By Tismon Varghese
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contents Neutralization Acids in daily life Common factor present in acids Reactions of acids Electricity through acids Alkalies Alkalies and bases Common theories How to form salts Dibasic and tribasic acids 2
neutralization Acid + alkali ―> salt + water End point : point at which the reaction is just completed Indicators : substance which give characteristic colour at the end point Examples are • phenolphthalein(strong base Vs strong/weak acids)
pink coloured in alkaline medium and colourless in acid medium • methyl orange(strong acid Vs strong/weak bases )
golden-yellow colour in alkaline medium and pale 3
acids in daily life • we use many acids in our daily life • acids present in different food materials are • Lemon - citric acid • Tomato – oxalic acid • Vinegar – acetic acid • Tamarind – tartaric acid
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common factor present in acids all acids have some common properties due to
the common factor present in it Acids Hydrochloric acid
Chemical formula HCl
Nitric acid
HNO3
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Common factor present in all acids is hydrogen 5
Reactions of acids Acids and carbonates Acids reacts with carbonate to form carbon dioxide In general,
metal carbonate + acid ―> salt + water + carbon dioxide e.g.
CaCO3 + 2 HCl ―> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Acids and sulphides Acids reacts with sulphides to form hydrogen sulphide When ferrous sulphide is reacts with dil: HCl, hydrogen
sulphide is formed FeS +
2 HCl ―> H2S + FeCl2 6
electricity through acids • The common factor hydrogen, exists as
hydrogen ions(H+) in acids • Ions are electrically charged atoms • Due to the presence of hydrogen ions, acids
can conduct electricity
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alkalies Name and chemical formula of some common
alkalies
alkalies
Chemical formula
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
Ammonium hydroxide
NH4OH
Potassium hydroxide
KOH
Calcium hydroxide
CaOH
Obviously the common factor present in alkalies is
the hydroxide ions(OH-) 8
alkalies and bases Metals combined with oxygen to form metal
oxides, which are bases Metal oxides reacts with acids to form salt and
water Metal oxides and metal hydroxides neutralizes
acids to form salt and water These oxides and hydroxides which can neutralize
acids are called bases Of these water soluble bases are alkalies 9
common theories Arrhenius concept: acid is substance that dissociates to give
hydrogen ions when dissolved in water H2SO4 ―> H+ + HSO4HSO4- ―> H+ + SO422H2O + 2H+ ―> 2H3O+ Base is a substance which dissociates in to hydroxide ions when dissolved in water Na(OH)2 ―> Na+ + OH Lowry-Bronsted concept: Acid is substance which has a tendency to donate
a proton And base is a proton acceptor
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How to form salts Acids and alkalies react together to form salts
NaOH + HCl ―> NaCl+ H2O
Na
OH- + H+
OH- + H+
Cl-
NaCl
―>
H2O
+
H2O
Sodium (Na+) ions and chloride (Cl-) ions combine 11 to
Dibasic and tribasic acids Acids having two replaceable hydrogen atoms are
called dibasic acids e.g. H2SO4 Acids having three replaceable hydrogen atoms
are called tribasic acids e.g. H3PO4
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