Abstract

ABSTRACT Virtual reality modeling language (VRML) is used for display of 3D on web. VRML enables the user to see the 3D directly in Internet explorer. The 3d objects displayed in VRML format can be viewed interactively i.e. user can take walk around the objects, go inside the object to see its internal details, view the objects from different angles etc. The experience is same as good as viewing the things in reality. In this thesis work, the attempt is made to use the capability of VRML (Virtual reality modeling language) for showing the working of four Agro machines namely Destoner, Gravity separator, Air seed classifier and Automatic weighing machine fabricated at Mahaveer Electomechanical Works Pvt. Ltd, M.I.D.C. Akola The review of literature provides with the details of software and their capabilities used in this thesis work. Three software namely Pro/engineer, 3ds Max studio and VRML were used for this thesis work. The methodology describes in considerable details the every step that has been taken in the pursuit of the proposed result. This includes the sequence in which the work was carried out, selection of proper software for proper task and conversion of data from one form to another to achieve the final result. Finally the results are discussed and the conclusion drawn for the use and applicability of the work carried out for the Mahaveer electromechanical works Pvt. Ltd.

CONTENTS Sr. No. 1.

Topic INTRODUCTION

Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN Engineering design graphics has made significant changes since the early 1980s. For the most part, these changes have occurred due to the evolution of computer-aided design (CAD). Before CAD, design was accomplished by traditional board drafting utilizing paper, pencil, straightedges, and various other manual drafting devices. Concurrently with manual drafting were sketching techniques, which allowed a designer to explore ideas freely without being constrained within the boundaries of drafting standards. Many of the drafting and design standards and techniques that existed primarily due to the limitations of manual drafting still exist today. Popular mid-range CAD packages still emphasize two-dimensional orthographic projection techniques. These techniques allow a design to be portrayed on a computer screen as it was once accomplished on a drafting table. Drafting standards have changed little since the beginning of CAD. These standards still place an emphasis on the two-dimensional representation of designs. Many engineering fields continue to rely on orthographic projection to represent design intent. Some fields, such as manufacturing and mechanical engineering, foster a paperless environment that does not require designs to be displayed orthographically. In this theoretically paperless environment products are designed, engineered, and produced without a hard-copy drawing. Designs are modeled within a CAD system and the electronic data is utilized concurrently in various departments, such as manufacturing, marketing, quality control, and production control. Additionally, CAD systems are becoming the heart of many product data management systems. Utilizing a computer network, CAD designs can be displayed throughout a corporation's intranet. With Internet capabilities, a design can be displayed using the World Wide Web.

1.2 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING The engineering design process once was linear and decentralized. Modern engineering philosophies are integrating team approaches into the design of products. As shown in Figure 1.1 team members can come from a variety of fields. Teaming stimulates a nonlinear approach to design, with the CAD model the central means of communicating design intent.

Fig. 1.1: Concurrent engineering members Concurrent engineering has many advantages over the traditional design process. Individuals and groups invest significant resources and time into the development of products. Each individual and group has needs that must be met by the final design solution. As an example, a service technician wants a product that is easy to maintain while the marketing department wants a design that is easy to sell. Concurrent engineering allows everyone with an interest in the design to provide their input. Modern engineering and communication technologies allow designs to be shared easily among team members. CAD three-dimensional models graphically display designs that can be interpreted by individuals who are not trained in blueprintreading fundamentals. Because of this accessibility, the CAD system has become the heart of many product-data-management systems. Internet capabilities allow designs

to be shared over long distances. Most CAD applications have Internet tools that facilitate the sharing of design data. Parametric Technology Corporation’s Pro/WebPublish, for one, allows for the publishing of CAD data over the Internet. Another example is PTC’s Pro/Fly-Through application, which displays Virtual-RealityModeling-Language (VRML) models and allows for the markup and animation of these models over an Internet or intranet. 1.3 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS The fundamentals of engineering graphics and the displaying of three-dimensional (3D) designs on a two-dimensional surface have changed little since the advent of CAD. Despite the explosion of advanced 3D modeling packages, many design standards and techniques that once dominated manual drafting remain relevant today. Sketching is an important tool in the design process. Design modeling techniques using two-dimensional CAD, three-dimensional CAD, or manual drafting can restrict an individual’s ability to work out a design problem. It takes time to place lines on a CAD system or to construct a solid model. Sketching allows a designer to work through a problem without being constrained by the standards associated with orthographic projection or by the time required to model on a CAD system. There are two types of sketching techniques: artistic and technical. Many individuals believe that artistic sketching is a natural, inborn ability. This is not always the case. There are techniques and exercises that engineering students can perform that will improve their ability to think in three dimensions and solve problems utilizing artistic sketching skills. Despite this, few engineering students receive this type of training. When engineering or technology students are trained in sketching, it is usually the technical variety. Technical sketching is similar to traditional drafting and twodimensional computer-aided drafting. This form of sketching enables a design to be displayed orthographically or pictorially through sketching techniques. The design process requires artistic sketching and technical sketching to be utilized together. Conceptual designs are often developed through artistic sketching methods. Then once a design concept is developed, technical sketches of the design can be drawn that will allow the designer to display meaningful design intent

information. This information can then be used to develop orthographic drawings, prototypes, and/or computer models. The traditional way to display engineering designs is orthographic projection. Any object has six primary views (FIG 1-1). these views are used to display the three primary dimensions of any feature: height, width, and depth. By selectively choosing a combination of the primary views, a detailer can graphically display the design form of an object. Often, three or fewer views are all that are necessary to represent design intent(FIG 1-2). A combination of views such as the front, top, and right side will display all three primary dimensions of any feature. By incorporating dimensions and notes, design intent for an object can be displayed. Orthographic projection is not a natural way to display a design. The purpose for orthographic drawings is to show a design in such a way that it can be constructed or manufactured. Pictorial drawings are often used to represent designs in a way that non-technically trained individuals can understand. Pictorial drawings display all three primary dimensions (height, width, and depth) in one view. There are many forms of pictorial drawings, the most common of which are isometric, diametric, and trimetric. Naturally, objects appear to get smaller as one moves further away from them. This effect is known as perspective. Perspective is another form of pictorial drawing. Orthographic, isometric, diametric, and trimetric projections do not incorporate perspective. Perspective drawings are often used to display a final design concept that can be easily understood individuals with no technological training. Before an object can be manufactured or constructed, technical drawings are often produced. Technical drawings are used to display all the information necessary to properly build a product. These drawings consist of orthographic views, dimensions, notes, and details. Details are governed by standards that allow for ease of communications between individuals and organization.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 PARAMETRIC MODELING CONCEPTS Parametric modeling is an approach to computer-aided design that gained prominence in the late 1980s. An assumption commonly held among CAD users is that similar modeling techniques exist for all CAD systems. To users that follow this assumption, the key to learning a different CAD system is to adapt to similar CAD commands. This is not entirely true when a two-dimensional CAD user tries to learn, for the first time, a parametric modeling application. Within parametric modeling systems, though, you can find commands that resemble 2D CAD commands. Often, these commands are used in a parametric modeling system just as they would be used in a 2D CAD package.

The following is a partial list of

commands that cross over from 2D CAD to Pro/ENGINEER. 2.1.1.LINE The line option is used within Pro/ENGINEER’s sketcher mode (or environment) as a tool to create sections. Within a 2D CAD package, precise line distances and angles can be entered using coordinate methods, such as absolute, relative, and polar. Pro/ENGINEER does not require an entity to be entered with a precise size. Feature size definitions are established after finishing the geometric layout of a feature’s shape. 2.1.2.CIRCLE As with the line command, the circle option is used within Pro/ENGINEER’s sketcher environment. Precise circle size is not important when sketching the geometry. 2.1.3. ARC As with the line and circle options, the arc command is used within Pro/ENGINEER’s sketching environment.

Pro/ENGINEER’s are command also

includes a fillet command for creating rounds at the intersection of two geometric entities. 2.1.4. DELETE The delete command is used within a variety of Pro/ENGINEER modes. Within the sketcher environment, delete is used to remove geometric entities such as lines, arcs, and circles. Within Part mode, delete is used to remove features from a part. For assembly models, the delete command is used to delete features from parts and to delete parts from assemblies. 2.1.5.OFFSET Offset options can be found within various Pro/ENGINEER modes. Within the sketcher environment, existing part features can be offset to form sketching geometry. Additionally, planes, within Part and Assembly modes can be offset to form new datum planes. 2.1.6.TRIM The trim command is used within Pro/ENGINEER’s sketching environment. Geometric entities that intersect can be trimmed at their intersection point. 2.1.7.MIRROR The mirror option is used within Pro/ENGINEER’s Sketch and Part modes. Geometry created as a sketch can be mirrored across a centerline. Also, part features can be mirrored across a plane by executive the copy option. 2.1.8.COPY The copy option is used within Part mode to copy existing features. Features can be copied linearly, mirrored over a plane, or rotated around an axis. Within Assembly mode, parts can be copied to create new parts. 2.1.9.ARRAY Polar and rectangular array commands are common components in 2D CAD packages.

Pro/ENGINEER’s pattern command serves a similar function.

Features may be patterned using existing dimensions. Selecting an angular dimension will create a circular pattern. Parametric modeling presents a different approach to CAD, especially when compared to 2D drafting and Boolean-based 3D modeling. Oftentimes an experienced CAD user will have trouble learning a parametric modeling package.

This is especially true when a user tries to approach 3D parametric modeling as he or she would approach Boolean solid modeling. They use similar concepts, but the approaches are different.

2.2 Pro/ENGINEER BASICS Pro/ENGINEER provides mechanical engineers with an approach to mechanical design automation based on solid modeling technology and the following features. 2.2.1. 3-D MODELING The essential difference between Pro/ENGINEER and traditional CAD systems is that models created in Pro/ENGINEER exist as three-dimensional solids. Other 3-D modelers represent only the surface boundaries of the model. Pro/ENGINEER models the complete solid. This not only facilitates the creation of realistic geometry, but also allows for accurate model calculations, such as those for mass properties. 2.2.2. PARAMETRIC DESIGN Dimensions such as angle, distance, and diameter control Pro/ENGINEER model geometry. You can create relationships that allow parameters to be automatically calculated based on the value of other parameters. When you modify the dimensions, the entire model geometry can update according to the relations you created.

2.3 FEATURE-BASED MODELING Parametric modeling systems are often referred to as feature-based modelers. In a parametric modeling environment, parts are composed of features (Fig.). Features may comprise either positive space or negative space. Positive space features are composed of actual mass. An example of a positive space feature is an extruded boss. A negative space feature is where a part has a segment cut away or subtracted. An example of a negative space feature is a hole. Parametric modeling systems such as Pro/ENGINEER incorporate an intuitive way of constructing features. Often, the feature is first sketched in two

dimensions and then either extruded, revolved, or swept to form the three-dimensional object. When sketching the feature, design intent is developed in the model by adding dimensions and constraining the sketch. Features can be predefined or sketched. Examples of predefined features include holes, rounds, and chamfers. Many parametric modeling packages incorporate advanced ways of modeling holes. Within a parametric modeling package, predefined holes can be simple, counter bored, countersunk, or drilled. Parametric modeling package hole command allows users the opportunity to sketch unique hole profiles, such as may be required for a counter bore. Sketched features are created by sketching a section that incorporates design intent. Sections may be extruded, revolved, or swept to add positive or negative space features.

Fig 2.1 : Feature in a model Compared to Boolean modeling, feature-based modeling is a more intuitive approach. In Boolean modeling, a common way to construct a hole is to model a solid cylinder and then subtract it from the parent feature. In a parametric design environment, a user can simply place the hole by using a predefined hole command or by cutting a circle through the part. With most Boolean-based modelers, if the user has to change a parameter of the hole, such as location or size, he or she has to plug the original hole, then subtract a second solid cylinder. To adjust a feature-based hole, the user can change any parameter associated with the hole by modifying a dimension or parameter. Similarly, a feature's sketch can be redefined or modified.

2.4. ASSOCIATIVITY Pro/ENGINEER is a fully associative system. This means that a change in the design model anytime in the development process is propagated throughout the design, automatically updating all engineering deliverables, including assemblies, drawings, and manufacturing data. Associativity makes concurrent engineering possible by encouraging change, without penalty, at any point in the development cycle. This enables downstream functions to contribute their knowledge and expertise early in the development cycle.

2.5. BEFORE YOU BEGIN Pro/ENGINEER Before you run Pro/ENGINEER, you should know about settings: 2.5.1 Working directory--Pro/ENGINEER first looks up files and configuration options in a designated directory on your system. This directory is called the current directory or working directory. You will need read/write access to this directory, as you will be storing and retrieving your objects, such as parts and assemblies, in it. 2.5.2. Configuration file--Pro/ENGINEER uses configuration files to determine default settings that you modify from session to session.

2.6. FEATURES AND CAPABILITIES OFFERED BY PRO/E 1. PRO-E are offering Pro/E Foundation basic modeling software. 2. PRO-E are offering finite element analysis (FEA) software i.e. Pro/Mechanica (Structural, Motion, Thermal). 3. PRO-E are offering Mechanism Design Extension (MDX) for simulation of mechanisms. In addition to above pro/e have offered following modules with maximum 100 users license which can help the students for their projects and wider carrier opportunities after getting expertise on those software.  Tool Design Option – Mold and Die Designing software  Production Machining Option – CNC tool path generation/Manufacturing software.  Behavioral Modeling Extension (BMX) – The unique concept in Mechanical Designing  Model Check  Pro/ENGINEER Advance Assembly Extension (AAX)

 Advance Surface Extension (ASX) – Reverse Engineering Software  Pro/intralink Users Training  Pro/intralink Administration Training.  CDRS – Advance Surface Designing Software.  3D PAINT  Pro/DESKTOP All the above Pro/Engineer software are developed by Parametric Technology Corporation, USA and Rolta India Limited is the sole distributor for selling and supporting alt range of PTC products in India.

PRO/ENGINEER FOUNDATION COMPLETE PRODUCT DEFINITION

Pro/E-Foundation contains the industries most used, feature-based. 3D parametric solid modeling core that provides accurate representations of geometry, mass properties and interference checking. It enables full definition of the product definition, producing complete and accurate product results and deliverables.

By providing feature-based

modeling and full associativity, it enables changes made anywhere in the development process to be propagated throughout the entire design and throughout the value chain CAPABILITIES Assemblies – define and create complex assemblies. Associative Drawing Tables – produce detailed reports that automatically update changes to design tables. Basic Surface – create and trim surfaces using basic tools (extrude, revolve, blend, sweep, etc.) Perform surface operations such copy, merge, extend, and transform, Data Exchange – empower highly collaborative CAD/CAM development.

Fully Detailed Documentation and 2D Drafting – create complete, production-ready drawings. Library – easy access to standard parts, features, tools, mold bases, connectors, pipe fittings, symbols, and human body dimensions. Mechanism Design – assemble parts and assemblies using pre-defined connections (pin joints, ball joints, sliders, etc.) The mechanism assembly can then be interactively dragged through its range of motion. Model Check – evaluate parts, assemblies, and drawings to ensure that they adhere to a company’s modeling standards and best practices. Photo-realism

–

quickly

create

accurate,

photo-realistic

images

of

Pro/ENGINEER parts and assembles. Plotting/Printing – supports more than 150 plotters plus printers and plotters running on Microsoft Window's95, 98 and 2000. Programmatic Interface – J-Link capability is a powerful new toot for expanding, customizing, and automating the functionality of Pro/ENGINEER. Sheet Metal – quickly create sheet metal parts using sheet metal specific features such as bends, punches, forms, etc. Provide the ability to unfold sheet metal parts into accurate flat patterns. VRML/HTML - export Pro/ENGINEER parts, assemblies, and process plans to Web pages using standard HTML, VRML, CGM, and JPEG formats and Java applets. Weld Modeling and Documentation – define joining requirements for welded parts and assemblies and easily produce full, 2D weld documentation.

2.7. MARKET POSITION OF PRO/E SOFTWARE Today, Pro/Engineer is the no. 1 CAD/CAM software available in the market built on the most powerful Granite Technology. The maximum jobs for CAD/CAM available in the market are for Engineers trained on Pro/Engineer.

2.8. REASONING FOR SELECTION OF Pro/E AS A MODELLING SOFTWARE. Here is an explanation why Pro/E is selected as modeling software for this thesis work. A capability unique to parametric modeling packages, when compared to other forms of CAD, is the ability to incorporate design intent into a model. Most computer-aided design packages have the ability to display a design, but the model or geometry does not hold design information beyond the actual vector data required for construction. Two-dimensional packages display objects in a form that graphically communicates the design, but the modeled geometry is not a virtual image of the actual shape of the design. Traditional three-dimensional models, especially solid models, display designs that prototype the actual shape of the design. The problem with solid-based Boolean models is that parameters associated with design intent are not incorporated. Within Boolean operations, when a sketch is protruded into a shape or when a cylinder is subtracted from existing geometry to form a hole, data associated with the construction of the part or feature is not readily available. Parameters associated with a feature in Pro/ENGINEER exist after the feature has been constructed. An example of this would be a hole. A typical method used within Pro/ENGINEER to construct a straight hole is to locate the hole from two edges. After locating the hole, the hole diameter and depth are provided. The dimensional values used to define the hole can be retrieved and modified at a later time.

Additionally, parametric values associated with a feature, such as a hole

diameter, can be used to control parameters associated with other dimensions. With most Boolean operations, the final outcome of the construction of a model is of primary importance. When modeling a hole, the importance lies not in parameters used to locate a hole but where the hole eventually is constructed. When the subtraction process is accomplished, the cylinder location method is typically lost. Using parametric hole construction techniques, these parameters are preserved for later use. The dimensioning scheme for the creation of a feature, such as a hole, is important for capturing design intent.

Fig.2.1 The hierarchical order of design intent

Figure shows two different ways to locate a pair of holes. Both examples are valid ways to dimension and locate holes. Which technique is better ? The answer depends upon the design intent of the part and feature. Does the design require that each hole be located a specific distance from a common datum plane ? If it does, then the second example might be the dimensioning scheme that meets design intent. But if the design requires that the distance between the two holes be carefully controlled, the first example might prove to be the best dimensioning scheme. Designs are created for a purpose. Design intent is the intellectual arrangement of assemblies, parts, features, and dimensions to solve a design problem. Most designs are composed of an assembly of parts. Each part within a design is made up of various features. Design intent governs the relationship between parts in an assembly and the relationship between features in a part. As depicted in Figure, a hierarchical ordering of intent can be created for a design. At the top of the design intent tree is the overall intent of the design. Below the overall design intent is the component design intent. Components of the design. Below the overall design intent is the component design intent. Components are composed of parts and subassemblies. The intent of each component of a design is to work concurrently with other components as a solution to the design problem. Features comprise parts. Features must meet the design intent of the parts of which they are composed. Parametric modeling packages provide a variety of tools for incorporating design intent. The following is a list of these tools.

2.8.1. ASSEMBLY CONSTRAINTS Assembly constraints are used to form relationships between components of a design. If a part’s surface should mesh with the surface of another part within an assembly, a mate constraint should be used. Examples of other common assembly constraints include align, insert, and orient.

2.8.2. PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS The definition of a feature frequently relies on dimensional and geometric cues taken from another feature. This kind of relationship is termed a parent-child relationship. The parent-child relationship is one of the most powerful aspects of Pro/ENGINEER. When a parent feature is modified, its children are automatically recreated to reflect the changes in the geometry of the parent feature. It is therefore essential to reference feature dimensions and geometry so design modifications are correctly propagated throughout the model. Because children reference parents, features can exist without children, but children cannot exist without their parents.

2.8.3. DIMENSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS Dimensional relationships allow the capture of design intent between and within features while in part mode, and between parts while in assembly mode. A dimensional relationship is an explicit way to relate features in a design. Mathematical dimensions.

equations

are

used

to

relate

An example of a dimensional relationship is to make two

dimensions equal in value. Within Pro/ENGINEER, for this example, the first dimension would drive the second. Most algebraic and trigonometric formulas can be included in a relationship. In addition, simple conditional statements can be incorporated.

2.8.4. DIMENSIONING SCHEME The

placement

of

dimensions

is

extremely

important for the incorporation of design intent into a model. During sketching within Pro/ENGINEER, dimensions are placed automatically (when intent manager is activated ) that will fully define a feature. These dimensions may not match the design intent, however. Dimensions within a section or within the creation of a feature should match the intent of a design. FEATURE CONSTRAINTS Constraints are powerful tools for incorporating design intent.

If a design requires a feature’s element to be constrained

perpendicular to another element, a perpendicular constraint should be used. Likewise, design intent can be incorporated with other constraints, such as parallel, tangent, and equal length. REFERENCES Feature references can be created within part and assembly modes of Pro/ENGINEER. An example of a reference within part mode is to use existing feature edges to create new geometry within the sketcher environment. A parent feature edges to create new geometry within the sketcher environment.

A parent child relationship is then established

between the two features. If the reference edge is modified, the child feature is modified correspondingly. Within assembly mode, an external reference can be established between a feature on one part and a feature on a second. Pro/ENGINEER allows for the creation of parts and subassemblies within assembly mode. By creating a component using this technique, relationships can be established between two parts. Modification of the parent part reference will modify the child part.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR PRO/E PACKAGE (Pro/ENGINEER HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS) Standard Pro/E pre requisite (workstation on which Pro/E is loaded) is as Follows: 1. Any Computer with Pentium Processor. 2. Operating System Windows NT 4.0 or Windows 2000 (note Pro/E release 2001 is not available on windows 95 or windows 98). 3. Pro/E requires minimum of 96 MB of RAM but for better working and future enhancements we recommend 128 MB of RAM. 4. Hard disk space required for Pro/E (without Help) is 350 MB.

For

considering every thing at least customer must have 1GB of free space before installation proceeds. 5. Monitor 17” is recommended for better viewing, 14” monitor will do in worst case but it should support resolution of 1024x768 delivered by display card. 6. Graphics card (8 MB Video RAM) with OpenGL support and 1024x768 resolution, 16-million color delivery. 7. Network card for licensing 8. Standard accessories like CD-ROM drive, 3-button mouse, Keyboard. The above configuration is for PC on which Pro/Engineer is working while configuration for license server can be even lower than above configuration if Pro/E is not working on server machine, in such case only requirement is working windows based machine on Network which can directly accessed by client machines. ( it is not necessary to load ProE on license server machine) if server contains ProE installation then you can consider above list of configuration for the server.

ABOUT VIRTUAL REALITY MODELLING LANGAUGE (VRML) 3D graphics are all the rage today. We see them everywhere: in video games, advertising, even feature-length films. We have come to a point in history where we can create completely synthetic worlds that exist entirely inside a computer's memory. These worlds have been referred to in the popular media as "virtual reality," "cyberspace," or "the metaverse." These terms are great for a science fiction writer in search of a new book idea, but we are many years away from virtual worlds that are anywhere near the rich detail of the real world. However, 3D graphics give us much more than the future promise of virtual reality. They give us a powerful new tool for the presentation of information, art, and entertainment. And while we don't think virtual reality

will ever overtake the real world, as so many science fiction movies would like us to believe, they will add to our repertoire of creative outlets. The World Wide Web adds an interesting new twist to the use of 3D graphics. In the past, the presentation of art or information was limited to those who could get their work shown in an art gallery, or to someone with access to a publishing house or television studio. But, access to the Web is relatively inexpensive, so almost anyone can communicate their ideas, as long as they know how to use the tools that turn their dreams into reality. VRML is the tool for creating 3D virtual experiences on the World Wide Web. Even though it is in its infancy, VRML will allow you to realize your visions and make them available to everyone on the Web.

VRML Background The notion of 3D graphics has been very popular lately, from video games to weather simulations to movies that give us a glimpse of virtual reality, complete with virtual villains and cyberheroes. The World Wide Web has gained even more popularity. Therefore, it is natural that people would want to join the two, marrying the compelling experience of 3D to the global access of the Web. VRML was born to solve just this problem: how to put compelling 3D onto every PC connected to the Web.

Why Use 3d On The Web? The World Wide Web has grown from a curiosity on college campuses to a major force in business in fewer than five years. It seems as though there is not a TV commercial, billboard, or panel truck without the now familiar http://.... The Web is the subject of jokes, talk shows, and articles in major magazines. You can buy wine

and movie tickets on the Web, see the latest shots from the space shuttle, and find out the weather in any corner of the world, as long as you know the magic incantation, http://www.weather.com/current/. As with many of the inventions now taken for granted, no one knew what the Web would become when it was first conceived. It started out as an easier way to browse text pages on large computer databases. It was soon realized that some sort of text formatting and the capability to add images to a page were crucial to the successful presentation of the information. Thus, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) was born. An outgrowth of publishing standards of the late 1980s, HTML is a simple text-based file format with embedded commands (known as tags) to instruct the computer how to display the information. For instance, surrounding a word with the tags and causes that word to be displayed in bold. There are tags to distinguish between a heading and body text, to center text, and to create bulleted lists, to name a few. HTML also has a tag to embed images on a page, and it is here that HTML started down the path toward full multimedia integration. Brochures, magazines, and other printed material consist basically of words and images, with the occasional background color to set off a sidebar. With text formatting and embedded images, HTML can handle most of this.

A Short History of VRML The origins of VRML date back to the middle of 1994, to a European Web conference in which Tim Berners-Lee talked about the need for a 3D Web standard. He coined the name VRML (Virtual Reality Markup Language) as an acronym to

parallel HTML. Mark Pesce picked up on this idea and was able to persuade Brian Behlendorf at Wired magazine to start a mailing list called www-vrml. The VRML mailing list was the seed from which a thriving community of artists, engineers, and visionaries grew. The name was quickly changed to Virtual Reality Modeling Language to reflect the emphasis on worlds rather than pages of text. This group produced the VRML 1 specification in record time purely through e-mail interactions. This was possible thanks in part to the fact that it was based on the Inventor file format from Silicon Graphics. Inventor is a mature file format used everywhere from universities doing research to animation houses doing special effects for movies and television. A subset of Inventor was chosen that facilitated implementation on a wide variety of platforms. Although this allowed several VRML browsers to be created, it also crippled the language to a certain extent. Inventor's advanced interaction and animation capabilities were not included, so VRML 1 worlds were as still as a graveyard. So, before the ink even had a chance to dry on the specification, work was started to bring life to those Virtual worlds. A small extension to VRML, called VRML 1.1, was tried. It contained facilities to add audio clips to a scene and some very primitive animation. But because this was not nearly enough to create compelling content, VRML1.1 never saw the light of day. The VRML community set its sights on a major overhaul of the language and dubbed it VRML 2.

The Requirements Gavin Bell was the Silicon Graphic Inc. engineer primarily responsible for introducing the VRML community to Inventor. In thinking about 2, he conceived of

three requirements he deemed important for 3D Web content: composability, scalability, and extensibility. Composability allows an author to create a virtual house, scale it down, and place it on a tabletop. This table with the house model can then be placed in the office building of a virtual architecture company. This building can be placed on a city block with other buildings, which, in turn, can be placed in a city, which can be placed on a planet orbiting the sun. In this composition, each piece is independent of the rest. The full-size house can be placed on a residential street somewhere else on the planet because everything that makes it a house, from the attic light that can be switched on to the door that opens to the basement, is contained within the house model. Scalability allows worlds of arbitrary size to be created. With VRML, it must be possible to see a galaxy, zoom in on a star system, then to a planet, then a city, a block, a park, a man sitting on a bench, and the mosquito sitting on his arm. This is difficult due to limits in the precision of computer hardware, but it is important to prevent every world from having arbitrary limits in size or detail. Extensibility allows an author to extend the capability of the language to serve special purposes. This allows, for instance, multiuser worlds to be created or new geometric objects to be added to VRML.

Basic VRML Concepts 2D Versus 3D Graphics There is a big difference between 2D and 3D. Although this makes it harder to work with 3D, it also gives 3D huge advantages over 2D. You can create a 3D world, populate it with interesting objects, and then walk around that world using a 3D browser such as Cosmo Player. The only way to get similar motion using 2D is by

using movies, such as MPEG, or image-based formats, such as Shockwave from Macromedia. Both of these techniques create huge files that are extremely slow to download over the Web, and are not as flexible. The only viewing angle you have is the one the author has created for you. With 3D and VRML, you can go literally anywhere in the 3D world. You can walk up to a sign to read it, look over your shoulder to see where a sound is coming from, or walk up a flight of stairs to go into a second-story office. QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ON VRML Q How can we keep up with all the changes taking place with VRML and other virtual reality technologies? No one can keep up completely nowadays. We recommend surfing the Internet to see what all the top companies are up to. Open up your favorite search engine in your Web browser and search on VRML and Virtual Reality. Also, read the online magazines devoted to VRML. If you can, download the latest beta copies of each browser and take a tour with them. Keep a list of the features of each browser. Spend some time thinking about the algorithms required to make a browser work. Keep a link to the VRML Consortium home page and other VRML-related organizations. And, by all means, go to the conferences where all the best ideas are presented and discussed. You'll never run out of things to think about, because VRML is involved in so many different disciplines, including education, scientific visualization, communication, psychology, physiology, anthropology, and entertainment, to name a few. Q Why would we want to use 3D on the Web? Why would we need anything more than the text and images that are already on an HTML page?

The use of 3D on the Web has many great benefits. First, it allows a virtually infinite amount of interactivity. Viewing an image of the outside of a house is not nearly as interesting or informative as being able to walk through the front door and up to the master bedroom to check out the view. Second, 3D is much more compact than either images or text. They say that a picture is worth a thousand words. If that's true, a 3D world is worth a thousand pictures. Finally, 3D gives an author a richer medium in which to express ideas.

ABOUT 3DS MAX The software used for adding motion to the agro machine models was 3DS MAX .3ds max claims that "You bring the imagination. We'll bring the rest". The 3ds max software incorporates the features, commands and techniques for creating and animating 3D models and rendering scenes. The software has techniques for implementing various modeling methods, applying materials, placing lights and cameras, and creating still and/or animated images. Why 3DS Max? 3ds max is the world’s most widely used professional 3D modeling, animation and rendering software. It significantly improves connectivity, image quality, productivity, and content delivery. It provides ability to create heightened realism through global illumination, exposure, accurate physical controls and custom hardware support. This software is intended for Designers, Drafters, Architects and professionals involved with graphics and design. People in related roles can also benefit from 3DS Max Software.

3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 PROBLEM AND SCOPE Mahaveer electromechanical works Pvt ltd. is engaged in manufacturing of agro machines supplied all over India. The assembly of the machines is quite complex and size is considerable, therefore the marketing people were finding it difficult to give live demonstration of the actual machines to their customer. By carefully analyzing the problems reported by marketing people, it was felt that virtual 3d working models would be very useful to tackle the above problem. The brief description of the machines taken for the thesis work is as follows.

3.2 MAHAVIR D-SERIES DESTONER MEPL Destoner assures unbeatable reliability and performance. Most effective solution for separation of stones, mud balls and dust from seeds/grains.

3.2.1 APPLICATION: For continuous separation of stones from a stream of granular material. Simple and dependable separation on the basis of the difference in terminal velocity of the material and of the heavy impurities such as stone, metals, glass etc.

3.2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE: The gravity-fed grain is spread by a feeder across the entire width of the machine. On separation screen, the stream of material is stratified according to its specific gravity by the oscillating motion of the screen and the air flowing through the material from bottom to top. The light particles collect at the top and the heavy ones including the stones at the bottom. The lower layers of stones flow upward and are separated out. The stone free stream of materials float on cushion of air, flowing slowly towards the material outlets. The inclination of the screens. The air volume and final separation can be individually adjusted to achieve the optimum degree of separation.

3.2.3 DUST COLLECTION SYSTEM: Some products are contaminated with dust chaff and other light impurities, which are to be separated. The provision of special fan for removing the said impurities can be given as an optional arrangement. Adjustment: All the adjustment provided in the machine is simple and user friendly.

3.2.4 MACHINE CAPACITY Due to the wide variation in separation requirements, MFPL cannot guarantee these specific capacities; however, estimates in the table are conservative and have been equaled or exceeded when the destoner and other associated equipment have been installed and operated properly. The destoner requires a firm foundation, an adequate clean air source and uniform feed rate. : Technical Specification: Model

Capacity

D-2 D-1.5

2 TPH

Power in HP 2 HP 3 HP (With dust collection)

Dimensions Length - 1300 mm Width - 960 mm Height - 2000 mm Deck size 870 x 740 mm

3.3 MAHAVIR G-SERIES GRAVITY SEPARATOR Mahavir Gravity Separator is used to separate any of dry particles similar in size & shape, but having different in specific weight. Gives best result in gradation of seed as well as grains.

3.3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE It works on principle of Gravity (weight) difference in the particles. For efficient density separation on different variety of seed or grain. Proper adjustment of deck inclination (longitudinal & transverse). Deck oscillation speed & setting of air of multi fan is necessary. The above adjustment can be done very easily while machine is in running condition.

3.3.2 DUST CONTROL Certain seed/ grains contain dust; chaff & other light impurities make pollution in atmosphere. To control this air pollution as per system can provide with optional arrangement based on customer required. Features: •

Blower of aerodynamic design gives very high efficiency and avoids noise.

•

Sturdy & compact design.

•

Easy airflow adjustment.

•

Filters provided to avoid entry of dust in blowers.

•

Rectangular deck ensures excellent separation.

•

Multi fan arrangement ensures exact ensures airflow requirement in different deck areas. : Technical Specification: Model MG-1 MG-2 MG-4

No. of Fan 3 Fans 5 Fans 7 Fans

Capacity

Power

1 TPH 2 TPH 4 TPH

5.0 HP 7.5 HP 10.0 HP

Dimension in mm 2200 x 1150 x 650

3.4 MAHAVIR A-SERIES AIR CLASSIFIER This machine is the effective solution for separating light seed / grain, dust, impurities from good quality grain/ seed.

3.4.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE The seed/grain are initially fed to feeding hopper. Through feeding hopper grains are pneumatically conveyed to top classifying feed chamber. The grains are conveyed through rectangular conveying duct. Stones, chaff dust are separated out from grains & are collected in top feed chamber. From top feed chamber, grains are fed to classifying duct where high velocity air stream separates light grains, light impurities from good quality grain. Separate chute is provided for collecting good quality grain, light grains dust & chaff. Special Features: • Grading of grain is done by high velocity air stream. • Removes dust, light impurities, trash from grain. • Low quality immature grain and broken grains are separated from good quality grain. • Self-pneumatic feeding, hence no need of bucket elevator. • Glass panel is provided to observe process of separation and for accurate adjustment. • No screen, deck or any moving part, hence maintenance free. : Technical Specification: Model MEPL 4 MEPL 2 MEPL 1

Electrical Power 7.5 HP 5.0 HP 3.0 HP

Capacity 4 TPH 2 TPH 1 TPH

3.5 MAHAVIR W - SERIES WEIGHER Special Features: • Electronic Setting Facility. •

Load Cell based

•

Accuracy 0.1%

•

Range 20-100 Kgs.

•

Capacity - 60 Bags of 100 Kgs. per hour.

•

Facility of Conveyor.

•

Facility of stitching of gunny bag.

•

Structure - Powder coating, hence long life.

•

Easy clamping & decamping of Gunny bag.

•

Storage bin capacity - 750 Kgs.

•

Only one Operator requires operating the machine.

•

Pneumatically operated feed gate system. : Technical Specification: Model WS –100

Capacity

Power Reqd.

20-100 Kgs.

2 HP (Conveyor)

Dimension (Mtr.) 3 x 1 x 2.5

SOLID MODELLING AND ASSEMBLY WITH PRO/ENGINEER Pro/e was chosen as modeling software for the simple reason that it is a parametric modeling software so the changes in the part as well as assembly can be made easily whenever required. The design department of Mahavir Electromechanical Works Pvt Ltd keeps on modifying the machines based on customer complaints and market research data. Every new machine fabricated in Mahavir Electromechanical Works Pvt Ltd is slightly modified than the previous machine. The modification and improvement is a continuous process in Mahavir electromechanical works Pvt. Ltd. first the modification is done on the production drawings created in AutoCAD, then they are handed over to people on the shop floor for fabrication. As the company uses 2D production drawings, manufacturing people many times do not completely get the idea of the design engineer. Even if they get the idea then they find it difficult to relate the modified part with the assembly. It is better to communicate such design changes

by 3D models of machines because they are very close to actual machines. 3D models crated in AutoCAD can also serve the purpose but modifying the individual parts in AutoCAD assembly is quite difficult in other words, we can say that 3D assembly created AutoCAD is rigid and cannot accommodate design changes easily. In view of the above situation, it was decided to create 3D models of the machines using parametric modeling software such as Pro/E. the bi-directional associative nature of pro/engineer is the second reason for choice of this software. There is a bi-directional associativity between all modes of pro/ENGINEER . The bi-directional associative nature of a software package is defined as its ability to ensure that if any modification is made in a particular model in one mode, the modification is reflected in the same mode in other modes also. For example, if you make any change in a model in the part mode and generate it, the changes will be highlighted in the assembly mode also. Similarly, if you make any change in a part in the assembly mode, after regeneration, the change will be highlighted in the Part mode also. This bi-directional associativity also correlates the two-dimensional (2D) drawing view generated in the Drawing mode and the solid model created in the Part mode of Pro/ENGINEER. This means that if you modify the dimensions of the 2D drawing view in the Drawing mode, the change will be automatically reflected in the solid model and also in the assembly after regeneration. Likewise, if you modify the solid model in the Drawing mode. thus, bi-directional associativity means that if

modification is made to any one

application, it change the output of all the other modes related to the model. This nature relates the various modes available in pro/ENGINEER. Figure shows the

drawing views of the part shown in figure –1-1 generated in the

drawing mode. The view show that the part consists of a counter bore hole at the center and six counter bore holes around it.

Now, when the part is modified in the part mode, the modification is automatically reflected in the Drawing mode, as shown in figure. The views in this figure show that the entire outer counter bore holes are converted into the drilled holes and the number of holes is increased from six to eight.

SCAN FIGURE 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4. Figure shows the crosshead assembly. It is clear from the assembly that the diameter of the hole is more than what is required (shown using dotted lines). In an ideal case, the diameter of the hole should be equal to the diameter of the bolt. The diameter of the hole can be easily changed by opening the file in the Part mode and making the necessary modifications in the part. This modification is reflected in the assembly shown in figure. This is due to the bi-directional associative nature of Pro/ENGINEER. Similarly, if you change the dimension of the model in the Drawing mode, the modifications will be automatically reflected in the Part mode. This shows that all the modes are related to each other. Thus, it becomes very easy to modify your model at any time. This makes the application software more users friendly. The second important reason for using Pro/Engineer is that assemblies and parts created in Pro/E can be converted into AutoCAD format but reverse of this is not possible. So creating the assemblies and parts in pro/e serves the dual purpose.

SEQUENTIAL ORDER FOR CREATING FINAL VRML OUTPUT. Following is the methodology adopted for creating final VRML output. PART MODELING: individual parts of the machines were created in part mode with the actual dimensions. The scale of the individual parts while modeling was taken as 1:1 and units were inches but units of parts are not important as any part can be converted in any units in pro/e i.e. the part modeled in inches can be converted to

millimeters. The unit conversion option provides two options to the user, one option is called same size i.e. one inch will be converted into its respective size in millimeters the meaning is that 1 inch part will have the new size of 20.54 millimeters after conversion. The same number option converts the dimension, as 1 inch equals to 1 millimeter. The conversion process is very fast and simple; therefore units do not carry any meaning in pro/e and can be decided at the time of manufacturing. SIMULATION: the assemblies created in pro/e were exported to 3DS max studio for process and mechanism simulation. The mechanism can be given motion in pro/e as well but in this case it was not only the mechanism which was required to be shown in motion but the process simulation was also important i.e. the grains in the process were required to be shown in motion. These constraints forced to choose 3DS max studio as simulation software. 3DS max studio has the facility called particle system, which enables the user to show the behavior of particles such as grains in motion. PRESENTATION IN VRML: the simulation created in 3DS max studio was exported in VRML format for final presentation. VRML enables you to view the simulation interactively i.e. user can take walk around the machine, go inside the machine to see its mechanism in working, view it from different angles etc. the experience is same as viewing the machines in real world. The VRML is shareware software available on Internet. The user can download it from Internet, after installation it gets plug in with Internet explorer.

ORGANIZATION OF CD-ROM CD- ROM drives have become integral part of every PC. As the thesis work was based on software, it was decided to organize all the work on CD-ROM. The high storage capacity of the CD-ROM enables to store huge amount of data on it. The following article explains how the thesis work is organized on CD-ROM .The CD is auto run i.e. as soon as you will insert the CD into drive, it will automatically start to show you the front page. 1) THESIS REPORT IN PDF FORMAT: this link enables to view the complete thesis report in Portable data format (PDF). Title wise classification is available for

quick reference. If your PC is not having the Acrobat reader installed on it then you require installation of acrobat reader on your PC to view the pages in PDF format. SYNOPSIS: this link enables you to view synopsis of the thesis work. The link is located below the link thesis report on left hand side. VRML PLUG IN: this link is below the synopsis link on left hand side. The machine models in VRML format can are viewed in VRML plug in. VRML plug in is shareware software available on Internet. The setups of most popular VRML plug in such as CORTVRML or COSMOPLAYER are available on the CD-ROM so that you can quickly install the VRML plug in on your PC to see the machine models without any trouble. the purpose of providing setup of VRML software is to save the valuable time of user to connect to the internet and download the software. ACROBAT READER: Acrobat Reader is software, which enables you to view the pages in PDF format. The thesis report on the CD-ROM is available in PDF format. If your PC is not having the acrobat reader installed on it then you can install the software from this link. This link contains the compressed setup file required for installation of acrobat reader. LINKS TO IMPORTANT SITES: this links connects you to the various sites on world wide web containing the information of agro machines and software used in this thesis work. AGRO MACHINES IN PRO/E WILDFIRE FORMAT: this link is located at the top on right hand side. The link contains part and assembly files of the Agro Machine models created in Pro/E wildfire. If your PC have Pro/e installed on it then you can view the parts and assemblies created in Pro/E. the part files have *.prt extensions whereas assembly files have *.asm extensions. AGRO MACHINES IN 3DS MAX STUDIO FORMAT: this link contains the simulation files of agro machines created in 3DS max studio. These files can be opened in 3DS max studio software. As all the files are created in 3DS max studio version 6, user is advised to use version 6 or later to view the files. The version 6 of 3DS max studio or later can be loaded on windows XP operating system. AGRO MACHINES IN VRML FORMAT: Agro machine files created in VRML format are linked to this link. You can view these files in Internet explorer having VRML plug in installed in it.

AGRO MACHINES IN AVI FORMAT: this link will take you to agro machines stored in AVI format. AVI is a format, which enables you to see the video on computer. You can open these files in any video viewing software like Window media player, jet player or nay other suitable player, which is installed on your PC to view video file formats. POWER POINT PRESENTATION: This link contains the power point presentation related with this thesis work.

Topics which are to be included in this thesis report. organization of cd rom Troubleshooting Photographs of machines

Description of machines as per company manual Appendix for various formats of files. File converting process Important terms and definitions (page xxii shyam tickoo) CONCLUSION:

visualization in many scientific fields (e.g. engineering,

biochemistry, physics, and astronomy) has been greatly aided by computer graphics. Once translated into visual images, even very complex data can be easily interpreted. In addition to illustrating data, CG can also be used to design experiments and analyze probabilities in advance to narrow the range of variables to be tested. Computer – aided design is used extensively in the automotive, aeronautic, electronic, and textile industries. CG can be used to aid the imagination in all types of design, from choreography to architecture. Because simulation is generally so much cheaper than staging a performance of an entire dance troupe, for example, and so easily edited, CG allows more experimentation in the design phase. Instead of being forced to commit to a certain path fairly early on, a designer can take all manner of permutations of an idea to their logical completion before making a decision (or presenting options to decision –makers). The software handles the computations, freeing the designer to focus on comparing the results of different routes rather than on figuring out the results. The caveat to this is that a 3D simulation of an experiment is only as good as the premises on which it is based. It is easy to be convinced by a visual simulation, because vision involves its own mental processes separate from our analytical minds. When using 3D to simulate a test that would be expensive in the real world, bear in mind that the assumptions of the simulations need to be carefully analyzed before you commit to a course of action.

LITERATURE CITED 1. David S. Kelley; Pro/Engineer instructor, Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2001. 2. Chris Marrin, Bruce Campbell; Teach Yourself

VRML 2 in 21 days,

Techmedia, New Delhi –2,1997 3. Prof. Shyam Tickoo, Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire for Engineers & Designers, Dreamtech press, New Delhi-2, 2004 4. Cat Woods, Alexander Bicalho, Chris Murray; Mastering 3ds max 4;BPB publication, 2002

APPENDIX-1 IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Some important terms that will be used while working with Pro/ENGINEER Entity: an element of section geometry is called an entity. The entity can be arc,line,circle, point, conic, coordinate system and so on. When entity is divided at a point then the total number of entities is said to be two. Dimension: it is the measurement of one or more entities. Constraint: constraints are logical operations that are performed on the selected geometry to make it more accurate in defining its position and size with respect to other geometry. Parameter: it is defined as a numeric value or any definition that defines a feature. For example, all the dimensions in a sketch are parameters. The parameters can be modified at any time. Relation: a relation in an equation that relates two entities. Weak dimension and weak constraints: weak dimension and weak constraints are temporary dimensions or constraints that appear in gray color. These are automatically applied to sketch when it is drawn using the Intent Manager. They are removed from the sketch without any confirmation from the user. The weak dimension or the weak constraints should be changed to strong dimension or constraints if they seem to be useful for the sketch. This only saves an extra step of dimensioning the sketch or applying constraints to the sketch. Strong dimensions and strong constraints: strong dimensions and strong constraints appear in yellow color. These dimensions and constraints are neither removed automatically nor applied automatically. All the dimensions added manually to a sketch are strong dimension.

APPENDIX-2 TROUBLESHOOTING 1) CD not play Remedy : Clean the lens of your CD Rom, writer or DVD Rom with the help of lens cleaner CD. 2) You cannot hear Sound or Music. Remedy : Check that your sound card is properly installed. Check whether the speaker are powered on an adjusted to audio able level. 3) Unable to see VRML Models Remedy : Install VRML plug in provided in the CD. Restart your computer and then try again. 4) Unable to see the complete page of multimedia Remedy : Your text size may not be adjusted properly to display the whole page. Goto view menu. View >> Textsize >> Smallest. 5) Cannot browse the content of CD properly Remedy : Update your internet explorer to at least version 6 or more 6) Unable to view a *.avi files Remedy : Install window media player or any other suitable media player (mp3 of Jet player) to view AVI files. 7) Cannot view *.max files Remedy : Install 3DS Max 6 software. 8) Unable to view *.prt or *.asm files Remedy: Install Pro / E 2001 of Pro / E Wildfire Remember that the above version of Pro/E can be installed in Windows XP or later.

APPENDIX-3 FILE FORMATS AND RESPECTIVE APPLICATION SOFTWARE *.prt:- this is the pro/Engineer file format used in pro/e part mode. Files with *.prt extension can be opened in Pro/Engineer. *.asm:- this file formats stores the assembly of components in pro/engineer assembly mode. Files with *.asm extensions can be opened in Pro/Engineer. *.avi: this file format contain the video created from 3Ds max studio as a video output of *.max file. You can watch the video files with window media player or any suitable software, which is used for watching the video such as jet player or winamp. *.wrl: this file contains the simulation in VRML environment. You can open files with *.wrl extension in Internet explorer. Ensure that you have already installed any one of the VRML plug in provided on the CD-ROM of this thesis or you can download it from Internet, as it is shareware software. *.max: this file format contains simulation created in 3DS max studio software. You can open files with extension in 3DS max studio software.

APPENDIX –4

TERMINOLOGY CD: Compact disk PC: personal computer * : wildcard use in computers to search files. Plug in: small software, which will enhance the capabilities of the basic software. Shareware software: software having no proprietary. Free to use without paying cost of the software.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to my research guide, Prof. D.S. Ingole, Asst. Professor, Department of production engineering, college of engineering, Badnera for his constant encouragement, keen interest and valuable advice during the tenure of this work. I am greatly benefited from his guidance and the freedom he allowed me to pursue the work. This work would not have been seen the light of the day without his help. I owe my sincere thanks to Prof. S.G. Patil, H.O.D; Dept. of Production Engineering and Prof. S.V. Bansod ,course co-ordinator for his valuable guidance and co-operation during my work.

It seemed a bit of tough task when I initiated my thesis but Prof. S.K. Patil, Lecturer, college of engineering and technology, Akola & consultant in R&D department of Mahavir Electromechanical Works Pvt. Ltd and Prof. A.M. Jain, lecturer college of engineering & Technology, Akola & owner of Mahavir electromechanical Works Pvt. Ltd. gave me the words of inspiration and I proceeded and therefore I am very much indebted to him and take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to him. I am thankful to Dr. A.B. Marathe (principal), Prof. C.V. Deshmukh (H.O.D.), Prof. S.C. Makwana, Asst. Professor and other staff members of Production Engineering Department, C.O.E.&T; Akola who had directly and indirectly helped me. I am thankful to Mr. Anirudha Patokar for his untiring efforts in compilation of CD-ROM, design of attractive CD cover and helping me in particle system of 3DS max studio. Finally, I thank my family members for their forbearance towards my long period of absence from home in pursuit of my research work. Dipak V. Shirbhate M.E. (Final) Dept. Of Production Engg; Badnera