Adding Value To Feathermeal

Digital re-print - March | April 2009 Feature: Feathermeal Feature title: Adding value to feathermeal International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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Feathermeal

Feathermeal

Adding value to

feathermeal

by Franz-Peter Rebafka / Ashish Kulshrestha | GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebgsgesellschaft mbh & Co. KG, Germany / Thailand

M

illions of tones of fishmeal are used worldwide in all animal feeds each year, including aquaculture. The proportion of the world’s fishmeal used for aquaculture is estimated to reach 66 percent by 2013, though production will stagnate or even fall in 2009 (IFFO, 2008; forecasts). If aquaculture is to grow as expected, alternatives to the limited availability of

fishmeal for aqua feed have to be found. Additionally, increasing prices of fishmeal are forcing the industry to decrease the inclusion level of fishmeal and to increase the usage of alternative, more economical feed ingredients. Hydrolyzed poultry-based animal proteins - for example hydrolyzed feathermeal - are economically interesting protein sources used in specific areas of aquaculture such as in salmonid feed.These proteins are less expensive, palatable, free of anti-nutritional factors and - by virtue of their origin – free from any marine-based diseases and are hence considered bioaqua-secure. However, the use of feathermeal has been limited for reasons such as poor digestibility. Unprocessed feathers are high in crude protein (90 percent), but are highly indigestible due to the

14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 09

keratin structure, which contains high amounts of cross linked - disulphite bondings - cystine. In order to open the S-S bonds and to make the crude feathers available for digestive systems, feathers have to be processed. Currently, processing in continuous hydrolyzer is recognised as the state-of-the-art process resulting in a maximum of degree of hydrolyzation or cooking. Several factors are known to modify digestibility of protein and amino acids. Among the process conditions the drying conditions in particular, seem to play a major role in respect to digestibility and nutritional quality of hydrolysed feathermeal. The purpose of drying is to convert wet, unstable materials into a dry and stable substance. The drying is done by heating the material to a temperature where the rate of evaporation is considered satisfactory. Increasing the temperature will speed up the drying process, but can easily result in impairing nutritional values.

Hot air Hot air dryers have already started to attract the interests of the fishmeal producers; the principle of a hot air drying

is applied in the low temperature (LT) fishmeal technology. It is a two-step hot air drying characterised by short-term retention and moderate temperatures ensuring that protein quality retains at high levels. In the fishmeal manufacturing this drying process is considered as the most critical unit operation affecting the quality and the nutritional value of fishmeal. In contrast to the fishmeal industry (producing LT fishmeal) indirect drying systems such as rotary disc dryer are still common practice in the poultry by-product rendering operation. The main effect due to excess of heat application is the disruption of the hydrogen bonds in protein structures leading to protein denaturation. In this case denatured amino acids cannot be recognised physiologically as amino acids and are utilised, after deamination, as a very expensive source for energy only, thus leaving their fullest potential unexploited. The LT fishmeal technology imparts minimal denaturing effects on proteins, thus preserving inherent digestibility and biological value. A comparison regarding specific quality aspects is shown in Figure 1.

Superior to disc drying LT fishmeal is superior to standard fishmeal originated from a drying process based on disc drying. Realising the beneficial effects of a LT fishmeal drying system, GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebsgesellschaft (Germany) has recently launched a new product category of processed poultry by-product based on the LT fishmeal drying system. Under the brand name GoldMehl®, a special processed hydrolyzed protein of poultry feathers origin (GoldMehl® FM) has been developed specifically for aquaculture. In several in-vivo trials, conducted at the Fiskeriforskning Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research at Tromso in Norway using minks as a model for fish, (salmons in particular), the biological digestible protein of GoldMehl® FM has been assessed. In comparison with standard/regular feathermeal (produced with a disc dryer) the mink digestible protein and the biological utilisable protein of the hydrolysed feathermeal manufactured by LT fishmeal technology was clearly superior (see Figure 2).

Fishmeal substitute

In addition, the Mink digestible protein of GoldMehl® FM was very similar to fishmeal (data not presented) indicating good potential of GoldMehl® FM as a fishmeal substitute. Differences in protein quality of processed poultry by-products have been observed in a number of studies (Cho and Slinger (1979), Cho et al (1982), Pfeffer et al (1995), Sugiura et al (1998), Hajen et al (1993) and Dong et al (1993). Optimisation of the cooking and drying conditions are considered to be the main factors contributing to the high digestibility values now observed for poultry byproduct meal (Miller, 1996). The negative correlation between the drying conditions and protein quality could also by demonstrated by Cho et al., 1982 indicating that spray-dried March-april 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15

bloodmeal was almost completely digestible. In contrast, plate-dried, steam-tube dried and ring-dried bloodmeals had a significantly lower apparent digestibility compared to spray-dried blood product. Heat-damage has previously been shown to have a very significant negative impact on

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Feathermeal

Feathermeal

"Applying a state-of-the art drying process to the production of feathermeal creates an added value to feathers. The recycling of feathers is environmental friendly and is able to partly release pressure on marine raws"

ments fish meal has been gradually replaced by GoldMehl® FM at various ratio (zero percent GoldMehl® FM / 30 percent fishmeal = 0/30; 4.25 percent GoldMehl® / 25.5 fishmeal = 4.25/25.5; 9/21; and 15/15). Results indicate that growth of shrimps under the test conditions was optimal at a level of 15 percent Goldmehl® FM and 15

digestibility of protein of bloodmeal for fish (Cho et al., 1982). The same pattern has been observed by El-Haroun and Bureau (2007) measuring the bioavailability of lysine in blood meal produced under different drying systems (disc-dryer, spray-drier, flash-dryer).

Conclusions GoldMehl®

FM has a nutritional composition and feeding values similar to that of fishmeal for shrimps and better than regular feathermeal. Although the raw material is poultry feather, the superiority of GoldMehl® FM is attributed to its special process which is very similar to the production conditions of high valuable LT fishmeal. GoldMehl® FM has the potential to partly substitute fishmeal and help to reduce formulation costs. Applying a state-of-the art drying process to the production of feathermeal creates an added value to feathers. The recycling of feathers is environmental friendly and is able to partly release pressure on marine raws. Further, it can be regarded as sustainable protein production in the wake of increasing poultry production in all the parts of the world.

References: Cheng, Z.J, Behnke K.C, Dominy, W.G., 2002. Effect of feather meal on growth and body composition of the juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 12 (1): 57-68.

Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S.J., 1979. Apparent digestibility measurements in feedstuffs for rainbow trout. In: Halver, J.E., Tiew, K. (eds): Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeef Technology, Vol. II. Heenemann GmbH & Co KG, Berlin, pp. 239-247. Cho, C.Y., Slinger, S.J., Bayley, H.S., 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 73, 25-41. Dong, F.M., Hardy, R.W., Haard, N.F., Barrows, F.T., Rasco, B.A., Fairgrieve, W.T., Forster, I.P., 1993. Chemical composition and protein digestibility of poultry by-product meals for salmonid diets. Aquaculture 116, 149-158. El-Haroun and Bureau (2007). Comparison of the bioavailability of lysine in blood meals of various origins to that of L-lysine HCL for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 262, 402-409. Hajen, W.E., Higgs, D.A., Beames, R.M., Dosanjh, B.S., 1993. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by post-juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. 2. Measurement of digestibility. Aquaculture 112, 333-348. Miller, T., 1996. Utilizing rendered products: Petfood. In: Franco, D.A., Swanson, W. (Eds.), The Original Recyclers. The Animal Protein Industry,

The Fats and Proteins Research Foundation and The National Renderers Association, Alexandria, pp. 203-223. Pfeffer, E., Kinsinger, S., Rodehutscord, M., 1995. Influence of the propor tion of poultry slaughter by-product and of untreated or hydrothermally treated legume seeds in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), on apparent digestibilities of their energy and organic compounds. Aquacult. Nut.1, 111-117. Sugiura, S.H., Dong, F.M., Rathbone, C.K., Hardy, R.W., 1998. Apparent protein digestibility and mineral availabilities in various feed ingredients for salmonid feeds. Aquaculture 159, 177-202. Yu,Y., 2006. Rendered products in shrimp aquaculture feeds. In: Meeker, D.L. (ed): Essential Rendering]. National Renderers Association (ISBN: 0-96546603-5).

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inforMation:

Franz-peter Rebafka GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebgsgesellschaft mbh & Co. KG Email: [email protected] Website: www.ge-pro.de

Feeding trials A series of feeding trials were conducted using Asian Sea Bass juveniles (Lates calcalifer) to evaluate the potential of GoldMehl® FM as a protein sources in the diet. In one of these trials GoldMehl® FM has been incorporated into commercial available feed. As indicated in Figure 3 GoldMehl® FM showed a significant improvement of different growth parameters (weight gain, FCR, PER) and survival rate.

Optimal levels for shrimp In another feeding trial the nutritional value of GoldMehl® FM as a replacer for fishmeal has been tested in White shrimps (Penaeus vannamei). In different treat-

16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 09

percent fishmeal, resulting in cost savings in the diet formulation of almost eight percent (see Figure 4). These findings are in line with studies conducted in Hawaii where hydrolysed feathermeal was given as fishmeal replacer to shrimps (Cheng et al., 2002). It was concluded that without loosing growth performance hydrolysed feathermeal could replace fishmeal. Substitution rate for fishmeal by feathermeal was assessed to be 33 percent without and 66 percent with supplementing of crystalline lysine and methionine. A positive performance of shrimps fed with processed poultry derivatives as fishmeal substitute has been observed in fresh water shrimps (Macrobrachium Nipponese), White Shrimps (P.vannamei) and Black Tiger (P.monodon) cultivated in various areas (cited in Yu, 2006 [Essential Rendering]). March-april 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 17

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It‘s the mix that makes the difference. Feed manufacturers desire high durability, reliability and sanitation. Quality feed with minimum operating costs is a must. Your needs are Buhler‘s first priority. That is why we commit ourselves to delivering seamless solutions meeting your highest requirements. Get in touch with one of our specialists worldwide and we will deliver a complete process design package, equipment, automation and customer service. You and Buhler – the perfect mix.

Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96 [email protected], www.buhlergroup.com

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VO L U M E 1 2 I S S U E 2 2 0 0 9

The use of dietary acidifiers in salmonid nutrition Adding value to feathermeal Extruders Benefits of using Extruders to process aquatic feed

Functional aquafeeds: Dietary supplements in breakthrough pledge

Ipil ipil leaf meal as supplements to soybean and fish meal

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THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association IAF0902.indd 1

12/03/2009 10:01

To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact Feathermeal our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link above. Feathermeal Conclusions

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GoldMehl® FM has a nutritional composition and feeding values similar to that of fishmeal for shrimps and better than regular feathermeal. Although the raw material is poultry feather, the superiority of GoldMehl® FM is attributed to its special process which is very similar to the production conditions of high valuable LT fishmeal. GoldMehl® FM has the potential to partly substitute fishmeal and help to reduce formulation costs. Applying a state-of-the art drying process to the production of feathermeal creates an added value to feathers. The recycling of feathers is environmental friendly and is able to partly release pressure on marine raws. Further, it can be regarded as sustainable protein production in the wake of increasing poultry production in all the parts of the world.

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Fishmeal substitute

In addition, the Mink digestible protein of GoldMehl® FM was very similar to fishmeal (data not presented) indicating good potential of GoldMehl® FM as a fishmeal substitute. Differences in protein quality of processed poultry by-products have been observed in a number of studies (Cho and Slinger (1979), Cho et al (1982), Pfeffer et al (1995), Sugiura et al (1998), Hajen et al (1993) and Dong et al (1993). Optimisation of the cooking and drying conditions are considered to be the main factors contributing to the high digestibility values now observed for poultry byproduct meal (Miller, 1996). The negative correlation between the drying conditions and protein quality could also by demonstrated by Cho et al., 1982 indicating that spray-dried

bloodmeal was almost completely digestible. In contrast, plate-dried, steam-tube dried and ring-dried bloodmeals had a significantly lower apparent digestibility compared to spray-dried blood product. Heat-damage has previously been shown to have a very significant negative impact on

References:

Cheng, Z.J, Behnke K.C, Dominy, W.G., 2002. Effect of feather meal on growth and body composition of the juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 12 (1): 57-68.

Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S.J., 1979. Apparent digestibility measurements in feedstuffs for rainbow trout. In: Halver, J.E., Tiew, K. (eds): Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeef Technology, Vol. II. Heenemann GmbH & Co KG, Berlin, pp. 239-247. Cho, C.Y., Slinger, S.J., Bayley, H.S., 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 73, 25-41.

Dong, F.M., Hardy, R.W., Haard, N.F., Barrows, F.T., Rasco, B.A., Fairgrieve, W.T., Forster, I.P., 1993. Chemical composition and protein digestibility of poultry by-product meals for salmonid diets. Aquaculture 116, 149-158. El-Haroun and Bureau (2007). Comparison of the bioavailability of lysine in blood meals of various origins to that of L-lysine HCL for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 262, 402-409. Hajen, W.E., Higgs, D.A., Beames, R.M., Dosanjh, B.S., 1993. Digestibility of various feedstuffs by post-juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in sea water. 2. Measurement of digestibility. Aquaculture 112, 333-348. Miller, T., 1996. Utilizing rendered products: Petfood. In: Franco, D.A., Swanson, W. (Eds.), The Original Recyclers. The Animal Protein Industry,

The Fats and Proteins Research Foundation and The National Renderers Association, Alexandria, pp. 203-223.

Pfeffer, E., Kinsinger, S., Rodehutscord, M., 1995. Influence of the propor tion of poultr y slaughter by-product and of untreated or hydrothermally treated legume seeds in diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), on apparent digestibilities of their energy and organic compounds. Aquacult. Nut.1, 111-117. Sugiura, S.H., Dong, F.M., Rathbone, C.K., Hardy, R.W., 1998. Apparent protein digestibility and mineral availabilities in various feed ingredients for salmonid feeds. Aquaculture 159, 177-202. Yu,Y., 2006. Rendered products in shrimp aquaculture feeds. In: Meeker, D.L. (ed): Essential Rendering]. National Renderers Association (ISBN: 0-96546603-5).

More

INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE

inforMation:

Franz-peter Rebafka GePro Gefluegel-Protein Vertriebgsgesellschaft mbh & Co. KG Email: [email protected] Website: www.ge-pro.de

It‘s the mix that makes the difference. Feed manufacturers desire high durability, reliability and sanitation. Quality feed with minimum operating costs is a must. Your needs are Buhler‘s first priority. That is why we commit ourselves to delivering seamless solutions meeting your highest requirements. Get in touch with one of our specialists worldwide and we will deliver a complete process design package, equipment, automation and customer service. You and Buhler – the perfect mix.

•

Visit Ge-Pro online

•

Email Ge-Pro

Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96 [email protected], www.buhlergroup.com

•

Visit Buhler online

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Email Buhler

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