Alumni Annual Magazine 2008

  • December 2019
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Message from

the Alumni Relations Office

Dear Alumni, The LUMS Alumni Annual is here again, with news from LUMS as well as your fellow alumni. This year’s class notes again speak of achievements and new efforts by you all despite the political upheaval in the country as well as the erratic economics of the world in general. The LUMS alumni community is now a very strong professional network the world over with numerous and varied experiences. Therefore, along with various interviews and articles, we have incorporated this year the alumni perspective of the workplace. We thought that you all can relate to what these alumni have to say about the real work environment. The year 2008 has taken LUMS through quite a few changes but one thing that stays constant is the alumni bond with the university. The Homecoming in December 2007 saw a huge audience. Similarly the chapter reunions in 2008 not only had heavy alumni participation but were also supported by volunteer alumni in terms of organization. The Islamabad Reunion was hosted by an alumnus at his own restaurant. The Alumni philanthropic efforts continue with financial contributions from various classes as well as individuals. Your ideas, feedback for improvements in systems and your participation in the LUMS projects and researches gives all these endeavors remarkable strength. We thank you all who took the time out to compile the class notes or to write articles. Like every year, this year’s issue has also been structured through your ideas and written contributions. We look forward to your feedback on Alumni Annual 2008 as well as your ideas for the next year’s issue Regards, Amna Arshad Ali Alumni Relations Office

Pro-Chancellor’s

Message Dear Alumni,

The year 2008 sees the joining of the first batch of School of Science and Engineering, a school that aspires to provide science & engineering education that our country has not previously known. The Suleman Dawood School of Business and the School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law are progressing with more diverse educational programmes coming up every year. The National Outreach Programme is continuing to be a source of providing quality education to talent from the underprivileged areas of the country. Like every year we hear of our Alumni reaching greater heights in their professional journeys. The achievements of our Alumni are always a source of pride for us and of course we hope that the progress of your University will be an inspiration to you. You, being Alumni are the most important stakeholders in LUMS as you, more than anyone else, can realize all what we stand for and all that we aspire for. We therefore, look towards your active involvement in the form of ideas as well as valuable feedback. I wish you another year of professional and personal achievement. Syed Babar Ali

Syed Babar Ali in Nepal, February 08

Lahore University of Management Sciences has been enriched by the commitment and dedication of many people, and it is now ready to become a source of national renewal and international leadership. As we develop and implement a vision for LUMS in the 21st century, we ask alumni to help fulfill the promise inscribed in the famous LUMS insignia, “prepared for life.” You are uniquely qualified to contribute to the envisioned strengthening of this wonderful university and for improving the LUMS educational experience as a preparation for life. It is my aspiration that LUMS alumni enjoy a lifetime of networking, learning, and leadership by staying connected with their alma mater. We hope to engage you more than ever before in creating the next vision of this university. A first step towards this goal has been the formation of a dedicated office under the leadership of a very capable LUMS alumnus, Sheikh Ali Hussain, who will spearhead this renewed commitment to reach out to our alumni. I ask you to reflect on my thoughts below and suggest any new ways in which you may be able to help LUMS attain new heights. You are a source of strength and symbol of success for LUMS and I hope that we can continue to count on your unwavering support as we begin to shape LUMS as a world class university. Alumni will be vital in developing a 21st century vision for LUMS by

Joining in the Focalpoint Forum programs to create a vision for the future Identifying opportunities for changes that will benefit students Participating in continuing education, mentoring students, and joining in activities such as university events, alumni lectures and alumni outreach Identifying corporate sponsors and partnership opportunities for LUMS Contributing funds for scholarships, awards and general operating money

Making visible their identity as LUMS alumni in their professional, civic and personal lives

For the past 26 years, I have been a professor of civil engineering, an associate dean of engineering, a researcher, and the sponsor of new initiatives in business and social entrepreneurship at one of America’s leading research universities, Rice University, in Houston, Texas. Recently I have been active in bringing together scientists, engineers, and social scientists in developing new approaches to earthquake risk mitigation in Pakistan and South Asia. I am honored and delighted to have been chosen to lead LUMS, and I deeply cherish the opportunity to contribute to higher education in the country of my birth. Dialog and discussion are crucial to achieving our goals, and alumni must have an important voice. I invite you to contribute to this exciting dialog and look forward with great expectation to your active involvement in the advancement of your alma mater.

Ahmad J. Durrani, PhD, MBA Vice Chancellor, LUMS [email protected]

Who’s

back

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LUMS?

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“I am a local boy,” says Dr. Shaukat Ali Brah with unmistakable pride and a broad smile. The present Dean of Suleman Dawood School of Business started his academic career in Lahore - from Garrison School and Government College to the University of Engineering & Technology as a student of Mechanical Engineering. With a host of fond memories and a solid foundation in place - courtesy some of the best institutes in the country - Dr. Brah set the stage for his later successes.

for a special issue of International Journal of Service Industry Management, served as an Associate Editor for Asian Case Research Journal for over five years until recently, and is a member of the editorial board of Decision Sciences Journal. To further strengthen his portfolio, there are numerous refereed papers, case studies, conference papers, etc, that Dr. Brah has contributed to. What’s more, since July 2007 he has been spending his days and often late evenings at LUMS as the Dean of SDSB.

Following his scholastic ambitions, he departed to the US to add the much-coveted title of

Dr. Shaukat Brah is not new to LUMS. He has been here before. Prior to his NUS experience, he

Introducing

well as professional lives. Moving up the academic success ladder at NUS with his refreshing demeanour and positive attitude, Dr. Shaukat Brah also kept an active interest in executive education, teaching in a broad range of open and customized executive programmes for industry leaders like, Samsung Asia, Indah Kiat Pulp and Paper Corporation and Toshiba Asia, etc. As a mature academic, he enthused a new life into the Business School with his progressive policies and a whole new set of goals…not just for the students, but also for the School.

Dr. Shaukat Ali Brah Dean of SDSB

‘Doctor of Philosophy’ before his name. He completed his PhD from the University of Houston, where he was given the opportunity to work on a research project on NASA’s Space Shuttle Programme.

served LUMS as an Assistant Professor for two years in the late 80s and early 90s. At that time, the school was still in the process of establishing itself and hence, there was not much emphasis on research.

“I was very fortunate to get that kind of exposure and experience,” says Dr. Brah, “as it opened many doors for me.”

“The motto at the time,” recalls the Dean, “was ‘Businessman’s Business School.’ “Being more research-oriented, I was looking for something more in that direction.”

To name just a handful of some such opportunities: He spent 16 years as a faculty member in the National University of Singapore’s Business School – consistently ranked one of the top three schools in Asia and among the top ten outside North America. He was the Production Editor of Asia Pacific Journal of Operational Research for a number of years, worked as a guest Editor

Driven by his ambition as a scholar, he eventually decided to leave LUMS with a heavy heart and accepted a position as a faculty member at the NUS Business School. Though not before getting married! Six months into the marriage and the young couple was en route to Singapore, ready for exciting new challenges, both in their personal as

“I believe that in order to make your mark, it is important to bear in mind the four ‘Rs’ as the main ingredients of success– Rigour, Relevance, Reward and Recognition,” Dr. Brah enumerates with gusto. Elaborating on each, he states, “Rigour or discipline and hard work is absolutely the most essential, for it instils in the students the stamina to take on difficult challenges and deal with them unfazed in the real world. Then comes relevance, it is imperative that the institute provides the kind of education to its students, which reflects the environment the students are meant to enter as professionals. Without Relevance in coursework, there is not much merit in the education. From the point of view of the students,

a relevant education enhances, in fact,confirms their success as professionals, as they are able to add more value to the industry with their hands-on knowledge. As for Reward - the education provided should have the merit to groom well-rounded individuals who become an asset to the institute’s name and integrity. On the other hand, the students would be rewarded for their hard work with success in the real world. Finally, there is the final R – Recognition. It is the ‘WOW factor’ inspired in others that is the real proof of recognition for both, the institute and the student.” Incidentally, the four Rs have now found a new home in LUMS, along with several initiatives that the new Dean has introduced. His pride in his work and his unabated enthusiasm is infectious. Perhaps that is what is generating a whole lot of energy in the Business School these days with a flurry of activities all around. There is a new building for SDSB in the offing, expected to be occupied and fully functional by December 2009, while structural changes within the administration are keeping everyone on their toes. “I have just one goal,” declares the Dean, “and that is to make SDSB an internationally recognized school of global standing.” Considering the distinguished history that LUMS enjoys, he has complete faith that the university will achieve this goal sooner than anticipated. “In 22 years, LUMS is probably the only university that has established itself as the best in the country and one of the top institutes in the region,” he states indulgently, “In such a short span, it has grown considerably with 3 schools already in place and

maybe more on the way. It is truly dynamic; in fact, I really think that there is no other place like LUMS.” According to him, LUMS is now moving from the initial, creative phase, which he describes as being “entrepreneurial” to a more mature stage that will allow for the building of a sound structure. Presently, the university follows a mix of both, North American and British models, but the Dean is in favour of implementing the former in its entirety. Being a true democrat at heart, he claims, “My task is to introduce policies, but it’s up to my team to approve

or disapprove. There is no moving forward without that.” Encouraging his colleagues, faculty and staff members alike, in the decision-making process through participation, he aims to create an environment of mutual trust and gratification. He has identified a few things that need fine tuning in the administrative departments, like more specialized training for areas like Corporate Communications and Advertising, but on the whole the new Dean is appreciative of the staff and considers them to be “very skilled and a great support” to the university.

One aspect that the Dean especially feels strongly about is research and is enthusiastic about the fact that there is considerably more emphasis on it in this second, more mature phase of LUMS. In keeping with the former Vice Chancellor, Dr. Syed Zahoor Hassan’s vision of making LUMS a leading research institute, Dr. Brah is designing definitive policies for SDSB with his team of esteemed faculty members to realize this goal. Regarding plans for the future, he states that at present the main

focus is on inducting more students for the undergraduate as well as postgraduate programmes. “The more competitive students we have, the more SDSB will flourish,” he beams. He believes in the uninhibited creative energy of the young students as being the driving force behind any prominent educational institute. “If you get the cream of the crop and nurture them without restraint, then you are bound to get the best results. I follow this philosophy and often tell my stu-

dents that I’m not here to put road blocks in front of their ambition and energy, for it is this energy that will take the school forward.” In the same vein, moving from the present and potential students to the former ones, he applauds the alumni for their successes and for making SDSB and indeed LUMS proud. “We are proud of the alumni,” he says, “and hope they are proud of their alma mater and that they keep giving their valuable time, energy and contributions as always.”

"*#( (( LUMS School of Science and Engineering (SSE) aims to provide a world-class education to the best students in Pakistan, independent of their financial background. Starting fall 2008, SSE will be the first private research school for science and engineering in Pakistan, providing an environment comparable to the best research universities of the world. SSE aims to (i) set a new standard for science and engineering education in Pakistan, (ii) produce technically competent graduates and innovative problem-solvers, (iii) create useful knowledge that can help address pressing local and global issues, and (iv) provide an opportunity to students from less-privileged backgrounds who would otherwise have little chance of obtaining a world-class education. It takes five things to create a world-class research school: a rigorous well-designed curriculum, excellent research-active faculty, world-class infrastructure, rigorous but need-blind admissions process and very strong financial foundations. SSE’s curriculum is as rigorous as that at the world's best universities. It has recruited some of the best available faculty, trained at places like MIT, Caltech,

A Doorway to

Opportunity

Berkeley, Stanford, Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Princeton, Imperial and Yale. Its infrastructure and laboratories have been designed using global best practices. It has created an admissions process modeled on the best research universities; and it is raising resources to build a sustainable science and engineering research infrastructure, as well as to offer truly need-blind admissions. SSE is premised on a hope; that by getting the best minds of Pakistan and providing them with world-class education, it can influence the destiny of this nation. SSE hopes that its graduates will be change-agents who will contribute to the frontiers of knowledge and transform life as we know it. The school is committed to locating the best students in Pakistan from every section of society and from every socioeconomic background. As admission to SSE is need-blind, applicants are admitted based on their academic qualification without regard to their financial circumstances. If a student is admitted and the Financial Aid Committee determines that he/she cannot afford to pay, a customized financial aid package is created to enable that student to complete her/his education. SSE’s inaugural admissions cycle has received an overwhelming response with around 7500 students applying for 200 seats. Because of the limited opportunities in quality science and engineering education, and because of SSE’s need-blind admissions pol-

icy, the demographics of this extremely competitive applicant pool includes people from widely varying backgrounds and financial circumstances. The final admitted students are some of the best in Pakistan. The quality of their interviews has been excellent and their performance on the SSE Admissions Test, impressive. Around 70-80% of the admitted students have indicated a need for financial aid. In keeping with its promise of need blind admissions, SSE has been exceedingly careful to make sure no one who was admitted and deserved financial aid has been denied assistance. Though the SSE has successfully catered to the financial needs of its first batch, there is a pressing need to raise funds for future batches so that the promise of need-blind admissions is honored. For this purpose the school is trying to establish an endowment for scholarships. Current SSE tuition is set at approximately 60% of what it costs the school to educate a student, so in a sense all students receive a significant subsidy. However, for less-privileged students, that subsidy is not enough. The school needs to fund their entire education. In this endeavor SSE needs societal, governmental and corporate support to build a large scholarship endowment, and to offer scholarships which would have reasonable certainty of continuity. Alumni support is essential to SSE’s vision of building a suc-

cessful research school in Pakistan. By contributing to this endowment fund you have the chance to touch a life and make a difference for the better. By investing in the future of these children you are essentially investing in the future of Pakistan, helping make SSE a Doorway to Opportunity which will allow our deserving youth to take our country forward.

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By Uzair Haroon Moosa BSc 2004 After graduating from LUMS, I had the opportunity to spend a year at the Cisco Sales Associate Program (SAP), a year long training program in Amsterdam where candidates were imparted with sales and technical knowledge after which they were sent back to their home countries. The best way to describe this experience would be to walk you through a typical day. 6:00 am: “Trinnnng!!! Triinnnggg!!! Triiiiiinngggg!!!!” Damn I hate these alarm clocks. 6:15 am: I still hate these alarm clocks. 6:30 am: I get out of bed despite hating these alarm clocks. 7:30 am: I walk out of the house and prepare myself for the challenging day that would begin at 8:30 am sharp. I look at my watch and realize that the challenge might be beginning a little earlier; in order to catch the last tram to reach work on time I would have to cover the 10 minute walk to the tram station in just 5 minutes. What a start to the day! 8:27 am: I arrive at the office with three minutes to spare. Just enough time to grab a quick cup of hot warm cappuccino. I think about the week that lies ahead. We have an IT Network Troubleshooting exam, a product presentation to give and a commit meeting with the sales team all in the space of a mere 5 days. I take a deep breath and mutter, “It is going to be a typical week at Cisco.” 8:30 am: The day begins. Our managers, Chris and Jochen walk in and greet us. We are to begin the day with an impromptu hot spot role play exercise. Our managers lower the projector and we have five minutes to read through a scenario. “Oh my God, it is about ISDN and Frame Relay connections, my weakest topics” The managers are eyeing the room to pick one out of the 30 of us. They look around the room, their eyes freeze on me. I put on the most innocent look I can but it seems as if a miracle is far away. I walk up to the front of the room. My task is to obtain additional customer requirements, and based on these requirements

come up with a customized Cisco solution all within the space of 20 minutes. The role of the customer will be played by the audience. I look at my audience; 29 exceptionally motivated Engineers, 3 highly experienced managers and 2 well qualified technical trainers. It is not going to be an easy task. As I present the Cisco solution, I am constantly questioned as to why I have chosen a particular product family,, why the particular product within that family, what value added features does this product have which competition does not provide. With the wide portfolio of products that Cisco offers, the dynamically changing nature of the technology market and the technical adeptness of my audience I have to leverage my technical and soft skills to the best of my abilities. Chris, our manager calls, “Time!” and we move into the feed back session. Feedback from 34 people; 34 people who have been making detailed notes on how I have conducted myself during the role play, 34 people representing 16 different countries - each bringing a unique perspective on the role play, 34 people who really want to see me grow!!! I pick up my notebook and start making notes of the constructive feedback that I am receiving. I marvel at the ability of my colleagues who are able to pick even very minute details, those details that would enable me, a good presenter, to become an effective presenter. 9:00 am: Technical training starts. Today, we are covering the troubleshooting course material. Tom, our technical trainer is explaining the Cisco best practices to troubleshoot a problem. “It is always good to isolate a network problem into a particular OSI layer before applying either the topdown, bottom-up or divide and conquer approach.” he explains. 12:00 pm: Lunch break. I just grab a quick salad and join my colleagues at the lunch table. I look around and notice that not two people at my table are from the same country. Such cultural variety is very enriching. 1:00 pm: Back in class and ready to do some of my own trouble shooting 5:30 pm: Still deeply involved in the trouble shooting exercises. Hmm…the access router can ping the core router. However, a telnet to the core router fails. The network, data link and physical layer must be working fine. I decide to apply the top down approach to troubleshoot the network problem further. 6:30 pm: I pack up and leave for home. The walk to the tram station is really nice. I can feel the spring wind blow gently on my face and at this point in time it makes me forget about all other worries that I have. 8:00: Have just had a nice dinner of chicken curry with some freshly baked chapatti. That should give me enough energy to start studying! 11:00: Decide to call it a day. Reflect back on the previous 5 months. I could have never imagined that my skill set would improve this drastically in such a short time span. At Cisco, there was guidance at each step – guidance to help us overcome our weaknesses; guidance allowing us to grow and yet be ourselves; guidance that served to maintain the uniqueness that makes us who we are. I look at the future that lay ahead. I had come a long way, but the journey was far from over. At Cisco, I learned that it is about continuous improvement. There is no denying that overwhelming challenges lay ahead – yet the resources available to overcome those challenges congruent. It is up to each individual how he/she decides to utilize the unprecedented resources at his/her disposal in overcoming those challenges.

The

Ayesha Ali Khan and Nabeeha Qazi BSc 2007

Graduation from one’s Alma Mater marks the end of one’s infant years and begins a new chapter in their lives. For many, this brings an unraveling of their dreams. For us, it meant making the giant leap into the corporate pool. From time in memorial, people have dreamt of the glorified corporate world. It is a land of opportunity. It is where young guns like us are meant to rise to the occasion and take on the corporations for all they’ve got. So with high hopes, we burst into the corporate arena. Yes indeed, this corporate world was ‘way cooler’ than those dorky deputy student years.

Previously we had gaped in awe at the lavish lifestyle which had become a code of young budding executives. Now we were proud members of the same clan we had so idolized. Life was indeed good. We were attending high profile meetings. We formulated strategic business growth models. We had our gourmet breakfast meetings. We had our mobiles configured to receive critical emails at any time of the day. We were right up there. This

Corporate

Illusion

corporate image was catching on to us real fast.

But then, the second week of our induction began. The corporate cloud began to clear slowly and we were able to see our true relativity. Our crucial role in these high profile meetings, revolved around taking minutes and a few nods. Our contribution remained vital to the formulation of strategic business growth models in the back end market research support we provided. Our gourmet breakfast meetings involved daily congregations at the water cooler. Finally we eventually learnt modern mobile communication was not a blessing but a deterrent to an unavailable status.

And where was the high powered, high cultured Wall Street executive disappearing to? Was it not about talking the talk and walking the walk anymore? Was it not about flying the corporate jet and having team building sessions in the Maldives? Was it not about watching the cricket final sitting in the VIP box sipping cocktails? No it wasn’t. The

hyped up corporate arena slowly revealed its true colors. You eventually realize you never did take that giant leap into the corporate pool. In fact it seems you never left high school. Everyday as you enter, you see the arena so passively categorized. You see the corner reserved for the jocks, the table occupied by the cheerleaders, the hunched away nerds and techies, the swaying of the hippies and the lurking of the bad boys. They all come together working whilst remaining loyal to their alias. Just like in high school, one person would rule the most likely to succeed category.

Perhaps the corporate world was a glass house effect or perhaps it was something for us to shape up. Our peers have risen to the challenge and have proven their worth. Many have gone places worthy of their potential. Perhaps eventually everybody will be classified under the most likely to succeed category. It is just a matter of how one defines their success.

The LUMS MBA

Methods and Memories By Saroop Gul MBA 2006

The beauty of the LUMS MBA case method of study is that it gives you a good feel of the real work environment. This is in contrast to the lecture method, where the frameworks and methodologies narrated by the professor are forgotten as soon as the students leave the classroom. In the case method since the frameworks are applied on real life scenarios, the retention levels rise exponentially. However, this you do not realize till you enter the real work environment. I think the most valuable lesson I learnt is that every situation is unique. ItÊs funny; back in class it seemed that only certain courses were very important, the rest were nice-to-haves. This might sound cliché but, it is really true that each module teaches something significant. I have lost count of the number of times when I have mentally referred back to cases while dealing with a situation on the job. For example, some of the aspects, which we tend to overlook but which, if properly understood, give you that extra edge, are: Culture and norms (religious, traditional etc.) are very important. I remember this case from China where the narrative about the central character in the situation marrying a local Chinese girl was ten pages long. (I agree, that was stretching it a bit too far). In todayÊs global village more and more of us are working abroad or have regional reporting lines. Even if most Gen-Y consumers watch the same sitcoms and movies, at the core they are all dif ferent. So while deciding to launch a

new product you have to be sensitive to local needs. The general impression was that HR and OB courses were „dabba‰. You understand their relevance when these „dabbas‰ fall on your head, initially when you have to „manage your boss‰ and later when you have to „manage your reportees‰. Everyone has their unique style of working, the key lies in understanding and exploiting this uniqueness. Forcing your reportee to work late when he has a family to take care of, can wreak havoc with both his professional/ personal life. „Know the resistance point‰, a key takeaway which has helped me in not just business negotiations but also in other dealings. The tendency to do all your student projects with friends also backfires. Not working outside your core group ef fects your team building skills. In real life, you have to work with all sorts of people. The irony is that usually you end up working with those you donÊt like. True you canÊt like everyone and there are times when you have to stand up for what you believe in. Still you have to learn to keep your professional and personal lives separate. To excel, you have to have a working relationship with everyone. Very easy to preach, very dif ficult to follow but these are the rules of the game. You canÊt run away from numbers. Usually a CP based on number analysis to justif y your decision was highly regarded. Same is the case in real life. If you know how to use data to deduce meaningful information, people will regard you highly. ItÊs a myth that by not working in

a bank you will be able to avoid Finance. At the end of the day profits rule. DoesnÊt matter which business or department you end up working for, there will be a time when you will be pulling your hair out while reconciling numbers. So its better not to avoid taking that Corporate Finance course because trust me it comes in handy. „So what have you decided?‰ A line oft repeated in every class, at the end of each case. You have to go this way or that. There is no in-bet w een.Int er es tingl y there is no one particular answer. Each option has its pros and cons but the most optimal has to be chosen. You have to use your judgment knowing that even after all the analysis, if that one assumption goes wrong, it will all fall down like a house of cards. In class it was just your CP on the line. In real life the stakes are much higher. Timing is the key. In class you have to think on your feet and tailor your CP as the discussion progresses, likewise on the job you have to decide to launch the product at the right time lest the competition takes advantage and becomes the leader. The two years of the LUMS MBA just fly away but they arm you with all the skills required to excel in the real world. The added bonus is the ton of cherished memories to keep you going through the harsh realities of real life.

Thriller Night

A happening year with the LUMS Music Society By Mohammad Hassaan Aslam

The Music Society has always been committed to providing great exposure to musical entertainment at LUMS. The current Society President, Shibli Mansuri and Vice President Ammar Rashid, both from the Batch of 2008, along with their team took newer and bolder steps in the year 2007-08, resulting in the attainment of newer heights for the society, as well as for the music loving LUMS community. The year started like any other, with an unplugged gig for the new batch of 2011, where new and budding musicians were encouraged to perform without any restrictions on songs or the number of songs. During the autumn quarter, The Music Society hosted one of the most innovative and exhilarating internal events ever witnessed at LUMS. Held late in October, the concert, known as the “Thriller Night” was based along the lines of Halloween, where not only the performers, but also the crowd was asked to dress up in costumes. It was quite a sight in LUMS with people dressed as scarily as they could. Prizes were given out for the best costumes. The Music Society then hosted one of the biggest external concerts in the history of LUMS. In collaboration with The Music, the concert was known as the “Rock Drive”, and it included a number of famous performers and bands from Pakistan, including Siege, Akash,

Annie, Shafqat Amanat Ali, Roxen and Call. The concert was an instant hit, drawing a large crowd. Highlights of the night were Shafqat’s classical solos without music and Call who not only did their famous numbers but also covered Bon Jovi’s “It’s My Life.” The Music Society also collaborated with the LUMS Entrepreneurial Society and helped them organize the YLES ’08 concert in the Sports Complex. This was another huge event, featuring bands like Mauj, Noori and Josh, drawing a crowd of more than 3000. After “recuperating” from all the excitement, the Music Society took stage again in spring, where they hosted another ground-breaking event, the “Maula-Jutt Rock.” It was an internal event which catered only to Pakistani music, themed around our very own Lollywood, where the backdrop included a picture of Maula Jutt holding a guitar. It was a new tradition, catering only to Urdu s o n g s , vowed to be

continued over the years. The year-end was marked by another internal unplugged gig held in the new student lounge. It featured mostly the 2008’s, the graduating batch, a perfect goodbye to them. Apart from these events, other positive steps include improvement in the new music room, which has been shifted to the sports complex and purchase of new equipment particularly guitars. The Music Society is now looking towards the next year, with plans to hold panel discussions as well as instrument (guitar, drums as well as tabla) lessons. A new recording studio is being set up so that the musicians may record their originals in LUMS itself. All in all, The Music Society plans to continue with their efforts for promoting music within LUMS and also motivating the talented aspiring musicians here.

Josh - Rocking the YLES Concert

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Sports at LUMS By Umair Rao

Sports at LUMS (SLUMS) is one of the most active societies at LUMS and believes in providing opportunities to the student body that ensues to inculcate a sense of sportsman spirit, discipline and responsibility during all sporting events. Sports at LUMS is the largest society in LUMS which caters to approximately 60 % of the entire student body. Comprising of 17 different sports (Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Cricket, Football, Hockey, Netball, Rugby, Snooker, Squash, Table Tennis, Tennis ,Softball, Swimming, Weightlifting, Boxing and Vol-

leyball), it caters to the entire LUMS student body as it renders to be a platform to challenge one’s athletic abilities and provide the opportunity to pursue a sport one already knows or yearns to learn. SLUMS successfully manages to host various inter and intra university tournaments every academic year. These entail annual fixtures with various universities, participation in the large scale annual Higher Education Commission (HEC) Sports tournaments and participation in All-Pakistan sports tournaments.

The highlights for the last year were two international trips. The first one was the result of the proactive Rugby team that participated in the International 7s Rugby tournament in Dubai where they played the best teams and faced tough competition. The Basketball, Volleyball, Football, Table Tennis, Tennis and Badminton teams participated in the International Sports Festival in Turkey held at and hosted by Bogazici University in Istanbul. Our claim to fame was our tennis team; the final was played between Muteeb Pasha and Said Khan (both LUMINITES) and won by Muteeb Pasha. Shaza Fatima and Zainul Abideen won the third position in mixed doubles in badminton, whereas Misha Rehman bagged the third position in Tennis. SLUMS last year had the honor to host and organize the biggest ever National Inter-University Table Tennis Tournament in which 40 universities from all over Pakistan participated. This tournament was held over a period of four days and Karachi University emerged as the champion after beating Punjab University in the final. The society also hosted the Nirala Futsal Challenge that attracted 32 teams, both university and school level, to play “6 a side” football matches. There were three fields where matches took place at one time, attracting loads of students, teachers and supporters for external teams. This first of its kind tournament was very successful. The Clash of the Volley bulls was also another huge event which took place at the beach court and in which approximately 16 teams participated. Sponsored by Red bull, this three day tournament ended with a celebrity match in which cricketers, models and athletes were invited. Here the girls’ teams also participated and that was indeed a boost to their sporting abilities and interest. For all other sports; namely tennis, cricket, squash, hockey, badminton, basketball and rugby, a number of regional and national levels inter university fixtures were organized and played with great vigor, enthusiasm and sportsman spirit. SLUMS hopes and aims to take all the sports to new heights in the next year by providing training sessions for aspiring sportspersons and organizing all sorts of tournaments to encourage participation. Warid Telecom sponsored most of the events organized by SLUMS thus helping to promote sports at the university level. Their support is highly appreciated.

The Passion for Volleyball

A message from the volleyball representatives By Anum Basir & Qasim Hasnain

All night All right-Happening Music-Interesting food- In the heat of August and the winds of December - Students across the batches are seen at no place other than the Volleyball Courts. Introducing to you our "Claim to Fame" for the term 07-08 and our love of life: VOLLEYBALL.

Volleyball at LUMS is not just a mere sport; it's a sport which involves excitement, passion, and enthusiasm and most importantly the love for the game. We invite you to come and witness this passion and excitement directly live from LUMS volley courts (Beach court and Hard court). These are the courts where we have learned to enjoy play and play, where many have learnt after us in awe, inspiration, imitation and most importantly mere interest and passion. Thus we proudly claim that Volleyball is currently one of the most famous sports here at LUMS with the highest turnout in tournaments and the biggest support base.

We had a number of tournaments during the last year; including a 3 on 3, 6 on 6, an Intersociety Volleyball tournament and Valentines Volleyball tournament. We participated in the annual HEC tournaments where both the boys and girls teams performed really well .The LUMS Boys Volleyball team even attended the Turkey sports festival hosted by Bogazici University. As reps for this year we hosted the Redbull "CLASH of the Volley bulls 07." It was a unique and exciting festival, as it was the only Beach (Sand) volleyball tournament to be held in Pakistan, which featured, both male and female teams playing simultaneously.

We tried our best to take Volleyball to new heights this year and we'd like the new sports representatives to work harder on the popularity and skill of the sport by conducting more training sessions and encouraging those individuals to play who are interested but currently don't have the skill or incentive to play.

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Some Achievements…

il Compiled by Rabia Roha

LUMUN Wins World Championship LUMUN has done it again! We take pride in the fact that the LUMUN team has been declared World Champion for the third consecutive year. This year Harvard WorldMUN or World Model United Nations was held at Puebla in Mexico. There were 1600 delegates from all over the world and top class Universities like Oxford, MIT, William and Mary, West Point, Berkley, and Princeton etc. were competing for the Outstanding Delegation Award. It is very significant that this year all eight delegates of the LUMS team won individual Outstanding Diplomacy Awards which is a rare happening in the history of Harvard WorldMUN. Collectively the LUMUN team was awarded the coveted Outstanding Delegation Award. This year’s achievement of the LUMUN team is indeed a tremendous performance by the students.

Laurels in Floriculture & Horticulture LUMS stood first in the gardens category of the universities in the 150th Annual Flower Show Competition organized by the Horticulture Society of Pakistan at Bagh – i- Jinnah. The Gardeners and their Supervisors, Mr. Altaf & Mr. Kabir & lawn mower technician Mr. Muzaffar deserve special praise for their untiring and concerted efforts.

LUMS T20 - Stars swarm to the LUMS Cricket Ground LUMS cricket club organized a match including real cricket stars of the Pakistani Team. Watching Imran Nazir, Shabbir Ahmad along with Junaid Zia and Abdul Rehman playing at LUMS cricket ground was exhilarating for many.

LUMS Alumna wins Fellowship The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation announced the selection of 29 Charlotte W. Newcombe Doctoral Dissertation Fellows for 2008. Among them is LUMS alumna Nosheen Ali, now a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at Cornell University. The 2008 Newcombe Fellowship, a highly competitive national award, provides $23,000 for 12 months of work on a dissertation in the humanities or social sciences that addresses questions of religious or ethical value.

National Outreach Programme Donors Acknowledgement Event On June 14, 2008, LUMS NOP team arranged a special event to acknowledge the generous support of the LUMS National Outreach Programme. This event, hosted at LUMS, was sponsored by Zong (China Mobile Pakistan) and had participation of more than 200 socially responsible guests including representatives of corporate identities, individuals, alumni, students and colleagues. This was the 5th Donor’s Acknowledgment Event organized in honor of supporters

of the National Outreach Programme. The evening started with a welcome address by Sheikh Ali Hussain, Director Resource Development and Alumni Affairs followed by a presentation overview on the National Outreach Programme by Dr Syed Zahoor Hassan (former Vice Chancellor, LUMS). Dr Hassan emphasized on how LUMS had, in the last twenty three years, managed to establish itself as an institution of repute by adhering to its core values of merit, diversity and excel-

lence. He also shared the rationale behind need-blind admission policy of LUMS and future aspirations of the National Outreach Programme. Mr Abdul Razak Dawood, the Rector of LUMS then shared with the audience, his thought that went into setting up the university and the dire need of programmes like the National Outreach Programme for Pakistan. The event ended with a spectacular performance by the legendary Tina Sani.

Making LUMS Accessible to All! The LUMS National Outreach Programme (NOP) has continued to make a difference in the higher education sector of Pakistan by providing a unique educational opportunity to the brilliant yet financially disadvantaged students of Pakistan. Since inception, the National Outreach Programme has been successful in inducting 190 students in LUMS at undergraduate

level through the NOP stream; this includes the 83 NOP scholars inducted this year as well as the students currently at various stages in their 4 year programme. 13 NOP Scholars have graduated to date, 3 of which received Fulbright Scholarship and joined top universities such as Harvard, Cornell and Columbia. 3 are enrolled in National University of Singapore, Lake-

head University and Pantheon Sorbonne University respectively on fellowships while those who opted to work have joined leading organizations such as Unilever, Standard Chartered Bank, Colony Group, Al-Ghanim Industries Kuwait, Habib Bank AG Zurich and Habib Bank Limited.

In the year 2008, 7500 highly talented students from across Pakistan applied for admission into LUMS through the NOP. After conducting the evaluation test in 16 cities, 700 candidates were shortlisted for LUMS Admission Tests coaching. The coaching sessions were arranged at 9 different centers such as Lahore, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Multan, Kohat, Attock, Sahiwal, Faisalabad and Karachi. These remote coaching sessions were made possible through the support of our partner institutions, current students and alumni. The candidates coached in these sessions would be eligible to join LUMS from Fall 2009. At least 100 of these students are expected to be inducted at LUMS at that time. It is re-

ally encouraging to receive such exceptional results, which would not have been possible without the persistent efforts of the NOP team and support of the LUMS family including alumni, faculty, staff and a large number of well-wishers. The growing population of NOP scholars requires greater support from the LUMS family as well as socially responsible citizens. It has become necessary to generate sufficient funds to sustain this noble initiative and meet educational expenses of young men and women of Pakistan. BSc graduates of 2002 came forward to set up an endowment fund to sponsor two NOP Scholars. BSc Class of 2006 graduates have sponsored the tuition

fee of a NOP Scholar for the second year in 2008. The generosity of these alumni and their support toward the LUMS vision shows that the LUMS spirit stays with the alumni at all times. We are truly grateful to the alumni for contributing their time in our identification process for brilliant and needy students as well as for helping us financially in this endeavor. Future plans include inducting students in graduate programmes through the National Outreach Programme stream. We look forward to your help in turning this dream into reality. It is only with your support and encouragement that we have been able to change lives and will continue to do so in the future as well.

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ALUMNI EVENTS The Alumni Office, like every year, hosted a number of events to strengthen the alumni bond and further this network.

Homecoming 2007

The Alumni Annual Homecoming 2007 was hosted at the LUMS grounds on Saturday December 15, 2007. Alumni from various years gathered to meet their friends and teachers. The evening started with a brief welcome from the Alumni Office followed by addresses by Pro Chancellor Syed Babar Ali, First Vice Chancellor Dr. Syed Zahoor Hassan, Dean of Business School Dr. Shaukat Brah and Dr. Jamshed H. Khan. Alumni Irfan Khan and Sheikh Muhammad Ali also exchanged their views with the audience. A scrumptious dinner was followed by a swinging concert by none other than Strings. The support of generous sponsors contributed a lot towards the success of the evening. The next afternoon, the alumni were invited to the Homecoming Sunday Sports at the sports centre. The current sports society competed with the previous popular sportspersons of LUMS at various sports, during the afternoon. The day ended with tea for all participants at the executive dining hall.

2008 Batch Alumni Orientation

The MBA 2008 graduating batch was welcomed to the alumni world on April 03, 2008. The LUMS Alumni Relations Department hosted the event at the LUMS Executive Dining Hall with a presentation focused on the role of an alumnus in the growth of a university and benefits of being in the LUMS Alumni Network, followed by tea. Dr. Syed Zahoor Hassan and Dr. Shaukat Ali Brah also talked to the batch about their upcoming professional lives. The rationale of this forum was to enhance the involvement of these soon to be alumni in the university activities and most importantly, develop a life long relationship with their alma mater. Similarly the BSc 2008 batch was welcomed to the alumni world on May 14, 2008. These prospective alumni were given details of all the benefits and responsibilities of being LUMS alumni. Dr. Syed Zahoor Hassan in his talk emphasized on the importance of maintaining a strong link with the university even after leaving the campus with their degrees. The evening ended with tea in the central courtyard.

LUMS Alumni UAE Chapter Reunion 2008

The UAE Alumni had a reunion at Al Dhiyafah Ball Room, Crowne Plaza on April 25, 2008. Syed Babar Ali and Dr. Syed Zahoor Hassan attended this event. The alumni gave ideas for the development of the university and discussed various issues with each other as well as the LUMS team over dinner.

Karachi Alumni Chapter Reunion 2008

LUMS hosted the Karachi Alumni Chapter Reunion at the Karachi Sheraton, Ballroom on May 31, 2008. A large number of Alumni attended the event including many young professionals as well as high profile corporate entities. Dr. Syed Zahoor Hassan gave an update about the growth and changes in LUMS over the years. He also highlighted the importance of alumni participation for the advancement of LUMS and how their contributions can make a big difference in helping the National Outreach Programme students. He discussed some future projects and plans regarding LUMS and its different schools. Dr. Shaukat Ali Brah then talked about the Suleman Dawood School of Business and the new SDSB Building that is being constructed. Thereafter Muhtashim Ashai, an alumnus from MBA 1992 shared his experiences at and since LUMS. Muhammad Yaqoob Baqapuri, an alumnus of MBA 1988, the first batch of LUMS, also said a few words, reminiscing about his days at his Alma Mater The evening proceeded with stand-up comedy improvisation by Saad Haroon and Danish Ali who kept the audience entertained with their hilarious performance. A lavish dinner concluded this fun filled evening.

Islamabad Alumni Chapter Reunion 2008

The Islamabad Annual City Chapter Reunion was hosted at The Monal Restaurant, on June 29, 2008. The beautiful location in the Daman-e-Koh Mountains added to the evening of meeting friends and renewing old ties. Dr. Syed Zahoor Hassan and Dr. Shaukat Brah addressed the alumni with updates on the university followed by Alumni Salman Abdul Wassay and Luqman Ali Afzal’s expression of their bond with LUMS. The event was successful due to the generous support and hosting at the Monal by Alumnus Luqman Ali Afzal.

Mark Saturday

December 20, 2 008 on your calend ar

Cancel All Appoin tments..........

RSVP all family engag ements........

LUMS Alumni Annual

Homecoming 2 0 0 8

Strings Performance at Homecoming 2007

&/

Class notes

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

Class notes

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

&E10 85 @J C@M@E> @E (8?FI< N@K? 8 ;8L>?KFF; FK? KF I@M<E K?< GI<J@;<EK 8E; K?< GI@D< D@E@JK@EE@E> KF I<:8CC K?< @EK 8E; 8IK@:LC8K< GIF 8IDP L<J 8E; ?FN K?< G<; EFN $< ?FG<J K?@E>J CFFB 98Q@E< >I8K<; KF &E10 );95/ !A> @J XN @E M<JKD<EK 98EB
JG<E;J <M 8E; ;@I<:K@E> ?@J JK8== J FE< ;8P 8J ,) (9-> &-52 @J K?< =8K??<JK 8N8I; F= I<:F>E@K@FE @E ?@J =@ NFIC; K<:?EFCF>@<J N8J =<8KLI<; @E * FM
(?9-: %-A2 8E; D@E8 C@M< @E 9L ?89@ N? @DG8:K FE K?< JKF:B D8IB :FDG8E@<JY =LKLI< @E K?< 1 ! 1JD8E ?8J ;<MFLID 8E; D<E8 I<J@;< @E (8?FI< 8E; 8I< K?<@I =@IJK 989P @E *FM?450 ?8J I< @J ;<=@E@E> K?< X>FF; C@=
&/ 336(-2%836 1))0 #-% ,%2 )0&3962) 97-2)77 ',330 %1))0 /,%2 +1%-0 '31 %K J N?@:? D<8EJ K?F 9<=FI< FLI :C8JJY P<8I I
N< 9< ;F@E> 8E; N@CC 8EP F= LJ D8E 8>< KF >I8;L8K<; % >L<JJ N< CC =@E; FLK E @E (FE;FE N@K? )FI>8E /K8EC

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
Class notes

9118 ,5- 4-: =@E@J?<; ?@J ) =IFD ) > 8K @EJ8E@KPNFIBJ FI> 8:D< 8E; ?@J G 8K @EJ8E@KPNFIBJ FI> I8E;FDK8E><EK 95> 85 -2>5 @J NFIB@E> =FI )@ :IFJF=K @E /<8KKC< =5. 8-45 14.;;. @J 8K ' /<:LI@K@<J @E '8I8:?@ ?4-. !-119 %H98C @J NFIB@E> =FI DFK D8II@<; C8JK JLDD 8 DFM< 98:B KF L98@ ?52 96-0 D8;< JFD< 9@> DFM<J K?@J P<8I ?< C<=K /8L;@ $FCC8E;@ 8EB * DIF KF AF@E I<;@K /L@JJ< @E .@P8;? 8E; ;LI@E> K?@J G 8IK @E '8I8:?@ 8=KI8;L8K@E> =IFD %E;LJ 28CC

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

JFEJ JFFE -@59- AF-22-> @J C@M@E> @E (FE;FE /?< J 9LJP 9<@E> 8 =LCC K@D< DFD KF ?;F1 A8F-> @J 9LJP GC8P @E> GFCF N?@C< ILEE@E> ?@J =8D@CP 9LJ@ E<JJ FE K?< J@;< @ < N?<E<M<J KF =@E; K?< K@D< 8N8P =IFD GFCF $< >FK D8II@<; KF 5:- 4-> C8JK <: @J NFIB@E> =FI *<JKC< @E (8?FI<

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

Class notes

DFI< K@D< 8K ?FD< @E L98@ N@K? ->A74 2@-. 8E; ?@J KNF DFEK? FC; 989P 68I@8 0? C@=< A4-99-0 "91> =.-8 @J JK@CC ?8GG@CP D8II@<; 8E; NFIB@E> =FI )@:IFJF=K @E /<8KKC<

A4-99-0 ";?9-: C8LE:?<; J<M NNN (<(< <J@>E @E> :FD 8 N<9J@K< ;<J@>E@E> :FD G8EP ?< JFFE C8LE:?<; NNN (<(< 8IK :FD GIFM@;@E> ?FJK<; < :FDD 8I<8 9P C8LE:? @E> 8 N<9J@K< =FI I<8C <JK8K< D8IB NNN 0OK $FLJ< :FD A?@-2,A825=-> %-78- :FDGC =FI ):'@EJ

?K @J @E '8I8:?@ 8E; @J M 8K 9FK? K?< FE M<EK F= &<JLJ )8IP 8E; (< :FC< =FI ;M8E:<; /KL;@<J /?< ?8J 8 =FLI 8E; 8 ?8C= P<8I FC; ;8L>?K -?A0 4-: @J :LII<EKCP NFIB @E> 8K < 8P %E: 8J 8 /<E@FI /F=KN8I< !E>@E< @J @E (8 ?FI< !10- A865 @J @E L98@ N@K? &-911> :11? 8E; K?<@I ;8L>?K9-8 -.-> @J @E K?< 1/ !;B5>- &-.5> @J @E (FE;FE 9LJP 9<@E> 8 DFD KF ??K 8 JD8CC 9LJ@E<JJ F= ?I8G?P 8E; D8B< LG =FI 9I@;<J "91> 149;;0 ?-0 @J :LII<EKCP NFIB@E> =FI * 8E F==C< %E 8 >CF98C JLIM

@E (FE;FE 8E; GC8EJ KF JG<E; K?@J P<8I 9<@E> 8 J
=8@CLI< 8K K?< ;I@M@E> K<JK $ ?
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
/?8 ?< :FEK@EL<J KF CFM< K?< JFLE; F= ?@J FNE MF@:< 8E; F==<E; G M@< %E =8:K EFK?@E> DL:? ?8J :?8E><; I ,-450 @J D8II@<; 8E; 98:B @E LJKI8C@8 N@K? ?@J N@=< /8@I8 &->-4 -@59- ,-7- @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 ;<M?K-4 !-119 $A>1?45 ?8J KNF 9FPJ 8E; @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 I< 8CKFI @E K?< 2@I>@E@8 8I<8 &14> &41574 @J 9LJP N@K? ? =8EK8JK@: 9@IK? ;8P :8B<J

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Class notes

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
N?8K PFL I< LG KF <M<E @= 8CC PFL >@M< LJ @J 8 FE< J<EK<E:< LG;8K< FE PFLI C@=<

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

KF FG<E =FI C@ QD8K @E /<8KKC< 28E

:FLM DFEK? 8E; 8I< NFIB@E> KFN8I;J 8E 8C9LD .<; % HL@K % % DFM<; KF K?< 1' N@K? DP ?LJ98E; NFIB<; N@K? ?@D =FI 8 P<8I @E K?< =8D@CP 9LJ@E<JJ 8E; ?8; 8 989P >@IC  %K J 9<<E 8 #.! 0 P<8I "FI K?< K@D< 9<@E> % D 9<@E> 8 =LCC K@D< DFD 8E; ?FLJ <M 8J 8 ,IFA<:K )8E8> ?@J =I@<E;J =IFD /: 8 CFK 8E; N@J?<J <M
->;;: -: ->E-8-E K@<; K?< BEFK C8JK P<8I 8=K ?@J (( =IFD (FE;FE 1E@M 8K $8@;?KJ V/FDI8;L 8K@FE 3?I<8K K@D<J FE K?< JF::?K N?<E J@KK@E> @E JKL;P >IFLGJ 3< 8:KL8CCP JDFB<; DFI< :@>8I<J 9LK N?P NFLC; PFL E<<; KF JKL;P N?<E .8L>< ?FN DL:? C@=< ?8J :?8E><; DFJK F= FLI :C8JJ ?8J EFN J?K<; F= LJ 8I< GIF989CP D8B@E> GC8EJ =FI K?<@I :?@C;I<E J <;L:8K@FE 8K (1)/ <JK F= CL:B KF <M
Class notes

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
JFD< FLKJK8E;@E> NFIB N?@C< ;F@E> PFLI ,? 8K 58C< 8E; K?<E C<8IE JFD< @EJ@>?K =IFD K?< I8D9C@E>J FE 8 I8E ;FD N8CC @E ,8B@C8E; I@CC@8EK

5>-: ?8-9 EFN '@I8E ?D8; 6L 9 '8I8:?@ N@K? ?EB-5F @J :LII<EKCP 98J<; @E (8?FI< 8E; NFIBJ 8K *<JKC< 8J I8E; )8E8><J 14> &4-4 @J ;F@E> ?W K?< JLDD;FD ,I<M@FLJCP J?< N8J 8K ',)# @E (FE;FE :FDGC 4910 4-: @J EFN @E ,8B@JK8E 8=K ?@J JKL;@<J 8K 8D 9I@;>< 1E@M @E;<=@E@K 8 JK@EK 8K ):'@EJ

?@J =8D@CP 9LJ@E<JJ N?@C< K<8:?@E> 8K " FCC<>< 8E; ;F@E> JFD< GI@M8K< :FEJLCK@E> &E10 &-89-: -: NI@K<J V <8I @K<J % 8D 98:B KF JKL;@<J @ < 8 ><E< C<; 9P I 8J?@I K<8D I 38J@= B< . @K LG % ?8M< 9<<E NFIB@E> 8J 8E $. GIF=<JJ@FE8C @E <J:FE M8I@ 8E; JF FE % 8D 98J<; @E (8?FI< 8E; JF:@8CCP HL@K< 8:K@M< +E< I
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

Class notes

/8IFFG #LC =IFD ) @E *FM 8E; 9FK? F= LJ EFN NFIB 8K , # @E '8I8:?@ W -:?;;> 5>F- NI@K<J V% :FEK@EL< KF :FEJLCK N@K? :FDG8E@<J @E K?< /@C@:FE 28CC

KFN8I;J J LG DP :FDG8EP 0<:?KIFE@O ?KKG NNN K<:?KIFE@O 9@Q @E ,8B @JK8E DFE> FK? 8 N<9J@K< =FI ,8B@JK8E@J C@M@E> @E ,8B@JK8E 8E; 89IF8; KF >J 8E; G?FKFJ F= 9LJ@E<JJ<J @E ,8B@JK8E 0?< N<9J@K< :8E 9< J<<E 8K ?KKG NNN JK8IQ GB CJF % D ?8GGP KF 9< JG<E;@E> DFI< K@D< @E (8?FI< 8E; ?FG< KF 9< 98:B @E (8?FI< G
&--0 :?->5 @J JK@CC 8K )@:IFJF=K 9LK ?8J 9I8E:?<; FLK @EKF 8 9LE:? F= ?F99@<J $< ILEJ D8I8K?FEJ 8E; 8C DFJK 9IFB< ?FLIJ @E 8 ?8C= D8I8K?FE N?@:? =FI K?FJ< EFK =8D@C @8I D<8EJ ;F@E> B@CFD =FI C@ QD8K JFFE "9-> :?->5 >FK D8II@<; @E &8E 8E; @J 98J<; @E L98@ 1E@K<; I89 !D@I8K<J NFIB@E> =FI /K8IK FEJLCK 8 D8E8> :FDG8EP &-59- 8B5 >FK D8II@<; C8JK P<8I @E +:KF9 @E '8I8:?@ N@K? ? 8J 8 =LE;I8@J =FI K?< J@8E <M K?8K K?? DP ,? @E !:F EFD@:J N?@:? :LII<EKCP @EMFCM<J C<8;@E> 8 JKIFE> DFKFI9@B< JLIM

8E> KF LED8GG<; M@CC8><J 8:IFJJ JL9D<; 9I@;><J 8E; N@E;@E>

KI8@CJ @E G@K:? ;8IBE<JJ 8E; GFLI@E> I8@E W *FN K?8KYJ 8N<JFD< !-A9-: F4-> 8E; E1?4- *-4110 :?FJ< KF NI@K< D< =LEEP "8:<9FFB D<J J8><J I8K? % :8E GLK @EKF K?< :C8JJ EFK<J 9LK % BEFN K?8K K?

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
"91> &A819-: =@E@J?<; ?@J ,? 8K +O=FI; 1E@M;FD $< @J D8II@<; 8E; ?8J 8 P<8I FC; JFE ?<IFNK? <:FEFD@<J $< @J :LII<EKCP C@M@E> @E (8?FI< ?59 &-345> 9<:8D< K?< =@IJK G @E (8?FI< ILEE@E> ?@J =8D @CP 9LJ@E<JJ 8E; K8B@E> I89@: :C8JJ<J FE K?< J@;< -99-0 %-49-: K@<; K?< BEFK N@K? D@E8 @A8Q C8JK < : =FI ):'@EJ

E-> 4-::-4 @J C@M@E> @E ILJJ@LD

8E; NFIB@E> 8K ::<EKLI< &414>E-> #5>-/4- N@CC JK8IK ?@J ) 8K %*/! K?@J P<8I FE:< ?< I @E ,8B@JK8E

A4-99-0 ->4-: 4-: @J JK@CC NFIB@E> N@K? .FP8C 8EB F= /:FKC8E; GI<M@FLJCP * ).+ L98@ 8E; ??KFK D8II@<; K?@J &8EL8IP 8E; 8D ?8M@E> 8 >I<8K K@D< D @E KFL:? N@K? 898 +DFF; P<8I #FK DP GIF =<JJ@FE8C C@=< JFIK<; FLK 9P JN@K:?@E> =IFD 8 /I )8IB )8E8> 8E +CPDG@: ;@JK8E:< KI@8K?CFE E; >FK DP G
&/ 336(-2%836 %97,))2 38-% ,) <')91 ',330 8038-% 0917%0912- 4/ 0?< DFJK J@>E@=@:8EK 8E; ?<8IK N8ID @E> ;<M
Class notes

I<JK F= FLI 98K:? 0?@J G :8E;@;8K< 8K (1)/ <M FLK N?8K K?< C8JJ F= ?8J 9<<E LG KF K?@J G8JK P<8I 4?-: -B10 45?4@E ?8J DFM<; 8>8@E 3< F= K?< @EKJ 8=KJ :FEM@E:@E> FM I<8; $8J8E .8?@D 8E; ?8J D8E8><; KF IEFI< K?FJ< C8NPI<8K :FLEKIP

>?-8-: 6-F :C1> >FK D8II@<; @E <: $8J ?8; 8 M<J 8K *@I8C8 N? LG 8 E &LCP ?< N@CC 9< J?@=K@E> KF =LCC K@D< :FEJLCK@E> N@K? /8GG?@I< 0 ?@J E %-49-: 8=K 8N8P =FI KNF 8E; ?8C= P<8IJ 8K 1"FE< @J 98:B 8K (1)/ GLIJL@E> ?@J ) ;<>I<< 0?@J GC8:< ?8J :?8E><; 8 CFK J@E:< /: 8E; @ D@JJ DP 98K:? E1?4- ?8-9 ?8J 9I<8K?<; 8 J@>? F= I @E &LCP %EJ?8CC8? JK8IK<; >F@E> KF J:?FFC 8E; @J EFN NFIB@E> G8IK K@D< =FI 9FLK1J FI> 8J 8 FEK<EK !;@KFI @E K?<@I (8?FI< F==@:< -5?-8 45?4@E :FEK@EL<J KF JC8M< 8N8P 8K ',)# @E

F? JF ?8GG<E@E> /8L;@ I89@8 @E K?< ?FG< K?8K K?

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
=K P<8IJ N@K? K?< KC8J #IFLG -C-0 -8119 ?8J AF@E<; (@M< /<:LI@K@<J 8J $<8; F= !HL@KP .< J<8I:? )8II@<; EFN =FI P<8IJ ?@J JFE J :IFJJ<; DFEK?J 8E; N?F C@B< =8K?L<J N@K? 9<8LK@=LC ;8L>? K
FE;J ?J8E ?@J?KP J GF@EK F= M@I<8K :FLEKIP A8?A9 ..-?5 @J GI8:K@J@E> !:FE GI<J<EK8K@FE JB@CCJ FE LEJLJG<:K@E> # ! :8E;@;8K<J 'LCJLD JK@CC =< 8K ?<8IK 9LK I<>LC8I :FEK8:K N@K? 8;FC<J:<EKJ GLKJ ?- 8E-? 8J GIFD@J<; ?8; D8;< :?8E><J @E ?LJK 8E; AF@E<; 48MFI FEJLCK@E> /?< @J <E AFP@E> ?@ E<FKK<E ? ) 8E; N@CC 9< AF@E @E> K?< ) GIF>I8DD< 8K (1)/ JK8IK@E> @E L>LJK /?< GI8PJ K?8K 8CC JK8PJ NI<8K F =FI @K / , =K 8 P<8I 8K 10 LJK@E -:?;;> -2>E ;IFGG<; FLK F= K?< ,? GIF>I8D 8E; :8E F==@:@8CCP 9< :FEJ@;I8D )8E8> -6C- ?8J >FKK<E <E>8><; @J JK@CC NFIB@E> @E K?< ;<M @E I@K8@E =FI K?< C8JK =@M< P<8IJ 8E; @J K?< DFK?I8;L8K< ;<>I<< @E !:FEFD@: ,FC@:P J?< J NFIB@E> =FI 8 C@KKC< N?@C< @E (FE;FE 8E; NFE; N?-/4- @J K?< DFK? <M< F= K?<@I >IFNK? /K@CC C@M@E> @E /FLK? K?< 89LE;8E:< F= G8IBJ 8E; 9<8:?<J J?< :8E K ;<:@;< N?F 98:B KF >I8;L8K< JKL;@<J A4-9 9-0 *-=-? ?52 *E:1 @J ;F@E> 8E

Class notes

) @E "@E8E:< =IFD K?< 1' 8E; N@CC AF@E ?@J 98EB 8=KI<< !;?411: 85 8E; -4-:F1. &41>C-:5 8I< ?FG@E> KF 9<:FD< I *FJ?<<E 8E; I &8?8EQ<9 9P K?< <E; F= K?< P<8I %E 8;;@K@FE KF NI@K@E> LG K?<@I ;@JJ KF M8I@FLJ =LE ;<JK@E8K@FEJ LE;8I9 F= 8:8;
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

-8K8I D@JJ<J #C8J>FN 98;CP 8E; 8K K?< J8D< K@D< @J J<8I:?@E> =FI =LIK? J?< @J :8K:?@E> LG FE JKFI@<J 8E; <M<EKJ K?8K KFFB GC8:< N@K?@E K?< =8D@CP @J N8K:?@E> DFM@<J 8E; ?8J JK8IK<; G8@EK@E> 8>8@E >C8; KF J<< K?8K K?< KFL:? ?8J I
&4-574 $-?119 CFJK ?@J =8K?FK E@B8?F=@<; C8K @E N@K? ?@D J?K?8E LC $8HL< ?< @J <EAFP@E> K?< 9<JK F= =8D@CP C@=< #F; 9C<JJ<; & >@1F- N@K? 8 9FP C8K< @E $@J E8D< @J )F?8DD8; %9I8 ?< K?< =FFKJK@<J $< CFM<J KF JG<E; K@D< @E K?< <M<E@E>J @E D8JA@; 8:K@M@K@<J 8E; @J <EAFP@E> K?< 9C<JJ@E>J >@M<E KF ?@D 9P CC8? <J G<:@8CCP =8K? 9FK? G8I<EKJ 8IFLE; '-45> ;.-?45> >FK D8II@<; <8IC@ @E /@C@:FE 28CC

8K 2)N8I< 8E; ?FG@E> K?8K 8CC ?@J JKF:B FGK@FEJ NFLC; 9< NFIK? 8 =FIKLE< 9P K?< K@D< K?

$-F5 =@E8CCP :?8E><; AF9J 8=KI@E;@E> @K FLK 8J 8 :FEJLCK8EK =FI P<8IJ @E L98@ %E /< F= AF9J 8CJF 9IFL>?K 89FLK 8 :?8E>< @E 98J< 8E; 1D8@I ?8J DFM<; 98:B ?FD< KF 9L ?89@ 8=K P<8IJ $< 8>I<<J N@K? ?J8E K?8K ,8B@JK8E @J 8 >I<8K D8IB KF :FEM@E:< % F= K?< J8D< (9-> ->59 4-: @J JK@CC @E &<;;8? NFIB @E> =FI , # J )@;;C< !8JK ,8B@JK8E 9LJ@E<JJ $< J >FKK<E LJ<; KF JG<E; @E> E@>?KJ @E KI8EJ@K 8E; GC8E<J 8E; JC< ;LI@E> D<J %E =I<< K@D< ?< N8K:?<J 8E; D@D@:J #!+

02 GC8PJ JHL8J? FI ;I@M<J ;FNE KF $8I8D $< @J K?8EB@E> <MI<8K JG@I@K 8E; G8JJ@FE @E :FE KI@9LK@E> =FI /: *+, J:?FC8I J?@G 3< M< 8CI<8;P :FCC<:K<; FM N@K? (1)/ FE ?FN KF LK@C@Q< N?8K N< ?8M< :FCC<:K<; 3@CC B<FF;9P< KF ,8B@JK8E 8E; J?@=K<; KF 8C>8IP 8E8;8 C8K< C8JK P<8I /?< @J K?< GIFL; DFK? J:I89 9C< FE "8:<9FFB FI N8K:?@E> /% FE $

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

Class notes

8E; 8=KBFB 8E; &8B8IK8 @J GFJK<; @E /@E>8GFI< :LII<EKCP PFL D8P =@E; K?I8D 8K N?8K @J EFN K?< .FP8C 8EB F= /:FKC8E; GFJK K?< * DIF K8B
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8E; ?8J 8 DFEK? FC; ;8L>? K =LE FE "LC 9I@>?K 8E; J?FN@E> LG 8K <MC< 1/ :@KP N@K? 8 << 98E> CC K?< (1)/ =FCBJ @E K?< 1/ 8I< /+ ?8GGP K?8K J?< @J ?< 38J?@E>KFE 1E@MFK KF @EM@K< ?@J :CFJ< =I@<E;J FE K?< <M<EK (FF; K?8K ?< ;F<JE K I E>58 89150- @J NFIB@E> =FI 8 I I<>LC8I 8GG<8I8E:<J FE 8NE *<J 8 9CF> NNN :PI@C8CD<@;8 :FD @E ?@J JG8I< K@D< -:5-8 %-:64DFM<; KF LJKI8C@8 -::E 2F-8 @J ;FE< N@K? /K8E=FI; 8E; DFM<; KF * =FI (FK D8II@<; KF ) =FI )FI >8E /K8EC

P JJF:@ 8K< @E *I8;L8K@E> =IFD FIE ;FNE =LIE@KLI< 8E; C@M< &8QQ G @E 8E8;8 -40 58-:5 @J N@K? ,8PG8C 8E; @J <EAFP@E> K?< 8C@ =FIE@8 JLE -5F- @41> 8E; "91> ;91>? &41574 K@<; K?< BEFK FE <: "8@Q8 @J NFIB@E> =FI 1E@C<M =FI 011? &4-4 @J 8K %*/! ;F@E> ?@J ) $@J @E (FE;FE ->4-0 >10051 !-0119 =@E@J?<; ?@J ) =IFD (1)/ 8E; @J 8K 1E@C<M5 @J @E )FEKI<8C

Class notes

I8@J@E> 8 ? FE DFM@E> KF # 0?

FE 8 1/ % GIFA<:K =FI & ! LJK@E JJF:@ 8K<J @E (8?FI< -C-0 19;: @J NFIB@E> =FI ,IF:KFI 8E; #8D9C< @E L98@ $< I<:<EKCP >FK <E>8><; KF <<E@J? 998J@ ) <<E@J? N8J "8@Q8 J J: IFFDD8K< ;LI @E> ) JD8CC NFIC; -C-0 5>F@J ?8GG@CP D8II@<; KF /?8C8 >?8 8E; @J NFIB@E> =FI % % '8I8:?@

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
?<8;9LDG 9CF>JGFK :FD -?11. 5: F5F @J 8E JJ@JK8EK @I<:KFI FE K?< 1/ <JB 8K ,8B@JK8E "FI<@>E += =@:< ?< @J @E :?8I>< F= >@M@E> =@E8C 8G GIFM8C =FI "LC9I@>?K J:?FC8IJ?@GJ $8J<<9 @J > D8II@<; @E )8I:? K?@J P<8I 5:- &4-574 @J JK@CC NFIB@E> =FI $LD8E .@>?KJ FDD@JJ@FE F= ,8B @JK8E 8E; NFIB@E> 8J 8 :FEJLCK8EK =FI K?< J@8E <M =FI !I@:JJFE 9>-: ?8-9 @J >F@E> KF %*/! K?@J =8CC $FG< =LCCP 8E; :LII<EKCP NFIB@E> 8K )F 9@C@EB %JC8D898; 8=K FM-> -B10 @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 ,IF>I8D )8E8> KF JK8IK ?@J )8JK
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I8;L8K@E> @E &LCP A:-50 '-45> @J NFIB@E> =FI %"" + @E K?<@I /LGGCP ?8@E 8=K ?@J ) C8JK P<8I -?4 9-85 4-: @J JKL;P@E> =FI ? 8K (1)/ =FI JFD< K@D< /KL;<EKJ @E PFLE> KNF 9FPJ 9;LCC8? 8E; +D8I 9FIE @E )8I:? K?@J P<8I /?< C8LE:?<; ? 4C-6- -40 @J ;F@E> ?@J ,? @E :FDGLK?K 8E8CPJ@J F= 8C>FI@K?DJ @E K?<

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

Class notes

D8II@<; @E <:@-F- A88A -8-5 @J JK@CC N@K? D8QFE @E /<8KKC< A:11. 85 @J <EAFP@E> ?@J C8JK ;8PJ @E DJK I< J<8I:?L<JK C<:KLI 8K )FF;PJ %E M<JKFIJ / KF DFM< 98:B KF ,8B@JK8E !-59&-110 @J :LII<EKCP =@E@J?@E> ? ) N? ;< G8IKD<EK KF ?<8; FLK KF 8?I8@E $< N@CC 9< NFIB@E> 8K #LC= +E< %EM<JK D<EK 8EB

"9-5> -9110 N@CC 9< DFM@E> JFFE KF '( 8=K @E 8E>BFB =FI K?< C8JK KNF P<8IJ $< @J CFFB@E> =FIN8I; KF ?@J EED<EK 8J 8 /<E@FI FEJLCK8EK =FI )@;;C< !8JK J@8 N@K? /:?CLD9FK <E>8><; "91> #>-0; ->;;= 4-: >FK D8II@<; @E &LE< KF '?L98E $8J J8E /: "9-> &-?4- >;;= >I8;L8K<; =IFD 5FIB 1E@M "91> ;91>? &41574 K@<; K?< BEFK N@K? "8@Q8 K? +D =FI 0 8K "LCC 0FK D8II@<; KF '@I8E '?8E FE <:FC=
8E; 8L;@9CP :FE=LJ@E> G8IK@:LC8ICP FM N?P /?< ?8J D8E8><; KF B@:B ?? EFK89C< D<EK@FE =FI ?? 8EP GC8EE<; ;@I<:K<; <==FIK 9<:FD< K?< :8I< KF IF8; I8>< FE 8 I<>LC8I 98J@J 8E; JKIFE>CP 8;M@J@E> G ;@JK8E:<J @E ,8B@JK8E

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

&-911> !;;>-:5 >I8;L8K<; =IFD %* /! 8E; @J NFIB@E> =FI ):'@EJ

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

Class notes

(F9- 85 @J I8@J@E> ? =FI @E %JC8D898; *-8110 &->-2 @J :LII<EKCP NFIB@E> =FI 8 I<8C <JK8K< ;<M KF (FE;FE @E K?< JLD D $-EEA9 @J @E "I8E:< NFIB@E> KFN8I;J ?@J ,? 8E; @J 8 GIFL; =8K?@IC ,11 ?4-: ,-411> 4-: @J @E !E>C8E; N@K? ?@J N@=< )8JFFD8 ,14>- -?-:-5: @J C@M@E> @E 'LN8@K N@K? ? @J 8K 1%1 FE K?< "LC 9I@>?K /:?FC8IJ?@G ;F@E> ?@J )/ @E LJ@E<JJ ;D@E@JKI8K@FE 0<:?EFCF>P )8E8>I8;L8K@E> @E L >LJK

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KF >FF; ?FC@;8P I<JFIKJ >?-8-: '->5= 8 B 8 8IJ@ @J JK@CC 8K 8EB C=8C8? 8E; ?8J JL::<JJ=LCCP D8E8><; KF D8B< ?@J 9FJJ I<J@>E JF 8J KF 8MF@; 8EP ?@E;I8E:<J K?8K D8P F::LI @E N8P F= ?@D :C@D9@E> K?< :FIGFI8K< C8;;
8CJF 9<<E ;@JGC8P@E> @DD<EJ< ;8E: @E> K8C<EK ;LI@E> K?< N<;;@E> J<8JFE I K?< FECFFBE-8 &-66-0 AF@E<; K?< D8KI@DFE@8C :CL9 N?@:? J<IFN@E> HL@K< HL@:BCP /?< >FK D8II@<; C8JK *FM K?< N<;;@E> 9C@JJ @E "8@J8C898; 5:A@@ :8E F=K<E 9< J<<E >I8:@E> K?< G8><J F= /LE;8P 0@D<J 8K M8I@FLJ JF :@8C >8K?J 8E; FG<E@E>J $ <EFL>? 8J J<<E K?IFL>? =8:<9FFB LG;8K<J /?< @J 8CJF K?< GIFL; DFD F= 8 JN< 989P 9FP -:C-8 4A6- @J :C@D9@E> K?< :FIGFI8K< C8;;<; KF D8B< @K K?IFL>? K?< % !M<E@E> ) J<JJ@FE <JJ<EK@8CCP C@M @E> 8 ?FLI J:?<;LC< =FI K?< C8JK K?I<< P<8IJ /?< KFFB 8 I<:<EK KI@G KF )8C8PJ@8 8E; 0?8@C8E; N@K? =I@<E;J KF 9I<8B K?< :P:C< )FI< @DGFIK8EKCP '8EN8C @J GI KF K@< K?< BEFK @E <:
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Class notes

J8; KF BEFN K?8K ;L< KF <EFIDFLJ 8DFLEK F= NFIBCF8; ?< @J LE89C< KF G8IKP 0?@J ?8IJ? =8:K F=K<E C<8;J ?@D KF K?@EB ?< NFLC; M< 9<<E 9 8 KNF P<8I FC; 9I8KKP DFEJK NFIB C@=< JF J?< J ;<:@;<; KF FD@K @K :FDGCF@E> FE KF K<; KF <J :8G< KF LJKI8C@8 ;LI@E> K?< JN (8?FI< JLDD KF =@E; 8E <8JP <J:8G< IFLK< K? ?J C@E<; LG &->-4 -8-5 J@E:< ? @E ?8J GIF989CP ;FE< @K 8CC "IFD KI8M KF !>PGK 8E; L98 KF NFIB@E> 8K % ) @E K?<@I J8C<J ;<; KF D8B< K@D< =FI 8 M 8 M
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Class notes

>I8;L8K@E> =IFD (1)/ ?< :FDGC
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Class notes

C<8M<J K@D< =FI M?CP <EAFP@E> @K (?9-: -2-F @J JK@CC NFIB@E> 8K % % @E K?<@I D8IB ;<; KF D8B< K?< P<8I <M<EK=LC 9P >I8;L8K@E> =IFD 8D9I@;>< 8E; > D8II@<; @E GI@C

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N< M< 9<<E LG KF K?@J P<8I

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Class notes

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P K?< K@D< PFL I<8; K?@J -05-650 N@CC 9< FE ? JG<EK K?< GI<M@FLJ KNF P<8IJ 9I8@EN8J?@E> JKL;<EKJ 8K (1)/ 3?F<J N@CC 9< ;< :@;<; JFFE K?FL>? J?< @J C<8E@E> KF N8I;J @E:FEJG@:LFLJ :FCC<>< KFNEJ KF B<CF98C ;FD@E8 K@FE )<8EN?@C< &--0 74@-> N@CC 9< C@M@E> @E %JC8D898; D8B@E> PFL J@E> 8EEFP@E> A@E>C<J =IFD @E:<JJ8EKCP GC8P@E> 0 8 )<;@8 )F>LC 5FLYI< NI8E; GC8EJ =FI /88; $8;@8 8I< F==J <EFL>? KF > K?< :F>J 8K %EFM (K; @E K?< 9LJ@E<JJ K<:?EFCF>P ; N@I K?< )8CC IF8; C8NP
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
Class notes

,-5: -?;;0 8E; &-:- 4;?- ?8M< 8CJF >FKK<E D8II@<; 68@E @J :FEK@EL @E> ?@J ,? 8K 1E@ M 8E ), K?5 @J JK@CC 8K #CF98C /<:LI@K@<J !-05- ->;;=A5 @J 8K @KP 1' #I8; /:?FFC @E (FE;FE -@59- -9>-: @J FE< F= K?< = M +-?5> -34<-@5 @J 8CJF JK@CC 8K $/ ;4?5: -F-8 @J JK@CC N@K? * 8E; ?8J JG<EK DFJK F= K?< G8JK P<8I KI8M 8IFLE; /FLK? !8JK J@8 C8JK J@>?K@E> N8J @E /@E>8GFI< >?8-: ;4EA005: 8 B 8 IJ<< ?8J JL::<JJ =LCCP :FDGC 8K ?8IC<J /:?N89 K?@J JLDD
!-F5- ,-9-: >I8;L8K<; =IFD /K8E =FI; 8E; @J EFN NFIB@E> =FI )@ :IFJF=K @E /<8KKC< &->- '-45> >I8;L8K<; =IFD 8IE<>@< ) @E K?< 1/ (?9-: A:5> @J @E (FE;FE :8IIP@E> FLK I< J<8I:? FE K?< $<8CK? ,?8ID8 @E;LJ KIP &4-4F-5. ,A825=-> 8 B 8 /? =FI #C8OF/D@K?'C@E< @E '8I8:?@ 8E; %YD JLI< ?< J J K?<; FE< 9@K 8E; % D NFE; ?FN K?< G LG N@K? ?? ?I<8K GC8EJ F= KI8M 8IFLE; K?< NFIC; +A?>- -8;/4 N@CC ?8M< >I8;L8K<; =IFD #<

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

-4B5?4 &4-95 8 B 8 )@J?8 @J ?8G G@CP D8II@<; =FI 8CDFJK 8 P<8I EFN KF (8L>< /BFM>88I; 8 = FI 8K C<8JK J?< K?@EBJ J?< @J KIP@E> KF JFCM< 8CC K?< NF<J F= ,8B@JK8E :FLI K<JP F= 8 ,? @E <M<J 8J DFJK F= ? 8IFLE; K?< ; K ;<>I<<J

;.11: -5= @J ;F@E> M 8J N FB KFF 4910 -9-8 #-?4- @J 8CJF G8IK F= K?< @K@>IFLG =8D@CP ,-5:-. 95> @J @E =8:K 8 KFK8C DPJK K@D< I8K?><JK =FFC F= 8CC K@D<J FLK F= ?@D 8E; P 8E; GI8@J@E> 68@E89 68@E89 D@I @J M?K $8E; F= /?<@B? C@ $LJJ8@E 9LK EFN @KYJ GIF989CP K?< FK?FK <E>8><;T (( $ BEFNJ 9
1E=FIKLE8K G C-: -:0 &-4-> !-B5: 85 9-: #1>B-5F >?-8-: >52 E1?4- %-4119 -40 -650 -??-: -40 %-25=A1 ;3-> -40 4-: -??-: &-:058- - 7 - &-:0E 5:- -.5> >2-: 4910 -?59 &41574 -5>-9110 ->E-9 A?@-2- ;-F F-9 49-0 ;.11: 49-0 4A3@-5 !-B5: 85 !-F59 ?4>-2 !A74.- 4-: ".10 &;4-58 - 7 1D@1> $A>-@A8-5: 19;: %4118 -8;/4 %-F- -F95 &->&;4-58 &5005=A1 &--05- -??-: &-814- &5005=A5 &-:- ->;;= &-:- 4-850 &-:-9 A.>- &50 05=A5 &4-75> %-FF-= &--0 A? ?-5: 85 -9F- 89-77E &--0 -857 '-84- ->>A74 (91> ;.5: -:0 ,-5:-. -950 $-EEA9 GFCF>@<J =FI 8EP @E:FII<:K @E=F FI D@JJ@E> 8EPFE< FLK $FG< PFL 8CC ?8M< 8 >I<8K P<8I

&/

Class notes

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

-5F--: 49-0 8 B 8 "@AAL ?8J :FD< KF K @K $< I< HL<JKJ <M 8N8P =IFD ?FD< KF <EAFP K?@J JFIK F= C@=< KF @KJ =LCC<JK EF D8KKF@E> 98:B ?FD< FI > D8II@<; K?

I D8;< =LCC LJ< F= @K $< @J 8CJF EFN MF KF 1E@C<M K?8K KFI D<EK<; ?@D =FI 8 CFE> K@D< )FI8C 0?@E>J + 8CN8PJ KLIE FLK =FI K?< 9<JK %E FK? K?< BEFK JFD =FIN8I; KF ?@J =@8E:R :FD@E> 98:B KF ,8B@JK8E

8=K ? @E 38I@; 9LK EFN JLG K?< )*, K<8D $< N@CC 9< DFM@E> 98:B KF /8L;@ I89@8 @E L>LJK =FI >FF; 0?@J K@D< ?@J GC8EJ KF C<8M< 8I< :FE =@ID<; $< @J GC8EE@E> KF JC@J? FFB <EKI< -?--: A@@ 8 B 8 % ;FEYK BEFN N?8K 8CC =IFD 58...... KF '?8J888E KF LKKKKKKK KF K?< C@JK >F<J FE @J D@IK?=LCCP =@E> @K JK8PJ :FEJ@; K?< =@:BC< 8KK@KL;< F= ?@J +ECP ?< N?F NFE; ?@J LE@M ) "% 8=K MFK<; FLK 8=K?K=8CC K?FL>? EF9F;P @J KF 9< 9C8D<; =FI K?@J 9@8J KFN8I;J ?@D K? A8

?@J )8JKI8;L8K@FE 5>- 4-850 @J JK@CC GLIJL@E> 8 D8IB :8I< =FI DL:? DFI< :?8CC<E>@E> 8M<EL<J /?< I<:<EKCP D8II@<; ? KF DFM< KF 8E8;8 JFFE 8E; D8P9< ;F ? &5005=A5 @J JK@CC NFIB@E> 8K ' / 8G@K8C 8J 8E %EM<JKD<EK 8EB @E> E8CPJK 8E; ?8J EFK CFJK ?@J =8@K? @E ,8B@JK8EYJ <:FEFDP $< ?8J GIFD @J<; K?< #FM @E 1/ 9@CC@FE @EKF K?< <:FEFDP 8J =FI<@>E ;@I<:K @EM<JKD<EK -054F5F @J JFFE >F@E> KF C<8M< ?
Class notes

JKL;<EKJ N?F IFF; K@D<J J?< ?8; 9<=FI< JK @EKF K?< NFIC; F= 8;LCK?FF; 8E; I< JGFEJ@9@C@K@<J EFK KF D<EK@FE C<8M< ?@M< ?@=KJ )<8EN?@C< J?< @J @D G8K@<EKCP N8@K@E> =FI ?F AF@E ?C8E; ->E-9 -05 8J LJL8C ?8J ;@J8GG<8I<; @EKF K?@E 8@I 8CK?FL>? 8 =?K@E>J ?8M< 9<<E I11: 4-850 ?8J 9<<E NFIB@E> 8K @K@98EB FDD J@E:< >I8;L8 K@FE /?< J <EAFP@E> ? K?< >FF; K@D<J F= (1)/ HL@K< =I N?8K KF ;F E
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

) =IFD % FE N< ?@J :8I< F= > 8 DFKFI :P:C< KF 9<8K K?< DFIE@E> ?FLI KI8==@: F= '8I8:?@

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
Class notes

'14>119 A?-5: JG<EK P KF D8JK ?I8D J?< 9ILJ?<; LG FE ?<; KF =LIK? K?< JL9A<:K @E :8J< J?< ;<M @E K?< <:FE N@E> (9-5> -8119 @J @E MFCM<; @E ?@J =8D@CPYJ K ;I@M< KF F==@:< <M
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
LEBEFNE 0? @E -8K8I N?@CJK 8K C8I>< @E %JC8D898; N? :FM8E@Q8K@FE :8CC<; 0 8J 8CN8PJ

)57-?4 4A6- @J NFIB@E> K?< C8JK =F V% >L<JJ K?< K@D< @J I@G< =FI DFM@E> 9E8K@E> KF K?< D@E; 8K C<8JK :8I<?K ALJK :FD< 98:B KF @K KF D@EK DFE
&/ 336(-2%8367 %1-7, %7,1-:) -:)67 )', 6%1-7, ,%7,1- +1%-0 '31 ,%*%5 33163 7,%*%5 733163 +1%-0 '31 $F@E> 8CC K?< N8P KF K?< 6YJ JF 9<8I N@K? LJ +B JF .0-8 4910 4-A0->E @J ?FG@E> KF :C<8I 8 :FLGC< DFI< /F:@ 8J 8E 8:KL8I@8C KI8@E<< @E K?< #IFLG <E<=@KJ FE NFIB@E> @E 1' 9P K?< <E; F= K?@J P<8I .0A88-4 %-:- @J @E (8?FI< NFIB@E> 8J 8E : :FLEK LJ@E<JJ <M F== 8K 8NE * K?I<< J?FNJ 8=K * ).+ J8C<J ALJK

8=K;;6 ?4>-2 4-: @J 8 DFEK? 8N8P =IFD :FDGC ? 9LK ?8J EF :CL< N? NI@K@E> ;<J@>E@E> =FI =I< @J GFJJ@9C< =IFD =LIK??K@E> N@K? ?@J ; ?8J ;<:@;<; KF ?FG KF K?< FK?C< N@K? =FFK 98CC AF:BJ 8E; :?<L@J<; 8J 8 >I8; JKL;<EK 8K .LK> &-90-:5 8 B 8 &8E>F ?8J AF@E<; 8E FK? @J JKL;P@E> =FI 8 ,? 8K 1 8M@J KIP@E> KF =F:LJ FE I< J<8I:? 9LK > ;@JKI8:K<; 9P FE C@E< JF:@8C 8GGC@:8K@FE ;<M

E1?4- 85 4-: :LII<EKCP J<<J ?I<<EY 9P JN<8K@E> @K FLK N@K? K?< 9@> >LEJ 8K 38K<<E 0@E> @E JKI8K<>@: 9LJ@ E<JJ GC8EE@E> $FN<MIFLE;J 8E; @J JFFE GC8EE@E> FE ?<8;@E> ;FNE LE; 8 GFJK >I8;L8K< ;<>I<< @E %EKCP <EFL>? P<J?8 ?8J EFK ALDG<; 89F8I; K?< :FEK8>@FLJ 98E;N8>FE KF D8II@8>< D8IK "LE 8E; =IFC@: =FCCFNJ 8J 8 I<JLCK EA. 4A4>; @J D8E8>@E> 8JJ KF K8B< FM
Class notes

8K 8 K@D< +E K?< FK?6-0 '-:B11> @J GC8P@E> 8IFLE; N@K? :LII<E:@<J 8E; =@O<; @E :FD< J<:LI@K@<J 8J %EK ?<8K F= L98@ .LEE@E> K?< :FIGFI8K< I8:< ;F<JEYK J< 89FLK 9<:FD @E> 8 =LCC K@D< G?@CFJFG? $8JJ8E %A8Q N@K? ?@J @;<8J 8E; :FDG8EP 9P J?8I@E> ?@J 8::FDDF;8K@FE N@K? ?@D =K 98:B KF K?< :8CD 8E; J =FI KNF DFEK?J ->>-4 8E-? I<8C@Q<; K?8K @K N8J K@D< KF LJ< 8CC K?< <:F EFD@:J J?< ?8; JKL;@<; @E K?< C8JK =FLI P<8IJ KF D8B< K?< <:FEFDP VG8IED<EK N@K? !.. N?@:? N8J 8 =8J:@E8K@E> NFIC; *FN J?< @J FI><J @E %K?8:8 /?< ?FG<J KF II<< @E ? %-F- @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 LJ@E<JJ E8CPJK 8K 8E J@8E <MI8EKJ 8I< >@M<E KF /)!J KF D8B< K?D8@C 8E; :I@:@E=F 9<:8LJ< DFJK /)!J :8E K LE;F@E> N@K? K?< =CFN 8E; ?8J EF @;<8 N? "FI 8EP GFJ@K@M< 8;M@:< GC<8J< :FE K8:K $8@;
-??-: 85 8B8 .& J $8C@ ?8J 9<<E ?FGG@E> 8IFLE; @E (8?FI@ /K8IKLG :FDG8E@<J KF D8B< K?I<8K 9LK @J CFFB@E> KF J =FI 38I@; 0 F= >@M @E> 8 #) 0 JFFE $< @J K8B@E> :8I< F= K?< :FEKI8:KJ F= 38I@; 8E; @J <EAFP@E>

8J ?< > :FEKI8:K N@K? C@ QD8K FI E K?8K K?@J K@D< @K NFLC; 9<:FD< 8 D@CC@FE ;FCC8I :FDG8EP -054- .50 >I8;L8K<; N@K? K?< I<8C@Q8K@FE K?8K ?<; CFM< =FI <:FEFD@:J N8J D I<J<8I:? ?8MF: N@K? K?< :FD G8EPYJ P<8I =FI<:8JKJ 8E; N@CC JFFE =C<< K?< :FLEKIP N@K? ?FK D8II@<; @E )8I:? 8E; NFLC; 9< DFM@E> KF 9L ?89@ K?@J <:
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
@<J ?8J 9<<E J8K@8K<; EF DFI< D8K?J EF DFI< <:FEFD@:JT?@J I<8C C@=< JK8IKJ EFN

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

Class notes

I
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

8E !:FEFD@:J ,? 8K /K8E=FI; 1E@ M>C@E> K?< L>CP D8K? :FE: 8E; :FE=@>LI@E> 8 E
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
Class notes

F= 8D9I@;>< C8JJ F= 8E; ?8J 9<<E 8;D@KK<; @EKF K?< ,? GIF>I8D 8K 8D9I@;>< ,-5:-. &-110 @J ;F@E> )/: !EM@IFED<EK 8E; <M- 5 -=-@ @J :LII<EKCP ;F@E> ,? !:FEFD @:J =IFD K?< 1E@M@M< FLI ?<8IK@<JK :FE >I8KLC8K@FEJ KF 8CC K?FJ< <E>8><; D8II@<; G ?@>?I8;L8K< N@K? =CP@E> :FCFIJ 3< NFLC; C@B< KF N@J? <M KF ;F E<E KC
& 336(-2%836 %%( 1%6 )0)236 7%%(%%2 ,381%-0 '31 $8M@E> K?< ?FEFI F= NI@K@E> K?< :C8JJ EFK<J =FI K?< 98K:? @J EF <8JP K8JB %K JK8IKJ N@K? @E=FID@E> 8CC KF LG;8K< K?<@I JK8KLJ N?@:? K?<E KLIEJ KF I<

HL<JK@E> KF GC<8;@E> KF K 8E; =@E8CCP K?I<8K<E@E> KF GLK =LEBP NFI;J 8>8@EJK K?FJ< N?F ;F EFK I NFIB<; G@E> KF B<FF; KF ?<8I =IFD 8CC F= PFL

-95> &4-4F-0 8 B 8 88BK 8C DFJK 8CC :@K@<J C8E;@E> 98:B @E %JC8D 898; N?@M@E> 8 KFL>? K@D< KF G /, #F; % ?8K<; /, 49-0 99-> @J $+ F= 0<:?EFCF>P %E@K@8K@M<J @E 01/ ! (8 ?FI< N@K? 8 CFK C<JJ ?8@I 9LK DFI< DFE

FF; KI8;< F== D8E ?59 &4-.54 ,-505 IFK D8II@<; 8 = @J JK@CC @E CFM< N@K? (1)/ JK8P @E> 8J ,? :8E;@;8K< 4-850 149;;0 -95> @J D@O@E> LG ?@J ,? 8E; AF9 @E KFD@: !EP JF K?8K EF FE< BEFNJ N?8K ?< @J 8:KL8CCP LGKF J<:I<:P 8J LJL8C A4-99-0 0118 ?4>-2 @J EFN8 ;8PJ @E 8D9I@;><;FO (8?FI< A4-99-0 ->4-: 4-: N8J C8JK KI8:<; @E 1 ! JFDLP K?
M
A4-99-0 (?9-: 8E-? 8 B 8 "IF>>P ?8; C LG ?@J ,? 8E; :FD@E> 98:B KF K K? !-119 4-: K?< =FI8 ;<J D8K -501> K?@EBJ ?< @J K?< ,IFA<:K )8E8>P F8I; ?< I<8CCP @J &E10 ?-0 85 &4-4 @J 8JJF:@8K<; N@K? * . @E %JC8D898; &E10 -?5@ 85 -2>5 @J K?< GIFL; =8K?-: -95 @J 8 ,? :8E;@;8K< @E " /0 '8I8:?@ F= JFD< ;@J:@GC@E< N?@:? % :8EEFK GIFEFLE:< 8J N JFD< I<J<8I:? NFIB @E LJ KI8C@8 N?@:? @J K?< :FM5= %-?4110 $A>1?45 K?@EBJ ?< N8J 9FIE =FI :?<:B@E> FLK 8CC F= K?< 1/ C8E; JF ?< @J 8CC FM ?@J ,? +K??K J<< ?@D JK8II@E> @E K?< E-: ?8-9 N8J =FLE; @E (FE ;FE 1' 8J @I<:KFI /F=KN8I< )8IB F= JFD< :FDG8EP -59;;: !-?59 @J K?< GIFL; =8K?@IC 8E; ?FG<=LCCP JK@CC NFIBJ =FI D8 QFE @E 1/ -:?;;> -B10 C-: @J JK@CC N@K? *0 >FK D8II@<; 8 CFE>

Class notes

K@D< 8>F 8E; 8GG8I<EKCP ?8K<J KF D< D8E A4-99-0 A:-50 -?495 @J K?< K<:? J8MMP @E 38K<<E (8?FI< A4-99-0 A0-??5> -857 N8J C8JK JGFKK<; @E 2@<EE8 8E; K?<E EF =LIK?
"91> -B10 A@@ JK@CC JLIM@M<J @E 38I@; K<:?E@:8C @E (8?FI< &--0 "91> 8 B 8 K?< GFFI :C8JJEFK<J = 0 =FI:< F= ) (LD@E@K<J @E :FDDFK D8II@<; JFD< K@D< 8>F 8E; 8GG8I<EKCP DFM<; KF )8IJ 8J K? DFM<; KF 0 49-0 @J JK@CC K?< GI@E:< F= :I@:B ?< NFIBJ 8J N KF 8CC K?< FE<J % :FLC; EFK > C@JK @J 8CJF 8C@M< 8K ?KKG >IFLGJ P8?FF :FD >IFLG K? < J $8M< 8 ?8GGP K@D< <M
& 336(-2%836 ,96691 ),133( ")00)6%8-32 /,96691$1%,133( 172 '31 0?@J P<8I N< :8E M
DFJK F= LJ ?8M< J @E N8E@Q8K@FEJ 8E; 8K 8 M@E> IFC< K?8KYJ EFK 8CC N< J8N D8EP <E >8><J E K?< 9I8KLC8K< 8CC 98K:? D8K<J FE 8E FK?J DFI< >FF; E
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

K?< LG;8K< @E :C8JJ EFK<J =KI8;L8K@FE A:-50 &4->52 AF@E<; 0<:?CF>@O 8E; K?<E C8K 8K 0FK <E>8><; 8E; N< 8I< CFFB @E> =FIN8I; KF 8KK<E;@E> ?@J N<; ;@E> 3@J? PFL K?< M
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
Class notes

?8GGP N@K? ?@J AF9 K@D@E>J F= 8D GD 8J MJ

@K =FI 8K C<8JK 8 :FLGC< F= P<8IJ $< >FK <E>8><; @E )8I:? 8E; GC8EJ KF >
=K (1)/ &411>-F 7>-9 AF@E<; #%"0 1E@M K?@1F- N8J 9C<JJ<; N@K? 8 9FP @E $@J E8D< @J )F?8D D8; %9I8?<@<J $< CFM<J KF JG<E; K@D< @E K?< <M<E@E>J @E )8JA@; 8:K@M@K@<J 8E; @J <EAFP@E> K?< 9C<JJ@E>J >@M<E KF ?@D 9P CC8? <JG< :@8CCP =8K? 9FK? G8I<EKJ 8IFLE;

,11?4-: 6-F -?54 (F ,-9-: ->5? %-:- (9-5> A8 -?-: 8I< 8K *!/ +) =FI K?< C8JK KNF P<8IJ -91> ,-411> 4A>>-9 !-F5> A:16; -857 -4-: A:-50 74@-> -??-: 4-: 4-C-6A4-99-0 -40 ,11?4-: %-:- 8 B 8 ,
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
& 336(-2%8367 977%-2 %8-* 8-7%0%8 ,019+,%0 +1%-0 '31 !%7-* 977%-2 ;%7-* ,977%-2 +1%-0 '31

95:-4 -950 @J EFN 98:B @E (1)/ KF :FDGCI<< )<8E N?@C< J?< @J >8K? ?F8I;J F= @E =FID8K@FE 89FLK 8CC K?< >FF; LE@M J8@; K?8K J?< J<:I C@KKC< DLE:?B@EJ F= )FEK<JJFI@ .0A8 %-49-: 8=K 8 M? (1)/ <M<EKL8CCP J 8 :FI< K<8D F= ;<M =FIN8I; KF G8:< LG <M<E DFI< N@K? 8CC ?@J G8JJ@FE 8E; CFM< =FI )@:IFJF=K K<:?EFCF>@<J .0A8 %-A2 A4-99-0 %-:- 8=KF@E> K?IFL>? K?< C@JK F= :FLIJ<J @E K?< ?8E;9FFB ?8J =@E8CCP ;@J:FM N@J? KF ?8M< 8 I N@K? ?@J E8D< ?< @J >F@E> KF K8B< HL8C@=@
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

>=-: F5F @J 8 C<:KLI<E:P 8I< JK@CC JKIFE> 8J <M
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

Class notes

*% +, @< =LKLI<

>F@E> 89IF8; @E E<8I

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

AC->5E- J?FLC; M< 9<<E 8 GFBIFLE; :CL9 9LK @EJK<8; @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 /F=KN8I< !E>@E< %-22-@ 8 B 8 +D@E@8 1/ N? 8J 8 FEJLCK8EK 8K ):"8;P<E /FCLK@FEJ A4-99-0 &4;-5. -?-: @J :LII<EKCP NFIB@E> @E )F9@C@EB $< ?8J 9<<E FE 8 :

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
Class notes

J:?<;LC< 8K ? %149-: @J 8 ?8GGP D8E 8CC K?8K 9FKFO 89LJ< G8@; F== 8E; ?8J =@E8CCP C<; ?@D KF K@< K?< BEFK $< N8J NFIB @E> 8K , K?< IFC< F= 8 I< JGFEJ@9C< =I< D8; DFE

K?< N8P /?< @J 8CJF KIP@E> KF D8B< 8 D<8E@E>=LC ;@= =I8DD@E> JB@CCJ 9P K<8:? @E> ? /:IP9< %E: FE ?@J EFK KFF 9IF8; J?FLC;
&-95 AF ,-9-: ?8J 9<<E FE< F= K?< I8I< CFP8C @E<5 ?8J DFM<; KF )@E E<JFK8 N@K? ? ?LJ98E; )FFJ8 6L98@I@ /?< @J ?8M@E> =LE =@CC<; N< ? E G8IK@<J ?8KK@E> N@K? &-:&4-25 FE MF@:< :?8K FE NI@KK<E :?8K FE G?FE< FE =8:<9FFB 8E; CFFB@E> FLK =FI FK? @E / @J EFN I@>FI FLJCP ?LEK@E> ;FNE 1#/ FE =8:< 9FFB KF I 8 M8:8K@FE @E L98@ 8K ? =FI ;@KP8 '8J?8G KF N8CB @EKF ?
K@E> 8CFE> J@;< /88;@8 KF J@E> JFE>J FE N<;;@E>J &-=5. %-?450 @J EFN NFIB@E> 8K .<; )8K? 8J 8 /F=KN8I< !E>@E< E<8ICP 8 P<8I N@K? * 8K , E<8ICP <MC< E@>?K 8E; @E ) J C8LE;IP IFFD FM
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
)8E8> KF L98@ I<8C JFFE '-EE-.- E-F 8 B 8 ,9 ?8J =@E8CCP J8@; =8IFF; 8E; @J NFIB@E> N@K? 1E@K<; *8K@FEJ @E %JC8D898; G8IK =IFD CFM @E> ? GC8EJ =FI K?< N< HL@K< 8 =?K FG GFIKLE@KP =FI * KF 898E;FE 8:8;FF; KF KIP FLK ?@J CL:B @E K?< @E;LJKIP *-=-> 85 5>F8 B 8 3 ) @J :LII<EKCP NFIB@E> @E /PJK@E< KF >F 89IF8; =FI 8 AF9 @E 8 K<:? :FDG8EP $< J 8CJF GC8EE@E> KF >8><; @E K?< :FD@E> DFEK?J

*-?52 A??-5: @J 98:B @E K?< :@KP F= K?< C@M@E> ;<8; PFL BEFN N?@:? :@KP K?8K @J N? KF I< K8@E ?@J )FJK !C@>@9C< 8:? K?IFL>? K?< CLJ? >I<<E )8I>8CC8 ?@CCJ %E ?@J JG8I< K@D< ?< ?FEFIJ ,. ( N@K? ?@J E :8E JK@CC 9< =FLE; @E (1)/ N? 8J 8 .<J<8I:? JJF:@8K< ,11?4-: -857 @J 8 /<E@FI /F=KN8I< !E>@E<C< 8E; PFL ; JFFE J<< ?@J 8;J @E K?< :C8JJ@=@<;J J<:K@FE F= M8I@ FLJ E =FI JFD< K@D< N@K? '?LJ?8C@ 8EB I<8C@Q<; K?8K K?
Class notes 336(-2%836 %,-0 #%,))6 %'/%+)7 -1-8)( 7%,-0 =%,))6 4%'/%+)7 '31 4/ %K @J LE9I8;L8K<; =IFD (1)/ E; F= :FLIJ< JF DL:? ?8J :?8E><; 0?< G
>52 A@@ V0NF JFEJ %9I8?@D 8E; '8I@D D8E8>@E> 8:8;< @J KF D8B< (1)/ LJ@E<JJ J:?FFC DFI< I
91> -05 4-: V% 8D CFFB@E> 8=K 8:K@M@K@<J 8K K?< <J:FE )8EL=8:KLI@E> "8:@C@K@<J ? %YM< 9<<E ?2-: 85 V% NFIB =FI K?< /K8K< 8EB F= ,8B@JK8E 8J @I<:KFI 8EB@E> ,FC@:P 8E; I<>LC8K@FEJ ;
L< KF DP :FEK8:K N@K? (1)/ % >I<8K KF J<< K?8K KNF F= LJ 8I< JF :CFJ F= FLI 8CD8 D8K
>-9 NI@K<J V%YD NFIB@E> 8K ,8B@JK8E I<;@K .8K@E> ><E:P (@D@K<; , . 8K K?< DFD<EK 8=K 9<<E K?IFL>? I8K?C< =FFKCFFJ< 8E; =8E:P =I<< W

% K?8EB K?< :C8JJ 8CJF N?F I< JGFE;<; JF HL@:BCP M@8 K?< K?<J< EFK<J N8J XP<JK 8K ,8:B8><J (@D@K<; 0?< :?@C;I<E 8I< >IFN@E> LG )P JFE /88; @J EFN @E K?< /<:FE; 5<8I F= X Y C<M<JK ;8L>?K
85 %-459 J8PJ V% ?8M< EFN 9<<E 98:B @E L98@ =FI FM 8 P<8I @E .@P8;? '/ N? KF %JC8D@: 8EB@E> % 8D EFN KILCP :FDD@KK<; KF %JC8D@: 98EB@E> 8E; 8D :LII<EKCP /2, $<8; F= .IFN@E> LG =8JK ELD @J P<8IJ 8;@C @J 8E; 998J @J ;L< KF KLIE E
A9@-F J8PJ V% 8D JK@CC D8II@<; KF J?I8= 8E; ?8M< KNF JFEJ FECP 3FIB @E> =FI IFJ9P =FI K?< G8JK =@M< P<8IJ EFK?54- &A4.-:5 NI@K<J V% 8D JK@CC @E 1E@C<M @ I<:KFI =FI "FF;J 9LJ@E<JJ W

,-450 4-: V% C@M< @E (8?FI< 8E; ?8M< 9<<E @E K<; 8E; (@=< @J FB8P JF EF :FDGC8@EKJW > $-5?1> %-?450 V% 8D JK@CC N@K? .F9 D8E@8 8JJF:@8K<; N@K? (LDJ@8EJ )P B@;J N?F =@E; (1)/ KFL>? >
@EKF D FLI KI8;@K@FE8C FKKFE #@EE@E> 9LJ@E<JJ W

336(-2%836 &-( %7-1 )2)6%0 3*8 2' %&-(2 +)2)6%073*8 '31 &4A6--@ 5>F- ?8J J @K 8J 8 D8E8>@E> G8IKE N@=< 08PP898 ;8L>?KCP :?8CC<E>@E> KF 9< 8 G8I <EK =FI )LJC@D :?@C;I<E 8J N< ;FEYK J<<EK JF:@ LJ 8CC 8J JKI8E><E F= GLKK@E> KF>< K?@J @= JLGGFIK<; 9P DFJK $< JK@CC @EKLC8ICP 8J 8CC ?@J KFG < D<EK :FLIJ< 8K .! I<:<EKCP !-0119 &->2>-F DFM<; 98:B @E &8EL8IP KF (8?FI< 8=K 8=K 9LJ@E<JJ .50 !-?59 @J :LII<EKCP ILEE@E> #<E KF
Class notes

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
GI@C 8J $<8; F= 3?FC<J8C< I<;@K $< N8J @EMFCM<; @E K?< J LG 8E; C8LE:? F= K?@J E@E> 8E; 9<@E> 8 ?FLJ< N@=< 8E; JG<E;@E> *@C?K ?8J 9<<E 8 =LCC K@D< I<8; ?FLI EF 9I<8B EF N<? @K @J 8 ;@GCFD8K@: GFJ@K@FE U PFL BEFN N@K? ;@GCFD8K@: @DDLE@KP 8E 8CC U K? 8J 8 X(8;P F= (<@JLI 89FLK N?<E J?< HL@K ? ?@J $@>? /:?FFC K?@J P<8I 8 P<8I <8IC@?K GIFA <:KJ K?8K CC@P8 @J CFFB@E> 8K U8E; B< ?
'59;A> #-?4- @J MC< NFIB 9<@E> ?@J D8II@8>< $< :FMLC8ICP M@J@KJ K?<J< :FLEKI@<J =IFD ?@J 98J< @E 8@IF 0?< AF9 @J HL@K< K8O@E> @K@ @J @E K?< E8E@Q8K@FE $< ?8JE K 9<<E KF ,8B@JK8E =FI 8GGIFO PIJ 8E; LJ<; KF 9< 98J<; @E L98@ =FI F= ?@J PIJ N@K? @K@ N?E I< :<EKCP I<J@>E<; =IFD * ).+ /@E>8 GFI< 8E; @J @E K?< GIF:<JJ F= DFM@E> KF &8B8IK8 KF NFIB =FI 8 0FC= ?8E;@:8G ?8J @DGIFM<; KF 8E; ?< ?8J 8E @E:I<8J@E>CP

I@FLJ GJ JF PFL D@>?K J8P #F; 8E; >FC= 8I< EFN K?< ;<=@E@E> =<8KLI<J F= ?@J C@=< $< @J <E:FLI8>@E> :?@C;I<E KF K8B< LG K?< J8D< @EK>C@E> FE 9FK? =IFEKJ

4-C1> 4-C-6- DFM<; KF .@P8;? /8L;@ I89@8 @E *FM KF AF@E K?< /8L;@ I@K@J? 8EB / LII<EKCP ?< @J K?< $<8; F= 0I8;< /LGGCP ?8@E 8K / &--05- A74->5 ?8; 8 JFE !D@C /8C8?L;;@E @E / N@K? % ) J ,L9C@: /<:KFI GI8:K@:< @E K?< 38J?@E> KFE 8I<8 %E K?< GI<J@;<EK@8C =FI $@CC8IP C@EKFE KF ?
336(-2%836 %6%, )+ 7%6%,&)+

<%,33 '31

% N8J 8JB<; KF ;F K?@J NI@K< LG FECP 8 ;8P 9<=FI< K?< ;<8;C@E< JF DP 8; M8E:< 8GFCF>@<J KF K?FJ< EFK D<E K@FE<; @E ;F 9P ?59 8E; 91:- N@K? K?<@I ;8L>?K 9-4 8E; &4-450 ?8M< DFM<; @EKF K?<@I E 8K '8I8:?@ #I8DD8I /:?FFC 8E; /?8?@; N@K? 08D<-: #->-/4- 8E; ?@J =8D@CP 8I< M PFLE>F % 9LDG<; @EKF > -:?;;> 8K '8I8:?@ /LE;8P )8I B =FI 8 G?8ID8:
Class notes

@J C@M@E> @E (FE;FE -?-: -B10 @J :LII<EKCP @E '8I8:?@ NFIB@E> =FI 8 9IF B< =@ID $< ?8J 8 ;8L>?K?K KF GLIJL< 8 ,? @E C8N 8K $8IM8I; (8N /:?FFC $< >FK D8II@<; KF ->E-9 4-: N?F @J 8CJF 8 =8:LCKP D 4-850 4-=-: 8E; &-89-: &-8119 8I< 8CJF JK@CC @E (8?FI< 9LK % ?8M< EF E -?>-- @J @E -8K8I $-9-> @J NFIB@E> N@K? $/ @E +D8E 8J $<8; F= LJ@E<JJ 8EB@E> 8E; ?8GG@CP <8K @E> K?< :8B<J 8E; G8JKI@<J ?@J N@=< /?LD8@C8 D8B<J ::FI;@E> KF C8JK BEFNE JFLI:<J !-B110 ?34-> @J @E &<;;8? 8E; %-A2 @E L98@ 4A8-9 [email protected] @J C@M@E> @E /@E>8 GFI< 8E; K<8:?@E> 8K K?< /@E>8GFI< *8K@FE8C 1E@M5 ?8M< D8;< 8E8;8 K?<@I ?FD<J C@ NFIBJ =FI +C@M@ 8E; NFIB@E> @E 8E8;8 -501> 85 =@E8CCP >FK D8II@<; C8JK P<8I 8E; =IFD N?8K % BEFN @J NFIB@E> @E &8B8IK8 "IFD C8JK BEFNE I @E (FE;FE ' 8E; 85 8I< JK@CC @E $FE> 'FE> N@K? K?<@I K?I<< B@;J /8;CP 9:- CFJK ? N@K? &/ #IFLG @E K?< GI@M8K< @J EFN 8 " 8E; 8=K K8L>?K 8K (FE ;FE /:?FFC F= LJ@E<JJ "@E8E:< @J

JK8IK@E> ? 9LJ@E<JJ ?
J =FI &-89-: 9E?182 8E; FLI B@;J )LJK8=8 6 K?< GIFM 9FFB I<M@
336(-2%836 %01%2 98& 598&7 <%,33 '31 %K @J JF DL:? =LE KIP@E> KF :FCC<:K LG ;8K<J =IFD K?< :C8JJ D8K<J D8EP F= N?FD CFM< 9<@E> FLK F= K?< C@D?K N?F J8PJ (1)/ >I8;J 8I< ALJK 8 J?FN 3@K? JF DL:? ?8GG<E@E> K?< LG;8K<; :?@C;I<E 9FIE I<J@ ;<E:<J :?8E><; (8K<JK KI<E; J< K?8K <M K?< 9<JK F= ?<8CK? =8D @CP :8I< !-?119 45?@51 ?8J ?@J GIF=@KJ FE @EM<JK D<EKJ =FI C #?LI8@I #IFLG @E L98@ $< EFN GI<= @EKF 8E @EKLIL FE ,IFA<:K "@E8E:< .8?@D @J 8 =I?KJ C<8M@E> 1 ! 9LK EFK ?<8; @E> 98:B KF 1 ! 8J ?< GI<=
KI8M =8K??K ?LJ98E; KF ?@J N@=< N?F @J FE KI8:B KF 9<:FD< 8 C8NP &E10 A8 !53-> J?@=K<; KF L98@ N? C@:<EJ -9-8 PFL N@CC EFK J<< 8 DFI< <EK 9LJ@E<JJD8E @E L98@ N?F @J DFI< J><JK@FE K?8K ?< @J JTTTT

@52 -53 GI<= P<8IJ @E K?< =8I <8JK $< @J N@K? 8GFI< D8E8>@E> .) ,FIK=FC@F )8E8>@FE8C =LE:K@FE ?8J K?I<< 9<8LK@=LC ;8L>?K ILEJ C-5? -??-: ?8J D8;< ?@JKFIP 9P 9I<8B @E> 8CC I<:FI;J F= CLI@E> @E ;@M< DP 98EB 8 ; ?FC@;8PJ ?< :8E 9< EFN J<<E C<JJ 8E; C<JJ @E (8?FI< 8E; DFI< @E !LIFG< $< ?8J KNF :?@C ;I<E 8 ;8L>?KFM @E (FE;FE =IFD ?@J :C8JJD8K<J 9LK EFK =IFD ?@J :C@<EK?K-9 59.AB-88<EAFPJ C@=< @E 8E8;8 8 ?8I; NFIB K?< ;8P 8E; 8 G8IKP 8E@D8C 9P E@>?K N?F CFM<J KF :I8J? N@C; G8I K@<J /F @= PFL <M
LG;8K< FE ?@J C8K<JK
Class notes

5>-6 &-814 -A0 I<:<EKCP J?@=K<; KF AF@E !E>IF "FF;J =IFD ?@J GI<M@FLJ 8JJ@>ED<EK 8K /LGGCP ?8@E @M FB< 8K (8?FI< $< N8EKJ KF =@CC LG <MIFYJ CFN =8K D@CB --5F -??-: 8E; 95:- A:5> J8@; 9P< KF (FE ;FE 8E; J FLKJ?@E<; 8CC #FI8J @E ?@J :8G8:@KP 8J K?< 0<:?E@:8C )8E8>@E<<; KF JK8P 8E <E>@E<?K5? ,-2-> @J EFN 8 @I<:KFI 8K .FP8C 8EB F= /:FKC8E; @E (FE;FE $< ;I@M<J K?< !LIFG<8E <EP J<:KFI :I8QP 9P J?FIK J <EP 9FE;J 8E; EFK J :8CC FGK@FEJ

-501> %-25= N?F @J J8@; KF 9< K?< FECP I<8JFE 9 ") # GI@:<J @E %JC8D898; EFN I@;<J 8E / J 8K %JC8D@: 8EB @E 8?I8@E ->5? 4910 =@E8CCP :?8E><; ?@J 98EB 9LK EFK ?@DJ =I@<E; N?F N@FE =FI K?< 8I:C8PJ 98EB 8K (8 ?FI< ->;;: 4-850 0?< 98EB ?@J E; 9FFB @E N?@:? ?< ?8J GIFD@J<; KF @E :CL;< G@:KLI<J =FI :C8JJ F= Y $< ?@J N@=< ?8M< KNF JFEJ 8E; ?< NFIBJ =FI 8EB C=8C8? 8J $<8; F= .@JB )8E 8> ?@J 9LJ@

E<JJ ;<:@J@FEJ N@K? ?@J 98EBYJ +

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

D<EK ;M@JFI 8K FL9P8E 8EB @E 'LN8@K 8E; I<:<EKCP :FDGC EFN $<8;J FLEKIP @JKI@9LK@FE +G?K
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

Class notes 336(-2%836 0- %=-8-&%2/ %0- /%=- '-8- '31 !-8, 7944368 *631 %-6% %8%7,% 2%1 ),1-2% 001%//< 1%6 %1)) %&-& ,3%6 %97))* %2( 396 '0%771%8)7> %')&33/ 463*-0)7 %K J EFK 9<<E <8JP KI8:B@E> ;FNE 8CC F= FLI :C8JJD8K<J K?FL>? HL@K< 8 =I<8K AF9 9P J LG 8 (1)/ ) >IFLG U GC<8J< AF@E @K @= PFL ?8M<EYK 8CI<8;P /F JFD< F= K?< XJG@: F= GIF=<JJFIJ K<8:? ELD9CP K?< :C8JJ J< ?L9J JL:? 8J L98@ (FE;FE *5 8J N? K? 98J< F= EFE 98EB
(

!-A9-: 96-0 @J GLKK@E> ;FNE IFFKJ @E (FE;FE $< ?8J ALJK DFM<; @EKF 8E 8G8IKD<EK @E /K &F?E J 3FF; 8CFE> N@K? *8;@8 8E; K?<@I P<8I FC; JFE 68@E *8LD8E 8E; *8;@8 9FK? >F KF F==@:< @E 8E8IP 3?8I= *8LD8E 8K @K@>IFLG N?@C< *8;@8 NFIBJ E N@K? ??K 85 $A>1?45 @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 LJ@E<JJ <M
?C< 8E; ?< J< 3?8K "C8MFI I< 5FL ->411: 49-0 @J 8CJF @E (FE;FE N@K? ??K8 GFJ< "9-> ->;;= NFIBJ N@K? $/ CJF @E K?< 1' N< ?<8I 8I< -5F- ->50 N?F ?8; 8 989P C8JK *FM 5@/481C N?F ?8J ALJK I<:<EKCP ;<:@;<; 8CFE> N@K? ?@J N@=< $<EE8 8E; K?<@I KNF JFEJ KF DFM< FE =IFD .8N8CG@E;@ 8E; D8B< K?<@I E :@KP F= !;@E9LI>? !+ %1?@ ;2 !;>@4

91>5/-

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
B<<ECP @EKI8DJ /GFEJFI@E> 8 =? ?@>? J:?FFC ? 9LK >I8K@=P@E> :K@ME I8E@Q8 K@FE =F:LJ<; FE GIFDFK@E> <EKIJK DIFLE; DLJ@: <JK89C@J?D<EKJ W

.50 ,-505 8E; ?@J N@=< 8I< 9FK? NFIB@E> N@K? )@:IFJF=K 8E; J KN@EJ &--05- A:5> -9 9-0 @J J@8 N? ?<E:< D8E8>>-9 4A@@- @J 98J<; @E K?<EJ +?@F N@K? ?@J B@;J 8E; @J 8E JJF:@8K< ,IF=<J JFI 8K +?@F 1E@M =FI 8 LK@C@KP :FDG8EP $< ?8J K?I<< B@;J 8><J 8E; $< D<EK@FEJ K?8K 9@; 8CF:? 8E; D@I '?8E :8D< KF M@J@K K?@J P<8I 8E; K?

2>-F K@CC I<:<EKCP @E (FJ E> =FI &F?EJFE &F?EJFE $< ?8J =FLI B@;J EFN 8=K@ICJ E; =IFD C8JK P<8IYJ LG;8K< -C-0 %-FF-=A1 @J ?8GG@CP D8II@<; KF 68I8 '?8E 8E; K?

8J 8 .<J<8I:? E8CPJK 8K .LJ JCF98C C<8; -95> 4-: 8CDFJK D8E8><; KF ;@J8GG<8I ?FN<M =FI K?< !EP 8E; %E=I8JKIL: KLI< ;M@JFIP >IFLG N@K? * EFN . / .50 -8;/4 ?8J 8CJF 9<<E KI8:<; KF K?< 38J?@E>KFE

Class notes

8I<8 N?IFLG ?< ?8J I<:<EKCP AF@E<; 8 JD8CC K<:? :FDG8EP :8CC<; *P 8I<8 $< J8PJ ?< ?8J 8 M &41574 @J 8CJF @E N? N@K? "8EE@< )8< @E K?< I@JB D8E8>-8591>5/-

2>5/- -> -?@ &;A@4 :@->/@5/- 1@/

'149-?5< 4-: ?8J 9<<E KI8:B<; @E /P;E

5-: @J KI<8JLI8E;8 N? N@K? .8E8 8E; K?<@I KNF :?@C;I<E '?8;@A8 8E; %9I8?@D E; N< 95 8E; &41 4F-0 8@-2 KF>?K :FEJLCK8EK NFIB@E> =IFD ?FD< 8E; FE " PFL :8E =@E; FLK 89FLK ? ,/, 8E; 8JG@I@E> <EKI8GFI< =FI K?< C8JK P<8IJ N@K? 8P !5?4-:@4?8J 9<<E CF:8K<; @E FCFD9F /I@ (8EB8 N? F= K?< C8I><JK JK8K@FE?K<; =IFD KF P<8IJ E; @= PFL <M?8@ D8B< JLI< PFL C8><; @E LJ@E<JJ $. FE JLCK@E> FE K?< =8D@CP =IFEK *@E> @J D8II@<; EFN ?
A.-5

50081 -?@

"9-> &-911 =J?8E 8E; K?<@I KNF CFM?K >IFLG ,FF; 8LJ<J 8E; @J V%EKLP &4;-> -??-: ?8J 8CJF JN@K:?<; AF9J ?< @J EFN N@K? 8 "I<E:? 98EB *, @E L98@ 3?<E % KI8:<; ?@D ?< N8J <EAFP@E> ,8I@J &4-4-. >-F 5>F- @J 8CJF @E L98@ N?@IC PC8 KF ?@J =8D@CP I<:<EKCP $< J?8I<J N@K? LJ 8E @EK JK8K?I8;<J @E :C8JJ ;F EFK E<:<JJ8I@CP KI8EJC8K< @EKF DFI< DFE

?I8;<J .0A8 %-459 A@@ ?8J 9<<E J<M-: 4-A04>E AF@E<; * @E K?<@I "% 8I<8 8E; ?8; 8 ;8L>?K-F +-4E- @J @E L98@ N@K? 8E; ?8J K?I<< B@;J KNF ;8L>?K >@E> 8N8P 8K $/ @E FIGFI8K< 8EB@E> &-66-0 134->5 ?8J 8CJF DFM<; KF L98@ I<:<EKCP 8CFE> N@K? ?@J N@=< 8E; =FLI P<8I FC; ;8L>?K N@K? 8 :FDG8EP :8CC<; "FEK 588 T " # ?8J I<:<EKCP 9C<JJ<; 8CC F= K?< :?8ID@E> I<J@;<EKJ F= L98@ N@K? ?@J GI<J<E:< @E K?< J?@E@E> :@KP

!CJ @J @E .@P8;? N@K? FE< F= K?< @EK>A74 @J 9;;=5 @E ?@J FNE NFI;J V?8J EFN

J?K FLI K? N<; ;@E> 8EE@M FE< P<8I FC;8 @J K?< DFJK @EK 8E; <M<EK @E DP C@=< 8K K?< DFD<EK K?8K % 8D C<8IE@E> 8J N MFCLEK8I@CP W E; ->-F 4-: T / # @E=FIDJ LJ K?8K ?< 8E; /8D@E8 8I< C@M@E> ?8GG@CP N@K? KNF B@;J )88@I 8E; )8E8C 0?

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
Class notes

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
PFLE><JK @J DFEK?J FC; 5>-: @J K<8:?@E> C<M @E> LG B@;J /?< @J 8CJF DFM@E> KF ? ->-4 :FEK@EL<J KF 9L@C; LG .FLK< N@K? M8I@FLJ @D GFIK<; ?<8CK?:8I< 9I8E;J @E K?@J D<;@LD J@Q<; 9LJ@E<JJ @E K?< G?8I D8:@E> +E< F= ??K 8 J<:FE; 8;;@K@FE KF K?< =8D @CP 1JD8E @E=FIDJ LJ V% ?8M< FE< JFE 8E; 8 ?8C= P<8I FC; 8E; JK@CC FE< N@=< W $DDD -.-> -950 @J @ I<:KFI /@>EJ /FLI:< (@D@K<; K?< C8I><JK FLK F= ?FD< D<;@8 JFCLK@FE GIFM@; J<:KFI 95> &-8119 <8ICP <EKI ?@J :FD G8EP ?@D 96-0 /2, $<8; F= FDD (8?FI< $ ( @J :LII<EKCP M@J@K@E> /B8I;L KF ;F JFD< C8E;J:8G< G?FKF>I8G?P "IFD C8JK P<8IYJ LG;8K< &A8-59-: -E-:5 @J @E (8?FI< J@E:< K?< ;8P F= >I8;L8 K@FE 8E; JK@CC NFIB@E> @E *@J?8K 0 N<8M@E> ;@M $< ?8J KNF B@;J 08@DLI 8E; C<<E8 3< ?<8I -F59 !-F5> @J 8CJF JK@CC @E (8?FI< 8E; NFIB@E> @E K?< K 4-: C@M<J @E (8?FI< N@K? ?@J N@=< 8E; 9FPJ $@J " GIF=@C< @E;@:8K<J ?@J @EK 8LJ<J 8J N?K5- %149-: EFN 9C8Q@E> 8 KI8@C F= JL::<JJ 8J .<

>@FE8C FIGFI8K< $<8; 8K 1 ( @E ?C< 9LK ?8GG@CP :FDD@KK<; FEJK8EKCP 8E; G8JJ@FE 8K DP G8JJ@FE @ < KI8MW /?< ?8J 8E <EK ?8-9-.-0 ?4-C->

%-C-8<5:05

#1

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Class notes

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Class notes

KF =@>LI< FLK N?8K J?FLC; >F @EKF K?< :C8JJ EFK<J 89FLK DPJ @E 1' @J D8II@<; 8E; @J NFIB@E> =FI 8 JF=K N8I< :FDG8EP JG<:@8C@Q@E> @E I2-: 4910 4-: @J K?< $<8; F= %E M<JKD<EK 8EB@E> #IFLG 8K "8@J8C 8EB $< @J D8II@<; 8E; ?8J 8 JFE <@E> E<@>?9FIJ @E '8I8:?@ %I=8E 8E; % =I<J %I=8E @J 8CJF 8 ;I@M@E> =8:KFI 9 N@K? @K@98EB L98@ :LI I<EKCP FE 8 J@O DFEK?J 8JJ@>ED<EK @E *<E;J 8I< KF 9< 9ED<EK <EK8@CJ :F8:?@E> K?< *?K
-:?;;> &5005=A5 <M<E K?FL>? @E '8I8:?@ @J :FDGC ?@J J@>E8KLI<J =FI K?< =LKLI< :LII<E:P EFK<J )8E JFFI ?8J 8 ;8L>?K ;34-8 @J ?<8;@E> < 8EB@E> N?@:? @J 8 =FID F= 98EB@E> ;<J@>E<; =FI GJ 8K KC8J 8EB B98I C@M<J @E '8I8:?@ 8E; >FK <E>8><; I<:<EKCP ;4-9 9-0 -F59 [email protected] @J NFIB@E> 8J @I<:KFI )8IB =FI K?< 9IF8; 98E; 9LJ@E<JJ LE@K 8K )F9@C@EB E; EF K?@J 9IF8;98E; @J EFK 8EP IF:B XE IFCC 98E; K C<8JK K?@J @J N?8K '8Q@D NFLC; ?8M< PFL 9@E> ?@J FNE K 9LJ@E<JJ @E 8 N8P FECP ?< :8E D8E8>< 8CG?8 DLCK@GC@<; 9P N<@>?K<; 8M< :FJK F= :8G@K8C D@ELJ K?< C<=KFM?K@E> 0ILJ0 9LJ@E<JJ @E (8?FI< $< @J D8II@<; 8E; ?8J 8 JFE *8LD8E @J 8E 8M@; G?FKF>I8G?
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Class notes

N@K? , # 8E8;8 8E; K?8KYJ 8CC % BEFN 89FLK ?@D I@>?K EFN '->5= %-F5 @J ?<8;@E> LEJ<:LI<; =@E8E:@E> 8K L98@ %JC8D@: 8EB C@M@E> @E L98@ B@;J ?FLJ<J N@=< 08I@H :8IJ 8E; @D8>@E8IP ;F>JT K?@J :FD GC
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4-. 5:4-? @J JK@CC C@M@E> @E /8L;@8 9LJP I8@J@E> K?I<< B@;J 8E; NFIB@E> 8K #LC= %EKF@E> KF CFFJ< K?< I8:< =FI K?< CFE><JK K@D< @E K?< =@IJK AF9 KF ?<8MP N<@>?KJ C@B< 9 ;LCC8? &8M8@; )8EB8E@ /?F@E> KF C<8M< *<JKC< 8=K8IK<E 8K K?< K@D< F= ?@J AF@E@E> *<JKC< J@K =FI K?<@I + C<M #@M8L;8E K?< =C8 MFIJ 8E; =I8>I8E:<J :FDG8EP 8J "+ =FI K?<@I %E;FE<J@8E FG =FIN8I; KF K?< 8II@M8C F= ?@J J@9C@E> @E L>LJK $< @J GC8EE@E> KF =<<; ?@J J@9C@E> CFKJ F= *@;F 8E; GLK ?@D LE;IFN HL@:BCP KF ?@J FNE J@Q< JF K?8K K?

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Class notes

. 8E; E8CPK@:J =LE:K@FE (<J JFEJ @E / ) 8E; -) :8D< @E ?8E;P =FI K?@J 8JJ@>ED<EK LK EF C<JJFE :FLC; GI 8 9<8L K@=LC ;8L>?K
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C@B< :IL@J@E> +. JG<<; IFLG N?@QQ<J G8JK , 8E; :?FC<JK<J FK? *8LJ? N :FE:CLJ@M<E<J CC @E 8CC C@=< @J >FF; A>-0 @J JK@CC JKIL>>C@E> KF :FEM@E:< ?@DJ>C@E> <M< K@D<J 0?< HL<JK@FE JK@CC I< N?F 8=K KF N@K? )LI8; EP?FN 9P K?< >I8:< F= CC8? ?< @J D8II@<; 8E; 9C<JJ<; N@K?

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Class notes

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
+E K?< JG@I@KL8C =IFEK ?< >FK K?< FG GFIKLE@KP KF G 9P K?< K@D< ?< @J 8E; GLIJL< ?@J KIL< CFM< K<8:?@E> /F @KYJ 8 P<8I GC8E /FG?@8 @J <EAFP @E> ? 9 @E ,8B@JK8E DFEK?J @E 8 P<8I /?< B< 08C8C K?8K ?< GIFD@J<; KF DFM< 98:B KF ,8B@JK8E 9P K?FL>? K?< I
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Class notes

8E; ?<E:< 8I< I ? N@=< 8JB *8LD8E

'->5= ;>16; 8E; #5>-4 '->5= N><JK 8E; ,A.-5> 4-: 8I< 8K ,0 %JC8D 898; ?8M@E> 8 E@:< K@D< JDFB@E> KF > :8E EFK B< :FLIJ< 9< @K @E ?@:8N8KE@ /FD? K C-F )IJ &, 8E; &, &LE@FI 998J 8I< @E /?<@B?LGLI8 &, @J N@K? /?< DFI< /@DJ K?8E J?@IKJ &414F-0 D@>?K 9< K?< FECP G 8K N?@:? ?FLI F= 8 >@M<E ;8P /? C@=< K8B@E> :8I< F= JFE 9;LCC8? 8E; ;8L>?K 85 A??-5: 8E; /89<<E 8I< @E 8E>C8;<J? 0?

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
336(-2%836 %-7%0 !%,%& !360( !-() 6%() -2/)67 -650 N@EJ K?< DFJK @9C< *%-7%0 0917%0912- 4/

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Class notes

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

Class notes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)FM@E> FE KF K?< 9LJKC@E> :@KP F= L98@ 5:- @J EFN K?< LJ@E<JJ ,8IK E *-4110 @J NFIB@E> =FI /8=FC8 @E 8 KI8;< D8I B IFC< N?@:? <E:FDG8JJ<J K?< )@;;C< !8JK 8E; *FIK? =I@:8 $< 8E; N@=< *FI<<E N@=K<; N@K? 8 989P >@IC <8ICP K?@J P<8I (91> @J NFIB@E> N@K? 8 98EB ?8GG@CP J-211F @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 I<J KF 9< 9FK? 8 JL::<JJ=LC 98EB DFK? K?8K K?@E>J ?8M<EYK :?8E><; 8K ?@J <E; J@E:< C8JK P<8IYJ :C8JJ EFK<J ->5? @J NFIB@E> N@K? )@CC<EE@LD :8G@K8C N?@C< ?@J N@=< @J N@K? /K8E;8I; ?8IK? 98J<; @E '8I8:?@ 9LK NFIB@E> =FI K?< :8II@- @J ?<8;@E> K?< $LD8E .<JFLI:< 8:IFJJ K?< >CF9< C@KKC< /LC8@D8E <E AFPJ 8CC K?< 8KK<EK@FE F= ?@J >I8E; DFK? ?@J FNE K8C<EK D8E8>E<; =IFD /K8E;8I; ?8IK N@K? *8M@KLJ 8J FE< F= K?<@I KI8@E@E> :FEJLCK8EKJ 1JD8E 8E; /F9@8 8I< :LII<EKCP K?<@I =@IJK :?@C; @E 8 = @E (8?FI< N@K? N@=< P<J?8 8E; KNF 9<8LK@=LC ;8L>?K 8=K 9LJ@E<JJ<J 8K /@;;@HJFEJ %E ;LJKI@<J (@=< =FI ?@D @J >I<8K N@K? JFEJ C@ .8PP8E 8E; N@=< <<E@J? 9>-: &4-4 N?F ?8J =@E8CCP :FD<

Class notes

FLK F= ?@J ?@;@E> @J ILEE@E> ?@J J:?FFC @E ,<J?8N8I $< 8:K 9P J8P@E> K?8K ?< N8J J?LK KC@E> 9 KF 9< 8 8II@JK ?@J FNE JF=KN8I< :FDG8EP @E ?8B8 9P K?< E8D< F= 28CL< ,(1/ FDGLK@IC !-F5?4 8E; 8E-? 8I< @E (8?FI< N@K? K?<@I KNF :?@C;I<E )8?LD 8E; /88; %CP8J JG<E;J ?@J ;8P <;L:8K@E> K?< :?@C;I<E F= K?@J >I<8K E8K@FE 8K ?@J =8D@CP J:?FFC N?@C< :8K KF K?< 8;LCKJ K?IFL>? ?@J I89@8E ?KJ !-F5?4 ?8J K8B<E 8 9I<8B =IFD NFIB 8E; @J 9LJP N@K? )8?LDYJ J:?FFC@E> 8E; ILEE@E> 8=K ?@J FNE 9LJ@E<JJ :FE:
0?< N911: I<:<EKCP C<=K (8?FI< 8E; DFM<; KF K?< :8G@K8C :@KP KF NFIB =FI 8 I<>@FE8C GFNP .<JFLI:<J /?< :C8@DJ KF ?8M< 8;FGK<; K?< >I<<E :@KP 8E; @J CFFB@E> =FIN8I; KF 8 CFK F= ?@B@E> K?@J N@EK-9 @J K?< $<8; F= 28CL< ;;<; /@M< DFI< 8KK<E K@FE KF K?<@I JFE CD8E N?F N@CC JFFE KLIE :IFJJ K?< 9CF:B =IFD C@ %BI8D @J '-59A> N?F @J NFIB@E> 8K 0 8E @9C< 98:?E- C<=K * =FI 8E *#+ 8E; KI8M N@K? K?< &8G8E<J< FEJLC8K< @E '8KD8E;L 5:;0 @J 8CJF NFIB@E> @E '8KD8E;L =FI 8 1/ 98J<; :FD G8EP :8CC<; 3@EIF:B %EK
:FFI;@E8K<J K?< K<:?E@:8C JLGGFIK 9<@E> GIFM@;<; KF 8 ;<MP GIFA<:KJ &4AB-? @J K?< ?<8; F= K?< :I<;@K ;
"LIK? @E FCFD9F 8J K?< ,C8EE@E> %EJ@>?KJ )8E8> K?8K N@CC 9< I< D ? :C8@D KF =8D< @J K?8K ?< @J K?< FECP 98:? @E ) $< @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 >CF98C D8IBC< :FDG8EP J@E:< ?< >I8;L8K<; ,I8:K@: @E> GLKK@E> G <MI8;L8K<; K?FL>? J?< D8E 8><J KF M@J@K (8?FI< FE:< FI KN@:< <MCF98C 9I8E; ;<M- &-859 @J B 8=K :8I< F= ? @E $FLJKFE N@K? 8 =@ID K?8K JG<:@8C@Q<J @E K8O 5FF- @J JK@CC 98J<; @E 'L8C8 (LDGLI )8C8PJ@8 D8II@<; 8E; LE >FI>8E U (8?FI< @@5=A1 @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 /<E@FI .
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
Class notes

CFFB@E> =FIN8I; KF > 98:B KF 8E 8:K@M< :FIGFI8K< C@=<JKPC< -9>-: @J NFIB@E> 8K /K8E;8I; ?8IK !-.118 @J K?< ;@I<:KFI 8E; !+ F= <J:FE +OP ? 9 I<:IL@KD<EK 8K !E>IF "8D@CP JK8KLJ @J JK@CC K?< J8D< KNF 9FPJ $@J N@=< DE8 NFIBJ =FI 0?< 8@CP *-A !-05> @J 98J<; @E '8I8:?@ N??K 8 ?FLJ< $< @J K?< J<E@FI 9I8E; ;<MIF '?LJI8L @J ?8GG@CP D8II@<; KF /8CD8 8E; K?


336(-2%8367 8-% 9.-& %8-% 0917 )(9 4/ %*- %0-/ -8- %2/ 7%*- 1%0-/ +1%-0 '31 D@;JK DL:? I 8K 8IFLE; D@; E@>?K @E =IFEK F= DP EFK<9FFB =8:@E> 8CC F= /8=@YJ ?8I; NFIB ?< G8@E=LCCP =FC CFN<; DP @EJKIL:K@FEJ 8E; GIFM@;<; D< N@K? 8CC K?< E<:<JJ8IP ;F<J K?< :FLGC< 9P -.0->- 8E; "91> N?F 8GG<8I DFI< @E CFM< <8:? K@D< % D< DFK?I8:@FLJ ?FJK KF 8CC K?FJ< K?8K M@J@K ?
0?< <MFK GIFDFK<; KF 8E 2, 8E; 8CJF DFM<; :@K@<J ?< EFN I< J@;<J @E DP FE:< LGFE 8 K@D< 8;FGK<; :@KP F= %JC8D898; N@K? ?@J ;<EK@JK N@=< .89@8 +E K?< FK?L< -:5-8 N?F ?8J 9<<E 8 G8IK F= @K@ 8EB FIGFI8K< 8EB@E> =FI 8 N?@C< EFN @E %JC8D898; @J DFM @E> 98:B KF ?@J ?FD I<J@;<E:< =IFD ?@J 8M8CIP ?FD< F= D8EP P<8IJ KF <=<E:< $8GGP C@M@E> 8EEP

->;;: 8CJF C<=K =FI .@P8;? ?< @J :LI I<EKCP NFIB@E> 8J 8 /<E@FI LJ@E<JJ <MI8K<; KF K?< 1/ N@K? ?@J =8D@CP ?< @J GI<J<EKCP NFIB@E> 8J 8 /<E@FI E8CPJK =FI "@O<; %E:FD< .<J<8I:? N@K? !;N8I; &FE<J @E /8@EK (FL@J 1:- ?8J 9<<E <EAFP@E> 8 GIFC@=@: :8I<FK GIFDFK<; KF #CF98C ,IF;L:K )8E8>CF9 $<E8

0?< GI<M@FLJ P<8I J8N GIF=<JJ@FE8C DFM<J FLKJ@;< F= ,8B@JK8E D8@ECP KF L98@ 8E; /8L;@ I89@8 85 &A8@-: 8::P )8E8>?LD 0?< <M N@K? ?@J N@=< 8E; ?@J KNF ;?K=LC :?@C;I<E "8I@FC=FC= G8IKE KFF @J K?I@M@E> @E K?< 98EB@E> @E;LJKIP F= L98@ 8K 8 D8E8> J@;< K?< 9C@JJ F= D8II@8>< ?@J CFM?K G K?
->4-: KFF @J ;F@E> KF ?<8I =IFD ?@D 99-> FLI J@C<EK 8E; P<EK :C8JJ = 8K 8 J<E@FI GFJ@K@FE @E K?< (8?FI< ?8GK
"LIK? A9-EA: 9@; 8;@ GFJ@K@FE N@K? /8L;@ "I8E:@ @E .@P8;? % JK@CC I8E@Q<; 8K ?@J <=<E:< ?FLJ< ;LI@E> FLI KNF P<8IJ F= ) >

-5F- DFM<; KF 0FIFEKF 8E8;8 8=K< N?8M< 9@IK? KF 8 9<8LK@=LC 8E; ?<8CK?P 989P >@IC ? 8 I<:<EK DFK? K?<J< =< 8E; @J C@M@E> @E (FE;FE EFN8;8PJ N@K? ? KF 9< <M 9<<E @E K?< :FIGFI8K< J<:KFI K?<J< D8EP P<8IJ J?< @J ?8GG@CP K8B @E> K@D< F== 9<@E> 8 =LCC K@D< G8I<EK #F; 9C<JJ "8@Q8 *8;@8 0?< DFJK J?F:B@E> F= 8CC E )8IP8D >I8:<; ?@J C@=< @E <:FK GIF DFK<; KF )8E8>
Class notes

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
/, /8?@9 @J K?I@M@E> @E K?< C8N <E =FI: 8J K?< //, %EM<JK@>8K@FEJ 98J<; FLK F= (8?FI<

+E K?< FK?5= @J D8B @E> JLI< K?8K 8CC F= ?@J JJ@JK8EK I8E; )8E8>L@;< C@E<J J N@=< 68ID<<E 8E; :LK< ;8L>?K NFIP )8E8> C@=< 8J 8E 8KK<EK@M< ?LJ98E; 8E; 8 ;<;@:8K<; =8K?<; AF9J JFDF ?< I J<:KFI 9LK ?8J DFM<; =IFD /K8E;8I; ?8I KF;?8 +E K?< GFK D8II@<; K?@J P<8I 8D@;JK DL:? X=LE 8E; =IFC@:Y 8E; >8M< DFJK F= K?< Y D<E 8 :?8E:< KF <EAFP K? @E 99 FK898; += :FLIJ< K?@J N8J EFK K?< FECP N<;;@E> K?@J P<8I N?LPJY XC @E (8?FI< ;< N8J 8E 8==8@I KF I>E @J =CFLI @J?@E> @E ?@J =8D@CP 9LJ@E<JJ F= I F= 9I8E;<; >C8JJ<J 8E; N8K:?<J $8GGP D8KI@DFEP KF /?LA8 ;< M@E "8@J8C898; 8E; @J 9LJP N@K? ?@J =8D@CP 9LJ@E<JJ *-=-? KFF :?FJ< KF JK8P @E ?@J E8K@M<

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
Class notes

N@K? ?@J ;F:KFI N@=< /8I8? 8E; @J GI<J<EKCP 8K L ,FEK 8J K?< LJ@ E<JJ <M @E (8?FI< N@K? ?@J N@=< 8E; KNF B@;J %9I8?@D 8E; %J?D8
-91> -5F @J )8E8> ?@J GFJ@K@FE <M-: &->0-> DFM<; AF9J 8 =F $< C<=K ,?@C@GJ =FI 8 :8I<F@E> JKIFE> 8K $89@9 8EB (@D@K<; $ ( 8E; @J F= K?< M N@K? K?<@I =@IJK 98J<; @E K?< ?<8; F==@:< F= $ ( @E ?? N? 58-8 4910 4-: @J 8CJF C@M@E> @E (8 ?FI< 8E; NFIB@E> 8J K?< #IFLG I8E; )8E8> &-45. N?F AF@E<; FLI 98K:? =FI FE< HL8IK8K?A:A> %-?450 KF ;8K< 8CC % BEFN 89FLK $8ILELI K?FL>? @J K?8K ?< @J :LII<EKCP NFIB@E> @E ?@KK8>FE> ,? 98:B 8E; 8 K@I<; ?<8; =FI :FDGFJ@E> K?@J G@<:< K?<J< C8JK KNF ?FLIJ 8K 8 JKI
<MC8; KF ?8M< 9<<E 8 G8IK F= JL:? 8E 89C< 8E; ><EL@E< >IFLG F= G
336(-2%836 92))& !%,%( ,%2 1-6%8)7 28)+6%8)( )0)'31 192-'%8-327 314%2< 92))& !%,%( (9 %) 0:-: ,-450 @J 8 :8E;@;8K< =FI ,? @E 8 KFG EFK:? 1E@M 9 @J JK@CC NFIB@E> N@K? $ ( @E (8?FI< 8E; <EAFP@E> ?@J D8II@<; C@=< $< ?8J 9<<E E@:B E8D<; #8I=@ ;8P @E 8E; ;8P FLK KF @E :I<8J< /8DJLE> J D8IB @J JK@CC N@K? *<JKC< N?<E 8CDFJK 8CC FK? /K8K< 8EB 8=K D8II@<; C@=< N@K? 8 JFE 8E; 8 ;8L>?K 8E; :FC8 =FF; @E;LJKIP ;@;EYK @EK
NFIB@E> =FI +I8:C< 8J .<>@FE8C )8E 8>@IC F4-> 7>-9 NFIBJ =FI K?< /PE;@:8K<; (F8EJ ><E:P +G@IC 8E; <EAFP@E> 9<@E> 8 ?FLJ 8 ?8GGP D8II@<; C@=< 8E; @J 98J<; @E L98@ $< NFIBJ =FI *FFI %JC8D@: 8EB 8J 8 /<E@FI ,IF;L:K )8E 8> K?< DFJK @ 9C< 98:?-F &5005=A5 D8;< ?@J :8I<I8KJ "8I8Q 8E; N< 8I< CFFB@E> =FIN8I; KF 9LP@E> ;@J :FLEK<; #IFLG 8K $ ( /?< J?8I<J K?< J8D< =CFFI N@K? #8I=@FK D8II@<; C8JK < : @E .8N8CG@E;@ N@K? ?@J DFK?
Class notes

:FE>I8KLC8K@E> ?@D FE > GIF DFK<; =@IJK =IFD I<8 /8C<J )8E8> '8J?@= FE< JK
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
E

FF; KF >I<8K :FEK@EL<J 8E; 8=K K@D< N@K? <J:FE JB8I@ 8EB 8E; @E #IFLG @= K?< >I8G<M@E< @J KF 9< 9 ?@J J<E:P A4-99-0 4A>>-9 *->-5/4 @J ?8GG@CP D8II@<; 8E; 98J<; @E %JC8D898; NFIB@E> =FI )F 9@C@EB 8J )8E8> A4-99-0 &4-450 $A>1?45 @J 8 ,? :8E;@;8K< 8K 8 1E@M8GFI< 8E; @J F= K?<J< :C8JJ EFK<J N8J N@K? *<JKC< NFIB@E> 8J I<8 /8C<J )8E8>?K C8LI
A4-9910 85 4-: @J >I8:@E> 0< C<EFI N@K? ?@J J @E K?< :C8JJ EFK<J =FI 8E; J8@; JFD KF K?< <==<:K F= J?8B@E> K?< =FLE;8K@FEJ F= (1)/ $FN<M 8J <M?K 8J )8E8>@: )8IB =FI ;L KJ 9FK? FE G K?< C8JK P<8I $< @J GC8E E@E> KF > =FIN8I; KF :FEK@EL< 9<E<=@KK@E> =IFD K?< K@FE A>-0 &-89-: 5>F- @J NFIB@E> 8J 8E +I>8E@Q8K@FE8C <M ?@J JK8P @E LJKI8C@8 9P KI8M KF E 89FLK ;@==
=I<< K@D< @J JG<EK @E JN@DD@E> ?FIJ< I@;@E> 8E; 8;M<EKLI< JGFIKJ < > :8EPFE@E> 9LJ?N8CB@E> J8@C@E> ?K @DGC@<J 8 I<JGFEJ@9@C@KP <M8K@FE <MED<EK @E 0?8@C8E; N@K? 1E@C<M<; ? 8=K D8II@<; 8E; ?8J 9<<E 9C<JJ<; N@K? 8E 8;FI89C< 989P >@IC

%5FC-: F5F 4-: @J NFIB@E> =FI *<JKC< $< K?@EBJ K?8K '8J?@= '?8C@C J?FLC; :FE:<EKI8K< FE NFIB 8E; EFK JGI<8; ILDFIJ 89FLK ?@J GIFDFK@FE .FC< :?8E><J 8I< *+0 GIFDFK@FEJ 8E; N@K? G? .@QN8E @J ?8GG@CP J@E>C< 9LK >@ICJ @E %JC8D898; 8I< KIP@E> K?<@I 9<JK KF =8CC @EKF ?@J M /K8K< 8EB $< @J NFIB@E> 8J 8 &F@EK @I<:KFI @E 8EB@E> /LIM<@CC8E:< C@=< N@K? ?@J KNF E8L>?KP KF;;C A??-5: @J NFIB@E> 8K C .8J J@E :@KP 8E; 38J?@E>KFE CK?FL>? LJ? D8;< D8EP I><JK 9I8E;J $< K?FIFL>?CP <EAFP<; <M<JK D8E8>
Class notes

8;; 8EFK?<JK ) KF ?8M< >I8;L8K<; =IFD (1)/

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
&E10 -??-: -B10 NFIBJ =FI * ).+ 8J 2, 1E@K $<8; (8I>< FIGFI8K<J $< @J 98J<; @E ?@J ?FD< KFNE (8?FI< 8E; @J 9LJP 9I@E>@E> LG ?@J JFE KF 9< 8J :FFC D@E;<; 8E; C@M-.5 @J JK@CC N@K? /? 8=K %?;;8T+E 8 :C<8I 9<8LK@=LC <: +-C1> >FK D8II@<;

@E '8I8:?@ 0?< E N8J FE =@I< 0?@9C< 98:? 8 J@E>C< DFJHL@KF @E ,8B@JK8E K?< <E K@I< P<8I 58N 9I8E; =FI K?< :FDG8EP '-45> &4-959 @J ?8G G@CP D8II@<; 9C<JJ<; N@K? 8 JFE 8E; C@M@E> @E (8?FI< $< @J NFIB@E> 8J $LD8E .<JFLI:< LJ@E<JJ )8E8> 8=KFK D8II@<; I< :<EKCP 8E; @J NFIB@E> 8J JJ@JK8EK )8E8> ?@J JLG?KJ <M ;8P N@K? =IFD ?@J N@=< 8E; B@;J (?9-: '->5= $-F5 10- >FK D8I I@<; C8JK P<8I 8E; N8J 9C<JJ<; N@K? 8 CFM?K 0LIB

8C 9<=FI< ?< JN@K:?<; =IFD 0 %E 8E; 8 ?8C= DFEK?J N@K? 1=FE< ?< ?8J ;<M GIF; L:KJ @ < E<J E8D?K 8DFE> 8 = DFM<J *-=-> 49-0 4-: ?8J G8IK<; N8PJ N@K? 3 , 8E; EFN NFIBJ =FI /K8I ,FN 4910 -857 @J NFIB@E> =FI 8 >CF98C JLGGCP :?8@E GIFA<:K K<8D @E /? K?8K :FD<J N@K? K?< AF9 ,-5:-. !-C-F @J D8II@<; 9LK JK@CC N@K? (1)/ K?@J K@D< ?FN<M K<8D 8E; EFK @E K?< ) GIF>I8D 3@K? ? E D8IB

Class notes

JL::<JJ JKFI@<J =FI (1)/ /?< JLI K?< CL:BP =F 8J K?

< @J >IFN @E> P<8I 9P P<8I $< JK@CC =< <@K?
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Class notes

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
"91> 5: '->5= 8B8 + 0 ?8J 9<<E GIFDFK<; KF ) /<>D<EKJ 8E; @J EFN K?< >L8I;@8E F= 8 (FP8C $+0 K?8K ?< @J M 0< C<EFI ,8B@JK8E @E %E;@8 K?@J P<8I 8E; D8;< @K J8=< 98:B ?FD< KF K?< ;@J 8GGF@EKD<EK F= ?@J 9FJJ CJF ?@J ?8@I @J >I8P@E> 8K 8E 8C8ID@E> G8:< D8P9< ?< J NFIB@E> KFF ?8I; 8E; E<<;J 8 M8:8K@FE -95> 8@-2 C<=K ?@J 9 D<EKJ 1EC@B< $8JJ8E )LE@I ?< ?8J

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Class notes

*8J@I @J LGJ>L C<8M@E> '8I8:?@ A4-99-0 .A.-7> @J 8CJF @E 8EB@E> 0?@J P<8I ?< JN@K:?<; =IFD 1 ( KF /K8E;8I; ?8IK @E K?<@I FIGFI8K< . @J C@M@E> K?< ;I<8D F= ,I@:< 38IJ NFIB @E> 8K )F9@C@EB @E %JC8D898; $< @J @E K?< K?@:B F= K?@E>J 8J JJ@JK8EK )8E 8>P 8E; ,I@:@E>

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336(-2%836 ,1)( 988 !%8))2 )0)'31 ,1)( 988 !%8))2 '31 FEKI@9LK@FEJ 9P ?J8E "8IFFH .89@8 58J@I 8E; V/@>E@=@:8EK +K?@E< K?8K FE< P<8I ?8J 8CI<8;P G8JJ<; J@E:< FLI >I8;L8K@FE 0?< P<8I N8J D8IB<; N@K? JL::<JJ 8E; KI@LDG? =FI FLI 98K:? D8K<J 8CC 8IFLE; )FI< K?8E FE< K?@I; F= K?< 98K:? @J NFIB@E> 89IF8; F= LJ ;<:@;<; KF <E; K?<@I 98:?< CFI C@M<J K?@J P<8I D8B@E> @K F= K?< N?FC< 98K:? N?@C< F= K?< 98K:? 8;;<; E?C@>?K F= K?< P<8I N8J ;<=@E@K DF

D<EK @E FLI C@M<J K?8K N< 8CC NFIB<; JF ?8I; =FI

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
Class notes

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
IF8;J F= 'LN8@K @E FI; ;FNE @E K?< GI@M8K< J<:KFI ?< ?8J ;<:@;<; KF I $@J =LE;8 D<EK8C 9K? <E<;

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
@E C8NJ

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-?59 49-0 <8IE<; K?< I@9C< 98:?L< F= KFG J8C8IP N@K?;I8N FLK @E /?8G<J KF > @J K?< GIFL; FNEFC;<E !G@:8 8E; 9LI>LE;P ?8@I /?< @J NFIB@E> =FI FI GFI8K< LJ@E<JJ <MP 8K C>?8E@D %E;LJKI@<J N?@:? @J :LII<EKCP :FEKI@9LK@E> KF :FIGFI8K< :FJKJ =FI K?< I<JK F= K?< ;@M@J@FEJ G8IK =IFD 8;;@E> KF :FJKJ J?< @J NFIB@E> FE JKI8K<>@<J =FI C8LE:?@E> EI8G?@:8C 8I<8J /?< @J K?< JGFB<JGI8;L8K< I<:IL@KJ 8K C>?8E@D 8E; ;?8E@D ) :FEM<E K@FE *F FE< JK@CC 9 =FI 38K<<E @E K?< 0
Class notes

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
9P I<:LII@E> @EALI@<J $< JG<E;J K?< I<JK F= ?@J K@D< GC8EE@E> M8:8 K@FEJ 8E; ;I<8D@E> F= GI< ) /@ :I8J?? KF 9<JKFN ?@J GI<J<E:< 8E; 9C<JJ@E>J KF <MC< 98K:? D8K< C8JK P<8I $@J JKIFE> @EKD<EK 1405 %-F- JG<EK K?< C8JK P<8I NFIB@E> =FI 1:? ,FN CF8;J F= 9FELJ<J 0?FL>? J K?< <EP J<:KFI ?@J =F:LJ F= 8KK<EK@FE @J FE AL ;@:@8IP I8K?C< 8E; I<8;P KF D@E>C< $< JK8IK<; F== N@K? .<:B@KK <E:B@J =FI K?<@I CL9I@:8EKJ 9LJ@ E<JJ E@J @EJ@JKJ K?8K EFK?@E> DL:? :?8E><; 89FLK ?@DJIFNE 8 P<8I FC; JLEC@>?K F= /@E;?

+LI 98K:? KFGG4-: '-EEA. @J NFIB@E> 8J JJ@J K8EK I8E; )8E8>@M@E> @EKI8KLC8K@FEJ KF "8I?8E $< KILCP ;<J-0 4910 ?8J DFM<; =IFD $FD< "LIE@J?@E> ;@M@ J@FE KF '@DD:F 8 D8EL=8:KLI@E> :FE :?8E@D %E;LJKI@<J $< ?8J 9<:FD< 8 / , >LIL 8E; @J J K?< J<M8Q@E>
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
Class notes

<E; ?8J I<8C@Q<; K?8K VK?< J?FN DLJK >F FETW =K ?@J ) =IFD 1E@M ><E:P @E (8?FI< A4-9910 (?9-: 4910 ?8J JN@K:?<; KF K?< DFI< K<:?EF /LGGCP ?8@E ;?8E@D %E;LJKI@<J 8=KJ ;@M@J@FE $< B< <EM@ IFED<EK F= 'LN8@K 9P KIP@E> KF C<8IE I89@: FEC@E< 8J N :C8JJ<J 8K KNF ;@== :<E K FE ?@J "8:<9FFB >IFLG A4-99-0 (?9-: 4-: NFIBJ @E K?< B

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
9<<E 89C< KF ID8 F= :?<8G C89FI =IFD ?@D $@J :FDG8EP ?8J I<:<EKCP >@M<E ?@D 8 9I8E; E ?@D NFIB FE /8KLI ;8PJ 8J N
Class notes

8JC< LE@K 8K /K8E;8I; ?8IK8E@Q< 8 98K:? >8K? =FI 8CC @E 1 ! K?< FECP <M<EK JF =8I N?@:? ?8; K?< D8O@DLD 8KK<E;8E:< =IFD K?< 98K:? /?8=@H ?8J KF ;@M@;< ?@J K@D< 9 8E; ?@J ?FDC8;<J?

&4-4>A74 8E; ->E-9 JG<EK DFJK F= C8JK P<8I GC8EE@E> 8E; <EAFP@E> K?<@I N<;;@E> : 8N8P @E (8?FI< ?@D @E 8 9FFD@E> 98EB 8E; ? ;@M@J@FE E; EFN =@E8CCP K8B@E> 8 9I<8B =IFD NFIB K?

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
N8P KF J8M< =@9 =FI D8II@8>< 9<=FI< JK8IK F= ?< JG<E;J ?@J =I<< K@D< ;F@E> HL8C@K8K@M< 8E8CPJ@J F= D8II@8>< GIFGFJ8CJ +LI J A@@ >8M< 8 J?F:B KF <M
+-?4>-4 -?;;0 8=K KF K?< ?L< 8E; :IP F= ? =8J?@FE 9C@E; =@E8CCP KFFB LG 8 AF9 8J )8E8> <E K@I &A819-: 19;: @J FE ?@J HL<JK F= J8M@E> K?< NFIC; =IFD VB?LC@ :?8@ B@ G8KK@W 9P NFIB@E> 8K 1E@C<M @J =LE 9LK ?< JK@CC :8E K I<J@JK ;@J D8EKC@E> <M 8IK@:C<J FE N8PJ KF 9< 8 >FF; ?LJ98E; JFD ?< E<<;J KF =@E@J? 9<=FI< K?< <E; F= K?@J P<8I 0?< =FCCFN@E> G :C8J J@=@<; 8J V)@JJ@E> @E :K@FEW L< KF K?<@I FM KF :FEM@E:< K?< D8JJ<J KF ;I@EB 8E; 98K? N@K? *<JKC< N8K K?< J8D< =FI (8?FI< :@KP

Class notes

F99P 8 B 8 .A.-7-> &5005=A1 @J NFIB@E> FE JFD< KFG J<:I KF><; K?<@I 98:?C< =FI K?< K@D< 9<@E> 8E .0A8 %149-: 8E; A4-99-0 !5-F5 -857 8I< NFIB @E> =FI / ) %KYJ 8 98EB 8E; EFK 8 ;8E:< ELD9
J@E:< >I8;L8K@FE +LI MFCC5 !-@4 >FK D8I I@<; <8IC@ =FI JFD< GFN K?-@ N8J C8JK J<<E @E ?@J ?FD =FI JFD< =@E8E :@8C :FE:1?4 &4>1?@4JG<E;J ?@J K@D< J<<@E> ?@J KNF B@;J >IFN@E> LG $< @J CFFB@E> =FIN8I; KF K8B@E> LG 8 B


0?< 1E@C<M? K?<@I P<8I CFE> D8E8>< D<EK KI8@E<< GIF>I8D 8E; ?8J JK8IK<; KF J K?< =@E8E:@8C ;<:@J@FEJ F= KFG D8E8>FIP &-59- :?->5 @J NFIB@E> =FI K?< V/LI=W 9I8E; 8E; JG<E;J ? K?< N< ->>A74 8 B 8 ' YJ <E@C<W 9I8E; =KFK 8 ?8@I :LK <8IC@ 149;;0 9P JFD< /G@B

FIP NFIB@E> =FI 9I8E; IFFB< FE; '8I8B ?8@ @J:F #@IC 14@-. -?4->51 JG<EK DFJK F= ? FLK N@K? ?
A4-99-0 85 9-9 @J 8G GCP@E> ?@J + +, 8E; ?8E>< )8E8>IFYJ $. $< N8J 9C<JJ<; N@K? 8 J<:FE; :?@C; K?@J P<8I 8 989P >@IC E8D<; 68@E89 A4-99-0 4910 %-6 @J 8CJF NFIB@E> = F I !E>IF 8E; ?8J 9<<E LE ;IFLE; J@E:< ?@J ?<8; HL8IKFK 9LIEK 3< ?FG< KF ?<8I =IFD ?@D JFFE EFK? <EKI @J ?8M @E> JL::<JJ J !K?8EFC D8;< =IFD /L>8I:8E< KF GIFJG<:K@M< CF:8C 8J NE :C@<EKJ $8G G@CP D8II@<; A4-99-0 (?9-: JL8I; JF8G =FI , # +LI FE F= '8I8:?@ '-59A> ->59 8 B 8

/FD< F= FLI =FI<@>E =I@<E;J ?8M< 8CJF 9<<E =FLE; D@JJ@E> @E 8:K@FE

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