åi „Ѩ"ÕâßxH˜ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ HõeÊOz# ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ JѨÊ\˜ˆH P^èŒ∞xHõ q^Œº#∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi L^ÀºQÍÅ#∞ P„Hõq∞Oz# „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ ^Œo`« – â◊¥„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ HõeÊOz# J=HÍâßʼnõΩ Z<Àfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞, x~°ã¨#Å∞ `≥eáê~°∞. "åi JÉèºí O`«~åÅ#∞ ÉèMË Ï`«~∞° KÕã#≤ „ѨÉ∞íè `åfixfl „Ѩã#¨ flO KÕã∞¨ HÀ=_®xH˜ 'JOk`Õ A@∞ì JO^Œ‰Ωõ O>Ë HÍà◊√§— J<Õ H“\˜Åº huÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ KÕã≤# q#flѨO: '^Œo`« â◊¥„^Œ=~åæÅ "åiH˜ ‰õΩÅ =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. P ‰õΩÅ=$`«∞ÎÅ`À "å~°∞ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ r=<Àáêkèx ã¨OáêkOK«∞ H˘#QÆÅ~°∞. HÍx, ˆH=ÅO q^ŒºÜÕ∞ ‰õΩÅ=$uÎQÍ, L^ÀºQÆ"Õ∞ P„â◊Ü«∞OQÍ „|`«∞‰õΩ "≥à◊§nã¨∞Î#fl ¿Ñ^Œ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ r=<å^è•~°O HÀÖ’Ê~Ú aèH∆Í@# QÍqOK«∞H˘x „|`«Hõ=Åã≤# ^Œ∞ã≤÷u ^•Ñ¨Ùiã¨∞ÎOk,— HÍ|\˜ì i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ =^Œ∞Ì J<åfl~°∞.10 ™êfi`«O„`«ºO `«~°∞"å`« 'J„QÆ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞—QÍ11 10

¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl *Ï\òÅ∞, ~îå‰õÄ~üÅ∞, Ѩ>ËÖòÅ∞, Hõ=∞‡Å∞, Ô~_»∞¡, "≥Å=∞Å∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ÉÏ@<Õ J#∞ã¨iOz Z<Àfl ™ê~°∞¡ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ PO^Àà◊#Å∞ KÕѨ\ ˜ì# q+¨Ü«∞O qA˝Å‰õΩ qk`«"Õ∞. =ÚYºOQÍ 1989–90 „áêO`«OÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ HÍŠѨikèx á⁄_çyã¨∂Î, â◊¥„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊã¨∂Î q.Ñ≤. ã≤OQ∑ [#`å „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO x~°‚Ü«∞O fã¨∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞ L`«Î~° – ^ŒH˜∆} ÉèÏ~°`åÅÖ’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ Z`«∞Î# „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ JÅ[_»∞Å∞ ˆ~Ñ≤ ÉèÏs "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi, „ÃÑ·"Õ@∞ Pã¨∞ÎʼnõΩ #+¨ìO HõeyOKå~°∞. =∞# ~åROÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ºuˆ~‰õΩÅ∞ ~ÚOH˘OK«O =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ "≥o¡ Ô~·ÖËfi ¿ãì+¨<£ÅÖ’, |™êìO_»∞ÅÖ’, =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# g^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ |∂@∞¡ áêe+π K≥Ü«∞º_»O, ™ê=∂#∞¡ "≥ÚÜ«∞º_»O, ~À_»∞¡ T_»Û_»O ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl KÕ™ê~°∞.12 gi KÕ+¨ìÅ#∞ =∞#O ZÖÏ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åflO (ZÖÏ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe)?

i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ѩ^~Œ ≈° #Å PO`«~º° O : q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Irschick, Eugene. (1969) Politics and Social Conflicts in South

India : The Non-Bramin Movement and Tamil Separatism (1916-1929), Berkeley and Los Angels : University of California Press. 11

„ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ѩ^Œ~°≈# Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k, J}QÍi# =~åæÅ"å~°∞ ~À_»∞¡ T_»Û_®xH˜, |∂@∞¡ áêe+π K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ `«Ñ¨Ê

PÖ’K«#Å∞ =∞x+≤x L#fl`« tY~åʼnõΩ ZH˜¯OK«QÅÆ =Ù. J^èóŒ áê`åàÏxH˜ „`˘H˜¯ "ÕÜ∞« QÆÅ=Ù. ZѨC_À ~Ô O_»∞ "ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åʼnõΩ ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠'‰õΩÅO— J<Õ PÖ’K«# Z<Àfl =O^ŒÅ `«~åÅ ^Œo`« [#∞Å#∞ =∂#ã≤Hõ ã¨OѶ¨∞~°¬}‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕã≤ =∂#∞+¨`åfixH˜ ^Œ∂~°O KÕ¿ãÎ, `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæʼnõΩ =∂#ã≤Hõ PǨ¡^ŒHõ~åxfl, âßOux, ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅÃÑ· =∂#ã≤Hõ PkèѨ`åºxfl HõÅ∞QÆ*Ëã≤Ok. ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠`«~åÅ"åi=Öˇ ~ÚѨÊ\˜ `«~O° ^Œo`«∞Å∞ ‰õΩÅO J<Õ K≥~™° êÅÖ’ |OkèOK«|_®¤~∞° . =∞i ~åÉ’ÜÕ∞ `«~O° ^Œo`« Ѩل`«∞Å∞ – ѨلuHõÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® D =∂#ã≤Hõ ã¨OѶ∞¨ ~°¬}‰õΩ QÆ∞i HÍ=Åã≤O^Õ<å? P ‰õΩÅ K≥~≥ ™° êÅÖ’ |OnÅ∞ HÍ=eûO^Õ<å? Éèqí +¨º`«∞Î `«~åÅ =∂x+≤H`õ åfixfl HÍáê_»\ÏxH˜ D `«~O° Ug∞ KÕÜ∞« ÖË^•? WHõ¯_» <å^˘Hõ PÖ’K«#. ™ê=∂lHõ, Pi÷H,õ ~å[H©Ü∞« ~°OQÍÅ#∞ ~°∂áêO`«~O° K≥OkOK«_O» `À áê@∞ "å_»∞Hõ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’x „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi Ѩ^*Œ ÏÖÏxfl „ѨHÍ∆ à◊#O QÍqOz ^•x ™ê÷#OÖ’ Ö∫H˜Hõ Ѩ^*Œ ÏÖÏxfl „Ѩ"âÕ Ã◊ Ñ@ì@O ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^è#Œ „Ѩ™ê÷#OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ "≥∞Åÿ ∞. ѨÙ@ ã¨OYº S^Œ∞Ö’ (J=ڇŠá⁄kÖ’) 'J„QÍGO— J<Õ Ñ¨^•xfl LѨÜ∂≥ yOK«_O» [iyOk. WÖÏ "å_»_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ 'J„QÍGO— ™ê÷#OÖ’ '„|ǨχGO— J<Õ Ñ¨^•xfl "å_»@O [iyOk. KåÖÏ Ñ¨~åºÜ«∂Å∞ Ѩ^•Å J~å÷Å Ö’`«∞Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_®<Õ "å_»@O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. D Ѩ^Œ „ѨÜ∂≥ QÆOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® JÖψQ [iyOk. "庙êxfl ѨÅ∞ Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ K«kq# `«~∞° "å`« QÍx P Ѩ^OŒ Ö’x Ö’`«∞x „QÆÇÏ≤ OK«ÖHË áõ ÈÜ«∂#∞. '„|Ǩ‡GO— J<Õ Ñ¨^OŒ =∞#‰õΩ Uq∞ K≥|∞`«∞Ok? '„|Ǩχ— J<Õ ^Õ=Ù_»∞ L<åfl_»x, J`«x ^ŒQÆæ~° L#fl JGO Jxfl J¢™êÎÅ HõO>Ë â◊H=Θ O`«"∞≥ Oÿ ^Œx K≥|∞`«∞Ok. P J¢™êÎxfl Z=i g∞^Œ‰Ωõ „ѨÜ∂≥ y¿ãÎ "åiH˜ D Éè∂í q∞ g∞^Œ #∂HõÅ∞ K≥e#¡ >Ë#¡ x ‰õÄ_® K≥|∞`«∞Ok. D PÖ’K«# ~ÚO`«\ `˜ À<Õ PyáÈ^Œ∞. „|Ǩχ^Õ=Ù_»∞ ã¨$+≤Hì ~õ ΰ Jx, J`«x <À\˜ #∞O_ç „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, Kèåu #∞O_ç Hõ„∆ uÜ«ÚÅ∞, `˘_»Å #∞O_ç "≥â· √◊ ºÅ∞, áê^•Å #∞O_ç â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞ =KåÛ~°x K≥|∞`«∞Ok. ^•x`À „|Ǩχ <À\˜ #∞O_ç T_çÑ_¨ ¤» „ÉÏǨχ}∞_ç PkèÑ`¨ º« O QÆ∞iOz, HÍà◊§ #∞O_ç ѨÙ@ìH˘zÛ# â◊¥„^Œ∞_ç ™ê÷#O QÆ∞iOz K≥|∞`«∞Ok. J^Õ q^èOŒ QÍ 'J„QÆ ‰õΩÅO,— 'ã¨=~°‚ *Ïu,— '"≥∞*Ïi\©Å∞— ÖÏO\˜ Ѩ^|Œ O^è•Å#∞ qâı+¡ } ¨ K≥Ü∞« º=K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ D qâı+¡ } ¨ J=QÍǨÏ#ˆH =∞# PÖ’K«##∞ Ѩiq∞`«O K≥Ü∞« º‰õÄ_»^∞Œ .D qâı+¡ } ¨ P^è•~°O`À ã¨OkèOK«=Åã≤ „Ѩâfl◊ Å∞: XHõ ‰õΩÅ"≥∂ ÖË^•

~Ô O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÖ’ 'J„QƉΩõ ÖÏÅ~Ú—`Õ q∞ye# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ U=∞=Ù`å~Ú? – J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞. XHõ *Ïu ã¨=~°*‚ Ïu J~Ú`Õ q∞ye# *Ï`«∞Å∞ U=∞=Ù`å~Ú?– J=~°‚ *Ï`«∞Å∞. H˘O^Œ~∞° "≥∞*Ïi\©Å∞ J~Ú`Õ q∞ye# "å~°∞ U=∞=Ù`å~°∞? – "≥∞<ÿ åi\©Å∞. „Ѩu ã¨=∂[OÖ’ XHõ =ºH˜Î ÖË^• XHõ ã¨OѶ∞¨ 'Jã≤`Î fi« O— q∞ye# =º‰õΩÎÅ/ã¨OѶ¨∂Å QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠g∞^Œ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO@∞Ok. JO>Ë 'Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°— (Reciprocal) ã¨O|O^èOŒ Hõey LO@∞Ok. ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü∞« , Pi÷Hõ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ „áê|źO (Domination) H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl>Ë¡ ™êO㨯 $uHõ–ÉèÏëêÉèÏ=*ÏÅÅÃÑ· ‰õÄ_® "åi PkèÑ` ¨ º« O (Hegemony) H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞O_»_O » =Å¡ "åi PÖ’K«#Å∞, ÉèÏ=#Å∞ „H˜Ok =~åæÅ "åiÃÑ#· ~°∞^ŒQÌ eÆ QÍ~°∞. ~ÚѨC_»∞ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ KÕÜ∞« QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ѨiÉèÏ+¨Ö’ 'J„QƉΩõ ÖÏÅ∞QÍ LO_»@O "åiH˜ QÆ~fi° HÍ~°}O HÍ=K«∞Û, HÍx „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ LO_»@O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ QÆ~fi° HÍ~°}O HÍ^Œ∞,— 'ã¨=~°∞Å‚ ∞QÍ LO_»@O "åiH˜ „Ñ‘uQÍ LO_»=K«∞Û, HÍx J=~°∞Å‚ ∞QÍ LO_»@O ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ‰Ωõ ÖÏÅ "åiH˜ HÍ^Œ∞.— ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ#∞ J„QƉΩõ ÖÏÅ∞QÍ, ã¨=~°∞Å‚ ∞QÍ QÆ∞iÎOz#O`« HÍÅO ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ Jã≤`Î fi« O 'J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ<Õ— LO@∞Ok. JO^Œ∞Hˆ ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ‰Ωõ ÖÏÅ∞ D „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« Ѩ^*Œ ÏÖÏxfl qã¨iO˚ Kåe. D Ѩ^•Å#∞ "å_»∞Hõ #∞O_ç `«ÑÊ≤ OKåe. J~Ú`Õ D qã¨~#˚° `À<Õ ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ∞Å ÉÏ^躌 `« fiáÈ^Œ∞.=∞#+¨µºÅ =∞^躌 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl Pq+¨¯iOKÕ „Ѩ`åº=∂flÜ«∞ ÉèÏ+¨#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOz ^•xx "å_»∞HõÖ’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=Åã≤# ÉÏ^茺`« ‰õÄ_® "åi Éèí∞[㨯O^è•ÅÃÑ·<Õ LOk. 12 q.Ñ≤. ã≤OQ∑ [#`å „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO =∞O_»Å Hõg∞+¨<£ ã¨∂K«#Å "Õ∞~° "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæʼnõΩ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ã¨u HõeÊOz#ѨÙ_»∞ ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ K≥Å~ˆ y# =ºuˆ~Hõ`« L^Œº=∂Å J=QÍǨÏ#‰õΩ, ^Œo`«–â◊¥„^Œ ^Œ$HÀ¯} qâı+¡ } ¨ ‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, SÅÜ«∞º, HÔ . (1990) 'Ѩ~å#flÉè‰í Ωõ ¯Å∞ „ѨuÉèí QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú,— #Å∞ѨÙ, ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞, 16–30, ѨÙ@Å∞:10–14† ™êO|t=~å=Ù, L.(1990) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ã¨=∞㨺— Z^Œ∞s`«, JHÀì|~°∞ ѨÙ@Å∞ : 15–19† =∞™êÎ<£ ~å=Ù, ^Õ=~°Ñe¨ .¡ (1989) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡,— á⁄#∂fl~°∞: ѨÙ~ÀQÍq∞ „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞, ѨÙ@Å∞ 45–120.

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L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ ѨxH˜~å~°∞. Ô~O_»=k, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ^•fi~å ~À_»∞¡ T_ÕÛ "åiH˜, |∂@∞¡ áêe+π KÕ¿ã"åiH˜ J=HÍâ◊O ~Ú¿ãÎ ˆ H =ÅO L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ K≥ Ü « ∞ º_®xˆ H (J~° ÷ O Ö’, J}QÍi# ‰õ Ω ÖÏÅÃÑ· # ÃÑ`« Î # O K≥ÖÏ~ÚOK«_®xˆH) ѨÙ\˜ì# `å=Ú `«=∞ [#‡Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯x D i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =Å# HÀÖ’Ê=Åã≤ =zÛO^Œx QÆ∞O_≥Å∞ ÉÏ^Œ∞HÀ=_»O. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ"åi =$`«∞ÎÅ∞ Ç‘Ï#=∞x K≥ѨÊ_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ^•fi~å "å~°∞ `«=∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩÅ =$`«∞ÎÅx g_ç „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ =~åæÅ "å~°∞ P„Hõq∞OK«∞H˘x ѨkÅѨ~°K«∞‰õΩ#fl q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „Ѩ"ÕâßxH˜ J#~°∞›Å∞ Jx K≥ѨÊ_»O. W\˜ì KÕ+¨ìÅ#∞, "å^•Å#∞ P<å_»∞ â◊¥„^Œ – ^Œo`« (=∂ÅÅ∞ ‰õÄ_®) Pk"åã‘ =Úã≤¡O =~åæÅ „Ѩ[ÅO^Œ~∂° x~°ãO≤ z, i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ L^Œº=∞O #_çÑ,≤ „ѨÉ∞íè `«fi L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ ™⁄`«∞Î HÍ^Œx Q˘O`≥uÎ Kå\˜# K«i„`« LOk. =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ L^Œº=∞O KÕѨ\ ˜ì '=∂kQÆÅ ‰õΩÅ=$uÎx Jaè=$kú K≥Ü«∞º=∞‡O@∞#fl— =∂ÅÅ "å^Œ#‰õΩ, U *ÏuH˜ xˆ~ÌtOz# ‰õΩÅ =$uÎ P *Ïu `«∂.K«. `«Ñ¨ÊHõ áê\˜OKåÅx K≥|∞`«∞#fl „ÉÏǨχ} "å^•xH˜ `Õ_® U"≥∞ÿ<å LO^•? Ô~O_»∞ "å^•Å =∞<ÀQÆ`«O XHõ¯>Ë: ‰õΩÅ=$uÎ Hõey# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ PÜ«∂ =$`«∞ÎÅ =ÚiH˜ ‰õÄѨOÖ’ =∞yæ`Õ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’x J=HÍâßÅ#∞ `å=Ú =∂„`«"Õ∞ KÕlH˜¯OK«∞H˘x Zã≤ QÆ^Œ∞ÅÖ’ ™œYºO á⁄O^•Å<Õ ^Œ∞~å (^Œ∂~å) Ö’K«#ÜÕ∞ HÍ^•?

2. ^Œo`« i[ˆ~fi+¨#Ö¡ ’ =∂ÅÅ∞ 64 âß`«O qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O =∂ÅʼnõΩ QÆÅ P`«‡Q“~°=, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $ǨÏÅ∞ – Jq H˘~°=_ç# =∂kQÆÅ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ™œHõ~åºÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘#_»OÖ’ =∂ÅÅ∞ =ÚO^Œ∞O_»_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O "åiH˜ QÆÅ P`«‡Q“~°= ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ÉÏ^茺`«ÖË#x K≥|∞`«∂ âıY~ü D q^èŒOQÍ J<åfl_»∞. ''i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =∂Å – =∂kQÆÅ∞ 64:36 âß`«OQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ QÆÅ HÍ~°}O =∂ÅʼnõΩ P`«‡Q“~°= ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $ǨÏÅ∞ LO_»_»O HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ`Õ – =∂kQÆʼnõΩ... P`«‡Q“~°= ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $Ç¨Ï H˘~°=_»_»O =Å# "å~°∞ HÍã¨Î "≥#∞Hõ|_®¤~°∞. P`«‡Q“~°= ã¨Ê $ǨÏ, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨Ê $Ç¨Ï =∂ÅʼnõΩ ™ê=∂lHõ J<åºÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKÕ K≥·`«#ºO HõeyOzOk. J<åºÜ«∂xfl ZkiOKÕ ^è≥·~åºxfl HõeyOzOk. áÈ~å\ÏʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~å÷ºÅ#∞, „ѨuÉèÏ áê@"åÅ#∞ ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞HÀ"åeû =zÛOk—— (âıY~ü, 2005 ѨÙ@:22). ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ D "å^Œ# J~°÷O =∂ÅÅÖ’ „ѨuÉèÏ áê@"åÅ∞ ã¨=∞$kúQÍ LO_»|>Ëì "å~°∞ JkèHõ âß`«OÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀQÍ P „ѨuÉèí ÖËx =∂kQÆÅ∞ =∂ÅÅ HõO>Ë "≥#∞Hõ|_ç áÈÜ«∂~°O@∂ D<å\˜ =∂kQÆÅ z`«∞‰õΩÉÏ@∞ `«<åxH˜ "åi 'J„ѨuÉèíÜÕ∞#x— XHõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê ã¨`åºxfl âıY~ü Hõ#∞Q˘<åfl_»∞. D "å^•xfl âıY~ü J=∂Ü«∞Hõ`«fiO J#∞HÀ"åÖ’, J*Ï˝#O J#∞HÀ"åÖ’ ‰õÄ_® J~°÷O H͉õΩO_® LOk. ^Œo`«∞Å K«i„`«, "åi L^Œº=∂ÅÃÑ· Hõh㨠J=QÍǨÏ# Hõey# Z=~°∂ 11

~Ú@∞=O\˜ kQÆ*Ï~°∞_»∞ "å^•xH˜ kQÆ~°∞. K«i„`« á⁄_»=Ù<å ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ, ™êO㨯 $uHõOQÍ, ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ ~Ú`«~°∞Å`À ã¨=∂#OQÍ ã¨=∂# J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKåÅx HÀi#ѨÙ_»ÖÏ¡ =ÚO^ŒO[ "Õã≤# =~åæÅ Ô~_ô"Õ∞_£ ã¨=∂^è•#O '„ѨuÉèÏ áê@"åÅ∞.— XHõ<å_»∞ `≥Å¡"åà◊§#∞ qKåiOKÕ „ѨuÉèÏ áê@=O #Å¡"åà◊§‰õΩ ÖË=x „a\©+π "å~°∞, q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „ѨuÉèí ÖËx "åiH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊ¿ãÎ =º=ã¨÷ <åâ◊#O J=Ù`«∞O^Œx „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, "åi ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =Å# „ѨuÉèí Hõeæ# "åiH˜ #+¨ìO HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx Hõ=∞‡, Ô~_ç¤ ÖÏO\˜ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ "åkOz#ѨÙ_»∞, ''„ѨuÉèí Z=i ™⁄`«∞Î~å? „ѨuÉèí U_»|∞>Ëì~å?–JO^Œ∞HÀ~° QÆ∞`«Ñ¨O^Œ∞HÀ, P ^˘OQÆÅ `«i"Õ∞@O^Œ∞‰õΩ—— (QÀ~°\ ˜ "≥OHõ#fl)13 Jx "åkOz# JOÉË^¯Œ sÜ«ÚÅ "å^•xfl =∞~°z# =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ D<å_»∞ J^Õ „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅ`«`«fi ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ „ѨuÉèí ÖË^Œx x~°¡[˚QÍ "åkã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. XˆH ã¨=∂[OÖ’ x=ã≤ã¨∞Î#fl J<ÕHõ =~åæÅ „ѨQÆu XˆH ~°HõOQÍ LO_»^Œ∞. "åi Jaè=$kúx J<ÕHõ Kåi„`«Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, ™êO㨯 $uHõ, ™ê=∂lHõ, Pi÷HÍOâßÅ∞ xˆ~Ìt™êÎ~Ú. D<å\˜ =∂kQÆÅ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«<åxH˜ =∂ÅÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ J<ÕHõ Kåi„`«Hõ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞<åfl~Ú. Kåi„`«HõOQÍ =∂kQÆÅ∞ JkèHõ ã¨OYºÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# `≥ÅOQÍ} „áêO`«O #∞O_ç ~åQÍ, =∂ÅÅ∞ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# HÀ™êÎ PO„^èŒ „áêO`«O #∞O_ç ~å=_»O [iyOk. „a\©+π "åi ǨÏÜ«∂OÖ’ „ÔH·ã¨Î= q∞+¨#sÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKå~°∞. XOQÀÅ∞ Ѩiã¨~° „áêO`åÅÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ∞ D ™œHõ~åºxfl á⁄Ok#ѨÊ\˜H©,14 QÆ∞O@∂~°∞, q[Ü«∞"å_», LÉèíÜ«∞QÀ^•=i lÖÏ¡ÅÖ’ =∂ÅÅ∞ D J=HÍâßÅ#∞ JkèHõOQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.15 =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ q^•º „Ѩ"Õâ◊O á⁄Ok# =∂ÅÅ∞ ™êfi`«O„`«ºO `«~°∞"å`« ~å*ϺOQÆO ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ HõeÊOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ á⁄Ok q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ HõO>Ë =ÚO^ŒO[ "Õã≤ `«=∞ Jaè=$kúH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ "Õã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. x*ÏO ѨiáêÅ#Ö’ Jaè=$kúH˜ <ÀK«∞HÀx `≥ÅOQÍ}Ï „áêO`«Ñ¨Ù "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«<åxH˜, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«#O `À_»~Úº 13

'WO_çÜ∂« Ö’ UO KÕÜ∂« e?— (2001) ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£:~À+¨<£ „Ñ≤O@~üû, p.x.

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Alvin Texas Fishman. (1941) Culture Change and the Underprivileged : A Study of Madigas in South India under Christian Guidance, Madras : The Christian Literature Society for India; Suri, K.C. (2001) 'Dialectic of Social Justice : The Struggle of the Madigas for Categorisation of Scheduled Caste Reservations in Andhra Pradesh,' in R. Balasubramanian (ed.), Social and economic dimensions of caste organisations in South India states, Chennai : University of Madras, pp : 228-245; Siva Reddy, G.V. (2002) 'Competition and Conflict among the Dalits : Madiga Dandora Movement in Andhra Pradesh,' in Ghanshyam Shah (ed.), Dalits and the State, New Delhi : Concept Publishing Company, pp : 325-342. 15

Oddie, G.A. (1973) 'Christian Conversion in the Telugu Country1860-1900:A Case Study of One Protestant Movement in the Godavari-Krishna Delta,' Indian Economic and Social History Review (IESHR), Vol. XII, No. 1, pp:61-79. 12

=∂kQÆÅ#∞ ^Œ∞~°ƒù~° Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’H˜ <≥\ ˜ì"Õâß~Ú.16 D Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ `«@∞ìH˘x P^èŒ∞xHõ ã¨=∂[OÖ’H˜, q^•º~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ ÃÑ@ì_®xH˜ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ ã¨fi`«O„`«º ÉèÏ~°`«OÖ’ S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞ Ѩ\ ˜ìOk. P Kåi„`«Hõ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ =∞iz '„ѨuÉèí— =∞O„`åxfl [Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞ʼnõΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® J^Õ „ѨuÉèí "å^ŒO`À XˆH XHõ¯ „Ѩâ◊fl#∞ ÅOѶ≤∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú: ''„ѨuÉèÏ áê@"åÅ∞ ÖËx =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ q^Œº L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã‘@∞¡ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ?——17 „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞ "Õã¨∞Î#fl D „Ѩâ◊fl#∞ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å „ѨuÉèí HÀ}O #∞O_Õ PÖ’zOz#ѨÙ_»∞, PÜ«∂ =~åæÅ "åi`À áÈÅ∞Û‰õΩ#flѨÙ_»∞ =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅʼnõΩ „ѨuÉèí ÖË^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =^Œ∞Å∞H˘x '„ѨuÉèí‰õΩ Ѩ@ìO— Hõ\Ïìe. =∞i ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~å? nx<Õ WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å „ѨHÍ~°O, '„ѨuÉèí— Z=i‰õΩO@∞O^À "åiH˜ q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HÍ|\˜ì =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅÖ’ Z=iH˜ „ѨuÉèí LO>Ë "å~°∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ "åi`À áÈ\©Ñ¨_ç J=HÍâßÅ∞ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. =∞i J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞ 'J„ѨuÉèí#∞— =º=ã¨÷Ö’H˜ K˘Ñ≤ÊOz ^•xx ÃÑOz áÈ+≤OKÕ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨ux `˘ÅyOK«_»O =∞Ozk Hõ^•?!18 JO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~å?

3. q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =∂ÅÅ 28 áêà◊§ PkèÑ`¨ º« O Ju ã¨fiÅÊ q+¨Ü∞« O q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =∂Å – =∂kQÆÅ =∞^茺 L#fl 28 âß`«O ÃÑ^ŒÌ `Õ_® HÍ^Œ∞ JO@∂ âıY~ü, ''ˆH=ÅO q^•º – L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë =∂ÅÅ∞ (36:64) 28 áêà◊√§ PkèHõº`«QÍ L<åfl~°<Õ JÅÊ q+¨Ü«∂xfl H˘O_»O`« ÃÑ^ŒÌkQÍ Éèí∂`«^ŒÌOÖ’ K«∂Ñ≤Oz QÆQÀæÅ∞ ÃÑ@ì_»OÖ’ J~°÷O ÖË^Œ∞. D `Õ_® J<åºÜ«∞ѨÓi`«"≥∞ÿ#k, J„Hõ=∞"≥∞ÿ#k HÍ^Œ∞. „Ѩu ã¨=∂[OÖ’ LO_Õ ™ê^è•~°} `Õ_®Å =O\˜^Õ. D `Õ_®#∞ JkèQÆq∞OK«_®xH˜ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ Jxfl J=HÍâßÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú—— (âıY~ü, 2005 : ѨÙ@. 23). [ã≤ìãπ ~å=∞K«O„^Œ~åA Hõg∞+¨<£ x"ÕkHõ, PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fi qq^èŒ x"ÕkHõÅ∞ =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ∞ q^•º – L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ_»OÖ’ `Õ_®Å∞<åflÜ«∞x Ѷ¨∞’+≤ã¨∞Î#flѨÊ\˜H©, P `Õ_®Å∞ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO ‰õΩ„@`À HõeÊOz#=¨x =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ ~Ú<åflà◊√§ |∞HÍ~ÚOK«QÍ =∂ÅÅ∞ =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë 28 âß`«O q^•º – 16

Singh, T.R. (1969) Op.Cit.

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L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ PkèHõºOQÍ L<åfl~°#fl âıY~ü x*Ï~Úfx `«Ñ¨ÊHõ Jaè#OkOKåe (=∂ÅÅ ‰õÄ@q∞H˜ K≥Ok# "å_≥·#ѨÊ\˜H©). J~Ú`Õ 'D `Õ_® Ju ã¨fiÅÊO— J#_»OÖ’<Õ "åiH˜ W`«xH˜ =∞^茺 ã¨fiÅÊO ‰õÄ_® `Õ_® ÖË^Œx `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. Uk U"≥∞ÿ<å D 'Ju ã¨fiÅÊO— J<Õ JOâßxfl ~Ô O_»∞ HÀ}ÏÅ #∞Oz ѨijeOKåe. 1. WO`« =~°‰õΩ ^Œo`«∞Å HÀ\Ï#∞ ÉèísÎ KÕã≤# f~°∞† 2. ÉèísÎ KÕã≤# ã‘@¡Ö’ ‰õÄ_® =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ∞ á⁄Ok# x+¨Ê`«∞ÎÅ f~°∞. 1. ˆHO„^Œ – ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞O^ŒiH© q^•º – L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ HõeÊOK«ÖËHõ áÈ~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© Hõhã¨O ~å*ϺOQÆO „ѨHÍ~°O "åiH˜ ÅaèOz# 15 âß`«O ã‘@¡#∞ Ãã·`«O (XHõ¯ Kè«„áêã≤ ˆH_»~À¡ `«Ñ¨Ê) ÉèísÎ KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl L^•ã‘#`« [QÆkfi`«O. q^Œº‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz ^Œo`« ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅÖ’ 59 âß`«O, ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ 83 âß`«O =∞OkH˜ Hõh㨠JHõ∆~° *Ï˝#O ÖË^Œ∞. WO@~ü #∞O_ç _ç„w ™ê÷~Ú q^Œº á⁄Ok# "å~°∞ 5 âß`«O, "≥∞_çã¨<£, WO[hiOQ∑ ÖÏO\˜ =$uÎ q^•º HÀ~°∞ûÅÖ’ ˆH=ÅO 0.6 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ L<åfl~°∞. WHõ L^ÀºQÍʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz, ˆHO„^Œ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiOÖ’x „QÆ∂Ñπ–1 ã¨sfiã¨∞Ö’¡ 10.5 âß`«O, „QÆ∂Ñπ–2 ã¨sfiã¨∞Ö’¡ 12.69 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ ÉèísÎ KÕâß~°∞. „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆ ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’¡x L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ HÍ¡ãπ–1 L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ 8.41 âß`«O, HÍ¡ãπ–2 L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ 9.68 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ L<åfl~°∞. q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’ ^Õâ◊OÖ’x 41 q^•º ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ Jã≤ÃãìO\ò „á⁄ÃѶã¨~°∞¡ 1.04 âß`«O, ÖˇHõÛ~°~°∞¡ 3.16 âß`«O, sÃã~üÛ Jã≤ÃãìO@∞¡ 10.53 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ L<åfl~°∞. Z_»∞ºˆH+¨#Öò J_ç‡x¢¿ãì\ ˜"£ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ HÍ¡ãπ–1 L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ 3.35 âß`«O, HÍ¡ãπ–2 L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ 4.57 âß`«O, HÍ¡ãπ–3 L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ 8.57 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ ѨÓiÎQÍqOKå~°∞. (âıY~ü, 2005 : ѨÙ@. 25–26). D ÖˇHõ¯Å#∞ |\˜ì ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘x Jxfl J~°›`«Å∞ Hõey# "å~°∞ KåÖÏ JÅÊ"≥∞ÿ#ѨÊ\˜H© P JÅÊ ã¨OMϺ‰õΩʼnõΩ Ãã·`«O ~å*ϺOQÆO „ѨHÍ~°O W=fi=Åã≤# L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ W=fiHõ "å\˜x „`˘H˜¯ÃÑ\˜ì „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO `«# „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi |∞kúx |Ü«∞@ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩOk. D QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ#∞ |\˜ì =∂kQÆÅ~Ú<å =∂ÅÅ~Ú<å ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ `«=∞ HÀ\Ï ã‘@¡#∞ á⁄O^Œ_»OÖ’ L=∞‡_çQÍ #+¨ìáÈ=_»O [iyOk.19 2. ~åROÖ’ ˆHO„^Œ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi âßYÅÖ’#∞, ˆHO„^ŒO P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’x „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆ ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’#∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# L^ÀºQÆ∞Å q=~åÅ∞ D q^èŒOQÍ L<åfl~Ú („ÉÏÔH\òÖ’x ã¨OYº "≥Ú`«ÎO ^Œo`« L^ÀºQÆ∞ÅÖ’ "åi âß`«O) : =∂ÅÅ∞ – 5,896 (51.59), =∂kQÆ –

„ÉÏǨχ} =~åæÅ „Ѩâfl◊ Å∞ – ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ K«H¯õ \˜ qâı+¡ } ¨ ‰õΩ K«∂_»O_ç, ™êO|t=~å=Ù, L. (1990) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã¨=∞㨺–1— Z^Œ∞s`«, JHÀì|~ü, ѨÙ@Å∞:15–19. 18 „ѨuÉèÖí xË =∂kQÆ–=∂ÅÅ∞ Hˆ =ÅO i[ˆ~fi+¨<Å£ ^•fi~å q^•º L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~°x „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· JaèÜ∂≥ QÍÅ∞ "≥∂ѨQÍ, "åi ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ „ѨuÉèí ÖË^xŒ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å "å^Œ#. gi ^Œ$HÀ¯}O #∞O_ç K«∂z#ѨÙ_»∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ J„ѨuÉè#í ∞ =º=ã¨Ö÷ ’xH˜ K˘Ñ≤Êã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú.

~å*ϺkèHÍ~° Q˘_»=Ö’ ^Œo`« ~å[H©Ü∞« <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, =sæH~õ } ° Q˘_»=Ö’ =∂kQÆ–=∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ~å*ϺOQÆ|^ŒOú QÍ ã≤kOú K«=Åã≤# L^ÀºQÍÅ HÀ\Ï QÆ∞iOz, Éèsí Î KÕÜ∞« x L^ÀºQÍÅ QÆ∞iOz Ѩ\ ˜ìOK«∞H˘#_»O ÖË^Œ∞. D K«~°º g~°O^Œ~°∂ L=∞‡_çQÍ ^Œo`« x~°∞^ÀºQÆ Ü«Ú=`«‰õΩ KÕã¨∞Î#fl J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ "åºã¨H~õ ΰ ÉèÏqã¨∞<Î åfl_»∞.

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3,756 (32.36), Pk PO„^èŒ – 1,112 (9.73), Ô~e¡ – 83 (0.72). ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fi P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’x „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆ ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ W"Õ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# L^ÀºQÆ∞Å ã¨OYº : =∂Å – 735 (61.80), =∂kQÆ – 369 (31.00), Pk PO„^èŒ – 33 (2.77), Ô~e¡ – 3 (0.25), q^•º ~°OQÍxH˜ =¿ãÎ *ˇZ<£\ ˜Ü«ÚÖ’ a.>ˇH± J_ç‡+¨#∞¡ : =∂ÅÅ∞ – 98 (59), =∂kQÆ – 43 (26), Pk PO„^èŒ – Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞, Ô~e¡ 15 (10) =¸_»∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’ ™ê=∂lHõ âßG HÀ~°∞ûÖ’¡ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O á⁄Ok#"å~°∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ – 600 (71.50), =∂kQÆ – 331 (39.50), Pk PO„^èŒ – Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞, Ô~e¡ – 14 (1.6), =¸_»∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂ÅÖ’ Ãã·#∞û HÀ~°∞ûÖ’¡ „Ѩ"Õâ◊O á⁄Ok# "å~°∞ : =∂ÅÅ∞ 314 (65.00), =∂kQÆ – 183 (38), Pk PO„^èŒ – Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞, Ô~e¡ – 7 (1.4).20 ^Œo`«∞Å i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ ã‘@¡Ö’ [<åÉèÏÖ’ 6 âß`«OQÍ L#fl =∂ÅÅ∞ 64 âß`«O J=HÍâßÅ∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞ÎO_»QÍ 7 âß`«OQÍ L#fl =∂kQÆÅ∞ 36 âß`«O ã‘@¡`À ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=Åã≤ =zÛOk. WHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤# q+¨Ü«∞O =∂kQÆÅ HõO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ L#fl =∂ÅÅ 28 âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ã‘@¡Ö’ PkèHõº`« D<å\˜k HÍ^Œ∞. ™êfi`«O„`«ºO =zÛ# <å\˜ #∞O_ç ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 2000Å ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ =sæHõ~°} KÕ¿ã =~°‰õΩ L=∞‡_ç q^è•#O ^•fi~å =∂kQÆʼnõΩ W`«~° "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# Ô~e¡Å‰õΩ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ KÕlH˜¯OK«∞HÀ=_»O [iyOk. „ѨÉèí∞`«fiOKÕ #_»Ñ¨|_»∞K«∞#fl ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, ã¨OˆH∆=∞ =ã¨u QÆ$ǨÅÖ’ ã‘@¡ #∞O_ç, L#fl`« q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’x "≥∞_çã¨<£, WO[hiOQ∑, sÃã~üÛ ã‘@¡ =~°‰õΩ† L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÆOÖ’ J>ˇO_»~°∞ ™ê÷~Ú #∞O_ç _çѨӺ\© HõÖˇHõì~°∞ ™ê÷~Ú =~°‰õΩ QÆÅ L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ JkèHõ âß`«OÖ’ =∂ÅŠѨ~°O JÜ«∂º~Ú. WHõ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍxH˘¿ãÎ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ~åR âßã¨# ã¨ÉèíÖ’ ˆH\Ï~ÚOz# 39 ã‘@¡Ö’ 23 ã‘@¡#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã¨∞H˘O@∞O_»QÍ 16 ã‘@∞¡ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ "≥à◊§_»O [~°QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JÖÏ H͉õΩO_® [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O J~Ú`Õ Ô~e¡, Pk – PO„^èŒ∞ʼnõΩ K≥~˘Hõ ã‘@∞ "≥à◊§_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ, =∂kQÆʼnõΩ 19 ã‘@∞¡ =™êÎ~Ú. =∂ÅÅ∞ ~ÚHõ q∞ye# 18 ã‘@¡`À ã¨iÃÑ@∞ìHÀ=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎOk. =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl@∞¡QÍ Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 `Õ_® 7 ã‘@∞¡ x[OQÍ ÃÑ^ŒÌ `Õ_® HÍ^Œx "å^ŒO H˘~°‰õΩ XѨCH˘<åfl D 7 ã‘@¡ `Õ_® 2004Ö’ [iy# âßã¨#ã¨Éèí ZxflHõÅÖ’xk =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞. i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ qxÜ≥∂QÆOÖ’ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ [iy# J<åºÜ«∞O `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë ^Œo`«∞Å ¿Ñ~°∞`À ˆH=ÅO =∂ÅÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ~å[H©Ü«∞ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ Kåi„`«HõOQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}#Ö’xH˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ#flѨC_Õ Jã¨Å∞ q+¨Ü«∞O =∞#‰õΩ „Ѩã¨∞Êù\ ˜`«=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. ~åR âßã¨# ã¨Éèí‰õΩ WO`« =~°‰õΩ 12 Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ ZxflHõÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú. D 12 Ѩ~åºÜ«∂ÅÖ’ 7 ã‘@¡ `Õ_® 84 J=Ù`«∞Ok. JO>Ë Wxfl ã¨O=`«û~åÅ #∞O_ç 20

^ŒÜ«∂Hõ~ü, QÍ^≥.(2005) '=sæHõ~°} P"≥∂^ŒO ZѨC_»∞?— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 28 "Õ∞. 15

=∂kQÆÅ∞ =∂ÅÅ =Å# HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ZOZÖòU ã‘@¡ ã¨OYº 84. D q^èŒOQÍ P~å fã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ áÈ`Õ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ "åi [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O ~å=Åã≤# =O^ŒÅ q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ`À áê@∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® =∂ÅÅ∞ `«#∞fl‰õΩ áÈ~Ú# q=~°} `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. D q=~°} <ÕѨ^茺O #∞O_ç Ѩije¿ãÎ =∂kQÆÅ∞ – =∂ÅÅ∞ ™êOѶ≤∞HõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ, XˆH ™ê÷~ÚH˜ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ Jx XѨC‰õΩ<åfl D<å_»∞ =∂kQÆÅ#∞ q∞Oz =∂ÅÅ∞ Pi÷HõOQÍ, ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ Z^ŒQÆ_®xH˜ QÆÅ eOH± =∂kQÆʼnõΩ ~å*ϺOQÆ |^ŒúOQÍ ã≤kúOKåeû# J=HÍâßÅ∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»"Õ∞. D q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl K≥Ñ≤Ê, ~Úk J<åºÜ«∞=∞x =∂kQÆÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯O>Ë, „Ѩu =~°æOÖ’#∞, „Ѩu ‰õΩÅOÖ’#∞, W@∞=O\˜ `Õ_®Å∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ LO\ÏÜ«∞x '`Õ_®Å#∞— ™ê~°fi[hHõ~°} KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞uflOK«_»O XHõ¯ =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞ňH ã¨iáÈ`«∞Ok. =∞x+≤H˜ – =∞x+≤H˜ =∞^茺 `Õ_®, =~åæxH˜ – =~åæxH˜ =∞^茺 `Õ_®, ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ – ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ =∞^茺 `Õ_® ÉèíQÆ=O`«∞_»∞ HõeÊOzOk. ^•xx „ѨtflOK«_®xH˜ gÅ∞ÖË^Œx „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞† Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ áê`«∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# Hõ=∞‡Å∞ – Ô~_»∞¡ ‰õÄ_® "åi ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ W`«~° ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ =∞^茺 `Õ_®Å∞ KåÖÏ ã¨fiÅÊ=∞h Jq ™ê^è•~°} `Õ_®Åx JO@∞<åfl~°∞. =∞i D `Õ_®Å∞ ã¨~°fi ™ê^è•~°}O, ™ê~°fi[h#O HÍ|\˜ì „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ`À, ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À ã¨=∂#`«fiO H˘~°‰õΩ ™êOѶ‘∞HÀ^Œº=∂Å∞, ~å[H©Ü«∞ áÈ~å\ÏÅ∞ [~°Ñ¨=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O Uq∞\˜? `Õ_®Å∞ ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}O, ™ê~°fi[h#O Jx #=∞‡|eˆH =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞ʼnõΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ–=~åæÅ "åi`À ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_£ KÕ¿ã <≥·uHõ`« ZHõ¯_çk?

4. =sæH~õ } ° ã¨∂„`«O ã¨=∞㨺#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«Háõ ÈQÍ =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã∞¨ OÎ k âıY~ü q=~°} „ѨHÍ~°O L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ q^è•#OÖ’ 59 ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ Ô~O_»∞ (=∂Å – Pk PO„^èŒ) ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ѷ¨ÖÏÅ#∞ JO^Œ∞HÀ=_»O =Å# q∞ye# 57 ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ J<åºÜ«∞O [iyOk. J~Ú`Õ =sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°O 59 ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ „QÆ∂ѨÙÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOz „Ѩu „QÆ∂Ѩ٠[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£#∞ qÉèílOz<å PÜ«∂ „QÆ∂ѨÙÅÖ’ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ Ѷ֨ ÏÅ#∞ `«#∞fl‰õΩ áÈ=_»O MÏÜ«∞O. JѨC_»∞ „QÆ∂ѨÙÖ’ 'Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞,— 'Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œx ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞— =∞^茺 `å~°`«=∂ºÅ∞ U~°Ê_»`å~Ú. Jaè=$kÌ K≥O^Œx ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ `«=∞ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞`«<åxfl P^è•~°O KÕã¨∞H˘x WOH˘Hõ =sæHõ~°} HÀ~°=K«∞Û#∞. D q^èŒOQÍ =sæHõ~°} KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ áÈ`Õ ''=∂#= *Ïu H˘#™êy#O`« HÍÅO =sæHõ~°}Å∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ "≥àϧeû LO@∞Ok. HÍx ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞. Jã¨∂Ü«∂ ^ÕfiëêÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO\Ï~Ú. JOKÕ`« =sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O `«Ñ¨C_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ HÍ^Œ∞ „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~° ã¨∂„`«O Jx `ÕÅ∞`«∞#flk—— (âıY~ü, 2005:ѨÙ@. 24). HÍ|\˜ì =sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞㨺#∞ =∞iO`« [\˜ÅO KÕã¨∞ÎO^Õ HÍx Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞ J<Õk âıY~ü "å^Œ#. 16

ã¨∂„`«|^ŒúOQÍ, `«~°¯|^ŒúOQÍ D "å^Œ# ZO`À J~°÷=O`«=∞~Ú#kQÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. D "å^Œ#Ö’x ã¨∂„`åxfl fã¨∞H˘x `åi¯HõOQÍ PÖ’zOz#ѨÙ_»∞ =sæHõ~°} [iy# H˘xfl ã¨O=`«û~åÅ `«~°∞"å`« âıY~ü ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ<Õ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œx ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞† ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅx, ¢ã‘ÎÅx† „QÍg∞}∞Åx, #QÆ~°"åã¨∞Åx – D q^èŒOQÍ ^˘O`«~° ^˘O`«~°∞Å∞QÍ `Õ_®Å∞, ÉèË^•Å∞ ã¨OÉèíq™êÎ~Ú. "å^Œ# ã¨∂„`«|^ŒúOQÍ, `«~°¯|^ŒúOQÍ L#flO`« =∂„`å# Jk <åºÜ«∞|^ŒúOQÍ LO^Œx K≥ѨÊÖË=Ú. K«i„`«Ö’, =~°Î=∂# HÍÅOÖ’#∂, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ |Ç≤Ï+¨¯~°}‰õΩ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ Pi÷Hõ Jã¨=∂#`åfixH˜ |Å=∞~Ú# "åi ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~° =∂~åæÅ#∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ <åºÜ«∞ =∂#gÜ«∞`«|^Œú`À H˘Å=_»"Õ∞ <åºÜ«∞|^Œú`«. D <åºÜ«∞ |^Œú`« "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°}"å^•xfl gH˜∆Oz#ѨC_»∞ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ΠѨi}Ï=∂Å#∞ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x `«Hõ∆}O J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# =sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì J#_»O J¿ÇÏ`«∞Hõ`Õ HÍ^Œ∞ J<åºÜ«∞O ‰õÄ_®. WO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ K≥ѨÊ=K«∞Û. XHõ\ ˜, =sæHõ~°} "å^ŒO *Ïux peÛ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 Jã¨∂Ü«∂ ^ÕfiëêʼnõΩ ^•i fã¨∞ÎOk. HÍ|\˜ì P~°OÉèíOÖ’<Õ D ã¨∂„`åxfl u~°ã¨¯iOKåÅ<Õ "å^Œ# ZO`« Ѩ㨠ÖËx^ŒO>Ë |ã¨∞ûÖ’ „Ѩܫ∂}˜¿ãÎ U^À XHõ ~ÀA# Jk =∞^茺֒<Õ PyáÈ=K«∞Û. ¿ÑeáÈ=K«∞Û ÖË^• #kÖ’H˜ *ÏiáÈ=K«∞Û. HÍ|\˜ì Jã¨Å∞ |ã¨∞ûÖ’ „Ѩܫ∂}˜OK«_»"Õ∞ =∂#O_ç, HÍ^Œ∞ HÍ^Œ∞ Jã¨Å∞ |ã¨∞û `«Ü«∂s<Õ =∂#O_ç J#flO`« Ѩ㨠ÖËxk. =sæHõ~°} ã¨∂„`«O =∞~˘Hõ =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ ^•i fã¨∞ÎOk. Hõ#∞Hõ =sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì J<Õ "å^Œ# *Ïu „ѨQÆu x~À^èŒ# "å^Œ"Õ∞ QÍHõ, áÈ~å\ÏÅ ^•fi~å *ÏuH˜ ÅaèOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ Ѷ¨e`åÅ#∞ `å=Ú =∂„`«"Õ∞ á⁄O^•Å<Õ ^Œ∞~å‡~°æ"≥∞ÿ# "å^Œ# J=Ù`«∞Ok. XHõ ã¨=∞㨺 L`«Ê#fl=∞~Ú#ѨÙ_»∞ ^•xH˜ `«Hõ∆} Ѩiëê¯~°O Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ ^•i fã¨∞ÎOk. HÍ|\˜ì ã¨=∞㨺#∞ ã¨=∞㨺QÍ<Õ LO_»hÜ«∞O_ç Jx =∞x+≤ J#∞‰õΩ#fl@¡~Ú`Õ D ~ÀA# =∂#= ã¨=∂[O WO`« „ѨQÆux, Jaè=$kúx ™êkèOKÕk HÍ^Œ∞ Hõ^•! XHõ =sæHõ~°} =∞~˘Hõ =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ ^•i f¿ãÎ Jk ã¨=∂#`«fiO H˘~°‰õΩ, `«=∞ Jaè=$kú H˘~°‰õΩ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ =ã¨∞Î#fl K≥·`«<åºxH˜, „Ѩ * Ï™êfi=∞º Éè Ï "åÅ∞ Ѩ i _è » q Å∞¡ ` « ∞ <åflÜ« ∞ x K≥ Ñ ¨ Ê _®xH˜ x^Œ ~ ° ≈ #O. P K≥ · ` « < åºxfl x~°ƒùOkOKåÅ#∞HÀ=@O, J<åºÜ«∂xfl J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ<Õ LO_»hÜ«∂Å#_»O =∂Å`«fi =¸~°ö`«fi"Õ∞ QÍh, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«`«fiO HÍx „Ѩ*Ï™êfiq∞Hõ `«`«fiO HÍx HÍ=Ù. Ô~O_»=k, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ "åkOz# q^èŒOQÍ =sæHõ~°} Ѩiëê¯~°O =∞~˘Hõ =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ ^•i f¿ãÎ Jk ^Œo`« *Ïu ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ XHõ Ѩiëê¯~°"Õ∞ HÍx ã¨=∞㨺 HÍ^Œ∞. x[OQÍ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè=$kú HÍOH˜∆Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ, ¿Ñ^Œ ^Œo`« =~åæʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ KÕ~åÅ<åfl, Ô~O_»∞ ^Œâ◊Å∞QÍ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ѨOѨHÍÅ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂xfl PK«iOKåe. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊Ö’, 17

JOÉË^Œ¯~ü U [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ ã¨∂„`åxfl =¸Åã¨∂„`«OQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x `«# L^Œº=∂Å ^•fi~å, `«# "å^Œ# ^•fi~å ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ WOHÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_»¤ `«~°QÆ`«∞ʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ HõeÊOKÕ@@∞¡ KÕâß_À P ã¨∂„`«O P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ ~åROÖ’x 59 ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅÅ#∞ 4 „QÆ∂ѨÙÅ∞QÍ KÕã≤ PÜ«∂ „QÆ∂Ѩ٠[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O (WѨÊ\˜ =sæHõ~°} q^è•#OÖ’<Õ) i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ѨOѨHÍÅ∞ [~°áêe. WO^Œ∞‰õΩ 5 ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ q^è•#OÖ’ `«=∞ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎH˜ q∞Oz i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ™œHõ~åºÅ#∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î#fl =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ ã¨fi‰õΩÅ „âıÜ«∞ã¨∞û q_»<å_ç "≥Ú`«ÎO ^Œo`« *Ïu „âıÜ«∞ã¨∞û#∞ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞H˘x =sæHõ~°}‰õΩ JOwHõiOKåe. D "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊Ö’<Õ =sæHõ~°} `«~°∞"å`« K≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤# Ô~O_»= HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å ^•fi~åxfl H˘xfl =~åæʼnõΩ =¸ã≤ "≥Ü«∞º_»O. 1950Ö’ 5,50,30,000 ("≥Ú`«ÎO [<åÉèÏÖ’ 15.32âß`«O)QÍ L#fl ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏH˜ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, J=HÍâßÅÖ’ 15âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ W=fi_»O [iyOk.21 <Õ\ ˜H˜ ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏ 16,66,35,70022 ("≥Ú`«ÎO [<åÉèÏÖ’ 21âß`«O) J~Ú`Õ JO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«QÆ∞æ@∞ì i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ âß`«O =∂„`«O ÃÑ~°∞QÆÖË^Œ∞. 1950 <å\˜ 15âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞ 2000ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® H˘#™êQÆ∞`ÀOk. Pi÷Hõ ѨiÉèÏ+¨Ö’ K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ã¨OYº (=ã¨∞Î=ÙH˜ _ç=∂O_£) ÃÑiyOk. HÍx =ã¨∂Î`«ÊuÎ (i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßÅ∞) =∂„`«O 58 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ `«~°∞"å`« ‰õÄ_® P ѨÓ~°fi ™ê÷~ÚÖ’<Õ L<åfl~Ú. ÃÑiy# ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏ P^è•~°OQÍ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ ÃÑOKåÅx _ç=∂O_£ K≥Ü«∞º_»O XHõ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞OQÍ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x, ^•xx ™êkèOKÕ kâ◊QÍ Hõ$+≤ KÕã¨∂Î<Õ ~ÚѨÊ\˜ˆH i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞H˘x, ™ê=∂#º ^Œo`«∞Å HõO>Ë Pi÷HõOQÍ "≥∞~°∞QÆ~Ú# r=# „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ#∞ Hõey# H˘xfl ^Œo`« =~åæÅ "åix („H©g∞ ÖËÜ«∞~ü) D =ã¨`«∞Å∞ á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ J#~°∞›Å∞QÍ „ѨHõ\ ˜OKåe. i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ^•fi~å S.Z.Ü«∞ãπ, S.Ñ≤.Ü«∞ãπ, „QÆ∂Ñπ–1, =∞iÜ«Ú „QÆ∂Ñπ–2 PѶ‘ã¨~°∞¡ J~Ú# "å~°∞ `«=∞ Ñ≤šʼnõΩ L`«Î=∞"≥∞ÿ# q^Œº#OkOKÕ áê~î°âßÅÖ’¡#∂, HõàÏâßÅÖ’¡#∂ K«kqOK«∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. WÖÏ q^Œº #Éèºí ã≤Oz# ^Œo`« PѶ㑠~¨ ¡° "å~°ã∞¨ ÖË ^Œo`« q^•º – L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ KåÖÏ ã¨∞<åÜ«∂ã¨OQÍ JO^Œ∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞.23 „QÍ=∞ gkè |_»∞Å #∞O_ç, ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO #∞O_ç, `≥Å∞QÆ∞ g∞_çÜ«∞O #∞O_ç =zÛ# ^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å∞ HÍ<≥fiO\ò ^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å`À áÈ\©Ñ¨_»ÖËHõáÈ=_»O, „QÍg∞} q^•º~°∞÷ÅÖ’ 21

See, Galanter Marc. (1984) Competing equalities : Law and the Backward Classes in India, Berkeley : University of California Press, p : 133. 22 http://www.censusindia.net/t_00_005.html 23 See, Galanter Marc. (1984) Op.Cit p.551; Uma, Ramaswamy. (1974) 'Scheduled Castes in Andhra:Some Aspects of Social Change,' Economic and Political Weekly, July 20, pp:1153-1158. 18

„ѨuÉèí ÖËHõ HÍ^Œ∞. QÆ∞=∂™êÎ yiH˜ ã≤^ŒúѨ~°KÕ <å\˜ q^•º=º=ã¨÷Ö’, ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç^•i =º=ã¨÷ T_çQÍxH˜ HÍ=Åã≤# xѨÙ}`« Hõey# HÍi‡‰õΩÅ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ¿ã <Õ\ ˜ q^•º=º=ã¨÷Ö’ L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =∂`«$ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ#fl "åiHõO>Ë WOw¡+¨µ ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ K«^Œ∞=ÙH˘#fl "åiH˜ LO_»_»"Õ∞. HÍ|\˜ì „QÆ∂Ñπ–1, „QÆ∂Ñπ–2, HÍ¡ãπ–1, =∞iÜ«Ú HÍ¡ãπ–2 PѶ‘ã¨~°¡ Ñ≤šʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ã¨u `˘ÅyOKåe. WÖÏ KÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å „Ñ¨u ^Œo`« „QÆ∂ѨÙÖ’x (Z, a, ã≤   _ç) ¿Ñ^Œ q^•º~°∞÷ʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ÅaèOz, HÍÅ„Hõ"Õ∞}Ï „QÍg∞} ¿Ñ^Œ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ Pi÷Hõ Ѩiã≤÷uÖ’ H˘O`« =∂~°∞Ê fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=_®xH˜ J=HÍâ◊O LO@∞Ok. WHõ Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊Ö’, „Ѩu „QÆ∂Ѩ٠Ü≥ÚHõ¯ Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷ux âߢã‘ÎÜ«∞ Ѩ^ŒúuÖ’ ѨijeOz, qâı¡+≤Oz XHõ xÜ«∞q∞`« `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∂xfl ã¨∂zHõQÍ ÃÑ@∞ìH˘x P ã¨∂zHõ‰õΩ ZQÆ∞=#∞#fl "åix i[ˆ~fi+¨<£#∞ á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ J#~°∞›Å∞QÍ KÕã≤ P ã¨∂zHõ‰õΩ kQÆ∞=#∞#fl "åix P =ã¨`«∞Å∞ á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ J~°∞›Å∞QÍ „ѨHõ\ ˜OKåe. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊ HõO>Ë D Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊ H˜¡+¨ì`«~°"Õ∞ QÍHõ, „â◊=∞`À#∂, =ºÜ«∞O`À#∂ ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#fl Ѩx. J~Ú`Õ ¿Ñ^Œ ^Œo`«∞Å ã≤u÷ QÆ`∞« Å∞ =∂~°Û_®xH˜ Pi÷HõOQÍ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^Œo`«∞Å∞ D `åºQÍÅ∞ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ KÕÜ«∂e. Jk `«=∞ `À\˜ ^Œo`«∞ŠѨ@¡ "å~°∞ x~°fiiÎOK«=Åã≤# Hõh㨠™ê=∂lHõ ÉÏ^茺`«. WOH˘Hõ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∂xfl ~ÚHõ¯_» `«Ñ¨ÊHõ „Ѩ™êÎqOK«∞HÀ"åe. ^Œo`« q^•º~°∞÷Å q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏʼnõΩ ~Ú`«~° =~åæÅ "åi q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏʼnõΩ `Õ_® ZHõ¯_» LOk, ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ LOk? J#fl „Ѩâ◊fl‰õΩ ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ`À áê@∞QÍ Ñ¨iëê¯~åÅ∞ KÕѨ@ìQÆey`Õ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù ã¨QÆO fiáÈ~Ú#>Ë¡. ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ 85 =∞Ok „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ LO@∂ `«=∞ Ñ≤šʼnõΩ JHõ∆~° *Ï˝#O =∂„`«O Jaƒ# KåÅ#∞H˘x q^•º „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ J_»∞QÆO\˜ Hõh㨠=ã¨`«∞Å∞ (Láê^蕺ܫÚÅ∞, `«~°QÆu QÆ^Œ∞Å∞, ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞, áê~î°âßÅ Éèí=#O) ÖËx „ѨÉèí∞`«fi áê~î°âßÅÖ’¡ K«kqOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ q~°∞^ŒúOQÍ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ KåÖÏ =~°‰õΩ ˆH=ÅO `«=∞ Ñ≤Å¡Å K«^Œ∞=ÙÅÔH· „QÍ=∂Å #∞O_ç Ѩ@ì}ÏʼnõΩ =∞HÍO =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P ÉÏ@Ö’<Õ ~ÚOHÍ ZO`À =∞Ok „Ѩܫ∂}˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. XHõ"Õà◊ JÖÏ "≥à◊§ÖËx "å~°∞ `«=∞ „QÍ=∂ʼnõΩ ^ŒQÆæ~°Ö’ "≥Åã≤# HÍ<≥fiO@∞ÅÖ’ K«kqOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. =∂ki Ѩ^Œúu(Sampling Method)Ö’ ÃÑ· q+¨Ü«∂xfl QÆ∞O_ç"≥∞_» „QÍ=∂xfl „áê=∂}˜ H õ O QÍ f㨠∞ ‰õ Ω x q=iOK« = K« ∞ Û. 24 QÆ ∞ O_ç " ≥ ∞ _» „QÍ=∞OÖ’ Ô ~ O_» ∞ „Ѩ É è í ∞ `« fi áê~î°âßÅÅ∞<åfl~Ú. XHõ\ ˜ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ WO_»¡ =∞^茺, Ô~O_»=k =∂Å"å_»Ö’. ^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ Ñ¨k¿ÇÏ#∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =~°‰õΩ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ |_çÖ’ ˆH=ÅO „ÉÏǨχ}, Hõ=∞‡, HÀ=∞\˜,

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‰õΩÅ ã¨OHˆ `åÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩ `«yeOK«∞H˘#_®xfl x~°∞`åûǨÏѨ~K° åÅO@∞#fl "åiÖ’ „Ѩ=ÚY ^Œo`« <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡ =∞™êÎ<£~å=Ù XHõ~°∞. `«# ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∞OÖ’ "≥Å∞=_ç ^Œo`« ~å[ºOÖ’ : ''‰õΩÅ ã¨OˆH`åÅ "å_»HõO =Å¡ Q“~°="≥∂, QÆ∞iÎOáÈ, SHõº`À, Jaè=$^Àú =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx ã≤^•úOfHõi¿ãÎ, Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åix ‰õΩÅ ã¨OHˆ `åÅ∞ "å_»∞H˘#=∞x „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤ =ã¨∞OÎ k. Wk ã¨iÜ≥∞ÿ #k HÍ^Œ∞—— Jx QÆi›OK«_O» [iyOk. q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, =∞™êÎ<£~å=Ù ^Õ=~°Ñ¨e¡. (1994) '‰õΩÅ ã¨OˆH`åÅ∞,— ^Œo`« ~å[ºO, "Õ∞–E<£ ѨÙ@Å∞ 2–3. 22

™êOaQÍ U~å ™êOÉÏ Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_»`å_»∞. D `«~°Ç¨Ö’<Õ =∂kQÆÖˇ·# =∂ÅÖˇ·<å „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ, P =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ ~ÚzÛ# Q“~°"åxfl `«=∞ ã¨fi‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# ‰õΩÅã¨∞÷ʼnõΩ ~Ú=fiHõáÈQÍ "åix H˜OK«Ñ¨iKÕ ã¨OÉ’^èŒ#Öˇ·# '=∂kQÀ_»∞,— '=∂Ö’_»∞,— '=∞OQÆÖ’_»∞,— 'Q˘Ö’¡_»∞— Jx J#_»O Ѩiáê\˜. WÖÏ ã¨OÉ’kèOK«_»O ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}=∞x, ã¨Ç¨Ï[=∞x J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "å~°∞ J#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°O>Ë J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Q“~°"åxH˜ J~°›`« ÖËx=#fl „ÉÏǨχ} ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åi "≥∞^Œà◊§Ö’H˜ J`«ºO`« â◊H˜Î=O`«OQÍ K˘Ñ≤ÊOK«|_»_»"Õ∞. JO>Ë "åi „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O Uq∞ ÖˉõΩO_® =∞# "Õe`À =∞# HõO\’¡ á⁄_»∞K«∞‰õΩ<Õ@@∞¡QÍ „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO KÕÜ«∞QÆeyOk. D ‰õΩ„@#∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOKÕ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷`À áê@∞ P ‰õΩÅ <å=∞^èÕÜ«∂ÅÃÑ· ‰õÄ_® ^Œo`«∞Å∞ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ KÕã≤# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å∞ K«i„`«Ö’ HÀH˘Å¡Å∞. ™êfi`«O„`åºxH˜ ѨÓ~°fiO ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞Ö’ =∂Å ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# ^Œo`«<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ "Õ∞^Œi ÉèÏQÆÜ«∞º „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÖÏÅ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl kèHõ¯iOKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ `«# ¿Ñ~°∞#∞ ÉèÏQƺÔ~_ç¤=~°‡QÍ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl q+¨Ü«∞O ^Œo`«∞Å K«i„`« `≥eã≤# U =ºH˜ÎÔH·<å J=QÆ`«"Õ∞.27 D<å_»∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞ `«=∞ ¿Ñ~°¡ „ѨHõ¯# '=∂kQÆ— KÕ~°∞ÛHÀ=_»O "≥#∞Hõ ‰õÄ_® „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ PkèѨ`«º kèHͯ~°}Ë LOk. S`Õ P<å\˜ ÉèÏQÆÜ«∞º (ÉèÏQƺÔ~_ç¤=~°‡) kèHͯ~åxH˜ D<å_ç Hõ$+¨‚ (=∂kQÆ) kèHͯ~åxH˜ XHõ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# `Õ_® LOk. „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ =∞iO`« Q“~°=O KÕ‰õĈ~Û Ñ¨x ÉèÏQƺÔ~_ç¤=~°‡ KÕâß_»∞. ã¨=∂[OÖ’ |∂`«∞ Ѩ^•xH˜ =∂~°∞¿Ñ~°∞QÍ "å_»|_ç, ã¨Éèíºã¨=∂[O KÕ`« U=yOѨ|_ç# =∂kQÆ ‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ ™ê=∂lHõ Q“~°"åxfl HõeÊOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’, 'Ü«∞ãπ <Õ#∞ =∂kˆQ, g∞ ‰õΩÖÏxfl g∞Ô~@∞¡ Q“~°qOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~À, =∂ ‰õΩÖÏxfl "Õ∞=∞@¡ Q“~°qOK«∞‰õΩO\ÏO. g∞~°∞ KÒ^Œi, Ô~_ç¤, âߢã≤Î, <åÜ«Ú_»∞ J~Ú`Õ "Õ∞=Ú =∂kQÆ. g∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡#∞ "Õ∞=Ú U q^èŒOQÍ Q“~°q™êÎ"≥∂, J^Õ Q“~°=O =∂ ‰õΩÖÏxH© W=fiO_ç. ™ê=∂lHõ Q“~°"åxfl WzÛ Ñ¨ÙK«∞ÛHÀ"åÅ#fl— Hõ$+¨‚=∂kQÆ kèHͯ~° Q˘O`«∞Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÅ =º=ã¨÷ÃÑ· u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞`À áê@∞ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∂ºxH˜ =¸Å ã¨÷OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∂#`«fi ÉèÏ=# LOk.28

=∂~°∞ÛHÀ"åe. „Ѩu áÈ~å@OÖ’, „Ѩu =ӺǨÏOÖ’ H˘xfl „Hõ=∂Å∞, ^Œâ◊Å∞ LO\Ï~Ú. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÅ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =∞x+≤H˜ =∞x+≤H˜ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl (~Ú<Õflà◊¡ áÈ~å@OÖ’ ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ#Ö’ qѶ¨Å"≥∞ÿ# ^Œiq∞ÖÏ) ™êkèOK«_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl ™êkèOKåeû# (^Œâ◊) J=ã¨~°O LOk. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ∞, J„QƉõΩÖÏÅ∞, =∞^茺‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, WOHÍ <å<å~°HÍÅ∞QÍ ÃÑ·#∞O_ç „H˜Ok =~°‰õΩ x@ìxÅ∞=ÙQÍ, J_»¤OQÍ qÉèílOѨ|_»¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl ™ê÷Ñ≤OKåe. D ^Œâ◊Ö’ U‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ hK«OQÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜Oz, ^Œ∂~°OQÍ <≥\ ˜ì"Õã¨∞Î<åfl~À P ‰õΩÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ Q“~°=O HõeÊOK«∞HÀ"åe. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ |Ç≤Ï~°OQÆOQÍ U ‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ѨCHÀ=_®xH˜ =∂ÅÅ∞, =∂kQÆÅ∞, Z~°∞HõÅ∞, Ü«∂<å^Œ∞Å∞, Hõ=∞‡~°∞Å∞, ‰õΩ=∞‡~°∞Å∞, =∞OQÆÅ∞Å∞, KåHõÅ∞Å∞ Jã¨Ç¨ÏºO, JQ“~°=O, ‰õΩ~°∂ѨO J#∞‰õΩO\Ï~À P ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ Q“~°"åxfl, Ü≥∂Qƺ`«#∞, ã¨∞O^Œ~°`«#∞ HõeÊOK«∞HÀ"åe. K«Hõ¯\˜ „HÍѨÙÅ∞ KÕ¿ã =∞OQÆÅ∞Å∞, J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# ‰õΩO_»Å∞ KÕ¿ã ‰õΩ=∞‡~°∞Å∞, H˜„~°∞ K≥ѨCÅ∞ ‰õΩ\˜ì zO^•_Õ =∂kQÆÅ∞ g~°O^Œ~°∂ D ã¨=∂[ „ѨQÆuH˜, Jaè=$kúH˜ KÕÜ«¸`« xKåÛ~°∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH g~°O^Œ~°∂ ã¨=∂[ Q“~°"åxH˜, QÆ∞iÎOѨىõΩ Ü≥∂QÆ∞ºÅ∞. WÖÏ U<å_≥·`Õ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡‰õΩ Q“~°=O HõeÊOѨ|_»∞`«∞O^À P<å_»∞ Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOK«|_»∞`«∞Ok. =∞i D kâ◊QÍ Z=~°∞ Hõ$+≤ K≥Ü«∂ºe? „ÉÏǨχ} ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~å? J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ"å~å? ‰õΩÅO ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ѨC‰õΩx, Jhfl ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩx `«=∞ Ѩ|ƒO QÆ_»∞ѨىõΩO@∞#fl "å~°∞ JÖÏ K≥Ü«∞º~°∞, K≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O "åiH˜ ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÉÏkè`« ‰õΩÖÏÖË „Ѩܫ∞uflOKåe, áÈ~å_®e. ã¨=∞ã¨=∂[ ™ê÷Ѩ# J=ã¨~°`« ÉÏkè`« ‰õΩÖÏňH LO@∞O^Œx, P kâ◊QÍ "åˆ~ áÈ~å_®Å#fl Jaè„áêÜ«∂xfl 1998 JHÀì|~ü 11# =∞ÖË+≤Ü«∂ ~å[^è•x H“ÖÏÅOѨÓ~üÖ’ [iy# „Ѩ„Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ^Œo`« =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÖ’ HÍh¬~åO WÖÏ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞:

Sambaiah, Gundimeda. (2001) 'Emergence of Caste Consciousness among the Madigas of Andhra Pradesh,' Dalit International Newsletter, Vol. VI, No. 1:5 & 9-12.

''‰õ Ω Å x~° ∂ ‡Å# HÀ㨠O W\Ï¡ O \ ˜ 㨠^ Œ ã ¨ ∞ ûÅ∞ ÃÑ\ ˜ ì # „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å<≥=ih g∞~°∞ K«∂_»ÖË~°∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë D ‰õΩÖÏxfl Ѩ Ù \˜ ì O zO^Õ "å~° ∞ . D '‰õ Ω ÅO— =Å¡ "åà◊ √ § „Ѩ Ü ≥ ∂ [#O á⁄O^•Å#∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. ‰õΩÅO „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl^ŒO`å "åàı§. ‰õΩÅO ^•fi~å "åi „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ <≥~°"Õ~°∞`«∞#flO`« HÍÅO "åà◊√§ n<≥flO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^èŒfiOã¨O KÕ™êÎ~°∞? ‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å# QÆ∞iOz WÖÏO\˜ ã¨^Œã¨∞ûÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕk =∞#"Õ∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë ‰õΩÅO =Å¡ =∞#O ÉÏ^èŒÅ∞ Ѩ_»∞`«∞<åfl=Ú... Hõ#∞Hõ ‰õΩÅO ÉÏkè`«∞Å=Ú. JO^Œ∞ˆH ‰õΩÖÏxfl x~°∂‡eOK«_»O =∞#‰õΩ J=ã¨~°O. HÍh z=~°‰õΩ ‰õΩÖÏxfl x~°∂‡eOK«_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_® #∞=Ùfi ‰õΩÖÏxfl ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜

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Hõ$+¨‚=∂kQÆ kèHͯ~åxfl ~ÚOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ ‰õÄ_® J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. =∞x+≤x HÍ^Œx ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ Q“~°"åxflKÕÛ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ ÃÑ·ÃÑK«∞Û ‰õΩÅQ“~°=O ‰õÄ_® xK≥Û#"≥∞@¡ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ P ‰õΩÅ "≥∞@∞ìx |\˜ì~ÚKÕÛ ã¨=∂[OÖ’, =∞#∞+¨µºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`åfixfl JO`« `ÕeHõQÍ ™êkèOK«ÖË=∞x ~Úxfl â◊`åÉÏÌÅ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åi áÈ~°∞ K≥|∞`«∂<Õ LOk. K«i„`« #∞O_ç áê~îåÅ∞, QÆ∞}áê~îåÅ∞ <Õ~°∞ÛHÀ"åe. ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ#‰õΩ áÈ~å\Ïxfl, =ӺǨÏhfl 27

q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, Omvedt, Gail. (1994) Dalits and The Democratic Revolution,

New Delhi : Sage Publications (Especially Chapters 9 and 10) pp : 280-324. 28

fã¨∞HÀ"åe. #∞=Ùfi ‰õΩÖÏxfl q㨇iOѨÖË=Ù. ‰õΩÅ~°Ç≤Ï`« ã¨=∂*Ïxfl xi‡OKåÅ#fl PHÍOHõ ∆ =∞#‰õ Ω LO_» = K« ∞ Û. HÍh, 㨠g ∞Ѩ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ Jk [iˆQÖÏ ÖË^Œ∞. JѨÊ\˜^•Hõ =∞#O UO K≥Ü«∂ºe? JO^Œ∞=Å¡ <Õ#∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ^Õq∞@O>Ë ‰õΩÅ~°Ç≤Ï`« ã¨=∂[O U~°Ê_ÕO`«=~°‰õΩ '‰õΩÅO—`À<Õ =º=ǨÏiOKåÅ#∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.——29 ã¨=∞ã¨=∂[ ™ê÷Ѩ#Ö’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ<Õ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü rq`åâ◊Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ# ‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#‰õΩ, HÍh¬~åO =∂~°æOÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ "Õâß~°∞. JO^Œi <À@ (=∂kQÆÅ <À\˜ "≥O@‰õÄ_®) |∂`«∞QÍ =∂i# =∂kQÆ Ñ¨^•xH˜, Q“~°=O HõeÊOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ‰õΩÖÏxfl `«=∞ ¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨHõ¯# [`« KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. '=∂kQÆ— Ѩ^•xH˜ ~°∞kÌ# ѨOH˜ÖÏxfl, HõeÊOz# ‰õΩ~°∂Ѩ`«#∞ â◊√„ÉèíѨ~°z ã¨∞O^Œ~°`«#∞ PáêkOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ, JOÉË^Œ¯i*ÏxH˜ =∂~°∞ ¿Ñ~°∞QÍ xez# =∂kQÆÅ∞ `«=∞Ö’ =zÛ# K≥·`«<åºxfl `«=∞ˆH ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞H˘#Hõ `«=∞`À\˜ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ ѨOz, "åi ‰õΩÖÏÅ ¿Ñ~°¡`À "åix Q“~°qOz, ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ#Ö’ #_»∞O ayOKå~°∞. XHõ<å_»∞ '=∂kQÆ <å H˘_»Hõ— Jx ~“„^•xfl "≥à§◊ „QÆH¯˜ # <Ààı§ <Õ_∞» ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ =∞Ǩ#QÆ~O° #_çÉÁ_»∞#¤ [iˆQ =∞Ǩã¨ÉÅíè Ö’ F K«O„^ŒÉÏ|∞ <åÜ«Ú_»∞ ~°∂ѨOÖ’<À, F ~å[âıY~ü Ô~_ç¤ ~°∂ѨOÖ’<À Hõ$+¨‚=∂kQÆ, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆ Jx Ñ≤Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. Jk =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å ã¨=∂[OÖ’ `≥zÛ# qѨ¡"å`«‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ# =∂~°∞ÊH˜, Ѩi}Ï=∂xH˜, ‰õΩÅã¨=∂#`«fi Pq+¨¯~°}‰õΩ ã¨∂zHõ. D „Hõ=∂xfl, D Ѩi}Ï=∂Å#∞ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀx =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ÉÏ@x q_»<å_ç ‰õΩÅ`«`åfixfl Ô~K«ÛQ˘_»∞`«∞O^Œ#_»O J*Ï˝#O`À ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#fl =¸~°ö`«fi"Õ∞ QÍx ™ê=∂lHõ Ѩi}Ï=∂Å#∞ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ |∞kú‰õΩâ◊Å`« HÍ^Œ∞.

7. =sæH~õ } ° "å^•xfl ã¨=∞i÷Oz q[˝`,« q+¨Ü∞« Ѩi*Ï˝#O Ö’Ñ≤Oz# „ѨQuÆ jÅ, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞Åì ∞, a.ã≤. "Õ∞^è•=ÙÅ∞ =sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞iúOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ∞, „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º "å^Œ∞Å∞, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞ =∂ÅÅ#∞ J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ '^À+¨µÅ∞QÍ— z„fHõiã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞O@∂ âıY~ü "åáÈ`«∂ ^ŒO_À~å#∞ ã¨=∞i÷OKÕ "å~°O^Œih `«# xO^•~ÀѨ} Ѩ~°fiOÖ’ D q^èŒOQÍ `«∂Å<å_®_»∞. ''J#∞z`«"≥∞ÿ# ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ ã¨O‰õΩz`« "å^Œ##∞ `≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O, a.*ˇ.Ñ≤., ã≤.Ñ≤.Ü«∞O., ã≤.Ñ≤.S., #HõûÖòû „QÆ∂ѨÙÅ∞, HÍO„ÔQãπ, \˜.P~ü.Zãπ., "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅhfl =¸‰õΩ=∞‡_çQÍ ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞ (‰õÄ_®) ã¨=∞iúOK«_»"Õ∞ HÍHõ UHõOQÍ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å 29

'‰õΩÅ~°ÇÏ≤ `« ã¨=∂*Ïxfl áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ ã¨$+≤Oì K«QÅÆ ~°∞ – J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ =∂#ºN HÍh¬~åO ã¨O^Õâ◊O—, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ : |Ǩï[# q*Ï˝# "ÕkHõ ˆHO„^ŒO, 2005. ѨÙ@Å∞ :4–5. 25

<åÜ«∞‰õΩŠѨH∆Í# =HÍÖÏΠѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩx =∞s "åkã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. ‰õΩÅ q=Hõ∆`å =ºuˆ~Hõ ã¨OѶ¨∞O, ‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å<å áÈ~å@ ã¨q∞u ÖÏO\˜ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ =sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞iúã¨∂ΠѨ„uHõÖ’¡ "庙êÅ∞ ~åã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. ™ê=∂lHõ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞QÍ, áœ~°Ç¨Ï‰õΩ¯Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞QÍ K«ÖÏ=∞}˜ J=Ù`«∞#fl HõOK« SÅÜ«∞º, ÔH. ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò ÖÏO\˜"å~°∞ ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ`À, q_»∂¤~° qâı¡+¨}Å`À, qO`« qO`« ã¨∂„fHõ~°}Å`À =∂ÅÅ#∞ ^À+¨µÅ∞QÍ z„uOz q=∞i≈ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ#∞ Éèí∞*ÏÅÔH`«∞ΉõΩx "≥∂ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. a.ã≤. ‰õΩÅ ã¨OѶ¨∂Å∞ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ =O`«∞ LѨÊOkã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. g~°O^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤ =∂ÅÅ#∞ ™êfi~°úѨ~°∞Å∞QÍ J<åºÜ«∞"å^Œ∞Å∞QÍ z„uã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞—— (âıY~ü 2005† ѨÙ@Å∞† 6–7), Jx ^ŒO_À~å#∞ ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩu ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìx, „ѨQÆujÅ „Ѩ*Ï ã¨OѶ¨∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~°∞ ¿Ñ~°∞<å q=∞i≈Oz, "å~°O^Œin J<åºÜ«∞"å^Œ=∞x ˆH=ÅO =∂ÅÅ^Õ x*Ï~Úf`À ‰õÄ_ç# "å^Œ#h, T~°O^Œin XHõ ^•Ô~·`Õ LeÑ≤i Hõ>ˇìk WOHÀ ^•i J#fl K«O^•# =∂Å<åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ QÆ`« U_≥xq∞k ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ "åkã¨∂Î<Õ L<åfl~°∞. D "å^Œ#Ö’ hà◊§âß`«O ZO`À áêÅâß`«O ZO`À ^ŒO_À~å "å^Œ# =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞Å „Ѩu"å^Œ# QÆ∞iOz `≥eã≤# Ü«∂=#‡OkH© K«ifi`« K«~°}"Õ∞ HÍ|\˜ì D q+¨Ü«∂xfl D<å_»∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ K«iÛOK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ ^ŒO_À~å#∞ ã¨=∞iúOKÕ "å~°O^Œih XˆH QÍ\˜H˜ Hõ\ ˜ì "Õã≤, "å~°O^Œ~°∂ "≥∂ã¨QÍà◊§x, "åik ^ŒQÍHÀ~°∞ "å^Œ# J#_»O q"ÕK«# ÖËx q=∞ˆ~≈QÍx P~ÀQƺHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# q=∞~°≈ HÍ^Œ∞. ^ŒO_À~å‰õΩ =∞^ŒúuKÕÛ "å~°O^Œ~°∂ =∂kQÆÅ "å^Œ#Ö’x <åºÜ«∞|^Œú`«‰õΩ |^Œ∞úÖˇ· =∞^Œúu=fi_»O ÖË^Œ∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ H˘xfl „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ#∞ PtOz =∞^Œú`«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞O>Ë, H˘O^Œ~°∞ H˘xfl ã≤^•úO`« ã¨∂„`åʼnõΩ, <åºÜ«∞|^Œú`«‰õΩ Hõ@∞ì|_ç ã¨=∞i÷ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞Hõ xO^ŒÅ∞ "≥∂Ñ≤`Õ Jk =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ J*Ï˝#O. XHõ "Õà◊ `≥eã≤ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ "å^Œ<Õ XѨC Jx "åk¿ãÎ Jk "åi "≥ÚO_ç`«<åxH˜ x^Œ~°≈#O. J~Ú`Õ, „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º "å^Œ∞Å∞, =∂#=`å "å^Œ∞ÅÃÑ·# "≥∂Ñ≤# xO^ŒÅ∞ J*Ï˝#O`À KÕã≤<å, =¸~°ö`«fiO`À KÕã≤<å, "åi P~ÀѨ}ÅÖ’x x*Ïx*ÏÅ∞ q=iOKåeû# ÉÏ^茺`« „Ѩ*Ï ™êfi=∂ºxH˜, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ <åºÜ«∂xH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_Õ "å~°O^Œi Éèí∞[㨯O^•ÅÃÑ· LOk. `≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O, HÍO„ÔQãπ, a.*ˇ.Ñ≤., \˜.P~ü.Zãπ =Ú#flQÆ∞ ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ∞ =sæHõ~°}#∞ =∂kQÆÅ _ç=∂O_£Ö’x x*Ï~ÚfHÀ <åºÜ«∂xHÀ Hõ@∞ì|_ç ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞O>Ë #"Õ∞‡ J=∂Ü«∞‰õΩÅ∞ Z=~°∂ D<å_»∞ ÖË~°∞. ˆH=ÅO "å^Œ# H˘~°‰õΩ JÖÏQÆx XѨC‰õΩ<åfl, 1970ÅÖ’ HÍO„ÔQãπ UHõK«Ûù„`åkèѨ`«ºOQÍ PO„^èŒ ~å¢ëêìxfl UÅ∞`«∞#flѨC_»∞, 1980ÅÖ’ HÍO„ÔQãπ #∞O_ç QÆ^≥Ì#∞ ÔH·=ã¨O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl `≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O ǨÏÜ«∂OÖ’#∂ =∂kQÆÅ∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£ KÕã≤ ÉèíOQÆѨ_®¤~°∞. U „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO, U áêsì <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ ‰õÄ_® gi _ç=∂O_£x ã‘iÜ«∞ãπQÍ fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. P ~ÀA# =sæH~õ } ° _ç=∂O_£x ѨijeOK«_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_® „ѨÜ∞« uflOK«x áêsìÅ∞ D ~ÀA# =∂kQÆÅ _ç=∂O_£Ö’ <åºÜ«∞O LOk JO@∞<åfl~Ú. P ~ÀA# ÖËx <åºÜ«∞O D ~ÀA# 26

ZHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç T_çѨ_çO^À? ZxflHõÅÖ’ <≥yæ JkèHÍ~åxfl KÕѨ\ÏìÅ#∞‰õΩ<Õ U áêsì ‰õÄ_® JkèHõ [# ã¨OYº Hõey ^ŒO_À~å L^Œº=∞O ^•fi~å XHõ â◊H˜ÎQÍ Zky, XHõ ã≤÷~° F@∞ ÉϺO‰õΩQÍ L#fl =∂kQÆÅ#∞, "åi _ç=∂O_£x q㨇iOz ~å[H©Ü«∞ K«^Œ~°OQÆOÖ’ áê=ÙÅ∞ Hõ^ŒÑ¨_»O JO`« ã¨∞Å∞=Ù HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH =sæHõ~°}#∞ |ÅѨ~°K«=Åã≤# 'QÆ`«ºO`«~°O— P ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìʼnõΩ Ѩ\ ˜ìOk. gi ã¨=∞~°ú#Ö’ QÆÅ ~ÚOH˘Hõ H˜@∞‰õΩ, <åºÜ«∞|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# =∂kQÆÅ _ç=∂O_£H˜ =∞^ŒÌuzÛ#@¡~Ú#, <åºÜ«∂xH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_»¤ áêsìÅ∞QÍ ¿Ñ~°∞ ^Œ‰õΩ¯`«∞Ok. JO>Ë „=`«O, Ѷ¨ÅO Ô~O_»∂ ^Œ‰õΩ¯`å~Ú. WHõ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅ∞: Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉèˇ· Zxq∞k =∞Ok ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ"å~°∞ HÍQÍ, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉèˇ· `˘q∞‡k =∞Ok „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ #∞O_ç, „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞`«#∞ ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ#fl Hõ=∞‡, Ô~_ç¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ #∞O_ç =KåÛ~°∞ (P q∞ye# 1% <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ #∞O_ç =KåÛ~°∞). JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „ѨuáêkOz# '‰õΩÅ x~°∂‡Å#— ã≤^•úO`åxfl Ѩ\ ˜ìOK«∞H˘#Hõ Ü«∂O„uHõ =~°æ "å^ŒO`À Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì L^Œº=∂xfl, ~å[H©Ü«∂Å#∞ #_çáê~°∞. HõOzHõK«~°¡ HÀ>Ëâ◊√ ǨÏ`«º #∞O_ç, HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞, K«∞O_»∂~°∞ =∂~°}HÍO_»Å =~°‰õÄ ‰õÄ_® '‰õΩÅO— HÍ^Œ∞ '=~°æ"Õ∞— „áê^è•#ºO JO@∂ XO\˜KÕu K«Ñ¨Ê@∞¡ H˘\Ïì~°∞ ("Õ∞ Ãã=O\©<£Î, HÍ„"Õ∞_£û, 2001). J~Ú`Õ D Kåi„`«Hõ `«Ñ≤Ê^•xH˜ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O =∂kQÆÅ#∞ ã¨=∞i÷ã¨∞Î#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ#∂ "≥Ú`«ÎO Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅO^ŒiÃÑ·<å, "åi L^Œº=∞O ÃÑ·<å JÉèÏO_®Å∞ "≥∂Ѩ_»O J<åºÜ«∞O. ‰õΩÖÏxfl ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀx "åi PÖ’K«# Ѩ ^ Œ ú u Ö’ `« Ñ ¨ C LO_» = K« ∞ Û. HÍx =~° æ ~ ° Ç ≤ Ï `« 㨠= ∂*Ïxfl ™ê÷ Ñ ≤ O KåÅ<Õ z`« Î â ◊ √ kú x q㨇iOK«QÆÅ=∂? ѨÙK«ÛÅѨe¡ ã¨∞O^Œ~°Ü«∞º ÖÏO\˜ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ `åºQÍÅ#∞ =∞~°∞=QÆÅ=∂? Hõh㨠‰õÄb "Õ`«<åÅ∞ ~Ú=fiHõ, ¿Ñ^Œ =~åæÅ#∞ J}z"Õã¨∞Î#fl ^èŒxHõ Éèí∂™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ¿Ñ^Œ=~åæÅ#∞ ã¨OѶ¨∞\˜`« Ѩ~°z, ‰õÄb "Õ`«<åÅ#∞ ÃÑOá⁄OkOѨ KÕã≤, ¿Ñ^ŒÅ‰õΩ ÉÏã¨@QÍ xÅz# JÅ<å\˜ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì L^Œº=∂xfl =∞~°∞=QÆÅ=∂? Zxfl L^Œº=∂Å∞ #_çÑ≤#, Zxfl `åºQÍÅ∞ KÕã≤<å ‰õΩÅO`À ‰õΩo§ HõOѨÙH˘_»∞`«∞#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =~°æ ã≤^•úO`«O, ѨO^ä• ã¨iÜ≥ÿ∞#k HÍ^Œx Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìÅÖ’, #HõûÖòûÖ’ H˘O^Œ~°∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, JOwHõiOK«|>Ëì "å~°∞ D ~ÀA# [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ, ‰õΩÅO P^è•~°OQÍ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_»∞x ã¨=∞iú™ÈÎOk. WOHÍ K≥ѨCHÀ"åÅO>Ë ^Œo`«∞Å∞ D<å_»∞ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ L^Œº=∂Å#∞ ~å[H©Ü«∂Å#∞ #_»Ñ¨_®xH˜ â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ∞ H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì, #HõûÖˇ·@∞ L^Œº=∂Å `«sÊù^Œ∞ JO>Ë Jã¨`«ºO HÍ^Œ∞. P~°OÉèíOÖ’ a.Ü«∞ãπ. ~å=ÚÅ∞, HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, L. ™êO|t=~å=Ù, ÉÁ*Ï˚ `å~°HõO, HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù, Hõ$+¨‚ =∂kQÆ, Hõ$áêHõ~ü =∂kQÆÅ∞ WOHÍ ZO^Œ~À D<å\˜ J}QÍi# =~åæÅ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅO^Œ~°∂ XHõ<å_»∞ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅ∞QÍ, ™ê#∞Éèí∂uѨ~°∞Å∞QÍ, #HõûÖòûQÍ L#fl"åˆ~. giÖ’ ÃщõΩ¯~°∞ =∞# ™ê=∂lHõ Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÅHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì ã≤^•úO`åÅ#∞ 27

J#fi~ÚOK«_®xH˜ x~åHõiOz# „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO`À `≥QÆ `≥OѨÙÅ∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl"å~°∞ QÍx, P ã≤^•úO`åÅ`À HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìʼnõΩ, ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ 'q∞„`«"≥·~°∞^茺"Õ∞ QÍx â◊√„`«∞"≥·~°∞^茺O ÖË^Œx— HõuΠѨ^•‡~å=Ù JO>Ë (PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 2 "Õ∞ 2005), '‰õΩÅO–=~°æO— Jx L. ™êO|t=~å=Ù (Z^Œ∞s`«, PQÆ+¨µì, 1992) ÉÁ*Ï˚ `å~°HõO (1996) JO@∞<åfl~°∞. K«i„`«#∞ q㨇iOz, ˆH=ÅO =~°Î=∂#OÖ’<Õ rqã¨∞Î#fl =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ XHõ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞O K«i„`« J^茺ܫ∞#O K≥Ü«∞ºHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. WHõ ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, ÔH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞} ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ∞: 'ZHõ<åq∞H± JO_£ á⁄e\˜HõÖò gH˜¡— J<Õ POQÆ¡ Ѩ„uHõÖ’ „ѨK«∞iOz# "åºã¨OÖ’ ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò =sæHõ~°} KåÅ ã¨∞xfl`«"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞O. D q"å^•xfl Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞HÀ=_®xH˜ L^Œº=∂Å∞, ~å[H©Ü«∞ áêsìÅ „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∂Å∞, HÀ~°∞ìÅ *’HͺÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Ö’ ã≤OǨÏÉèÏQÍxfl =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk–PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ á⁄Ok# =∂@ "åã¨Î=O. Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ Ѷ¨ÖÏÅ∞ "≥#∞Hõ|_»¤ =∂kQÆÅ∞, Ô~e¡ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® á⁄O^•ÅO>Ë =sæHõ~°} J=ã¨~°O. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ D <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ Hõeã≤ =∂\Ï¡_»∞‰õΩO>Ë ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx J<åfl_»∞.30 HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, ˆH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞} ‰õÄ_® ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò =∂~åæ<Õfl ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’ ã¨=∂#OQÍ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ~å"åÅO>Ë U [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨u HõeÊOK«|_çO^À, P ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ =sæHõ~°} [~°QÆ_»O <åºÜ«∞O J<åfl~°∞. áêÅ HõO>Ë `≥Å¡QÍ HõxÊã¨∂Î, z#fl Ñ≤šʼnõΩ Ãã·`«O J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞º D zxfl ã¨`«ºOÖ’ ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ∞, q_»∂¤~° qâı¡+¨}Å∞ ZHõ¯_»∞<åfl~Ú? ÖË=x `≥eã≤ ‰õÄ_® 'J~°÷O HÍx ã≤^•úO`åÅ∞, qâı¡+¨}Å∞ QÍqOz J=∂Ü«∞Hõ =∂ÅÅ#∞ "≥∂ã¨O KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°#_»OÖ’— J~°÷O Uq∞\˜? =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å J~å÷Å∞, JO`«~å~å÷Å∞ U=∞~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© "åi "å^Œ# „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ HõOK≥ SÅÜ«∞º, ˆH. ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞}, ÉÏÅQÀáêÖòÅ∞ ã≤^•úO`åÅ∞ =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞fl>ˇÿ¡#, gi ã≤^•úO`åÅH˜, qâı¡+¨}ÅH˜ =∂`«$Hõ`« Z=~°∞? ZHõ¯_»∞Ok? Jx „ѨtflOK«∞‰õΩ#fl>ˇÿ¡# =∂ÅÅ∞ D q=∞~°≈ KÕã≤ LO_»HõáÈ=K«∞Û. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „"åã≤# '¿ãì\òû JO_£ "≥∞ÿ<åi\©ãπ— „QÆO^ä•xfl, [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæʼnõΩ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HõeÊOKåÅx ~å*ϺOQÆѨi+¨`«∞ÎÖ’ PÜ«∞# "åkOz# "å^Œ#Å∞ J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕã≤# "åÔ~=iÔH·<å, Z=i "å^Œ##∞ =∂`«$Hõ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx ÃÑ·# ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl "å~°∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£x ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åfl~À `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. 1920 #∞O_ç "≥∞ÿã¨∂~ü ã¨O™êú#OÖ’, =∞„^•ã¨∞, ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú „ÃÑã≤_≥hûÅÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ "≥∞ÿ<åsì =~åæʼnõΩ HõeÊOK«_»O [iyOk. 1947Ö’ ~å*ϺOQÆ ~°K«#‰õΩ ~å*ϺOQÆ 30

Balagopal, K. (2002) Op.cit. 28

Ѩi+¨`«∞Î ã¨=∂"Õâ◊=∞ÜÕ∞º<å\˜H˜ D "≥∞ÿ<åi\© i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ J=∞Å∞Ö’ H˘xfl J=Hõ`«=HõÅ#∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü QÆ∞iÎOKå_»∞. JѨÊ\˜H˜ ^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ =¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ J=∞Å∞ Ѩiz# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ "≥∞ÿ<åsìÅÖ’ ^èŒ#=O`«∞Å∞, ¿Ñ^Œ"åix P =ã¨`«∞Å KèåÜ«∞ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® ~åx=fi‰õΩO_® ™êfiǨ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. D q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ Ñ¨ijeOz J=QÍǨÏ# KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~ü Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ J\˜ì `«Ñ≤Ê^•Å∞ ѨÙ#~åQÆ=∞#O H͉õΩO_® *Ï„QÆ`«Î Ѩ_»\ÏxH˜ XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿ# HÍ¡*ò#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKåÅx '„áê^äŒq∞Hõ ǨωõΩ¯Å∞ – "≥∞ÿ<åsìÅ ã¨ÅǨã¨OѶ¨∞O—Ö’ Jaè„áêÜ«∞Ѩ_®¤_»∞: "I personally do not see why it is not possible to add a further clause... Even among the members of the same minority community, there may be complaints of partiality, of provincial favouratism, of personal favourism. I have often heard the complaints that all the posts for the Muslims go to the Punjab Muslim and few to the Madrasi Muslim. Even among the minorities, we want equality of opportunity."31

''"≥ ∞ ÿ < åsì =~° æ O Ö’x ^è Œ # =O`« ∞ Å∞ i[ˆ ~ fi+¨ < £ =㨠` « ∞ Å#∞ H˘Å¡Q˘@ì‰õΩO_® (WѨÙÊ_»∞#fl "≥∞ÿ<åsì i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HÍ¡*òH˜ `À_»∞QÍ) =∞~˘Hõ XHõ HÍ¡*ò#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=_»O ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™ê^茺Ѩ_»^À <åHõ~°÷O HÍ=_»O ÖË^Œ∞. XˆH =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# "åi =∞^茺 ѨHõ∆áê`« "≥·Yi, |O^èŒ∞„Ñ‘u, =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« ~Úëêì~ÚëêìÅ P^è•~°OQÍ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl@∞¡ =∞# ^ŒQÆæ~° Ѷ≤~åº^Œ∞Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ~ÚzÛ# L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ JkèHõ "≥Ú`«ÎO ѨO*Ï|∞ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞ÎO_»QÍ, J~°H˘~° =∞„^•ã¨∞ =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ ^Œ‰õΩ¯`«∞<åfl~Ú. XˆH =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# "åiÖ’ ‰õÄ_® J=HÍâßÅ∞ ã¨=∂#OQÍ HõeÊOKåe.—— ã¨=∞`«‰õΩ, ã¨=∂#`åfixH˜ =∂~°∞¿ÑÔ~·<å JOÉË^Œ¯~ü i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Å∞ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# "åix =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å=\ÏxH˜ HõeÊOK«|_ç# =ã¨`«∞Åx, J\˜ì =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ ^èŒxHõ=~åæÅ∞ P„Hõq∞OK«_»O ã¨iHÍ^Œx, =~°æOÖ’x JO^ŒiH© ã¨=∂#OQÍ K≥O^Õ@@∞¡QÍ K≥Ü«∂ºÅx ~å*ϺOQÆ Ñ¨i+¨`«∞ÎÖ’ `«# âßÜ«∞â◊‰õΩÎÖÏ "åkOKå_»∞. `«# "å^Œ#‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ J=∞Å∞Ö’ L#fl =Úã≤¡O i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’x Ö’áêÅ#∞ „Ѩ™êÎqOKå_»∞. ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ, Pi÷Hõ ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞, Jã¨=∂#`åfiÅ#∞ 31

Shiva Rao,B. (1967) The Framing of India's Constitution : Select Documents, New Delhi : The Indian Institute of Public Administration, pp : 225-227. 29

ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® ˆH=ÅO "≥∞ÿ<åi\© =~åæxH˜ K≥Ok# "å~°∞ J#fl J=QÍǨÏ#ÃÑ·<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç =Å㨠„ѨÉèí∞`«fiO =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_»O [iyOk. J#∞Éèí=OÖ’ q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’ JѨÊ\˜ˆH =ÚO^Œ∞#fl ^èŒx‰õΩÅ∞ "åi`À áê@∞, Jxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ =ÚO^ŒO[ "Õã≤# W`«~° =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ D J=HÍâßxfl KÕlH˜¯OK«∞‰õΩx ¿Ñ^Œ =Úã≤¡OÅ#∞ P KèåÜ«∞ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® ~åx=fiÖË^Œ∞. ZHõ¯_» "Õã≤# Q˘OQÆo JHõ¯_Õ J#fl K«O^•# ¿Ñ^Œ =Úã≤¡OÅ 1947ÅÖ’x ã≤÷u 1920 <å\˜ ã≤÷uH˜ aè#flOQÍ ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH ¿Ñ^Œ =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HõeÊOKåÅx, JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ XHõ „ѨHõ~°}#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞Ѩ~°KåÅx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü QÆ\ ˜ìQÍ "åkOK«_»O [iyOk. =Úã≤¡O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å qxÜ≥∂QÆOÖ’ [iy# `«Ñ≤Ê^•Å #∞O_ç áê~îåÅ∞ <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~°∞ J^Õ `«Ñ≤Ê^ŒO ^Œo`« i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ ѨOѨHÍÅÖ’ [~°∞QƉõΩO_® P J=HÍâßÅ∞ XˆH ‰õΩÅO QÆ∞`åÎkèѨ`«ºO H͉õΩO_® Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ ѨOÑ≤}©H˜ H˘xfl =∂~åæÅ#∞ „ѨuáêkOKå_»∞. "åxÖ’ Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂# ѨOѨHõO XHõ\ ˜. WHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤# q+¨Ü«∞O JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O Jx ¿Ñ~˘¯#ÖË^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ 'Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂# ѨOѨHõO— J#fl „Ѩuáê^Œ#Ö’<Õ D [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ ã¨∂„`«O ^•QÆ∞Ok. H˘xfl ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ JkèHõ [<åÉèÏ LO>Ë =∞i H˘xfl ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ L<åfl~°∞. Z‰õΩ¯=, `«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏÅ#∞ Hõeæ# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ "åi [<åÉèÏ`À „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O ÖËHõ, ˆH=ÅO ‰õΩÅO P^è•~°OQÍ Ñ¨OÑ≤}© [iy`Õ, Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞ÅÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ Hõeæ# ‰õΩÅO Z‰õΩ¯= J=HÍâßÅ∞ á⁄Ok`Õ, Z‰õΩ¯= [<åÉèÏ#∞ Hõeæ# ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ ‰õΩkOK«∞‰õΩáÈ`å~Ú. JO^Œ∞ˆH Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ ã¨=∂# ѨOÑ≤}© J#flѨC_»∞ PÜ«∂ ‰õΩÖÏÅ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O Jx J~°O÷ .32 'QÍOnè : Jã¨Ê $â◊√ºÅ q=ÚH˜Î— J<Õ „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ '„H˘`«Î ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ LO_®eû# Ju =ÚYº x|O^èŒ#Å∞— J<Õ f~å‡#OÖ’ q^•º–L^ÀºQÆ, „áêux^茺 ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ "åi ã¨OYº`Àáê@∞ 'J=ã¨~°— s`åº ‰õÄ_® i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ ѨOÑ≤}© [iˆQ@@∞¡ 32

K«„Hõáê}˜, Ѷ∞¨ O\Ï. (1990). 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ =^Œ#Ì _»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨=∂,— #Å∞ѨÙ, [#=i, 16–31, ѨÙ@Å∞: 14–16. D "åºã¨OÖ’ K«„Hõáê}˜ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ºuˆ~Hõ`«‰õΩ ã¨ÊOkã¨∂Î JOÉË^Œ¯~ü '[<åÉèÏ „ѨuáêkHõ— "å^•xfl Pã¨~åQÍ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩx i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßÅ∞ [<åÉèÏ#∞ |\˜ì LO_®Åx "åkOKå_»∞. PÜ«∞# =∂@ÅÖ’ 'Éè∂í q∞ g∞^Œ H˘O^ŒiH˜ ZÖÏO\˜ ǨωõΩ¯ LO^À, Pã≤÷ g∞^Œ H˘O^ŒiHˆ ZÖÏO\˜ ǨωõΩ¯ JkèHÍ~°O LO^À JÖÏO\˜ JkèHÍ~°"∞Õ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, ^Œi„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ LO_®e. [<åÉèÏ#∞ |\˜ì J=HÍâßÅ∞O_®e. [<åÉèÏ#∞ |\˜ì q^Œº, q*Ï˝#O, Láêkè LO_®e.— Ѩiq∞`«"∞≥ #ÿ q^Œº, q*Ï˝#O, Láêkè J=HÍâßÅ#∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü∞« =~åæÅ∞ `«#∞fl‰õΩáÈ`Õ `«=∞ Ѩiã≤`÷ =Õ ∞x „ѨtflOz, PÜ«∂ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ `«=∞ [<åÉèÏ#∞ |\˜ì J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKåÅx J}QÍi# =~åæÅ"å~°∞ HÀ~°_O» ™êOѶ∞‘ Hõ <åºÜ«∞OQÍ K«„Hõáê}˜ "åkOK«_O» [iyOk (L^•…@# "åºã¨H~õ kΰ ). 30

K«@ìO KÕÜ«∂Åx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „ѨuáêkOKå_»∞. PÜ«∞# „Ѩuáê^Œ#ÅÖ’x =¸_»∞ JOâßÅ∞. 1. ''ˆHO„^Œ ~åR „ѨÉèí∞`«fi L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’ Ã+_»∂ºÖò¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi ã¨OYº#∞ J=ã¨~åxfl „áê^è•<åºxfl |\˜ì ã¨=Úz`« „áêux^茺O LO_ÕÖÏ K«@ìѨ~°OQÍ x|O^èŒ# KÕÜ«∂e.—— 2. ''Ѩa¡H± ã¨sfiã¨∞ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® Ã+_»∂ºÖò¤ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi ã¨OYº#∞, J=ã¨~åxfl „áê=ÚMϺxfl |\˜ì L^ÀºQÍ=HÍâßÅ∞ LO_ÕÖÏ K«@ìѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# x|O^èŒ# LO_®e.—— 3. ''âßã¨#ã¨ÉèíÅÖ’#∂, ™ê÷xHõ ã¨Oã¨÷ÅÖ’#∞ "åi ã¨OYº#∞, J=ã¨~åefl, „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ |\˜ì „áêux^茺O LO_ÕÖÏ K«@ìѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# x|O^èŒ#Å∞ KÕÜ«∂e.——33 „ѨѨOK« K«i„`«#∞ J=¸Å„QÍO Báêã¨# KÕã≤# JOÉË^Œ¯~ü qq^èŒ ^ÕâßÅ qq^èŒ *Ï`«∞Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞, ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ ZѨC_»∂ XˆH ~°HõOQÍ LO_»=x, <åQÆiHõ`« ѨÙ~ÀQÍaè=$kú`À ^ÕâßÅ, =∂#= ã¨=¸Ç¨Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞ ~°∂áêO`«~°O K≥O^Œ∞`åÜ«∞<Õ QÆu `«i¯Hõ ã¨∂„`« „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ J=QÆ`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl"å_»∞. nxH˜ `À_»∞ <åºÜ«∞âßG HÀq^Œ∞_»∞.D J=QÍǨÏ#Å "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, Pi÷HõOQÍ, ~å[H©Ü«∞OQÍ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞iHÍ|_»¤ ^Œo`«∞Å Jaè=$kúH˜ "åi [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ P^è•~°OQÍ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HÍ"åÅx _ç=∂O_£ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. J~Ú`Õ XHõ<å\˜ J=ã¨~`° « =∞~À<å_»∞ J^Õ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ (LO_»=K«∞Û) LO_»Háõ È=K«∞Û. ã¨O^Œ~åƒù#∞™ê~°OQÍ L`«Ê#fl=∞ÜÕ∞º ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ ã¨O^Œ~åƒù#∞™ê~° Ѩ~åëê¯~° =∂~åæÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O. JO^Œ∞ˆH q^•º–L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å „áêux^蕺xH˜ ˆH=ÅO XHõ¯ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ ã¨∂„`«O P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ Ñ¨OÑ≤}© [~°QÍÅx „ѨuáêkOK«ÖË^Œ∞. P ã¨∂„`«O`À áê@∞ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ 'J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ |\˜ì, "åi ã¨=∞㨺Š„áê=ÚYº`«#∞ |\˜ì— ‰õÄ_® i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ HõeÊOKåÅx `«# f~å‡#OÖ’ „ѨuáêkOKå_»∞. D q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl =∞i H˘O`« ã¨Ê+¨ì`«`À `«# '¿ãì\òû JO_£ "≥∞ÿ<åi\©ãπ—Ö’ K≥ѨÊ_»O [iyOk. "Weightage carved out from the share of majority shall not be assigned to one community only. But the same shall be divided among all minority communities equally or in inverse proportion to their 1) Economic position, 2) Social Status and 3) Educational advance."34

'"≥∞*Ïi\©–"≥∞ÿ<åi\©Å `Õ_® P^è•~°OQÍ "≥∞ÿ<åi\© =~åæxH˜ ~Ú=fi|_ç# =ã¨`«∞Å∞ ("≥∞ÿ<åi\©ÅÖ’x) U^À XHõ Hõ=¸ºx\˜H˜ ~Ú=fi_»O ã¨iHÍ^Œ∞. J\˜ì =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ P "≥∞ÿ<åi\˜ =~°æOÖ’x Jxfl Hõ=¸ºx\©Å‰õΩ ã¨=∂#OQÍ Ñ¨OÑ≤}© [~°QÍe–ÖË^• 1) Pi÷Hõ ã≤÷u 2) 33

JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü, a.P~ü. (1994) 'QÍOnè! Jã¨Ê $â◊√ºÅ q=ÚH˜,Î — _®II ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ~°K#« Å∞ – „Ѩã¨OQÍÅ∞, ã¨OѨÙ@O – 9,ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£:PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞, ѨÙ@. 380 (w`«Å∞ "åºã¨H~õ qΰ ).

34

Ambedkar, B.R. (1947) States and Minorities : What Are Their Rights And How To Secure Them In The Constitution of Free India, Bombay : Thacker & Co, p. 23. 31

™êOѶ‘∞Hõ ã≤÷u =∞iÜ«Ú 3) q^•º=$kú JOâßÅ#∞ „áê=∂}˜HõOQÍ fã¨∞H˘x PÜ«∂ q+¨Ü«∂ÅÖ’ ("≥∞ÿ<åi\©ÅÖ’) U ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç L<åfl~À "åiH˜ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ HõeÊOKåe.— ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ "≥∞ÿ<åi\©ÅÖ’x (^Œo`«∞Å#∞ "≥∞ÿ<åi\˜ =~°æOQÍ x~°‚~ÚOKÕ ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_»O [iyOk) Jxfl ‰õΩÅ ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂# ѨOÑ≤}˜ [~°QÍÅx, ÖË^• P =~°æOÖ’ Pi÷HõOQÍ, ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ q^•ºÑ¨~°OQÍ "≥#∞Hõ|_»¤ "åiH˜ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_»OÖ’ „áê^è•#º`«#∞ ~Ú"åfiÅx JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „Ѩuáê^Œ#. D „Ѩuáê^Œ#Ö’ i[ˆ ~ fi+¨ # ∞¡ ˆ H =ÅO ¿Ñ^Œ " åiˆ H QÍx, ^è Œ # =O`« ∞ ʼnõ Ω HÍ^Œ h JOÉË ^ Œ ¯ ~ü =∞<ÀQÆ ` « O J~°÷=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „ѨuáêkOz# D =¸_»∞ „áê=∂}˜HÍÖ’¡ ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ ™ê÷~Úx „ѨHõ¯#ÃÑ\˜ì q∞ye# Ô~O_»∞ „áê=∂}˜HÍÅ#∞ (Pi÷Hõ, q^Œº) ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =∂kQÆÅ∞ =∂ÅÅHõO>Ë "≥#∞Hõ|_ç Ü«Ú<åfl~°∞. D ã¨`åºxH˜ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ÖˇHõ¯Å`Àáê@∞ âıY~ü `«# ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl JOâßÖË ™êHõ∆ ºO. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü „Ѩuáê^Œ#Å P^è•~°OQÍ =∂kQÆÅ ã¨=∞㨺#∞ Ѩije¿ãÎ [<åÉèÏÖ’ JkèHõ ã¨OYº Hõey q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅHõO>Ë (=ÚYºOQÍ =∂ÅÅ`À) áÈÅ∞Û‰õΩ#flѨÙ_»∞ Jxfl q^è•Å "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =∂kQÆňH i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ 'J=ã¨~°O— LOk. D 'J=ã¨~°`«— P^è•~°OQÍ `«=∞ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎH˜ q∞Oz i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨u HõeÊOKåÅx =∂kQÆÅ∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<åfl Jk <åºÜ«∞ã¨=∞‡`«OQÍ<Õ LO@∞Ok. "åi `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# JOÉË^Œ¯~ü =HõÖÏΠѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ<Õ"å_Õ. J~Ú`Õ =∂kQÆÅ∞ `«=∞ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£#∞ 'J=ã¨~°`«, „áê=ÚYº`« P^è•~°OQÍ HÍHõ U [#ã¨OYº ã¨∂„`«O P^è•~°OQÍ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HõeÊOKå~À P ã¨∂„`« P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ =sæHõ~°} K≥Ü«∞º=∞x HÀ~°_»O [iyOk. JO^Œ∞ˆH JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ã≤^•úO`«–ã¨∂„fHõ~°} ѨikèÖ’x =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å#∞, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü =∂#gÜ«∞ ã≤^•úO`åʼnõΩ Hõ@∞ì|_ç# ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, SÅÜ«∞º, ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞}Å∞ ã¨=∞i÷OKåˆ~QÍx, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ q=∞i≈ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`åÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 'ã¨=∂# "å\Ï—, JO^Œ∞‰õΩ '[<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuΗ P^è•~°O J#fl gi "å^Œ# ZHõ¯_» #∞O_À J~°∞=Ù `≥K«∞Û‰õΩ#flk ‰õÄ_® HÍ^Œ∞. JOÉË^Œ¯~üx J^茺ܫ∞#O KÕã≤, ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∂xH˜, J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ PÜ«∞# ã≤^•úO`åÅ#∞ PK«~°}Ö’ ÃÑ@ì_»"Õ∞ "å~°∞ KÕã≤# „Ѩܫ∞`«flO. gix ^ŒQÍHÀ~°∞Åx xOkOK«_»O =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å J=HÍâ◊ ^èÀ~°}˜H˜ J^ŒÌO Ѩ_»∞`«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O. HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞, h~°∞H˘O_», K«∞O_»∂~°∞, "ÕOÃÑO@ ~ÚOHÍ Ü≥∞<Àfl ^•~°∞} =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ [iy#ѨC_»∞ ÉÏkè`«∞ʼnõΩ ÉÏã¨@QÍ xez, "åi áÈ~å\ÏʼnõΩ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ѨeH˜, P áÈ~å\ÏÅ#∞ ã≤^•úOfHõiOz, JHõ∆sHõiOz# ÉÏÅQÀáêÖò, SÅÜ«∞ºÅ#∞ XHõ<å_»∞ Éèí∞*ÏÅÔH`«∞ΉõΩx Tˆ~y#"åˆ~ ˆH=ÅO =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°}#∞ ã¨=∞iúOz#O^Œ∞‰õΩ QÍ#∂ ^ŒQÍHÀ~°∞Å∞QÍ, "≥∂ã¨QÍà◊√§QÍ xO^ŒÅ∞ "≥∂Ѩ_»O =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å U~°∞^•\˜ `≥ѨÊ`«QÆÖË¿ã |∞kúH˜ Ѩ~åHÍ+¨ì. 32

WHõ, a.ã≤. <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å#∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨=∞iúã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞? D „Ѩâ◊fl‰õΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O 1990ÅÖ’ ~åROÖ’ L^ŒƒùqOz# #∂`«# ™ê=∂lHõ L^Œº=∂Å Pâ◊Ü«∂Å∞, Jq `≥zÛ# "å^•Å∞ K≥|∞`å~Ú. `«∞_»∞O^≥|ƒ, _ÀÅ∞^≥|ƒ, ÅOÉÏ_®–#OQÍ~å ÉèËi ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl ‰õΩÅ „áêuѨkHõOQÍ =zÛ# L^Œº=∂Å =ÚYº _ç=∂O_£: 'Pi÷Hõ ã¨OѨ^ŒÖ’, ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~°OÖ’ =∞Okx |\˜ì "å\Ï.— `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ ^Õâ◊ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞, ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~åxfl `«=∞ ÃÑ~°\’¡ HÍz# ѨO_»¡ÖÏQÆ ™êfiǨ KÕã¨∞Î#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl „ѨtflOz, ~ÚHõ<≥·<å `«=∞ "å\Ï `«=∞‰õΩ ~å"åÅx J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ L^Œºq∞OKå~°∞. D<å\˜H˜ ~åROÖ’ XHõ ™ê÷~Ú#O^Œ∞‰õΩ#fl a.ã≤. L^Œº=∞O JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ã¨∂„`åxfl P^è•~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩx `«=∞ [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞‰õΩ "å\Ï HÍ"åÅx J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º|^Œú"≥∞ÿ# a.ã≤.Å _ç=∂O_£H˜ =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£H˜ ™ê~°∂Ѩº`«, Ãã·^•úOuHõ ™êxflÇ≤Ï`«ºO L<åfl~Ú. U ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ `«=∞ "å\Ï `«=∞‰õΩ W"åfiÅx J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~À J^Õ ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°O =sæHõ~°} HÀ~°∞`«∞#fl =∂kQÆÅ _ç=∂O_£x ã¨=∞iúOK«_»O a.ã≤.Å Hõh㨠<≥·uHõ ÉÏ^茺`«. P ÉÏ^茺`« QÆ∞iÎOKÕ a.ã≤. <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ^ŒO_À~å‰õΩ =∞^Œú`«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl~°∞. Wk "åi qâßÅ ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•xH˜ x^Œ~°≈#O. JO`Õ QÍx, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å ÖÏQÆ `«=∞HÀ <åºÜ«∞O, T~°O`«\ ˜H© XHõ <åºÜ«∞=∞x J#_»O ÖË^Œ∞.

Éè’OKÕã≤ „`ÕxÛ# `«~°∞"å`« „H˜Ok =~åæÅ "åi QÆ∞iOz PÖ’zOKÕ^Œx '=∂e[O— KÕã¨∞Î#fl É’^èŒ. WOHÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ã≤^•úO`«O „ѨHÍ~°O ÃÑ·‰õΩÖÏÅ "åi ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ fi# `«~°∞"å`« „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∞㨺Š„Ѩ™êÎ=#. Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ fi# `«~°∞"å`Õ J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ f~åÅx ã≤^•úOfHõiOz# =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ã¨=∂#`«fiO, ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~°O HÍ"åÅx ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞? gi ™ê=∂lHõ K«Å#jÅ ã≤^•úO`«O „ѨHÍ~°O „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À ã¨=∂#`«fiO HÍ"åÅx J_»∞QÆ=Åã≤#k „ÉÏǨχ} =~åæÅ "åiH˜ kQÆ∞=#∞#fl â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞ HÍx ^Œo`«∞Å∞ HÍ^Œ∞. â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞, „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ "åi =∞^茺 ã¨OѨ^ŒÅ∞, JkèHÍ~åŠѨOÑ≤}© ^Œâ◊ `«~°∞"å`« ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ѨOÑ≤}© ^Œâ◊. JO>Ë, Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ – â◊¥„^Œ =~åæÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«|_ç# `«~°∞"å`« =¸_»= ^Œâ◊Ö’ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ Ѩiëê¯~°O, ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O Åaèã¨∞ÎOk. WѨC_»∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊ ‰õÄ_® Pq+¨¯iOK«|_»ÖË^Œ∞. J@∞=O\˜k =¸_»= ^Œâ◊ QÆ∞iOz WѨC_Õ PÖ’K«#ÖˇO^Œ∞‰õΩ? W^Õ WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊ `«~°∞"å`« Ô~O_»=^Œâ◊, nx `«~°∞"å`« =¸_»=^Œâ◊ Z\Ï¡#∂ „Hõ=∂#∞QÆ`«OQÍ ã¨OÉèíq™êÎ~Ú. HÍ|\˜ì â◊`åÉÏÌÅ `«~°|_ç ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ŠѨiëê¯~åʼnõΩ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxH˜ K≥Ü«∞º=Åã≤Ok áÈ~å\ÏÅ∞, L^Œº=∂Å∞ HÍ=Ù, =¸_»= ^Œâ◊ PQÆ=∞#O H˘~°‰õΩ 'Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂_»_»O.—

Jã¨Å∞ Z=ik ã≤^•úO`« ~å^•úO`«O?

™ê=∂lHõ Ѩi}Ï=∞ „Hõ=∂Å∞ `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_® XHõ Ѩ^Œúu, `«~°¯O ÖˉõΩO_® =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ „ѨuáêkOz# D ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O ˆH=ÅO =∂kQÆňH HÍ^Œ∞ =∂ÅʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ñ¨x KÕã¨∞ÎOk. Zxfl HÀ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç K«∂ã≤<å "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞ ã≤^•úO`«O Ѩã¨ÖËx^Õ QÍHõ ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© „Ѩ=∂^ŒHÍi. H˘=∞‡ g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~°∞Ûx H˘=∞‡#∞ #iˆH J*Ï˝#∞Å QÆ∞iOz q<åfl=Ú QÍx `«=∞ "Õe`À `«=∞ HõO_»¡<Õ á⁄_»∞K«∞‰õΩ<Õ J*Ï˝#∞Å#∞ K«∂KÕ J=HÍâ◊O "≥OHõ„\Ï"Õ HõeÊOKå_»∞. „á⁄^ŒÌã¨Î=∂#∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü Éèí[# QÍqOz PÜ«∞# ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ѨC‰õΩx HÍÜ«∞Å=Ú‡‰õΩO@∞#fl =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞, PÜ«∞# q„QÆǨʼnõΩ ^ŒO_»Å∞ "Õã≤ 'JOÉË^Œ¯sÜ«ÚÅO— Jx K≥ѨCHÀ=_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ, P =∞ǨÏhÜ«ÚxÖ’x ã¨=∞`«, =∞=∞`«, ã¨=∂#`«fi ÉèÏ"åÅ∞, J}QÍi# =~åæŠѨHõ∆O =Ç≤ÏOKÕ `åºQÆx~°ux PHõoOѨ٠KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. PÜ«∞# PÖ’K«#Å#∞ ã¨O„QÆǨÏOQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl"åÔ~·`Õ =∂ÅÅ∞, =∂kQÆÅ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# HÀiHõ‰õΩ J_»∞¤Hõ@ì "Õã≤ =∂kQÆ Ü«Ú=`«`À áê@∞, =∂Å Ü«Ú=`« Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î <åâ◊#O KÕ¿ã"å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞.

=∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ =∞Öˇ¡Å "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ™ê=∂lHõ ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ `«#^≥·# ÉèÏëêºxfl ~Úã¨∂Î ~ÚÖÏ „"åâß_»∞: ''™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O K«Å#jÅ"≥∞ÿ#k. „áê^äŒq∞Hõ ^Œâ◊Ö’ ^ÀÑ≤_ô ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ, „âßq∞Hõ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ =∞^茺 ™ê=∂lHõ ã¨=∂#`«fi ™ê^èŒ# [~°QÍe. `«~°∞"å`« Ñ‘_ç`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 JO`«~åÅ#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ ^Œâ◊. J#O`«~°O _®II JOÉË^Œ¯~ü K≥Ñ≤Ê# =∞Ǩϟ#fl`«"≥∞ÿ# ã¨OѨÓ~°‚ ™ê=∂lHõ ^Œâ◊.——35 "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞ ã≤^•úO`«O „ѨHÍ~°O "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊Ö’ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ =∞^茺, â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOKåe. JÖÏ ™êkèOz# `«~°∞"å`Õ =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ =∞^茺 JO`«~åÅ#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«∞HÀ=_»O ™ê^茺O. JO>Ë "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ^Œâ◊H˜ Ô~O_»= ^Œâ◊H˜ XHõ eO‰õΩ LOk. ‰õΩÅ=º=ã¨÷Ö’ ^Œo`«∞ÅHõO>Ë ÃÑ·#∞#fl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOK«|_»HõáÈ`Õ, „H˜O^Œ∞#fl =∂kQÆ – =∂ÅÅ =∞^茺 QÆÅ `Õ_®Å#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. ^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ì=âß`«∞Î JÖÏ Ñ¨i+¨¯iOK«∞‰õΩO>Ë Jk "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù „ѨHÍ~°O ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O HÍ^Œ∞. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, „H˜Ok ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Jx `Õ_® ÖˉõΩO_® Jxfl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#`«fiO ™êkèOKåÅx JOÉË^Œ¯i[O "åkã¨∞ÎO>Ë ÃÑ·=~åæÅ "å~°∞ `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ 35

"≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù, =∞Öˇ¡Å. (2004) '=sæHõ~°}`À ^ŒˆH¯k X\˜ì qã¨Îˆ~!— PO„^èŒ*’ºu, 19 _çÃãO|~ü. 33

8. ã¨"∞≥ Hÿ ºõ `« ÉèÏ=# „Ѩ=∂^ŒH~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ ^•? ^Œo`« â◊HxΘ JO`«"Ú≥ OkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü∞« ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæH~õ } ° =∞x+≤ ã¨OѶ¨∞rq. ã¨OѶ¨∞O`À ã¨"≥∞ÿHõºOQÍ „|`«HÍÅx „Ѩu =ºH˜Î HÀ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï_»∞. ã¨OѶ¨∞ Jaè=$kú ‰õÄ_® `«# ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O, "åi Jaè=$kúÃÑ·<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç LO@∞Ok. U ã¨OѶ¨∞O ‰õÄ_® `«# ã¨Éèí∞ºÅÖ’ H˘O^ŒiÃÑ· =∂`«$„¿Ñ=∞, =∞i H˘O^ŒiÃÑ· ã¨=u `«e¡ „¿Ñ=∞ 34

K«∂Ñ≤OK«^Œ∞. XHõ "Õà◊ JÖÏ K«∂Ñ≤¿ãÎ ã¨=u `«e¡ „¿Ñ=∞‰õΩ QÆ∞Ô~·# ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ∞ P ã¨OѶ¨∞OÖ’ LO_»\ÏxH˜ W+¨ìѨ_»~°∞. JO>Ë ~ÚHõ¯_» ã¨OѶ¨∞ ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ =∞^茺 ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ÉèÏ=# Ѩi_è»qÖË¡k XHõi Jaè=$kÌH˜ =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ∞ JOkOK«∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞. ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« XHõi ѨÙ~ÀQÆuH˜, =∞iH˘O^Œi u~ÀQÆuH˜ HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ#ѨC_»∞ J}QÆ„^˘Hõ¯|_ç#"åÔ~=~°∞ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« =∞O„`«O [Ñ≤OK«~°∞. D `«~°Ç¨Ö’<Õ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« H˘xfl ^Œo`«‰õΩÖÏÅ Jaè=$kúH˜ =∞Ô~<Àfl ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ J@ì_»∞QÆ∞ ã≤÷uH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°zOk. ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« =∂kQÆ–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Ô~e¡–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å\ÏÅ#∞ =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk PO„^èŒ∞ŠѨ~°OQÍ=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}=∞~ÚºOk. JO>Ë =∂ÅŠѨÙ~ÀQÆuH˜, =∂kQÆÅ u~ÀQÆuH˜ ¿ÇÏ`«∞=~ÚºOk. W@∞=O\˜ ã≤÷uÖ’ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl =∂ÅʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°OQÍx „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ HÀÖ’Ê`«∞#fl =∂kQÆʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH "å~°∞ ^Œo`« ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ zOz JO^Œ∞Ö’ ^•QÆ∞#fl =∂Å`«fi =ÚMÏxfl Ö’HÍxH˜ K«∂Ñ≤OK«_O» [iyOk. =∂ÅÅ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} "å^•Å#∞ =∞#O QÍOnè – JOÉË^Œ¯~°¡ q"å^ŒO #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_® J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. „a\©+π "å~°∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ Ô~O_»∞ F@¡ q^è•<åxfl „Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃÑ\˜ì#ѨC_»∞, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ =∞`åxfl <åâ◊#O K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜, Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ =∞^茺 SHõº`« K≥_»Q˘\ÏìxH˜ „a\©+π "å~°∞ Ѩxfl# ‰õΩ„@Ö’ ÉèÏQÆ=∞O@∂ Z„~°"å_» *ˇ·Å∞Ö’ P=∞~°} x~åǨ~° nHõ∆ KÕã≤ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ HõeÊOz# ~å[H©Ü«∞ ǨωõΩ¯#∞ `˘ÅyOKÕ =~°‰õΩ QÍOnè `«# Ѩ@∞ì =^ŒÅÖË^Œ∞. JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡ ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ ~å[H©Ü«∂kèHÍ~°O #∞O_ç ^Œ∂~°O KÕã≤ P JkèHÍ~°O `«~°`«~åÅ∞QÍ `«=∞ KÕuÖ’ LO_Õ@@∞¡QÍ K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ QÍOnè ~Ú`«~° Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ `«yeOK«∞‰õΩ#fl =Úã¨∞ˆQ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«.36 K«i„`«Ö’ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ¿Ñ~°∞`À ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ [iy# J<åºÜ«∂Å #∞O_ç áê~îåÅ#∞ ã¨^Œ~°∞ =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ K«Hõ¯QÍ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz#@∞¡<åfl~°∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH HÍÉ’Å∞ "å~°∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥ѨCH˘O@∂<Õ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« J<Õ =Úã¨∞QÆ∞#∞ QÍOnè ^ŒQÆæ~° #∞O_ç J~°∞=Ù `≥K«∞ÛH˘O@∞<åfl~°∞. U ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« ¿Ñ~°∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· ~å[H©Ü«∞, ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ, Pi÷Hõ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl K≥ÖÏ~Úã¨∞Î<åfl~À J^Õ "å^Œ#`À =∂ÅÅ∞ q^Œº, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’, =∂kQÆÅ "å\Ï#∞ Hõ|oOz "åiÃÑ· ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl K≥ÖÏ~ÚOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ HõѨÙʉõΩ#fl =Úã¨∞ˆQ D ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«.37

WHõ, =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ "åkã¨∞Î<åfl@∞¡QÍ ^Œo`« â◊H˜Îx JO`«"≥ÚOkOKÕ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ‰õΩ„>Ë =sæHõ~°} J~Ú`Õ ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˘xfl „Ѩâ◊flʼnõΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O HÍ"åe. "å~°∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯O@∞#fl ^Œo`« â◊H˜Î Z=ik? P â◊H˜ÎÖ’x ^Œo`«∞Öˇ=~°∞? HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞ `«~°∞"å`« U~°Ê_ç# ^Œo`« =∞Ǩã¨ÉèíÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ HõÅã≤ Ѩx KÕâß~Ú. ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· [iy# ǨÏ`«ºÅ‰õΩ, J`åºKå~åʼnõΩ, Ç≤ÏOã¨Å‰õΩ, J==∂<åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ JO^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤ áÈ~å_®~°∞. 1994Ö’ [iy# ~åR âßã¨#ã¨Éèí ZxflHõÅÖ’ a.Zãπ.Ñ≤. `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# „ѨKå~°O KÕã≤# "åiÖ’ ‰õÄ_® Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ L<åfl~°∞. J~Ú`Õ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å q^•º, L^ÀºQÍÅÖ’, `« = ∞ =O`« ∞ `« = ∞‰õ Ω ~å"åÅx J_» Q Æ _ » O , JO^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω =∂ÅÅ∞ x~åHõiOK«_»O`À áê@∞ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ PO^Àà◊# KÕѨ\ ˜ì# `«~°∞"å`« =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ "Õ~°∞"Õ~°∞ ‰õΩOѨ@¡~Ú# q+¨Ü«∞O qk`«"Õ∞. =∂kQÆ, =∂Å, Ô~e¡, Pk PO„^èŒ∞Å ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ Hõeã≤ L#flѨC_»∞ ^Œo`« â◊H˜Î HÍx, Z=iH˜ "å~°∞ "Õ~°~Ú#ѨC_»∞ Jk =∂kQÆ â◊HÀÎ, =∂Åâ◊HÀÎ J=Ù`«∞Ok. JO`ÕQÍx =∂Å`«fi"å^Œ∞Å∞ "åkã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ ^Œo`« â◊H˜Î HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ^Œo`«∞Å (=∂kQÆÅ) Jaè=$kúH˜ ^Œo`«∞ÖË (=∂ÅÖË) J_»∞¤QÀ_»Å∞ Hõ\ ˜ì#ѨÙ_»∞ P ‰õÄ@q∞Ö’ SHõº`« ÖË^Œ∞, â◊H˜Î JO`«HõO>Ë ÖË^Œ∞.

'Sub-Caste consciousness and challenges before Dalit intellectuals,' in Mainstream, March 14, pp : 7-8 & 32.

J~Ú`Õ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« J<Õ JOâßxfl 1) ™ê=∂lHõ 2) ~å[H©Ü«∞, =∞iÜ«Ú3) Pi÷Hõ ^Œ$HÀ¯}ÏÅ #∞O_ç ѨijeOK«=Åã≤ LOk. "≥Ú^Œ@k, =∞#∞^èŒ~°‡âßGO Éèí~°`« *Ïux S^Œ∞ =~åæÅ∞QÍ peÛ q_»nã≤#>Ë¡ „Ѩu=~åæxfl ‰õÄ_® ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ, LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ, LѨ–LѨ ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞QÍ q_»Q˘\˜ì xK≥Û# "≥∞@¡ ™ê=∂lHõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ U "≥∞@∞ìÖ’ L#fl "åi =∞^茺 ‰õÄ_® SHõº`« ÖˉõΩO_® KÕÜ«∞QÆeyOk. XˆH "≥∞@∞ì g∞^Œ L#fl ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 Z<Àfl JO`«~° ^˘O`«~°Å`Àáê@∞ P ‰õΩÖÏňH (=~åæňH) Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿ# XHõ 'q∞x ÃÇ·Ï~åi¯— (Mini Hierarchy) LO@∞Ok. WHõ¯_» F q+¨Ü«∂xfl QÆ=∞xOKåe. „H˜Ok =~åæÅ ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 Z<Àfl `Õ_®Å∞, qÉèí[#Å∞ L#flѨÊ\˜H© ÃÑ·=~°æO "åiH˜ „H˜Ok =~åæÅ „Ѩ[ÅO^Œ~°∂ XHõ>Ë. =∂kQÆ, =∂Å, Pk–PO„^èŒ, Ô~e¡ Jx ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^茺 qÉèí[#Å∞ L#flѨÊ\˜H© Hõ=∞‡Å‰õΩ, Ô~_»¡‰õΩ, "≥Å=∞ʼnõΩ ~ÚOHÍ J@∞=O\˜ ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åiH˜ ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^茺QÆÅ `Õ_®Å`À, qÉèí[#Å`À ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖË^Œ∞. WOHÍ q=~°} ~Ú"åfiÅO>Ë HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞Ö’ =∂kQÆÅÃÑ· =∂~°}Ǩϟ=∞O ã¨$+≤ìOz# Hõ=∞‡Å‰õΩ =∂Å "åiÃÑ· „¿Ñ=∞ L#fl@∞¡ HÍ^Œ∞. K«∞O_»∂~°∞Ö’ =∂ÅÅ#∞ TK«HÀ`« HÀã≤# Ô~_»¡‰õΩ =∂kQÆÅÃÑ· PáêºÜ«∞`« L#fl@∞¡ HÍ^Œ∞. h~°∞H˘O_», Ñ≤ѨÊ~°, Ѩki‰õΩѨÊO ÖÏO\˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ÖË ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩ|Å x^Œ~°≈#=Ú. `«=∞ ™ê=∂lHõ PkèѨ`åºxfl, ÃÑ`«ÎO^•i`«<åxfl „ѨtflOKÕ =∂kQÆ~Ú<å, =∂Å~Ú<å, =∞OQÆÅ~Ú<å PkèѨ`«º ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ XHõ>Ë. ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· g~°∞ ™êyã¨∞Î#fl J}z"Õ`« K«~°ºÖË ~ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êH∆ͺÅ∞. W\˜ì K«~°ºÅ‰õΩ K«~°=∞w`«O áê_®ÅO>Ë J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 SHõº`« `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. Jk XHõ ™ê=∂lHõ J=ã¨~°`«. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ™ê=∂lHõ

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q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç, _®II ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ~°K#« Å∞ – „ѨãO¨ QÍÅ∞ : HÍO„ÔQãπ, QÍOnè JO@~åx "åiH˜ UO KÕâß~°∞? ("≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ÉèÏQÆO)† Jã¨Ê„â◊√ºÅ q=ÚH˜Î – QÍOnè (Ô~O_À ÉèÏQÆO)† ã¨OѨÙ@O. 9, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£† PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fi=Ú, 1994. 37 ã¨"∞≥ Hÿ ºõ `« JOâ◊OÃÑ· =∞iH˘O`« J=QÍǨÏ# H˘~°‰Ωõ K«∂_»O_ç. Chinnaiah, Jangam. (1998)

HÀ_≥<åQÆ∞Å Éèí~°`«O Ѩ\ÏìÅO>Ë K«ep=∞Å =∞^茺 SHõº`« J=ã¨~°O ÖË^• P p=∞Å q<åâ◊#O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞, K«∞O_»∂~°∞, h~°∞H˘O_» ~ÚOHÍ Z<Àfl ^•~°∞} ã¨OѶ¨∞@#ÅÖ’ =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, =~åæÅ∞ XHõiH˘Hõ~°∞ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞, KÕÜ«¸`« xK«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D<å\˜ '^ŒO_À~å,— '=∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞—Å∞ XHõ <å\˜H˜ L<åfl ÖˉõΩ<åfl xK≥Û# "≥∞@¡ =º=ã¨÷ H˘#™êy#O`« HÍÅO ^Œo`«∞ÅÃÑ· ^•~°∞}ÏÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂<Õ LO\Ï~Ú. P ^•_»∞Å#∞ uÑ≤ÊH˘\ÏìÅO>Ë Ñ¨~°ã¨Ê~° ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O`À ã¨"≥∞ÿHõºOQÍ LO_»_»"Õ∞ JѨÊ\˜H©–~ÚѨÊ\˜H© J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# ^Œo`«∞Å ™ê=∂lHõ PÜ«Ú^èŒO. Ô~O_»=k, 'J}K«|_»¤ =~åæÅ "åà◊§ ã¨OˆH∆=∂xfl HÍáê_»∞HÀ=_»O HÀã¨O, âßã¨# HÍ~°ºx~°fiǨÏ}ÏkèHÍ~åÅ#∞ „ѨÉÏè q`«O K≥Ü∞« º_®xH˜—38 ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ K«@ãì ɨ Åíè Ö’ „áêux^躌 O HõeÊOK«_O» [iyOk. 1937Ö’ [iy# ZxflHõÅ ^ŒQ~æÆ ° #∞O_ç D<å\˜ =~°‰Ωõ (P~üÑS≤ , aÜ«∞ãπÑ≤ ÖÏO\˜ H˘xfl L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Å∞ q∞#Ǩ~ÚOz) ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ˆH\Ï~ÚOz# ã‘@¡Ö’ Z#∞flHÀ|_ç# Ü«∞O.ZÖò.UÅ∞,

Ü«∞O.Ñ≤.Å∞ ^Œo`«∞Å~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© P ã‘@¡ ^•fi~å ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#flk HÍO„ÔQãπ, a*ˇÑ≤, `≥Å∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊O ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° áêsìÅ∞. ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩ ^Œo`« „Ѩ*τѨux^èŒ∞Å~Ú<å "åã¨Î=OÖ’ PÜ«∂ áêsìÅ "≥∞O|~°∞¡ HÍ|\˜ì "å~°∞ P áêsìʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ #_»∞K«∞‰õΩO\ψ~ QÍx, ^Œo`«∞Å Jcè+¨ìO "Õ∞~° =∂„`«O HÍ^Œ∞. WOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë Z=i „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ HÍáê_»\ÏxÔH·`Õ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ K«@ìã¨ÉèíÅÖ’ „áêux^茺O HõeÊOKå~À "åi „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ `«∞OQÆÖ’ `˘H˜¯ "åix ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ J}z"Õ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞i KÕ¿ã "åi „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ HÍáê_»@O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ T_çQÆO #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ѩ_ç ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ x["≥∞ÿ# „Ѩux^èŒ∞Å∞QÍ =∂~åÅO>Ë, ѨiáêÅ#Ö’ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO ~å"åÅO>Ë J}QÍi# ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ~å[H©Ü«∞ ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`« `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. =¸_»=k Pi÷Hõ ^Œ$HÀ¯}O: ^Œo`«∞Å ™ê=∂lHõ =∞#∞QÆ_»‰õΩ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ Z^Œ∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº`«#∞ "åi Pi÷Hõ J=HÍâßÅ`À =Ú_çÃÑ@ìÖË=Ú. JÖÏ =Ú_ç ÃÑ@ì_»O =º‰õΩÎÅ`Àáê@∞ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å (‰õΩÖÏÅ) Jaè=$kúH˜ Q˘_»¤eÃÑ@∞ì. q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅxflO\˜x XHõ =~°æOQÍ KÕã≤ ~å*ϺOQÆO HõeÊOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ 15 âß`«O. 15 âß`«O i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Å∞ JO>Ë L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ =O^Œ ã‘@∞¡#fl q^•ºã¨Oã¨÷Ö’ ~å*ϺOQÆO „ѨHÍ~°O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ =KÕÛ ã‘@¡ ã¨OYº 15. "≥Ú`«ÎO [<åÉèÏ âß`«OÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å [<åÉèÏ âß`«O 15 QÍ|\˜ì D 15 ã‘@∞¡ "åiH˜ ~å=_»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨"≥∂. J~Ú`Õ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ 15 âß`«O ã‘@¡O>Ë ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ 15 âß`«O =∞OkˆH J=HÍâßÅ∞. JO>Ë q^•º ~°OQÆOÖ’, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÆOÖ’, ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ „Ѩu =O^Œ=∞Ok ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ Ѩk¿ÇÏ#∞ =∞OkˆH 38

Ambedkar, B.R. (1994) Op.cit. p. 378. 37

J=HÍâßÅ∞ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`å~Ú. WHõ¯_» Ô~O_»∞ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ ã¨Ê+¨ìO KÕÜ«∂e. "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k, J=HÍâßÅ∞ Ѩk¿ÇÏ#∞ âß`«O =∞OkˆH HÍ|\˜ì q∞ye# Z#Éèˇ· S^Œ∞ âß`«O =∞OkH˜ Z@∞=O\˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ LO_»=Ù. J=HÍâßÅ∞ ÖËx D 85 âß`«O ^Œo`«∞Å∞ `«=∞ rq`åO`«O „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ<À, Ѩ@ì}ÏÅÖ’ HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞QÍ<À „=∞yæáÈ=_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Ô~O_»=k, ^Œo`« =~°æO JO>Ë ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞O. D ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞OÖ’x „Ѩu ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ XHõ ã¨fi`«O„`« „ѨuѨuÎ, QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠L<åfl~Ú. XHõ =ºH˜Î ^Œo`« ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂xH˜ K≥Ok#"å_≥·#ѨÊ\˜H˜ J`«x Jã≤÷`«fiO „áê^èŒq∞HõOQÍ J`«x ‰õΩÅO ^•fi~å<Õ U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. JO>Ë =∂kQÆÅ∞–=∂ÅÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞Å~Ú#ѨÊ\˜H© =∂kQÆÅ∞–=∂ÅÅ∞ HÍ~°∞, =∂ÅÅ∞–=∂kQÆÅ∞ HÍ~°∞. Z=i ã¨fi`«O„`« Jã≤÷`«fiO "åiH˜ LOk. D q=~°} P^è•~°OQÍ Ñ¨k¿ÇÏ#∞ âß`«O J=HÍâßÅÖ’ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl P H˘kÌ =∞Ok (Privileged Few) U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# "å~°x Ѩije¿ãÎ JkèHõ "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ =∂Å ("åi LѨ) ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ K≥Ok# =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ Jx „ѨÉèí∞`«fi x"ÕkHõÅ ^•fi~å `Õe# q+¨Ü«∞O. ‰õΩÖÏÅ`À xq∞`«ÎO ÖˉõΩO_® ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œ~°∂ Jaè=$kú K≥O^•e. J~Ú`Õ Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ_®xH˜ J=HÍâßÅ∞ Ju ã¨fiÅÊOQÍ LO_»_»O, P ã¨fiÅÊ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® XˆH ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O, ÃÑ·QÍ D qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ "åˆ~ =∞~°ÖÏ =∞~°ÖÏ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Å# q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ ^•i„^ŒºOÖ’, J*Ï˝#OÖ’, =ÚiH˜ ‰õ Ä áêÅÖ’ „=∞yæ á È=_» O [~° ∞ QÆ ∞ `« ∞ Ok. JO^Œ ∞ =Å# 㨠" ≥ ∞ ÿ H õ º `« J<Õ JOâßxfl ™ê=∂lHõ–~å[H©Ü«∞ HÀ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç K«∂z#@∞¡QÆ QÍHõ Pi÷Hõ JOâßÅ`À "Õ~°∞ KÕã≤ K«∂_»=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. JO>Ë aè#fl ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ, aè#fl J=ã¨~åʼnõΩ aè#fl Ѩiëê¯~åÅ∞, aè#fl ^Œ$HõÊ^ä•Å∞ J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`å~Ú. JO`ÕQÍx XHõ ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~°O =∞~˘Hõ ã¨=∞㨺 Ѩiëê¯~åxH˜ '=∂~°æO— HÍ=K«∞Û HÍx Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞. WHõ, '=sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì, J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞QÍ LO>Ë<Õ =Ú^Œ∞Ì— J<Õ ‰õΩ@∞O| ѨiÉèÏ+¨#∞ „ѨÜ≥∂yã¨∞Î#fl =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ "å^•xfl Pi÷Hõ HÀ}O #∞O_ç Ѩije^•ÌO.39 #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞#fl F J=∞‡ ^èŒ#=O`«∞~åÅ~Ú`Õ ‰õΩO_» xO_® J#flO =O_ç U H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ ZO`« J#flO HÍ"åÖ’ JO`« J#flO ÃÑ_»∞`«∞Ok. J#flO ‰õΩO_»xO_® LO_»_»O`À U=_çH˜ ZO`« HÍ"åÖ’ JO`« =_ç¤OK«∞‰õΩ u<Õ J=HÍâ◊O LOk. HÍ|\˜ì #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ =∞^茺 P J<åflxfl "å\ÏÅ∞ "Õã¨∞HÀ=_»O J<Õ ã¨=∞㨺 ~å^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ J=∞‡ ¿Ñ^Œ~åÅ~Ú`Õ ‰õΩO_»xO_® 39

'‰õΩ@∞O|O,— 'J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞— ÖÏO\˜ ÉèÏ=#Å P^è•~°OQÍ =sæHõ~°} =^ŒÌO@∞#fl =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ "å^Œ##∞ ѨijeOKÕ xq∞`«Î"Õ∞ ~ÚHõ¯_» 'J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞— J<Õ Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨ ÉèÏ+¨#∞ "å_»@O [iyOk. WÖÏ "å_»_®xfl ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ#@∞¡QÍ ÉèÏqOK«~å^Œ∞. '^Œo`« „Ѩ[ÅO>Ë J#fl^Œ=Ú‡ÖË<å, JHõ¯K≥Öˇ¡à◊√§ ÖË~å— Jx ^Œo`« ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ#∞ xÅnã¨∞Î#fl ^Œo`« ¢ã‘ÎʼnõΩ D "åºã¨Hõ~°Î =∞^Œ∞Ì`«∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl_»∞. 38

J#flO =O_»∞‰õΩ<Õ ™È÷=∞`« ÖËHõ ã¨QÍxˆH =O_»QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ Éè’[#O K≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ ã¨QÆO ‰õΩO_» ã¨iáÈ^Œ∞ HÍ|\˜ì P J=∞‡ `«#∞ =O_ç# J<åflxfl #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅH˜ ÃÑ@ì_®xH˜ Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ^Œú`«∞Å∞ áê\˜ã¨∞ÎOk. ÃÑ^ŒÌH˘_»∞‰õΩ–z#fl H˘_»∞‰õΩ J<Õ `Õ_® ÖˉõΩO_® L#fl H˘OK«O J<åfl<Õfl <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ KÕã≤ #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ =∞^茺 ã¨=∂#OQÍ Ñ¨OK«_»O XHõ Ѩ^Œúu. XHõ H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ ~ÚOH˘Hõ H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ =∞^茺 =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûÅ∞ `Õ_® LO\Ï~Ú. ÃÑ^ŒÌH˘_»∞‰õΩ u#QÆeˆQ@O`«\ ˜ J<åflxfl Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#ÖË_»∞. Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#QÆeˆQ@O`«\ ˜ J<åflxfl =¸_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#ÖË_»∞. J^Õ q^èŒOQÍ =¸_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#QÆeˆQ@O`«\ ˜ J<åflxfl <åÅ∞QÆ= H˘_»∞‰õΩ u#ÖË_»∞. WOHõ, ÃÑ^ŒÌH˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ <åÅ∞QÆ∞= H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ =∞^茺 =Ü«∞ã¨∞û `Õ_® Z‰õΩ¯= LO@∞Ok HÍ|\˜ì "åo§^ŒÌ~°∞ u#QÆeˆQ ™ê=∞~°÷ºOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® `Õ_® LO@∞Ok. J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞ #Å∞QÆ∞i H˘_»∞‰õΩÅH˜ ã¨=∂#OQÍ J#flO ÃÑ@ì_»=∞<Õ Ñ¨^Œúux Hõh㨠*Ï˝#=Ú#fl U `«e¡ áê\˜OK«^Œ∞. 'Z^Œ∞Ì#∞ |\˜ì "Õ∞`« "≥Ü«∞º=∞<Õ— =º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞_ç PÖ’K«#Ö’, 'a_»¤ á⁄@ì#∞ |\˜ì J#flO ÃÑ@ì=∞<Õ— `«e¡ PÖ’K«#Ö’QÆÅ 'ã¨Ç¨Ï[ <åºÜ«∂xfl— =∞#O ~ÚHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=K«∞Û. ÃÑ·q=~°} P^è•~°OQÍ ÉèÏ~°`« ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOz# Ѩ^Œúux J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. ^Œo`«∞Å∞, Pk"åã‘Å∞, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ∞, ‰õΩÅÇ≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞ („ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞, Hõ∆„uÜ«ÚÅ∞, "≥·â◊√ºÅ∞), "≥∞ÿ<åsìÅ∞–~ÚÖÏ Z<Àfl =~åæÅ∞QÍ L#fl Éèí~°`« *ÏuH˜ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâߊѨOѨHõOÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl ã¨∂„`«O [<åÉèÏ „áêuѨkHõ. *Ïu Ѩk =~åæÅ∞QÍ (L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Ö’) LO>Ë L#fl J=HÍâßÅ#∞ Ѩk ã¨=∂#"≥∞ÿ# "å\ÏÅ∞QÍ qÉèílOK«‰õΩO_® U =~°æOÖ’ ZO`« [<åÉèÏ LO^À ^•x P^è•~°OQÍ<Õ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ~Ú=fi_»O [iyOk.40 JO>Ë ÃÑ· q=~°}Ö’ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ J#flO ѨOѨHõOÖ’x '=Ü«∞ã¨∞û#∞ |\˜ì ѨOѨHõOÖ’ÖÏ— [<åÉèÏ#∞ |\˜ì J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ѨOK«_»O [iyOk. =ÚO^Œ\ ˜ ¿ÑrÅÖ’ q=iOz#@∞¡ =∂kQÆÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ HõeÊOz# i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡Ö’ =sæHõ~°}#∞ K≥Ü«∞º=∞<Õ _ç=∂O_£x ‰õÄ_® D =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûx |\˜ì J#flO ѨOѨHõO J<Õ ã¨Ç¨Ï[ <åºÜ«∞ ã¨∂„`åxH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_Õ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk.

J`«xH˜ q∞ye# =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ`À =_ç¤OK«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O Ô~O_»∞HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞QÍ LO_»^Œ∞. XHõ\ ˜, JѨÊ\˜H© Ô~O_»∞™ê~°∞¡ Éè’[#O KÕã≤ =¸_»=™êi Éè’[<åxH˜ ‰õÄ~°∞Û#fl"å_ç PHõeH˜ – "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi Éè’[#O KÕã¨∞Î#fl "åi PHõeH˜ =∞^茺 ZO`À `Õ_® LO@∞Ok. giH˜ Éè ’ [#O „|`« H õ _ ®xH˜ J=㨠~ ° = ∞~Ú`Õ "å_ç H ˜ Éè ’ [#O „|`« H õ _ ®xH˜ HÍ^Œ ∞ . WHõ ¯ _» "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi Éè’[#O K≥Ü«∞º_®xfl „|`«Hõ_®xH˜ J=ã¨~°OQÍ =∞#O J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. Ô~O_»=™êi Éè’[#O J#flѨC_»∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ٠J=ã¨~°O LO_»^Œ∞. D J=ã¨~° ™ê÷#OÖ’ ™œY~°ºO =ã¨∞ÎOk. JO>Ë Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ Ô~O_»=™êi Éè’[#O K≥Ü«∞º_»O J<Õk ™œY~°ºO HÀã¨"Õ∞QÍx J=ã¨~°O HÀã¨O HÍ^Œ∞. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ٠'J=ã¨~°O— f~°∞ÛH˘x Ô~O_»= Ѩ~åºÜ«∞Ѩ٠'™œY~°ºO— á⁄Ok# "å_çH˜ =¸_»=™êi ‰õÄ_® Éè’[#O JO>Ë J\˜ì Éè’[#O "å_çH˜ 'qÖÏã¨O— J=Ù`«∞Ok. J=ã¨~åxH˜–qÖÏ™êxH˜ =∞^茺QÆÅ `Õ_®#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =¸_»=™êi Éè’[<åxH˜ ‰õÄ~˘Û#fl Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩH˜ Éè’[#O ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. Ô~O_»∞, "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi Éè’[#O KÕã¨∞Î#fl =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ`À JѨÊ\˜ˆH Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ Éè’[#O KÕã≤# Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ#∞ áÈe¿ãÎ ~Ú`«#∞ `«#‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# XHõ¯ "å\Ï`À áê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ ~ÚOH˘Hõ "å\Ï Éè’[<åxfl P~°yOK«_O» [iyOk. J@∞=O@ѨC_»∞ =∞~˘Hõ¯™êi Éè’[#O JO>Ë `«# "å\Ï`À áê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ Ô~O_»∞ "å\ÏÅ Éè’[<åxfl á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl@∞¡. J`«#∞ 'á⁄O^Œ@O— JO>Ë q∞ye# =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ L=∞‡_çQÍ ~å=Åã≤# "å\ÏÖ’ ÉèÏQÍxfl 'HÀÖ’Ê=@O— Jx J~°O÷ . XHõ¯ =∂@Ö’ ~°∂áê~Úx L^•Ç¨Ï~°}QÍ fã¨∞H˘x K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ~°∂áê~ÚÖ’ #Å∞QÆ∞i H˘_»∞‰õΩÅH˜ ã¨=∂# "å\Ï JO>Ë #Å∞QÆ∞iH˜ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ áê=àÏÅ∞. JÖÏ H͉õΩO_® XHõ¯_»∞ `«#‰õΩ ~å=Åã≤# "å\Ï`À áê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ Ô~O_»∞ "å\ÏÅ∞ á⁄O^Œ_»O JO>Ë `«#‰õΩ ~å=Åã≤# áê=àÏ`Àáê@∞ J^Œ#OQÍ J~°÷ ~°∂áê~Úx á⁄O^Œ_»O. WHõ ~°∂áê~ÚÖ’ =ÚáêÊ=à◊ áÈQÍ q∞ye# áê=àÏ#∞ (XHõ¯_ç "å\Ï#∞) =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ ѨOK«∞HÀ"åe.

WHõ¯_» XHõ¯ q+¨Ü«∞O ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ 15 âß`«O, Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ 7 âß`«O, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ 27 âß`«O ("≥Ú`«OÎ 49 âß`«O) i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOK«_O» JO>Ë q∞ye# 51 âß`«O J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ q∞ye# =~åæʼnõΩ i[~°∞fi KÕÜ∞« _»=∞x J~°O÷ .

D K«~°Û P^è•~°OQÍ =sæHõ~°} JOâßxfl Ѩije¿ãÎ 1950Ö’ ~å*ϺOQÆO J=∞Å∞Ö’H˜ =zÛ# "å\˜ #∞O_ç 2000Å ã¨O=`«û~°O =~°‰õΩ JO>Ë Ü«∂Éèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞Å L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞ÅÖ’ J„QÆÉèÏQÍxfl =∂Å ‰õΩÖÏxˆH K≥Ok#"å~°∞ á⁄O^Œ@O [iyOk. ^Œo`«∞Å∞ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ XHõ¯ ‰õΩÅO "å~°∞ 'á⁄O^ŒQÍ— P "Õ∞~°‰õΩ q∞ye# ‰õΩÖÏÅ "å~°∞ 'HÀÖ’Ê=_»O— [iyOk. HÍ|\˜ì J\˜ì J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# "åiH˜ #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O ~Ú"åfie. ~ÚÖÏ #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O ~Ú=fi_»=∞O>Ë ~Ú<Õflà◊√§ =∂ÅÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ~Ú`«~° ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ ~Ú=fi_»O. J~Ú`Õ, J#∞ÉèíqOz# J=HÍâßÅ#∞ uiy ~Ú=fi_»O Jã¨OÉèí=O, HÍx #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. W@∞=O\˜ ã≤÷uÖ’ QÀK«~°=∞ÜÕ∞º XˆH XHõ =∂~°æO QÆ`«OÖ’ =∂Å ‰õΩÅO á⁄Ok# J=HÍâßÅ#∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜

39

40

J#flO ѨOѨHÍ<Õfl ~ÚOHÀ HÀ}O #∞O_ç PÖ’zOz =∂ÅÅ∞ =sæHõ~°} =ºuˆ~Hõ`«#∞ Ѩije^•ÌO.J=∞‡ J#flO =O_ç `«# #Å∞QÆ∞~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩʼnõΩ =_ç¤OK«_®xH˜ XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl x~°‚~ÚOK«_»O KÕã≤Ok (‰õΩO_» ã¨QÍxˆH =O_ç# ^Œiq∞à◊). P x~°‚~ÚOz# ã¨=∞Ü«∂xH˜ =ÚO^Õ Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ P ã¨QÆO ‰õΩO_»OÖ’x J<åflxfl Ô~O_»∞ Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ Éèí∞lOK«_»O [iy`Õ, 40

fã¨∞H˘x q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∞`«∞ź`« H˘~°‰õΩ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å∞ =∂ÅÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® x"åiOK«_»"Õ∞. JO>Ë gix Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK«@"Õ∞.41 J~Ú`Õ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£Ö’ QÆ`« Ü«∂Éèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ `«=∞ ‰õΩÅ [#ã¨OYº‰õΩ q∞Oz i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`«∞Å#∞ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl =∂ÅÅ#∞ Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK«=∞<Õ _ç=∂O_£ ÖË^Œ∞. ‰õΩÅѨ~°OQÍ PÖ’zOz#ѨÙ_»∞ =∂kQÆ ‰õΩÅO HõO>Ë =∂Å ‰õΩÅO Jxfl ~°OQÍÅÖ’ =ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ L#flѨÊ\˜H© =∂Å ‰õΩÅOÖ’x =º‰õΩÎÅO^Œ~°∂ JÖÏ =ÚO^ŒO[Ö’ L#fl@∞¡ HÍ^Œ∞. WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡QÍ ^Œo`«∞Å i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ =∂Å ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥Ok# XHõ „âı}˜H˜ K≥Ok#"åˆ~ JkèHõOQÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O [iyOk. =∂ÅÅÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉèˇ· =∞Ok =∂kQÆÅÖÏQÍ<Õ „QÍ=∂ÅÖ’ =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbÅ∞QÍ, Ѩ@ì}ÏÅÖ’ k#ã¨i "Õ`«# HÍi‡‰õΩÅ∞QÍ „|`«∞H©_»∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. D =∂Å ¿Ñ^ŒÅ#∞ ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞‰õΩ#flѨC_»∞ =∂Å ‰õΩÖÏxfl Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK«_»O Jq"ÕHõ"Õ∞ QÍHõ J<åºÜ«∞O ‰õÄ_® J=Ù`« ∞ Ok. J~Ú`Õ , =∂ÅÅ#∞ Ü« ∞ ãπ ã ≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK« ‰ õ Ω O_®, J@∞ =∂kQÆʼnõΩ–~Ú@∞ =∂ÅʼnõΩ ~ÚOHÍ ~Ú`«~° ^Œo`«∞ÅO^ŒiH© <åºÜ«∞O KÕ‰õÄ~åÅO>Ë HõxÊOKÕ `«H} ∆õ =∂~°Oæ : Z=i [#ã¨OYº „ѨHÍ~°O "åiH˜ ~å=Åã≤# J=HÍâßÅ#∞ =sæHiõ OK«∞HÀ=_»"∞Õ .D q+¨Ü«∂<Õfl ~ÚOHÀ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë, =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£Ö’ QÆ`« Ü«∂Éèˇ· ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ =∂ÅÅ∞ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ^Œo`«∞ÅO^Œi J=HÍâßÅ ÖˇHõ¯Å _˘Hõ¯Å „Ѩã¨H˜Î `≥zÛ#ѨÊ\˜H˜ ~Ú<Õflà◊√§QÍ #+¨ìѨ_»¤ `«=∞ ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O K≥e¡OK«=∞<Õ _ç=∂O_£ ÖË^Œ∞. P ÖˇHõ¯Å–_˘Hõ¯Å P^è•~°O`À [iy# J<åºÜ«∂xfl |Ç≤Ï~°æ`«O KÕã≤ '[iyáÈ~Ú# ^•x QÆ∞iOz qKåiOK«Hõ [~°∞QÆ=Åã≤# ^•xÖ’<≥·<å *Ï„QÆ`«ÎѨ_ç, Z=iH˜ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï#∞ "åiH˜ K≥OkOK«∞‰õΩO^•O— J<Õ HÀiHõ =∂„`«"Õ∞ LOk. 'D q=~åÅ`À PÖ’K«#Å`À ã¨O|O^èŒO ÖË^Œ∞. =sæHõ~°} =^Œ∞Ì–J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å∞QÍ LO>Ë<Õ =Ú^Œ∞Ì— J#fl áê`«áê@<Õ =∞~°ÖÏ =∞~°ÖÏ áê_»@=∞O>Ë, 'J<åfl, <Õ#∞ Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠xO_® 41

^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÖË i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ =ã¨`∞« Å#∞ LѨÜ∂≥ yOK«∞HÀ=_»O`À P J=HÍâßÅ#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# q∞ye# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKÕ xq∞`«OÎ Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å#∞ ã¨=iOK«_®xH˜ ÉèÏ~°`« „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 1965Ö’ a.Ü«∞<£. Ö’‰õÄ~ü J^茺Hõ∆`« XHõ Hõq∞\©x U~åÊ@∞‰õΩ KÕÜ«∞_»O [iyOk. P Hõq∞\© „ѨuáêkOz# =ÚYº"≥∞#ÿ ã≤áê¶ ~°∞ûÅÖ’ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ (L`«~Î „° Ѩ^âÕ ò, cǨ~ü, ѨO*ÏÉòÅÖ’x K«=∂~°∞,¡ ѨtÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖò, Xi™êû, cǨ~ü, L`«~Î „° Ѩ^âÕ òÅÖ’x ^ÀcÅ∞ (KåHõÅ∞Å∞)† =∞Ǩ~åR, =∞^躌 „Ѩ^âÕ òÅÖ’x =∞Ǩ~üÅ∞† PO„^è„Œ Ѩ^âÕ òÖ’x =∂ÅÅ∞† ѨtÛ=∞ ɡOQÍÖòÖ’ <å=∞â◊¥„^Œ∞Å∞, ~å[ÉèOí jÅ∞) Ü«∞ãπã≤ *Ïa`å #∞O_ç `˘ÅyOK«=∞x. „Ѩ[Å Jaè=$kú HõO>Ë „Ѩ[Å "À@¡ÃÑ<· Õ ^Œ$+≤™ì êiOKÕ ~å[H©Ü∞« <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ D Hõq∞\© x"ÕkHõ#∞ K≥`|Ϋ ∞@ì ^•YÖÏ KÕÜ∞« _»O [iyOk. q=~åʼnõΩ K«∂_»O_ç Galanter, Marc. (1984) Competing Equalities, Op.cit, pp : 136-138. 41

Éè’[#O KÕâß#∞. WHõ h PHõe f~°∞`«∞Ok— Jx J#_»O. `«=Ú‡_»∞ `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ Éè’[#O KÕ¿ãÎ J#fl PHõe ZÖÏ f~°∞`«∞Ok, J^≥ÖÏ ™ê^茺O J=Ù`«∞Ok? Z=_ç Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠"å_ç^Õ, Z=_ç PHõe "å_ç^Õ. HÍ|\˜ì Z=_ç |∞=fi "å_çH˜ ÃÑ\ÏìeûO^Õ.42

9. ^Œo`«∞Å ÅHõ∆ ºO i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HÍ~å^Œ∞ – ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÍ"åe q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ 15 âß`«O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ, 7 âß`«O Pk"åã‘ʼnõΩ, 24 âß`«O â◊¥„^Œ∞ʼnõΩ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡#∞ ‰õΩkOz ˆH=ÅO 15 âß`«O L#fl „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ "å~°∞ 52 âß`«O =~°‰õΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î#flO`« =~°‰õΩ ^Œo`«∞Å ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ ÖË^• W`«~° "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ 'Q˘„Ô~`ÀHõ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡—43 Ѩiëê¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞ J<Õ "åã¨"Î åxfl =∂ÅÅ`À áê@∞ =∂kQÆÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ W`«~° J}QÍi# =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ JOwHõiOKÕ q+¨Ü«∞O. ÃÑ·QÍ „ѨѨOpHõ~°}, „ÃÑ·"Õ\ ©Hõ~°}Å L^Œú$uÖ’ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ L^ÀºQÍÅ∞ `«∞_»∞K«∞‰õΩáÈ~Ú# ^Œiq∞ÖÏ „ѨÉèí∞`«fi ~°OQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ iÅ"≥<£û D<å_»∞ JO`«QÍ HõxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞ˆH ÖËx Q˘„Ô~ `ÀHõ#∞ Ѩ@∞ì‰õΩx „"ÕÖÏ_»@O =∂x L^ÀºQÆ J=HÍâßÅ∞#fl „ÃÑ·"Õ\ò ~°OQÆO "≥·Ñ¨Ù ^Œ$+≤ì ™êiOKåe. „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ KÕuÖ’ #∞#fl ~å[H©Ü«∞ =∞O„`« ^ŒO_»O ^Œo`«∞Å Jaè=$kúH˜ J_»∞¤Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. HÍ|\˜ì P =∞O„`« ^ŒO_®xfl `«=∞ KÕuÖ’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOz, "åi L#fluH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ Ѩ~°K«=K«Ûx aÜ«∞ãπÑ≤ #∞O_ç =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ JO^Œ~°∂ JOwHõiã¨∞Î#fl q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞. J~Ú`Õ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O H˘~°‰õΩ [~°∞Ѩ=Åã≤# áÈ~å@ „Hõ=∞O`Àáê@∞ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O KÕuHõOk# Ñ≤^ŒÑ¨ Ѩi}q∞OKÕ ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ· J=QÍǨÏ#, XHõ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O ÖË#O`«=~°‰õΩ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° PÖ’K«# PÖ’K«#ˆH Ѩiq∞`«O J=Ù`«∞Ok HÍx HÍ~°º™ê^èŒ# "≥·Ñ¨Ù #_»Hõ ZÖÏ ™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok? ^Œo`«∞Å JOu=∞ ÅHõ∆O ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° ™ê^èŒ<Õ J~Ú`Õ ˆH=ÅO 17 âß`«"Õ∞ L#fl ^Œo`«∞Å∞ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ™êkèOK«_»O ™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ W`«~° =~åæÅ, ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O fã¨∞H˘#=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LO@∞Ok. ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O `Õ<≥ `«∞>ˇì J~Ú`Õ `«∞>ˇì #∞O_ç `Õ<≥\ ©QÆÅ∞ ZyiáÈ~Ú KÕuHõOk`Õ P `Õ<≥ ZO`« =∞^èŒ∞~°O! HÍ|\˜ì JO^Œ~°∂ JÖÏO\˜ `Õ<≥ H˘~°‰õΩ J„~°∞Å∞ KåK«_»O ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}O. ~å*ϺkèHÍ~° ™ê^èŒ#Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°=∞O>Ë ^•xH˜ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOz# "åiH˜ ÉèÏQÆO W"åfie. JÖÏ ÉèÏQÆO W™êÎ~°<Õ #=∞‡HõO ÖˉõΩO_® W`«~°∞Å∞ ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O ~Ú=fi~°∞. J~Ú`Õ W`«~° =~åæÅ, ‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O á⁄O^Œ_®xH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ K≥@∞ì H˘Hõ~°∞, ѨÙ@ìH˘Hõ~°∞QÍ L#fl ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ XHõ\ ˜QÍ KÕã≤, =∂ÅÅ#fl@∞ìQÍ, XHõ ^Œo`« â◊H˜ÎQÍ U~°Ê~°K«=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O LOk. 42

D Pi÷Hõ HÀ}O kâ◊QÍ <å PÖ’K«#‰õΩ Ѩ^∞Œ #∞ÃÑ\˜#ì ã¨∞nѨΠHõq~å*òH˜ Hõ$`«[`˝ Å« ∞.

43

K«„Hõáê}˜, 1990, ѨÙ@ : 16. 42

J~Ú`Õ `«=∞HõO>Ë Pi÷HõOQÍ, ™ê=∂lHõOQÍ, q^•ºÑ¨~°OQÍ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#fl ‰õΩÖÏÅ#∞ z#fl K«∂Ѩ٠K«∂_»@"Õ∞ HÍHõ JO@~åx`«<åxfl ^Œo`«∞Ö’¡ H˘xfl Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ áê\˜OK«_»O ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =∞#O QÆ=∞xã¨∞Î#fl q+¨Ü«∞O. D<å\˜ =sæHõ~°} ã¨=∞㨺 áê`« ã¨=∞㨺Å`À [`«HõÅã≤ ^Œo`« ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 ѨÓiOK« Hõ+¨ì`«~°"≥∞ÿ# qѶ¨∂`«O U~°Ê~°zOk. L\˜ìÔHHõ¯ÖËx "å_»∞ H˘O_»#∞ ZQÆ„ÉωõΩ`å#x „ѨQÆÖσùÅ∞ ѨeH˜#@∞¡ J~°H˘~°QÍ L#fl i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =ã¨`«∞ÅÖ’ <åºÜ«∞OQÍ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# ÉèÏQÍxfl ѨOK«\ÏxˆH JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞ ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl "å~°∞, ˆ~Ѩ\ ˜ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO ~Ú™êÎ~°#fl #=∞‡HõO ÖË^Œ∞. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ ^Œo`« ~å[º ™ê÷Ѩ# JO>Ë „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O L#fl 'H“\˜Åº ~å[º— ™ê÷<Õ '=∂Å ~å[º— ™ê÷Ѩ#. J}QÍi# =~åæÅ "åiH˜ '„Ѩ*Ï~å[ºO— HÍ"åeQÍx '‰õΩÅ~å[ºO— J=ã¨~O° ÖË^∞Œ . JO^Œ∞Hˆ `«H} ∆õ ã¨=∞㨺Å∞ g_ç Éèqí +¨º`«∞Î HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞"≥∞#ÿ '~å[º™ê^èŒ# "≥·Ñ¨Ù ^Œ$+≤ì ™êiOK«O_ç— Jx J#@OÖ’ J~°÷O ÖË^Œ∞.

=∞#q∞ѨC_ÕO KÕÜ∂« e? „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ÉèÏ=*ÏÖÏxH˜, H“\˜Åº ~å[º =º=ã¨÷‰õΩ ÉÏkè`«∞Öˇ·# ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ "åi [<åÉèÏ ^•=∂ëê ã¨∂„`« „áêuѨkHõÃÑ· q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=HÍâßÅÖ’ ^Œo`«∞Å "å\Ï ^Œo`«∞ÅH˜=fi=Åã≤O^Õ##fl F Ѩ^Œ∞<≥·# PÖ’K«##∞ ÉÏÉÏ ™êÃÇÏKü JOÉË^Œ¯~ü P<å_»∞ ~å*ϺOQÆ Ñ¨i+¨`«∞ÎÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩ~å#@¡~Ú`Õ D<å_»∞ ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ H˘O^ŒÔ~·<å P J=HÍâßÅ#∞ á⁄O^ŒQÆey LO_Õ"å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞ Jx K≥ѨÊ_»OÖ’ Z@∞=O\˜ Juâ◊Ü≥∂H˜ÎQÍx, Jã¨`«º=ÚQÍx ÖË^Œ∞. S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ J=∞Å∞Ö’ XHõ¯ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°OQÆOÖ’ q∞#Ǩ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ ~å*ϺOQÆ|^ŒúOQÍ ÅaèOz# J=HÍâßÅ∞ ^Œo`«∞Å∞ á⁄O^ŒÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~°∞ J#_»O HõO>Ë x~åHõiOK«|_®¤~°∞ J#_»O ã¨`«º^Œ∂~°O HÍ^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ J~°H˘~°QÍ ÉèísÎ KÕã≤# MÏmÅÖ’ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ á⁄Ok# "åÔ~=~°x „Ѩtfl¿ãÎ, L`«Î~°„Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ K«=∂~°∞¡, =∞^茺„Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ =∞ǨÏ~üÅ∞, Hõ~å‚@HõÖ’ ǨÏ∏à◊Ü«∂Å∞, `«q∞à◊<å_»∞Ö’ Ѩ~°Ü«∞Å∞, áêÖÏ~üÅ∞, PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ =∂ÅÅ∞ Jx P ~åR x"ÕkHõÅ∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl QÆ}ÏOHõ q=~åÅ∞. P<å_»∞ ^Œo`« – â◊¥„^Œ ‰õΩÖÏÅÖ’ =zÛ# K≥·`«<åºxH˜ ™êH˜∆QÍ "åi "å^Œ#Ö’x <åºÜ«∂xH˜ Hõ@∞ì|_ç =Åã¨, H“\˜Åº „ѨÉèí∞`åfiÅ∞ q^•º, L^ÀºQÆ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOKå~Ú. D<å_»∞ =∂OQÆ∞ÅÖ’ (=∞Ǩ~åR) =∂kQÆÅÖ’ (PO„^èŒ, Hõ~å‚@Hõ ~å¢ëêìÅ∞), K«H˜¯eÜ«∂~üÅÖ’ (`«q∞à◊<å_»∞) =zÛ# K≥·`«#ºO JOÉË^Œ¯~ü =∂~åæ<Õ, PÜ«∞# ã¨∂„`«"≥∞ÿ# [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ =sæHõ~°} QÍqOz U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ JO^Œ*ËÜ«∞=∞x J_»∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. P<å\˜ ^Œo`«∞Å K≥·`«<åºxfl J}z"≥Ü«∞º_®xH˜ „ÉÏǨχ}`åfixH˜ ZÖÏ ™ê^茺O HÍÖË^À, D<å\˜ =∂kQÆÅ K≥·`«<åºxfl „ѨuѶ¨∞\˜OK«_»O ‰õÄ_® =∂Å`åfixH˜ ™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞. PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fi =sæHõ~°} K«\Ïìxfl ã¨∞„Ñ‘OHÀ~°∞ì H˘\˜"ì ãÕ #≤ ѨÊ\˜H,© áê~°"¡ ∞≥ O@∞ ^•fi~å K«@Oì `≥KÛÕ =∂~åæxfl =¸ã≤"Ü Õ ∞« ÖË^∞Œ . L=∞‡_ç q^è•#OÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ á⁄O^ŒÖËHõáÈ~Ú# ÉÏkè`« ‰õΩÖÏÅxfl JdÅ ÉèÏ~°`« ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ 43

F â◊H˜ÎQÍ, F L^Œº=∞OQÍ ~°∂á⁄Ok =sæHõ~°} ™êkèOK«_»O `«^茺O. J~Ú`Õ ^Œo`«, Pk"åã≤, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# =~åæÅ K≥·`«<åºxfl J}z "åi ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞ Ѩi+¨¯iOK«HõáÈ=_»"Õ∞ Hõ^• „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæʼnõΩ 'N~å=∞~°Hõ∆— (~å=Ú_»∞ KÕuÖ’ â◊OÉèí∞Hõ =^èŒ#∞ QÆ∞~°∞ΉõΩ `≥K«∞ÛHÀO_ç). '=∂‰õΩ Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å∞QÍ LO_®Å#flk g∞ Jaè=∞`«O HÍ=K«∞Û. HÍx, g∞ ÉÏxã¨Å∞QÍ LO_®Åx =∂ÔHO^Œ∞‰õΩO@∞Ok?— J#fl ^èŒ∂ºã≤ _≥_ç*ò =∂@Å#∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ 'áêʼnõΩÅ∞QÍ LO_®Å#flk „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ Jaè=∞`«O HÍ=K«∞Û. HÍx, H“\˜Åº ~å[º=º=ã¨÷Ö’ áêe`«∞Å∞QÍ LO_®Åx J}QÍi# =~åæÅ ÔHO^Œ∞‰õΩO@∞Ok?— =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ '^Œo`« ~å[º— ™ê÷Ѩ# ÅHõ∆ ºO HÍ"åe.44 J~Ú`Õ P ÅHõ∆ º™ê^èŒ#Ö’ QÆÅ J_»¤O‰õΩÅ QÆ∞iOz =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, =∂Å`«fi ã≤^•úO`«"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ PÖ’zOK«_»O ÖË^Œ∞. JO>Ë ÅHõ∆ º P^ŒºO`åÅ∞ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú QÍx PkH˜–JO`åxH˜ QÆÅ =∞^茺 ^Œ∂~åxfl, U~°Ê_Õ ã¨=∞㨺Å#∞ "å~°∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ÖË^Œ∞. „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ™êkèOKåÅO>Ë "≥∞*Ïi\© „Ѩ[Å =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨<£Ö’ '=sæHõ~°}— HÍ"åÅx =∂kQÆÅ∞ ^ŒO_À~åx ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«∞‰õΩO>Ë, 'UH©Hõ~°}—QÍ<Õ LO_®Åx =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞x =∂ÅÅ∞ U~°Ê~°K«∞H˘<åfl~°∞. ~åROÖ’x XHõ<å\˜ ^Œo`« ‰õÄ@q∞ D<å_»∞ =∂kQÆ ^Œo`« ‰õÄ@q∞, =∂Å ^Œo`« ‰õÄ@=ÚÅ∞QÍ q_çáÈ=_»O [iyOk.45 ~åR [<åÉèÏÖ’ ˆH=ÅO 7 âß`«OQÍ 44

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K≥ÖÏ¡K≥^Œ∞~°∞QÍ L#fl =∂ÅÅ∞ U JÃãOc¡ ÃãÔQ‡O@∞Ö’#∂ `«=∞‰õΩ `å=ÚQÍ (i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ HÀ\ÏÖ’ `«Ñ¨Ê) F Ü«∞OZÖòUx ÔQeÑ≤OK«∞HÀ=_»O ™ê^茺O HÍ^Œ∞. D Ѩiq∞u [<åÉèÏÖ’ 9 âß`«OQÍ L#fl =∂kQÆʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® =iÎã¨∞ÎOk. JÖÏQÍHõ =∂kQÆÅ∞, =∂ÅÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ Ô~e¡Å∞, Pk PO„^è Œ ∞ Å∞ XHõ i H˘Hõ ~ ° ∞ =∞^Œ ú ` « ∞ ~ÚK« ∞ Û‰õ Ω O>Ë "≥ ∞ *Ïi\© ÖË q ∞x H˘O`« = ~° ‰ õ Ω JkèQÆq∞OK«=K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ ~åR [<åÉèÏÖ’ ˆH=ÅO 18 âß`«OQÍ<Õ L#fl ^Œo`«∞Å∞ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ZÖÏ ã¨OáêkOK«QÆÅ~°∞?46 ÃÑ·ÃÑK«∞Û ^Œo`«∞ÅO`å XˆH áêsìH© F@∞ "Õ™êÎ~°x #=∞‡HõO Uq∞\˜? [<åÉèÏÖ’ 18 âß`«OQÍ L#fl ^Œo`«∞ÅO`å XHõ¯ áêsìˆH =∞^ŒÌ`«∞x=fi_»O Jã¨OÉèí=O. XHõ "Õà◊ Jk ã¨OÉèí==∞~Ú<å `«=∞ [#ã¨OYº`À ~å*ϺkèHÍ~åxfl ™êkèOK«_»O ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ™ê^茺O HÍx Ѩx. Hõ#∞Hõ Pk"åã‘, "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# `«~°QÆ`«∞Å∞ gi`Àáê@∞ J}QÍi# =~åæʼnõΩ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞xKÕÛ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ fã¨∞HÀ=@O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. ˆH=ÅO ^Œo`«∞Å =∞^ŒÌ`«∞`À<Õ „ѨÉèí∞`åfixfl U~°Ê~°K«_»O ™ê^茺OHÍ^Œx J#∞Éèí= ѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ#fl =∂Ü«∂=u, 'U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ ZO`« [#ã¨OM’º – P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ JO`« "å\Ï,— Jx ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åsQÍ ã‘@¡ ѨOѨHõO [~°∞ѨÙ`ÀOk. L`«Î~°„Ѩ^Õâò ^Œo`« ~å[H©Ü«∂Å #∞O_ç PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò ^Œo`« <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ áê~îåÅ∞ <Õ~°∞ÛH˘x ‰õΩÖÏÅ "åsQÍ U ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï P ‰õΩÖÏxH˜ ~Ú=fi=Åã≤ LOk. nxx ZxflHõÅÖ’ ~ÚKÕÛ "åQÆú#OÖÏ QÍHõ KÕ`«Å`À K«∂ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°=Ú LOk. WO^Œ∞Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ "≥∞@∞ì <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£H˜ =∂ÅÅ∞ JOwHõiOK«_»"Õ∞. =sæHõ~°} [~°∞QÆHõ ѨÓ~°fiO ^Œo`«∞Å HÀ\ÏÖ’ ã≤OǨÏÉèÏQÍxfl =∂ÅÅ∞ – "åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Pk–PO„^èŒ∞Å á⁄Ok`Õ, [<åÉèÏ x+¨ÊuÎ „ѨHÍ~°O =sæHõ~°} [iy# `«~°∞"å`« =∂ÅÅ∞, Pk–PO„^èŒ∞Å∞ "åi "åi "å\ÏÅ „ѨHÍ~°O HÀ\ÏÅ#∞ á⁄O^ŒQÍ, =∂kQÆÅ∞–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞, Ô~e¡–"åi LѨ‰õΩÖÏÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ <åºÜ«∞OQÍ, ~å*ϺOQÆ|^ŒúOQÍ K≥O^Œ=Åã≤# "å\Ï#∞ "≥Ú@ì"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi á⁄O^Œ_»O [iyOk. JѨÊ\˜ =~°‰õΩ ^•i„^ŒºO`À ZO_çáÈ~Ú, c@Å∞ ÉÏi# `«=∞ rq`åÅÖ’ `˘ÅHõi [Å∞¡Å∞ ‰õΩiÑ≤OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. =sæHõ~°} ^•fi~å L^ÀºQÆO á⁄Ok# "åiÖ’ #∂\˜H˜ `˘OÉèˇ· Zxq∞k =∞Ok „QÍ=∂Å #∞O_ç, ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi „ѨÉèí∞`«fi L^ÀºQÆO á⁄Ok#"åˆ~. J~Ú`Õ âıY~ü ¿Ñ~˘¯#fl@∞¡QÍ ~ÚѨÊ\˜ D =sæHõ~°} Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ =∞~À =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£‰õΩ ^•i fÜ«∞=K«∞Û. ^Œo`«∞ÅÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç# ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ <åºÜ«∞O KÕ‰õĈ~Û D<å\˜ =sæHõ~°} Éèíq+¨º`«∞ÎÖ’ Hõ_»∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ#∞ i[ˆ~fi+¨<£ J=HÍâßʼnõΩ ^Œ∂~°O KÕ¿ãÎ =∞~˘Hõ =sæHõ~°} QÍqOz "åiH˜ <åºÜ«∞O KÕ‰õÄ~åÛe. Jk „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º q^è•#OÖ’ ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ <åºÜ«∞Ѩ^Œúu. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ x~°∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ‰õΩ XHõ¯ =sæHõ~°} KåÅHõáÈ`Õ #∂\ÁHõ¯ =sæHõ~°}Å∞ K≥Ü«∞º_»O ^•fi~å <åºÜ«∞O [iy`Õ P 46

2000ÅÖ’ ~åROÖ’ ^Œo`« [<åÉèÏ 3 âß`«O ÃÑiy# q+¨Ü∂« xfl QÆ=∞xOK«QÅÆ ~°∞. 45

#∂\ÁHõ¯ =sæHõ~°}Å∞ K≥Ü«∞ºHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. ¿Ñ^ŒÅ#∞ Hõ_»∞ ¿Ñ^ŒÅ∞QÍ, x~°∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ∞QÍ =∂~°Û_»O „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi h`«~Ú`Õ, x~°∞¿Ñ^ŒÅ‰õΩ JO^Œi`Àáê@∞QÍ ã¨=∂# J=HÍâßÅ∞ ~ÚOHÍ J^Œ#Ѩ٠J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõeÊOz "åi rq`åÅÖ’ P#O^Œ–"≥Å∞QÆ∞Å∞ xOѨ_»"Õ∞ JOÉË^Œ¯~ü hu. =∂Å =∞Ǩ<å_»∞ <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞, =∂Å`«fi "å^Œ∞Å∞ `«=∞`Àáê@∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩÅO "åix „ÉÏǨχ}`«fiO – JOÉË ^ Œ ¯ ~° ` « fi O J<Õ Ô ~ O_» ∞ Ѩ _ » = Å g∞^Œ Ô ~ O_» ∞ HÍà◊ √ §Oz #_ç ã ¨ O „^Œ O Ö’ Ѩܫ∞}˜OK«=∞O@∞<åfl~°∞. Jk „Ѩ=∂^ŒHõ~°O. W^ŒÌiH˜ P„â◊Ü«∞O HõeÊOz, XHõ¯iH˜ PkèѨ`«ºq∞zÛ q∞ye# "åix [Å „Ѩà◊Ü«∂xH˜ QÆ∞i KÕ¿ã „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi"≥∂, Ѩk =∞OkH˜ ã¨=∂# J=HÍâßÅ∞ ~ÚzÛ, P„â◊Ü«∞O HÀi =KÕÛ ~ÚOHÍ Ñ¨k=∞Ok<≥·<å J‰õΩ¯# KÕ~°∞Û‰õΩ<Õ JOÉË^Œ¯~°`«fi"≥∂ `ÕÅ∞ÛHÀ"åeû# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O =∂ÅʼnõΩ Pã¨#fl=∞~ÚOk. z=~°QÍ, âıY~ü P~ÀÑ≤Oz#@∞¡QÍ =∂kQÆ ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ ~å[H©Ü«∞ ~°}~°OQÆOÖ’ áê=ÙÅ∞QÍ =∂~å~°x "å^Œ# H˘~°‰õΩ x[=∞x JOwHõi¿ãÎ HÍ~°OKÕ_»∞ #∞O_ç K«∞O_»∂~°∞ =~°‰õΩ, '¿Ñ^Œ „Ѩ[Å áêsì— #∞O_ç '|Ǩï[# ã¨=∂*ò áêsì— =~°‰õΩ =∂ÅÅ`À KÕ~ÚKÕ~Ú Ñ¨@∞ìH˘x, Éèí∞[O Éèí∞[O HõÅ∞ѨÙH˘x, Q˘O`«∞ Ñ≤Hõ¯\˜ÖË¡ÖÏ „ÉÏǨχ}©Ü«∞ =~åæÅ AÅO #tOKåÅx, ^Œo`« SHõº`« =i÷ÖÏ¡Åx x#kOz# =∂kQÆÅ∞ D ~ÀA# ^ŒO_À~å ¿Ñ~°∞`À "Õ~°∞ ‰õΩOѨ\ ˜ ÃÑ@ì=Åã≤# Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ÖËq∞\’#x =∂ÅÅ∞, =∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ∞ „ѨtflOK«∞HÀ"åe. D „Ѩâ◊fl‰õΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O P"Õâ◊O`À QÍHõ PÖ’K«# #∞O_ç L^Œƒùq¿ãÎ, =∂Å`«fiO #∞O_ç QÍHõ =∂#=`«fiO #∞O_ç [x~Ú¿ãÎ, ‰õΩÅQÆl˚`À ‰õΩo§ HõOѨ٠H˘_»∞`«∞#fl QÍO^èÕÜ«∞ "å^ŒO #∞O_ç QÍHõ =∂#=`«fiO`À Ѩi=∞oã¨∞Î#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~°∞x ã¨=∞`å"å^ŒO #∞O_ç „áê}O áÈã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =∂Åâ◊H˜ÎH˜ =∂kQÆâ◊H˜Î `À_»~Úº Jk ^Œo`« â◊HõÎ=Ù`«∞Ok. P ^Œo`« â◊H˜ÎH˜ J}QÍi# â◊‰õΩÎÅ∞ `À_»~Úº Jk |Ǩï[# â◊H˜Î~Úº, „ѨÉèíO[#=∞~Úº, =∞Ǩϟ*ÏfiÅÅ~Úº ^Œo`«∞Å#∞ =∂#∞+¨`åfixH˜ ^Œ∂~°O KÕã≤# „ÉÏǨχ}`«fi ã≤^•úO`åʼnõΩ P ã≤^•úO`åÅÃÑ· xi‡Oz# H“\˜Åº ~å*ϺxH˜ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º â◊‡âß# "å\˜HõÖ’ ã¨=∂kè Hõ_»∞`«∞Ok. P ã¨=∂kèÃÑ· xi‡OKÕ ^Œo`« ~å[º ™œ^èŒOÃÑ· he*ˇO_® Ô~ѨÔ~ѨÅ#∞ ™ê^茺O KÕã¨∞ÎOk. =∂ÅÖÏ¡~å–=∂Å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÖÏ¡~å ^ŒO_À~å <åÜ«∞‰õΩÅ`À, =∂kQÆÅ`À KÕ~Ú Hõe¿ÑO^Œ∞‰õΩ, ^Œo`«â◊H˜ÎQÍ `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞ºO^Œ∞‰õΩ, ã¨=∞ã¨=∂*Ïxfl xi‡OKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ, |Ǩï[# ~å*Ϻxfl ™ê÷Ñ≤OKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ L<åfl~å? P x*Ï~Úf g∞Ö’ LO^•?

=ÚyOѨ٠U [<åÉèÏ ^•=∂ëê ã¨∂„`åxfl „áêuѨkHõOQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x ^Œo`«∞ʼnõΩ ~å*ϺOQÆOÖ’ i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ HõeÊOKå~À, S^Œ∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌʼnõΩ ÃÑ·QÍ PK«~°}Ö’ L#fl L=∞‡_ç i[ˆ~fi+¨#¡ q^è•#O ^•fi~å ^Œo`« =~°æOÖ’x ‰õΩÖÏÅ =∞^茺 U~°Ê_ç# ™ê=∂lHõ, Pi÷Hõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, JQÍ^è•Å#∞ ѨÓiOK«_®xH˜ P [<åÉèÏ ^•=∂ëê ã¨∂„`«O „ѨHÍ~°"Õ∞ =sæHõ~°} HÀi# =∂kQÆÅ <åºÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# 46

HÀiHõ#∞ q=iOK«_»O HõO>Ë, =∂kQÆ =sæHõ~°} HÀiHõ#∞ UÜÕ∞ HÍ~°}ÏÅ^•fi~å =∂ÅÅ∞ =ºuˆ~H˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~À P JOâßÅ<Õ fã¨∞H˘x "åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ Jâߢã‘ÎÜ«∂Åx, „ÉÏǨχ}`«`«fi ‰õΩÅã≤^•úO`åʼnõΩ QÍOnè `«`åfixH˜ U q^èŒOQÍ ™ê~°∂ѨºO Hõey#"À x~°∂Ñ≤Oz =∂kQÆÅ =sæHõ~°} _ç=∂O_£ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Jxfl =~åæʼnõΩ ã¨=∞<åºÜ«∞O, ¿Ñ^Œ ‰õΩÖÏʼnõΩ–=~åæʼnõΩ =∞iO`« <åºÜ«∞O J#fl JOÉË^Œ¯~ü `«`åfixH˜ U q^èŒOQÍ ^ŒQÆæ~° áÈeHÀ ¿Ñ~˘¯x =sæHõ~°} ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞ ã¨∂„`åxfl U q^èŒOQÍ Ñ¨iѨÙ+¨ìO KÕã¨∞ÎO^À#x K≥ѨÊ_»O [iyOk.

D "åºã¨~°K«#‰õΩ LѨHõiOz# „QÆO^ä•Å∞, "庙êÅ∞ : PO„^茄Ѩ^Õâò „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO. (1994), _®II ÉÏÉÏ™êÃÇÏÉò JOÉË^¯Œ ~ü ~°K#« Å∞–„ѨãO¨ QÍÅ∞, ã¨OѨÙ@O 9, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£. SÅÜ«∞º, ÔH. (1990) 'Ѩ~å#fl Éèí∞‰õΩ¯Å∞ „ѨuÉèí QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú,— #Å∞ѨÙ, ÃãÃÑìO|~ü. Hõ$+¨‚Ü«∞º~ü, q.P~ü. (1994) 'JOÉË^Œ¯~ü áÈ~å@ "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõ <åºÜ«∞O,— ^Œo`« ~å[ºO, U„Ñ≤Ü«∞Öò. K«„Hõáê}˜, Ѷ¨∞O\Ï. (1990) 'i[ˆ~fi+¨#∞¡ =^ŒÌ#_»O ã¨=∞O[ã¨=∂,— #Å∞ѨÙ, [#=i 16–31. `å~°HõO, ÉÁ*Ï˚. (2002) '‰õΩÅO–=~°æO,— ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ : ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ |∞H± „@ãπì.

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