Agriculture Economy And Community Development Report

KMeragsþareLIgvij elIvis½yesdækic© nig sgÁmkic© enA bNþaextþ éntMbn;Bay½Bü ECOSORN Project Economic and Social Relaunch of Northwest Provinces in Cambodia

Report on Agriculture Economy and Community Development of Irrigation System Banteay Meanchey-Lot 2

By Sorn Somoline Phnom Penh Cambodia 06 June, 2007 PRD (Water and Environment) Consulting Group

Table of Contents Chapter 1: Agriculture Economy 1. Data 2. Socio economic context

2.1. Population 2.2. Income and Poverty 2.3. Employment 2.4. Access to water and sanitation 2.5. Health 2.6. Land holdings 2.7. Literacy 2.8. Physical infrastructure 2.9. Summary 3. Agriculture Economy 3.1. Farming Practice 3.2. Agriculture Extension Services 3.3. Post Harvest and Marketing 3.4. Farm Economy

Chapter 2: Community Development and FWUCs 1. Existing of Farmer Water User Community 2. Community Training Plan 2.1. Project Background 2.2. Training Objectives 2.3. General Approach and Methodology 2.4. Detailed Tasks and Activities 2.5. Implementation Schedule 3. Implementation Activities 3.1. Establish working group 3.2 Capacity building 3.3 Establish FWUCs 3.4 Consultation meeting on Statute of FWUC 3.5 Register of FWUCs Annex 1: FWUCs Name list and structure for irrigation scheme Annex 2: FWUCs Statute for irrigation scheme

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Chapter 1: Agriculture Economy 1. Data Data and information is available from •

Government reports, official publications by various ministries, consultant reports, and other relevant available literature

•

Previous studies carried out by ECOSORN Project;

•

Secondary data from a variety of sources including the National Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF), commune databases and various projects; and

•

Surveys conducted under the present study in January-May 2007.

2. Socio-economic context The total area of the project is around 1,782 hectare that cover in 4 district are: Phnom Sronk, Preah Netr Preah, Thma Puok and Svay Chek. 2.1. Population and population growth rates The estimated household for the target area around 4,758 which is projected to grow at an average annual rate of around 2.5% (compared with the national rate of 2.5%).The average household size is 5 person per household and with population density around 113 persons per square kilometre. 2.2. Income and poverty Banteay Meanchey is the poor provinces in Cambodia. It is estimated that around 34% of the household are below the poverty line (WFP, 2004). Mean total per capita household daily per capita consumption is 3,071 Riel. Average gross household cash income among households surveyed in Phnom Srok district is US$615 per year (or US$123 per person); in Svay Chek district is US$520 (US$ 104 per person) compared to average national GDP per capita in 2004 of around US$363 (ADB, 2006). The Source of cash income generated from actual sales of livestock, paddy and poultry. Livestock – although not often sold or traded – are clearly an important store of value, providing some form of security to households in times of need.

1

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Commune Production T/HH

Paoy Char

Net rice balance for consumption-T/HH Total paddy production all types and seasons 2004 T/HH Net paddy available for food consumption (87%) after allow for post harvest losses and seed (13%)-T Paddy available for food convert to white rice avail for food at 64% for paddy T Rice minimum food requirement for consumption at 0.143T rice/person-T

Ponley

Rohal

Tean Kam

Kumru

Phkoam

Svay Chek

1.17

1.85

2.27

4.82

0.18

1.02

0.15

2.51

3.48

3.9

7.29

1.13

2.34

1.02

2.18

3.03

3.39

6.34

0.98

2.03

0.89

1.9

2.63

2.95

5.51

0.85

1.77

0.77

0.73

0.79

0.68

0.7

0.67

0.75

0.63

2.3. Employment Over 62% of the populations of Banteay Meanchey are engaged in agriculture as the primary source of employment (WFP, 2004). Table 01.2.3 Employment and Labor Force Indicators in Bantheay Meanchey 2004 Banteay Meanchey Province

National

Literacy Rate > 15 years % total population

68

67

Literacy Rate > 15 years % females

60

60

% of the labor force in the primary sector incl. Agriculture

62

60

9

13

% of the labor force in the tertiary sector/ Services

28

25

% of the labor force economically active <=10 days/ mth

27

29

Employment and Labor Force Indicator

% of the labor force in the secondary sector/ Industry

Source: CSES 2004 Kanol analysis (NIS). Seasonal migration is a common phenomenon with around 30-40% of households in the study area having at least one member employed in either market towns along the Thai border or Thai farm/factories for up to 8 months of the year. They earn up to US$60 per month, providing an important source of supplementary cash income to households. The labour force in the secondary sector (industry) is 9%, tertiary sector or service is 28% and 27% of labour force economically active. 2.4. Access to water and sanitation Safe water is defined by UNICEF as a supply of water through household connection, public standpipe, protected dug well, protected spring or rainwater collection, with a minimum quantity of 20litres/person/day within one hour of people’s residences (UNICEF, 2002).

2

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

The study area population has poor access to safe water and sanitation facilities. It was estimated that about 16.8% of the population had access to a safe water supply and around 14.7% had collect the water 150m far away from house. The main sources of drinking water for the population of Banteay Meanchey are shown below. About 72% of Households not having access to a safe source of drinking water at, or within 150 meters, of their house. Main sources of drinking water in Banteay Meanchey

3% 6%

3%

15%

Piped Water Tube/Pipe Well

30%

Dug Well Spring/River/Stream, Rain Bought Other

43%

Source: (i) MRD, 2002 ; (ii) Institutional Development plan 2003-2012

Domestic water consumption within the target area is characterized by a large span between urban households with piped water supply and rural households with shared or no water supply. The distribution is the limiting factor in all areas that are not covered by public supplies directly to each household. The majority of the target area population harvests rainwater during the wet season which is stored in large jars (200-300 litre). This is supplemented with water collected from nearby pond, well. Water quality has not been reported as a problem but with growing populations of both humans and livestock, and increasing applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, poor water quality may become an issue, especially in the dry season. 2.5. Health The health of people living in the target area is generally poor due to low levels of access to clean water and sanitation. Children without access to safe water are more likely to suffer from underweight, illnesses and mortality. Diarrhoea is common among children. Almost half of all children in Banteay Mean Chey are malnourished (MRC, 2003). The MAFF (2005) estimates per capita rice requirements to be 143 kg per year, equivalent to 744 kg of rice per household per year in the study area. According to project survey data, rice yields are around 736 kg/ha, or 1.13

3

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

tonnes per household year. Among the communes of the province 86% of communes produce enough rice to meet minimum food needs while 14% produce less than minimum food needs. In the study area 100% of household produce enough minimum rice balance for food. 2.6. Land holdings Table 01.2.6 shows the percentage of rural households in Banteay Meanchey by agricultural land holding size. Rural households in Banteay Meanchey have limited access to agricultural land for crop production in general. Further, there are also large differences in the quantity of agricultural land available to individual rural households. Small land holdings and other factors limiting crop productivity limit food ability for many rural households.

In 2004, 19% of rural households in Banteay Meanchey were landless and did not produce their own staple food crops. A further 31% possessed les than 1.0 hectares of land. These small hold farming households will typically only produce enough food from crop agriculture to meet a part of their staple food needs. Table 01.2.6 Agricultural Land Access in Banteay Meanchey in 2004 % of Rural HH Banteay Meanchey

Agricultural land per rural household

% of Rural HH National

No agricultural land (landless)

19%

15%

Less then 1.0 hectare (0.01- <1.0 ha)

31%

49%

1.0- < 3.0 hectares

41%

30%

>= 3.0 hectares

10%

6%

MAFF 2004 Statistics Findings from ECOSORN Project data reveal that the average cultivated area per household is around 2.5 hectares in Poy Char commune . The cultivated area per household in Phkoam commune is 1.2 hectares and 3 hectare in Svay Chek commune. The poor quality soils and lack of water limit the types and quantity of crops that can be grown and deny farmers the opportunity to benefit from economies of scale. Generally, households devote most of their cultivated area to wet season paddy.

4

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Tavong Phlov Chrov canal

Ampil canal

Bantoat Boah canal

(Phkoam Commune)

(Tean Kan Commune)

(Poy Char Commune)

Total Household

1,138

832

332

Household benefit

1,013

145

120

Average Landholding/household

2.5 Ha

1.2 Ha

3 Ha

Benefit area

432 Ha

150 Ha

250.4 Ha

% of Household benefit

89%

17%

36%

Table02.2.6: Household & Irrigated Area that will benefit from the project

(Data source: ECOSORN and PRD Project data survey 2006) 2.7. Literacy Education and training standards are extremely low by developing country standards. Literacy in Banteay Meanchey is around 76% for men but much lower (60%) for women. Less than 25% of the population complete primary school and the enrolment rates among children is 84%. Less than 10% are educated to a secondary school level (MRC, 2003).Low levels of education limit the options available to households to diversify their livelihoods away from subsistence farming, again making them extremely vulnerable to factors affecting agricultural productivity. 2.8. Physical infrastructure The physical infrastructure serving villages in the target area is relatively undeveloped and roads are poorly maintained. Most of the roads and cart tracks become impassable during the wet season, isolating many rural communities and limiting opportunities to market surplus agricultural produce. 2.9. Summary The residents of target area are predominantly poor rice farmers. They engage in subsistence rice cultivation during the wet season and typically find off-farm work during the dry season when water shortages severely limit the feasibility of a second rice crop. However, low levels of education and literacy; limit the off-farm opportunities available to most households. Rural households do not have access to safe water supplies and consequently suffer poor health which also affects their agricultural productivity. Livestock raising is an important source of wealth but livestock health depends on the availability of sufficient water for drinking and fodder. Apart from water shortages during the dry season, agricultural productivity is constrained by small landholdings and poor soil quality.

5

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

3. Agriculture Economy 3.1. Farming Practice 3.1.1. Crop Production Table 01.3.1.1 shows statistic about rice production in Banteay Meanchey. Rice is the staple cereal food crop of rural Cambodians.

Comparing wet season rice production with national averages, the mean rice area cultivated per rural household was higher than the national level and the rice paddy yield per hectare was also higher than the national level.

Comparing dry season rice production with national averages, the mean rice area cultivated per rural household was much lower than the national level and the rice paddy yield per hectare was the same as the national level.

Rice production is limited mainly to the wet season. Dry season rice production is undertaken in a very limited area but produces higher yields. Dry season rice areas are restricted within the province to only some communities, those with access to groundwater or dry season surface water resources (flood recession, or irrigation). This limitation imposed through dependency on rain-fed crop cultivation is clearly contributing to shortages in food availability. Table 01.3.1.1 Rice Crop Production by Season in Banteay Meanchey in 2004 Rice Production Indicator

Banteay Mean Chey Wet Season

National Wet Season

Banteay Mean Chey DrySeason

National Dry Season

Area Cultivated- '000 ha.

194

2087

2

330

Area Harvested- '000 ha.

183

1851

2

318

Paddy Production '000 MT

325

2918

7

973

Yield-MT/ha.

1.8

1.6

3.1

3.1

89%

81%

81%

84%

1.5

0.9

.02

0.1

Paddy % of total crop area cultivated Mean Area Cultivated/ Rural HH- ha.

6

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Commune Crop Production type (Household)

Paoy Char

Total number of crop producing households Total number of wet rice producing households Total number of dry rice producing households Number of crop landless household Number of crop HH< 1Ha Number crop HH 1-3 Ha Number crop HH>3 Ha

Ponley

Rohal

Tean Kam

Kumru

Phkoam

Svay Chek

2,134

2,055

1,266

727

1,460

1,877

1,676

2,134

2,055

1,266

727

1,460

1,877

1,676

30

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

425

425

0

0

0

80

90

1,006

1,006

25

337

920

1,954

1,905

260

260

1,435

1,411

747

100

60

0

0

0

129

0

Commune Total crop production by type (Kg) Paoy Char Total production of Early other than IR, wet season (Kg) Total production of IR, wet season (Kg) Total production of Medium, wet season (Kg) Total production of upland, wet season (Kg) Total production of Late maturing, wet season (Kg) Total production of Floating, wet season (Kg) Total production of Dry season 200405 (kg) Total production of Recession rice, dry season 2004-05 (kg)

Ponley

Rohal

Tean Kam

Kumru

Svay Chek

Phkoam

0

0

171,000

843,600

500,940

989,000

379,500

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1,575,000

4,044,800

164,900

1,688,400

660,000

2,035,800

1,081,600

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3,744,000

3,105,900

5,313,000

2,765,000

484,500

1,363,000

252,000

0

0

945,000

0

0

0

0

37,500

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Source: Data and Calculations from MAFF 2004 Statistics Other Non-Rice Annual & Perennial Crop Production in 2004 A range of other annual field crops are typically grown in the provinces. These include food crops (such as maize, cassava, water melon, vegetables) and non-food crops (such as sugar can). In addition a range of perennial crops are grown including agricultural fruit trees and coffee. A food balance is not possible for non-rice food crops as there are no nutritional guidelines for these other food types. In addition, statistics do not indicate what proportion of these non-rice food crops are consumed versus being sold for cash income.

In available MAFF statistics, non-rice crops are only partially enumerated estimates (limited range of selected crops, one collective estimate for most vegetables, unclear whether home garden production is included) and are enumerated in less detail than for rice. There is also a limited data on agricultural tree and perennial crops (limited range of crops, trees estimated by area rather than number, no data on production).

7

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Considering these limitations, non-rice crop production accounts for 12% of the total cultivated area for all crops, a relatively high proportion compared to the national average. This greater crop diversification will mean that cropping systems will have greater production of vegetables and fruit, which are important for nutrition. Non-rice crop production is undertaken in both the wet and dry seasons. Table 02.3.1.1 Non-Rice Annual & Perennial Crop Production Overview in Banteay Meanchey in 2004 Non- Rice Crop Indicator

Wet Season

Dry Season

Both Seasons

% of total annual crop cultivated area for non-rice field crops & vegetables

11

19

12

Mean ha./ rural household cultivated for annual non-rice field crops & vegetables

0.2

<0.01

0.2

-

-

0.02

Mean ha./ rural HH agricultural fruit tree and other perennial crops

Source: Data and Calculations from MAFF 2004 Statistics 3.1.2. Crop Calendar Wet Paddy a) Long Term Rice 210 (days) Activities

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Land preparing

Sawing seed, Transplant Maintenance

Harvest

b) Midium rice (180 days) Activities

Apr

May

Jun

Land preparing

Sawing seed, Transplant Maintenance

Harvest

8

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

c) Short term rice (150 days) Activities

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Land preparing

Sawing seed, Transplant Maintenance

Harvest

Dry Paddy (110 days) Activities Land preparing

Sawing seed, Transplant Maintenance

Harvest

Other crops Crops type Water Melon (70 day) Sugar can (300-330 day) Corn ( 90 day)

Cassava (8-12 Month) Some others vegetable (70-90 day)

9

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

3.1.3. Crop water requirement

Item

Water requirement (m3/ha/mon)

Crop Calendar (Month)

4,157

3.5

1,951

6

29

29

29

14

1,555

4

13

13

25

25

1.5m3/head/month

12

0.3l/head/day

12

Month (%) of total water requirement

1

Wet season rice Dry season rice Orchard crop Cattle Poultry

2

3

4

5

13

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

8

17

17

17

17

17

8

13

Data source: River Basin Study (Catis) 3.2. Agriculture Extension Services The extension service in the study area conducted by Auscare cooperated with Provincial Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Department (DAFF). The extension service is to train and build the capacity of the district officer on animal feeding and cultivation technique. The extension service including: -

Paddy seed production plan

-

Insect prevention

-

Pesticide and grass killing method

-

Demonstrate improved farming technology and improved varieties for beneficiaries in the field.

Auscare conducted training to leader farmers who disseminate the trained farming practice to farmer in their villages. They device in two session are animal feeding and farming technique. A session held 5 times per year. For the farming technique, the course covered all farming practice from land preparation to post harvesting and integrated seed selection method, paddy seed production farmers to product and distribute improved paddy seed to priority area, insect prevention, pesticide and grass killing …For the animal feeding, the course covered animal disease prevention, vaccine providing, and compost. 3.3. Post Harvest and Marketing 3.3.1. Post harvest method Farmers harvest by hand with sickle and tie up the panicles into bundles. The bundles are dries in the field for 2-3 days, carried by Ox-car or local truck to the farmer’s house and threshed. Some farmers

10

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

spend 40,000 to 60,000 Riel per hectare for transportation the bundles from the field to home. 10% of farmer are using hand threshing is in the study area, about 90% use threshing machine with formula 30 bag minus 1 bag. It meant that for the 30 bag of rice the farmer pay 1 bag rice to the machine owner. The straws left in the field are used as pasture for cattle, and rice straws are carried to home yard for forage of cattle. The threshed paddy is dries for one or two days on a plastic net on a backyard or road. The dried paddy is stored in the bag that a bag stored 100kg before milling. The loss in storage is 13% and loss in harvesting and threshing is around 100 kg per hectare. The milling charge used by formula below: -

The farmer provide the rice dust to the machine owner

-

The machine owner received 1bag from 20 bag of rice processed

Problem on the post harvest: -

Roads are difficult to transport the product

-

Much expense after post harvest

-

Rice price are cheap in the harvest season

Labour force for harvesting required 30-40 persons per hectare per day. Usually farmers harvest through exchange labour to each other without spends the money. The farmer can also spend around 6,000 Riel per person per day for harvesting. 3.3.2. Marketing The price of paddy, which is an external factor that can not be controlled, has remained very low in recent year. It is therefore difficult for paddy cultivation farmers to raise the irrigation service fee. It should provide a market place for member farmer to sell diversified crop to middle man and buyers and take a commission on the sale of crops from both farmers and buyers to supplement the lack of operation funds of FWUC. Farm gate price of each product Product

Price (Riel/Kg)

Wet paddy rice

480

Dry paddy rice

600

Cassava

90

Water melon

4,000,000 R/Ha

11

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Market price of each product Product

Price (Riel/Kg)

Wet paddy rice

600

Dry paddy rice

780

Cassava

117

Water melon

5,200,000 R/Ha

Nearest market and transportation cost of the product Commune

Market Name

Average one way travel time (min)

Average one way travel cost (Riel)

Transportation cost (Riel)

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

43

3,100

15% of farm get price

Ponley

Sereisophoan & Preah Netr Preah

82

6,600

-

Rohal

Chak Krie

30

2,000

-

Tean Kam

Chak Krie

23

1,700

-

Kumru

Thmar Puok

7

714

-

Phkoam

Svay Chek

75

9,000

-

Svay Chek

Svay Chek

35

4,000

-

The marketing practices by farmers in the study area as follow: Rice: Most of farmer sell their paddy to collectors soon after harvest and store small amount for their home consumption. Some farmers store their paddy and sell it when they need cash or when the market price rises. Some farmers sell the white rice after milling it themselves. Some farmers sell the paddy directly to the middleman, a big rice mill and retailers in the market. They receive the market information from collector coming to their houses, market they go and neighbouring farmers. Livestock: Livestock are clearly an important store of value, providing some form of security to households in times of need. Pigs are usually sold to collectors who transport them from the farmer’s house to the market. Buffalo sell when they need the money for house construction or child marriage. Other product: Sell to a retailer in a market or trader coming to their house. Some farmers go to a market and selling to customer as a retailer in a market.

12

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

3.4. Farm Economy 3.4.1. Crop budget Table 01.3.4 showed that average income from agriculture production in the study area is around 240 USD per hectare and the agriculture production cost is estimates 74 USD per hectare. About 41% of total cost production expensed in Draft animal/ machinery cost. The net income from the agriculture is around 166 USD per hectare.

Crop budget of Present condition (Unit per ha) Name of crop:Wet paddy Gross income Farm income Land holding Yield Kg/ha Total Gross outgoing Production cost Seed Fertilize Pesticide Draft animal/ Machinery cost Other Total Net Return

Unit

Quantity

Price(Riel)

Value(Riel)

Value U$

Ha Kg

2.5 2,000

480

960000

240 240

Kg

100

480

48000 72000 5000 120000 50000

12 18 1.25 30 12.5 73.75 166.25

Table 01.4.4 crop production income and production cost (Tavong Phlov Chrov) Expense on Agriculture production

17%

16%

Seed Fertilize Pesticide 24%

41%

Draft animal/ Machinery cost Other

2%

13

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

3.4.2. Estimated Crop Production with and without the Subproject

Proposed (with project) wet paddy Dry paddy Suplementary crop Vegetable Total Present(without project) wet paddy Dry paddy Suplementary crop Vegetable Total

Proposed (with project) wet paddy Dry paddy Suplementary crop Vegetable Total Present(without project) wet paddy Dry paddy Suplementary crop Vegetable Total

Proposed (with project) wet paddy Dry paddy Suplementary crop Vegetable Total Present(without project) wet paddy Dry paddy Suplementary crop Vegetable Total

Tavong Phlov Chrov Canal Planted area Unit Yield (ha) Kg/ha 432 3,000 432 3,500 6 1,200 13 7,000 883 432 3 6 13 454

Production (Kg) 1296000 1512000 7200 91000

2,000 3,500 1,200 7,000

864000 10500 7200 91000

Banteat Boah Canal Planted area Unit Yield (ha) Kg/ha 252.89 3,000 15 3,500 4 1,200 6 7,000 277.89

Production (Kg) 758670 52500 4800 42000

252.89 0 4 6 262.89

2,000 3,500 1,200 7,000

505780 0 4800 42000

Ampil Canal Planted area Unit Yield (ha) Kg/ha 150 3,000 0 3,500 9 1,200 15 7,000 174

Production (Kg) 450000 0 10800 105000

150 0 9 15 174

14

2,000 3,500 1,200 7,000

300000 0 10800 105000

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Chapter 2: Community Development and FWUCs 1. Existing of Farmer Water User Community

Information on Farmer Water User Community (FWUC) was collected from the ECOSORN Banteay Meanchey. There are two FWUCs : i) FWUC Poy Char in Poy Char commune and ii) FWUC Bantoat Boah in Kumru commune. The FWUCs were established with support from the JICA Project and PDWRAM. This community is already registered with MOWRAM . However, these two FWUCs exist only registered name without structure and proper organization to actually meet its functionality both FWUCs are not active of present time Based on the field survey and interview, we found out that those WUGs have the following characteristics: -

The community was establish for wildlife conservation, and prevention of the dam structure.

-

The irrigation scheme are not yet complete, it has only the main canal and the tributaries are not yet rehabilitated. So the supply of water for farmers are not efficient. The water supply only in wet season

-

The capacity of the Water User Group Committee is limited

-

The community members are not willing to pay for O&M because of inefficient service of water supply.

For financial aspect, Existing FWUCs suffer from fund shortage. Maintenance work of irrigation facilities can not be carried out due to shortage of operation funds. This is a very serious problem. The price of paddy, which is an external factor that can not be controlled, has remained very low in recent year. It is therefore difficult for paddy cultivation farmers to raise the irrigation service fee. It should provide a market place for member farmer to sell diversified crop to middle man and buyers and take a commission on the sale of crops from both farmers and buyers to supplement the lack of operation funds of FWUC. For Technical aspects, FWUC always relies on MOWRAM to solve the difficulty. However, MOWRAM can not respond to all the requests due to lack of financial resources and technical staff. This ends in the deterioration of the irrigation facilities.

15

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

2. Community Training Plan 2.1. Project Background This Training Plan is prepared as part of the consultant service for survey and detailed design of the irrigation scheme in the EU funded Economic and Social Relaunch of the Northwest Provinces Project (ECOSORN) – Lot No. 2 (Banteay Meanchey) Cambodia. The survey and design team will involve beneficiary farmers in the whole stage of the survey and design. After the irrigation system is rehabilitated or constructed, the Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) will be responsible for routine maintenance and operation. This document is for training and establishment of Farmer Water Users Groups (FWUGs) and FWUC in selected irrigation systems as per Circular No. 1 of MOWRAM step 1 to step 5. 2.2. Training Objectives This Training Plan is to ensure that the process of consultation with beneficiary community and empowerment of the communities to take ownership, and maintenance and operation of the irrigation systems, is carried out properly and in accordance with full participatory mechanisms. The Training Plan will outline detailed steps and tasks to be implemented by the consultant to socialize the project concepts with the communities, mobilization and organization community supports to the project, and provide training and strengthening communities on irrigation operation and maintenance including water management, financial management, group organization and administration, and in forming the FWUC. 2.3. General Approach and Methodology

Community Training and Organization for IMT will be carried out using a Participatory Representative Technique (PRT) to promote representative participation, social cohesiveness and facilitate community development. The participation will be promoted on the basis of principles of equality in representation and enhancement of participation within and between community groups from low level to higher and higher to lower level in survey, design, planning and implementing community actions that have been agreed during the participatory process through their respective community representative leaders. 2.4. Detailed Tasks and Activities Step 1: Subproject Identification Confirmation Meeting Meeting Objective:

Initial Emergence and Confirmation of Subproject Identification

Type of Meeting:

Visit and Consultation

16

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Venue:

- EU office in Siem Reap

- PDWRAM Office in Banteay Meanchey - Provincial Department of Agriculture, Banteay Meanchey - Office of District Government Office - Commune Councils at subproject level Duration:

approximately 1 hour for each meeting Meeting with Commune Councils will be followed by site visits.

Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Surveyor, Community Expert, GIS Expert. This step will be implemented immediately at the start up of the project implementation. The project team will meet with all people concerned (EU staff in charged, PDWRAM, Provincial Department of Agriculture, District Government) and commune Councils at the subproject schemes to reconfirm the subproject identification reports and requested interventions to be undertaken. The meeting is also to inform all stakeholders about the start-up of this survey and design phase of the project, the project implementation concepts and overall schedules, and activities to be carried out during the survey and detailed design stage of the project. The meeting is then followed by field visits and survey of the consultant engineer team mainly to assess hydrology and water availability for the proposed scheme, irrigation structures required, terrain condition and topography, and to develop a conceptual design of the proposed irrigation subproject scheme. Step 2: Concept Design Consultation Meeting and Acceptance: Meeting Objective: Community Consultation on Concept Design of the Irrigation System Type of Meeting: Consultation and Discussion Venue:

- Commune Office at Subproject level - Village level meeting with affected farmers by canal alignment

Duration: approximately 4 hours for each meeting Meeting will be followed by site visits to discuss layout in the field. Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Irrigation O&M Engineer, Surveyor, Community Expert, GIS Expert The technical findings and concept design of irrigation system will be thoroughly consulted with all stakeholders and the potential beneficiary communities at the subproject level. At first, a meeting will be

17

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

organized with potential beneficiary communities to discuss and explain about: (i) hydrological and topographical condition of the subproject areas and its implications on irrigation systems, (ii) proposed different options and alternatives for irrigation interventions in the subproject areas, (iii) proposed Irrigation Conceptual Design Layout and required Land resettlement and consolidation, (iv) agreement to participate in the project and willingness to allocate land for irrigation canal alignment, (v) the IMT purpose and organization, role and responsibility of FWUG, and (v) farmers disagreement or issues on the proposed concept design of the irrigation system. The result of this consultation meeting and issues raised by farmers will then be conveyed to EU in charged staff for consolidation and assistance. At this stage the decision can be made also on whether the subproject scheme is worth to proceed further or not, depending on how issues or disagreement of farmers beneficiary of the project be settled. Once the subproject is selected to proceed further, the step 3 below will then be implemented. Step 3: Farmer Agreement on Organization of FWUC Meeting Objective: Establish General Consensus on FWUC Organization Type of Meeting: Discussion and Election Venue: - Field or site at village level Duration: approximately 4 hours for each meeting Team Composition: Consultant Community Expert, PDWRAM staff, Commune Councils. Base on the result of Cadastral survey and the irrigation conceptual design accepted, the proposed irrigation serviced area and potential members of the FWUC will be identified. A meeting will be organized with all these identified potential members of FWUC at village level to establish a preliminary list of FWUC potential members and agreement with these potential FWUC members on organization of FWUC. During the meeting the consultant will re-explain the purpose of IMT, benefits, role, responsibility and its financial implication once the construction of the system is completed and the irrigation infrastructure will be handed over to communities for operation and maintenance. An MOU will then be concluded by all potential members of FWUC, evidencing that the community agree to form the FWUC and undertake activities and responsibility towards IMT. This MOU will be witnessed by the Commune Councils. At this step, the potential members of the FWUC will be asked to elect their representative(s) at village level to form a FWUC Working Group. This FWUC Working Group will represent the FWUC members

18

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

in interaction with consultant survey and design team during detailed engineering design stage, liaise with all project stakeholders, and will be tasked with preparation of FWUC statute and by-laws. The Participatory Representative Technique (PRT) will be applied for this process of selection community representative leaders. Once the Community Representative Leaders (CRLs) are selected by communities, they are required to know why they are selected and what is expected of them. Therefore they need orientation and a strong sense of motivation. The consultant will develop them with orientation sessions and interpersonal relationships as envisaged in step 4 below. Step 4: CRLs Orientation and Training Meeting Objective: Building and Strengthening Community Representative Leaders Type of Meeting: Training and Discussion

Venue: - A classroom will be organized in Banteay Meanchey Town, (in a hotel meeting room) Duration: 2.5 days Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Irrigation O&M Expert, Community Expert, PDWRAM staff, District staff of Agriculture, Commune Councils. An orientation and training session will be organized for all CRLs under the project (all subproject schemes selected under this lot no.3) on the following topics: -Training on Group Organization and Administration -Training on Financial Management and Bookkeeping -Training on IMT and Irrigation Water Management -Training on Construction Process, and -Training on O&M Concepts and Principles, Role, Function and Organization of FWUC in the subproject scheme. After the orientation and training session, the CRLs will start to prepare draft the FWUC statute and by-laws with thorough consultation with potential members of the FWUC at the village level. Step 5: Adoption of FWUC Statute by FWUC Members Meeting Objective: Adoption of FWUC Statute and By-laws Type of Meeting: Election Venue: Commune Level Duration: approximately 4 hours for each meeting Team Composition: Consultant Community Expert, PDWRAM staff, Commune Councils.

19

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

The preparation process of FWUC Statue will require ongoing input and review from members. This should not be a one-off review exercise. As the CRLs starts to prepare the draft, it is up to them to, work through all village FWUC members or conduct subsequent village meetings to disseminate draft and receive feedback and comment. This is then carried back to the FWUC Working Group. There should be first, second and then final draft. The final draft should be attached with a list of potential members of FWUC (include both husband and wife) and a declaration that the member accepts the Statutes and By-laws and will abide by them. The declaration and list of potential members is signed by both husband and wife. When each village approves its draft, the final version can be presented to an overall general meeting at the commune level for adoption. Step 6: FWUC Official Registration Meeting Objective: Election of FWUC Board of Director Type of Meeting: Election Venue: Commune Level Duration: ½ day Team Composition: Consultant Community Expert, PDWRAM staff, Commune Councils. The FWUGs will be elected at block level with assistance from Consultant Community Expert and the FWUC Working Group. This process will be managed at village level. Prior to elections, members need to be advised of the role, function, tasks and responsibilities of each position to be elected and the time that is required. At the same time, they are reminded of the need for gender and representation of the vulnerable. After election of FWUGs, the FWUC members will then elect the FWUC Board of Directors (President and other offices at irrigation scheme level). Election of Secondary Canal Committee Representatives will be undertaken also if needed. The FWUC Board of Director will then be tasked with making official registration with the local government. Documents accompanied with registration will included, but not limited to: (i) copy of draft organigrams of each level, FWUG, FWUC with names and accompanied by job descriptions, (ii) copy of approved FWUC Statute and By-laws, (iii) copy of member register.

20

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

2.5. Implementation Schedule

The proposed implementation plan and schedule is prepared for 3 selected subproject schemes: Tavong Phlovchrov Canal, Ampil and Bantoat Boah Canal. Four other subprojects were considered dropped due to technical feasibility and acceptability of the beneficiary communities after the implementation of activities under step 2. The overall implementation schedule is given in the Table 1 below.

21

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Table 1: Tentative Schedule of Implementation Training Plan

22

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

3. Implementation Activities Several participatory techniques were actively used to mobilize community supports and participations. The activities started with the determination of the beneficiary people who has the farm in the irrigated area. The PRD team has discussed with the commune authorities on the main criteria for community members to be selected to participate in the project. Consent has been reached that the general term such as the agreement to provide their land for the construction of the irrigation scheme and participate in the community should be main criteria for selection.

PRD team has also conducted consultation meetings with local government units and villagers to get feed back on the proposed criteria. The participatory meetings were conducted with participation of: • Provincial Governor Office • Representative of Ecosorn Project in Banteay Meanchey • Commune chiefs and commune council members • Village chiefs • Group leaders • The villagers 3.1. Establish working group PRD conduct consultation meeting with beneficiary people to form the working group for each scheme by PRT process. Three working groups have been created: -

Working Group for Tavong Phlov Chrov canal

-

Working Group for Banteat Boah Canal, and

-

Working Group for Ampil Canal

Table 5.1: Name List of Working Group for Tavong Phlov Chrov Canal

No

Name

Sex

From Village

Commune

District

1

Long Soeun

M

Poy Snourl

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

2

Nhoy Chorn

M

Poy Snourl

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

3

Prum Brarb

M

Poy Char

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

4

Tan Hoeum

M

Poy Char

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

5

Sun Ches

M

Trapeang Thmor Tboung

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

6

Ton Than

M

Trapeang Thmor

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

Poy Char

Phnom Srok

Kandal&Cheung 7

Tat Chheub

M

Commune Council Member

23

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

Table 5.2: Name List of Working Group for Bantoat Boah Canal No

Name

Sex

From Village

Commune

District

1

Oeuk Bunrin

M

Ou

Tean Kam

Preah Netr Preah

2

Noeb Rumchet

M

Ou

Tean Kam

Preah Netr Preah

3

Ning Pheuy

M

Bantoat Boah

Tean Kam

Preah Netr Preah

4

Thoem Veut

M

Bantoat Boah

Tean Kam

Preah Netr Preah

5

Khhut Sophorn

M

Commune Council

Tean Kam

Member

Preah Netr Preah

Table 5.2: Name List of Working Group for Ampil Canal No

Name

Sex

From Village

Commune

District

1

Ream Tum

M

Ampil

Phkeam

Svay Chek

2

Chhim Theu

M

Ampil

Phkeam

Svay Chek

9

Meiy Surm

M

Mao

Phkeam

Svay Chek

4

Koul Kut

M

Takoul

Phkeam

Svay Chek

5

Nhagn Tret

F

Commune Council

Phkeam

Svay Chek

Member

3.2 Capacity building Training programs had been conducted for working group. An orientation and training session was quite necessary to update the community capacity in order to allow them to be self-sustaining in the management and governance of its own resources and irrigation facilities. The trainings provided by the project directly benefited to communities through the ability to have a large irrigation service for their commune and scheme. The working groups are provided training on following topic: -

Group Organization and Administrative

-

Financial Management and Bookkeeping

-

Irrigation Management Transfer and Irrigation Water Management

-

Construction Process, and

-

O&M Concepts and Principles, Role, Function and Organization of FWUC in the

24

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

subproject scheme. After training, these groups take responsible on: -

Identified and revised potential member of FWUC to establish a preliminary list of FWUC and agreement of these member on organization of FWUC.

-

Conduct election to select the group leader, Community Representative Leader

-

Prepare draft of FWUC statute and consult with the FWUC member

-

Process the community registration by law.

3.3 Establish FWUCs The Participatory Representative Technique (PRT) was used for selection of representative leaders particularly in the context of organizing communities. -

Mark geographical land holding and prepare preliminary of community list

-

Organize water user group by tertiary or secondary canal depend on each irrigation structure.

-

Select group’s representative leader

-

Apply SPRST’s questionnaire to select the FWUC board, and

-

Process data and information.

Three Farmer Water User Committees (CSCs) were successfully established : Poychar Plov Chrov Farmer Water User Community, Banteaot Boah Farmer Water User Community and Ampil Farmer Water User Community. -

Poychar Phlov Chrov community have 4 secondary canal that each SC have their Representative Leader groups. . SC1 have 4 groups with total member of 92 households . SC2 have 4 groups with total member of 260 households . SC3 have 3 groups with total member of 244 households . SC4 have 5 groups with total member of 417 households

-

Banteaot Boah community have 8 water user groups with total member of 120 households

-

Ampil Community have five water user groups with total member of 145 households

Name list and structure of FWUCs for each irrigation system is attached in annex 1

The people who have their farm land in the irrigated area and agree to participate in the Farmer Water User Community were selected as main target of the project. The activities on establishment of the Farmer Water User Community Committee were undertaken in such way to ensure the following two important objectives: (1) to form an inter-group organization known as Farmer Water User Community Committee to act on matter regarding irrigation improvement within the area and, (2) to

25

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

be effective, be democratic and sustainable, i.e., the FWUC must be capable of functioning without its group promoter. To achieve this goal, the mechanisms of participatory approaches were developed. A Participatory Planning and Participatory Representative Techniques (PRT) in Community Development were applied as basis for guidance of the overall activities. 3.4 Consultation meeting on Statute of FWUC Community consultation on draft of constitution was held in each irrigation scheme. The participants in the meeting are representative from local authorities and beneficiaries people. This community consultation was cooperated with ECOSORN Program in Bantey Meanchey. The draft constitution, adopted previously by working group was reviewed by all community members as for its applicability and suitability in different specific areas. Then, community consultation was held in each irrigation canal, to discuss and adopt the final draft of FWUC constitution. Participants in the meeting are: representatives from local authorities, project consultant PRD , ECOSORN Program in Banteay Meanchey and Community Commitee. The statute of each FWUCs is attached in annex 2 3.5 Register of FWUCs

The established FWUCs will legalize as pre-cooperatives or federations in order to obtain legal recognition, services and facilities. A meeting was also made with ECOSORN program officers on how the registration should proceed. Each FWUC will register with PDWRAM Banteay Meanchey. The registration provided not only legal privilege for FWUC to act on behalf of the farmer households in implementation of irrigation development program within their community, but also offered legal recognition in both group activities and in delivery of development services. To get its full legal recognition, each FWUC has registered with the PDWRAM. Register FWUCs also represents the broader interests of their members in discussions with local authorities. In this way, the farmer become increasingly self-confident, earn greater recognition from the wider community and are able to make a greater contribution to development of irrigation system.

26