Aerial Photo Interpretation Guide
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Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
An Interpretation Key of Select Fluvial Land Forms
Shoreline features from the coast of Prince Edward Island
Joe Fraser December 12, 2008 College of Geographic Science Nova Scotia Community College
Table Of Contents
Introduction
Page 3
Fluvial Features: Point Bar
Page 4
Fluvial Features: Undercut Bank
Page 5
Fluvial Features: Oxbow
Page 6
Coastal Features: Barrier Beach
Page 7
Coastal Features: Tombolo
Page 8
Sources
Page 9
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 1
Introduction
This project is intended to be a guide of select fluvial and coastal features. These features are illustrated using stereograms, created in CorelDRAW X4. The purpose of the stereograms is to recreate the effect of true vision by using two sequential flight line photographs and splicing them together at approximately 55 mm apart, or roughly the distance between our eyes. The stereograms are to be viewed using special glasses, or by “free viewing” for those who are capable, and provide the viewer with a more detailed look at land forms. These land forms demand a “3D” look to properly identify their features. The following are 5 common features: an oxbow, a tombolo, an undercut bank, a barrier beach, and a point bar. Coastal features from south of Yarmouth, NS
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 3
Fluvial Features Point Bar 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
E
F
Point bars usually occur on older rivers, and are symptomatic of fluvial erosion. Identifying a point bar is done by looking for a sandy deposit on the inside of a river bend. As the location of the river changes, point bars are known to happen. At the river bend, the flowing water erodes the outside edge of the bend, causing the river path to drift from the inside to the outside. Sandy deposits, which previously would have been swept downstream by the current, remain, forming a point bar. In the photo, there are many examples of point bars, each located on the inside bend of an aged river.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 4
Fluvial Features Undercut Bank 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
E
F
An undercut bank is created by the erosive power of water. The current of the river has a tendency to carry away the silt and soil of the riverbank. This usually happens on the outside of a river bend, and is sometimes indicated by a point on its opposite side. The point bar indicated a drift of the path of the river, and if the river is of narrower width on the bend, it indicates the possibility of an undercut bank. Another thing to assist in finding an undercut bank is the presence of a shadow on the outside of a bend. Trees and other growth often assist in the formation of an undercut bank, as their roots hold the soil fast, though only to a certain depth. If the river is below the depth of the root system in a less compact soil base, bank undercutting is possible.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 5
Fluvial Features Oxbow 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Oxbows are indicative of a meandering river. Winding rivers change their paths often. Water always follows the easiest path, and can slowly erode the riverbanks to seek a new direction. The old path takes on the form of a crescent-shaped lake (British Columbia Ministry of Forests), which over time can become a dry lake bed. In the photograph above, the oxbow still has water. Below, the oxbow is visible in the middle of the left-hand side of the photo.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 6
Coastal Features Barrier Beach
1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
Barrier Beaches form from the deposition of sand offshore, forming parallel to the coastline. They can be attached to the mainland, with a lagoon or estuary separating the two, or can be free from the coast altogether. Barrier beaches are easily identifiable by their shape. In the stereogram above, the beach is still attached to the mainland, and is predominantly made of sand deposits. The location of this beach is on Prince Edward Island, on the northern coast. At right, you can see the relationship between the beach and the mainland more clearly.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
A barrier beach on the coast of Prince Edward Island
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 7
Coastal Features Tombolo 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
A tombolo is defined as a bar connecting an island with the mainland (British Columbia Ministry of Forests). In the photograph above, the tombolo is the thin beach, which probably eroded faster than the small island at its end, due to its composition. Tombolos are spotted by looking for refractions in wave patterns, and are found near sandy beaches and cliffs. As you can see, the waves break around the island, and never come together again, indicating a
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 8
Sources
Title Photograph: http://www.gov.pe.ca/aerialsurvey/ RF: 1:2,100
Page 1
Introduction Photograph: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre DataLocator
Page 3
Point Bar: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:10,000
Page 4
Undercut Bank: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:5,000
Page 5
Oxbow: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:150
Page 6
Barrier Beach: http://www.gov.pe.ca/aerialsurvey/ . RF: 1:1,452.5
Page 7
Tombolo: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:5,000
Page 8
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 9
An Interpretation Key of Select Fluvial Land Forms
Shoreline features from the coast of Prince Edward Island
Joe Fraser December 12, 2008 College of Geographic Science Nova Scotia Community College
Table Of Contents
Introduction
Page 3
Fluvial Features: Point Bar
Page 4
Fluvial Features: Undercut Bank
Page 5
Fluvial Features: Oxbow
Page 6
Coastal Features: Barrier Beach
Page 7
Coastal Features: Tombolo
Page 8
Sources
Page 9
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 1
Introduction
This project is intended to be a guide of select fluvial and coastal features. These features are illustrated using stereograms, created in CorelDRAW X4. The purpose of the stereograms is to recreate the effect of true vision by using two sequential flight line photographs and splicing them together at approximately 55 mm apart, or roughly the distance between our eyes. The stereograms are to be viewed using special glasses, or by “free viewing” for those who are capable, and provide the viewer with a more detailed look at land forms. These land forms demand a “3D” look to properly identify their features. The following are 5 common features: an oxbow, a tombolo, an undercut bank, a barrier beach, and a point bar. Coastal features from south of Yarmouth, NS
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 3
Fluvial Features Point Bar 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
E
F
Point bars usually occur on older rivers, and are symptomatic of fluvial erosion. Identifying a point bar is done by looking for a sandy deposit on the inside of a river bend. As the location of the river changes, point bars are known to happen. At the river bend, the flowing water erodes the outside edge of the bend, causing the river path to drift from the inside to the outside. Sandy deposits, which previously would have been swept downstream by the current, remain, forming a point bar. In the photo, there are many examples of point bars, each located on the inside bend of an aged river.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 4
Fluvial Features Undercut Bank 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
E
F
An undercut bank is created by the erosive power of water. The current of the river has a tendency to carry away the silt and soil of the riverbank. This usually happens on the outside of a river bend, and is sometimes indicated by a point on its opposite side. The point bar indicated a drift of the path of the river, and if the river is of narrower width on the bend, it indicates the possibility of an undercut bank. Another thing to assist in finding an undercut bank is the presence of a shadow on the outside of a bend. Trees and other growth often assist in the formation of an undercut bank, as their roots hold the soil fast, though only to a certain depth. If the river is below the depth of the root system in a less compact soil base, bank undercutting is possible.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 5
Fluvial Features Oxbow 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Oxbows are indicative of a meandering river. Winding rivers change their paths often. Water always follows the easiest path, and can slowly erode the riverbanks to seek a new direction. The old path takes on the form of a crescent-shaped lake (British Columbia Ministry of Forests), which over time can become a dry lake bed. In the photograph above, the oxbow still has water. Below, the oxbow is visible in the middle of the left-hand side of the photo.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 6
Coastal Features Barrier Beach
1
2
3
4
5
A
B
C
D
Barrier Beaches form from the deposition of sand offshore, forming parallel to the coastline. They can be attached to the mainland, with a lagoon or estuary separating the two, or can be free from the coast altogether. Barrier beaches are easily identifiable by their shape. In the stereogram above, the beach is still attached to the mainland, and is predominantly made of sand deposits. The location of this beach is on Prince Edward Island, on the northern coast. At right, you can see the relationship between the beach and the mainland more clearly.
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
A barrier beach on the coast of Prince Edward Island
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 7
Coastal Features Tombolo 1
2
3
4
5
A
B
A tombolo is defined as a bar connecting an island with the mainland (British Columbia Ministry of Forests). In the photograph above, the tombolo is the thin beach, which probably eroded faster than the small island at its end, due to its composition. Tombolos are spotted by looking for refractions in wave patterns, and are found near sandy beaches and cliffs. As you can see, the waves break around the island, and never come together again, indicating a
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 8
Sources
Title Photograph: http://www.gov.pe.ca/aerialsurvey/ RF: 1:2,100
Page 1
Introduction Photograph: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre DataLocator
Page 3
Point Bar: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:10,000
Page 4
Undercut Bank: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:5,000
Page 5
Oxbow: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:150
Page 6
Barrier Beach: http://www.gov.pe.ca/aerialsurvey/ . RF: 1:1,452.5
Page 7
Tombolo: Nova Scotia Geomatics Centre. RF: 1:5,000
Page 8
Joe Fraser, NSCC, 2008
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Project
Page 9
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