8th Sem Project.docx

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

This is to certify that Aadhar Gupta, Yogesh Kalyan and Prince has built their major project “Accident Detection And Location Messaging System”; in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication Engineering at Indo Global College of Engineering, Abhipur. The students has worked to learn all the details mentioned in this project report.

Signature of Project Incharge

Members of Project

Prof. R.K. Kanwar

Aadhar Gupta - 1245346

Dr. Hardeep Singh

Yogesh Kalyan - 1245362

Er. Abhishek Thakur

Prince - 1314846

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ABSTRACT In highly populated Countries like India, during accidents, people lose their lives due to unavailability of proper medical facilities at the right time. This project senses any accident in the vehicle and intimates pre-programmed numbers like the owner of the vehicle, ambulance, police etc. The GSM technology is used to send the position of the vehicle as a SMS to those numbers. And also the position of the vehicle can be obtained by the owner of the vehicle or anyone with proper permission by sending an SMS to a number. Most of the companies wants to keep track of their vehicles, with this equipment we can keep track of the vehicle by periodically sending SMS and the position of the vehicle is sent by the GSM modem as a SMS to the user. To know the position of the vehicle, the owner sends a request through a SMS. This is received by a GSM modem in the device and processed by the Spartan processor and the processor sends command to a GPS module in the device. The GPS module responds with coordinates position of the vehicle. This position is sent to the user as a SMS to the user with date, time, latitude and longitude positions. When there is an accident, the accelerometer sensor detects the change in position and sends a signal to the processor. The processor analyses the signal and finds there is an accident. It immediately sends the position of the vehicle and also the information that there is an accident, to pre-programmed numbers such as the owner of the vehicle, police, ambulance etc. So the ambulance arrives in time and the police can arrive in time to clear the traffic. This reduces the time taken by ambulance to arrive and also traffic can be cleared easily

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Apart from my efforts, the success of this project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this training report.

I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Prof.Rajesh Kanwar, Dr Hardeep Singh & Er. Abhishek Thakur. I can’t say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged every time I attend his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized.

The guidance and support received from our project-work coordinators was vital for the success of the dissertation. Without the wise counsel and able guidance, it would have been impossible to complete the dissertation in this manner I am grateful for his/ her constant support and help.

I express gratitude to other faculty members of ECE Department, IGCE, Abhipur for their intellectual support throughout the project completion. Finally, I am indebted to all whosoever have contributed in this project work.

Aadhar Gupta Yogesh Kalyan Prince

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure No.

Description

Page No.

3.1(a)

Block diagram for Accident detection and location messaging 12 system. Circuit diagram for Accident Detection and Location Messaging 14 System 19 (a)Beeper (about 3kHz)

3.1(b)

circuit symbol

19

3.1(c)

Buzzer (about 400Hz)

19

3.2

Potentiometer Symbol

20

3.3

Resistance

3.4

Various type of Capacitor

3.5.1

general PCB

23

3.5.2

general PCB

23

3.5.3

printed circuit board

24

3.6

crystal oscillator

24

3.7

liquid crystal display

25

3.8

Transistor types

25

3.9

Arduino UNO

26

3.10

Pin Diagram of ATMega328p

28

3.11

Arduino mapping

28

4.1

TINA-TI Schematic Editor Display

29

4.2

Building a Circuit with TINA-TI

30

4.3

Active and Passive Component Selection

31

4.4

Wiring Components Together

33

1.1 2.1

5

4.5

DC Analysis with Voltages/Currents Table Displayed

35

4.6

Additional TINA Analysis Capabilities

36

4.7

Virtual Instrumentation Testing

37

5.1

GPS module integrated with patch antenna

39

5.2

block diagram of GPS L80

40

5.3

pin diagram of GPS L80

40

5.4

pin description of the GPS L80

41

5.5

connection of serial interfaces

42

5.6

RS- 232 level shift circuit

43

5.7

interfacing GPS with Arduino

44

6.1

. GSM 900A module

46

6.2

pin diagram of GSM module

47

6.3

block diagram and working

48

6.4

interfacing with Arduino

49

7.1

shortcuts or key features used in Arduino

51

7.2

uploading menu

53

7.3

boards used in arduino IDE

57

6

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

Description

Page No.

1

component list

13

2

resistor values colour table

21

3

specification of GSM

47

4

Pin specification of GSM

47

7

NOMENCLATURE Sr. No

Abbreviation

Description

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

GSM GPRS GPS MODEM

Global System for Mobile

DTR CTS RTS

Data terminal ready Clear to send Request to send Light emitting diode Surface mounted devices Data communication equipment Data Terminal Equipment Universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter Printed circuit board Liquid crystal display

LED

SMD DCE DTE UART PCB LCD

Global Packet Radio Service Global Positioning System Modulator and demodulator

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page no. Declaration

i

Abstract

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

List of Figures

iv

List of Tables

vi

Nomenclature Chapter 1: 1.1 1.2 1.3 Chapter 2: 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Chapter 3:

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM COMPONENT LIST Circuit Diagram and Working of Project Circuit Diagram CIRCUIT EXPLANATION WORKING CODE COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3

Buzzer and Beeper Variable Resistors Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Connecting and soldering Resistor CAPACITOR PCB General PCB General PCB Printed Circuit Board

11 12 13 14 14 15 16

19 19 20 20 20 22 22 22 23 23

9

3.7

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

24

3.8 3.9 3.10 3.10.1 Chapter 4:

Liquid Crystal Display Transistor ARDUINO PIN DIAGRAM TINA-Texas Instruments

24 25 25 28

4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Chapter 5: 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6.1 5.7 Chapter 6: 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 Chapter 7:

TINA (simulation) Building a Circuit with TINA-TI Adding Passive and Active Components Arranging and Wiring Components Analysis Capabilities DC Analysis Transient Analysis Test and Measurement Global positioning system (GPS) GPS Module Block Diagram Applications Pin assignment Pin Defination UART Interface UART port Interfacing with the GPS to the Arduino Global system for mobile GSM/GPRS Module GSM/GPRS MODEM GSM Sim 900A Features Applications Specifications Pin Specification Working Testing GSM module Interfacing the Modem with ARDUINO Circuit Configuration Description

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

Introduction Sketch Tools Sketchbook Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation

51 52 52 53 53

7.6 7.7

Uploading Libraries

53 54

38 39 40 40 41 42 42 44 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 49 49

Arduino Development Environment (IDE)

10 54

7.8 Third-Party Hardware

55

7.9 Serial Monitor

56

7.10

boards

Chapter - 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION: This project can be used to control the thefting of vehicles, track

the thefted vehicles

and finding the location of vehicle and also implement the scene of accident alarm system. In this we are trying to program a GPS/GSM module incorporating an accelerometer to report occurrences of accident automatically via the GSM communication platform (using SMS messaging) to the nearest agencies such as hospitals, police stations, fire services and so on, giving the exact position of the point where the crash had occurred Every single location in the entire globe can be specified in terms of geographical coordinates. The geographical coordinate is a system which specifies any given location on the earth surface as latitude and longitude. There are devices which can read the geographical coordinates of a place with the help of the signals received from a number of satellites orbiting the earth. The system of satellites which helps in the positioning of a place is called Global Positioning System (GPS). The devices which can read the geographical coordinates of a place with the help of at least four GPS satellites are called GPS Receiver or simply GPS module. The GPS module continuously produces a set of data regarding the position of the earth surface where it is situated which includes the current position with respect to the equator of the earth in terms of Latitude and Longitude. This data can be decoded and printed into the readable format with the help of a microcontroller only. In this project the data regarding the

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geographical coordinate is extracted from the GPS output with the help of the Arduino. The Arduino can be used as a stand-alone board of which the output or inputs can be taken from the boards or given to the board. They can communicate using standard communication ports like USART, TWI, SPI etc. which enables them to be connected with various kinds of devices. The Arduino board is designed for easy prototyping and the IDE used for coding is very simple and provides so many libraries for interfacing with common external devices.

A Accident Detection and Location Messaging System is an passenger and driver safety system designed to reduce the severity of an accident. Also known as post-crash system, this system uses collision detection sensors to detect a dangerous life-threatening crash. Once the detection is done, these systems gather the location and time through GPS and send message regarding help following with the location and accident time to the near-ones and the ambulance or police. It is best suited for emergency help. It is an active safety system, whose operation is based on signals and information gathered from the sensors and GPS module, and they typically alert the near- vehicle's current state. The main aim of the project Accident detection and Location messaging system is to inform the ambulance and police or near-ones of the accident site and arrange for necessary steps to control the situation. This system may prove itself as a life saver for many people and the system is well efficient and worthy to be implemented in ones in a dangerous situation. These systems actively seek out information in regards to the real scenario.

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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Fig.1 Block diagram for Accident detection and location messaging system.

Accident Detection and Location Messaging System is a system that makes use of GPS and GSM technologies. Here GPS is used for taking the coordinates of the accident site and the GSM is used for sending the coordinates along with a message regarding help to the fed phone number. The control unit here used is an Arduino board that does all the processing and control tasks. A lcd is provided here for the user that will show the user the location , time and emergency steps to be followed on when accident occurs. A Accident Detection and Location Messaging System is an passenger and driver safety system designed to reduce the severity of an accident. Also known as post-crash system, this system uses collision detection sensors to detect a dangerous life-threatening crash. Once the detection is done, these systems gather the location and time through GPS and send message regarding help following with the location and accident time to the near-ones and the ambulance or police. It is best suited for emergency help. It is an active safety system, whose operation is based on signals and information gathered from the sensors and GPS module, and they typically alert the near-ones in a dangerous situation. These systems actively seek out information in regards to the vehicle's current state.

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1.3 COMPONENT LIST

S.NO.

COMPONENT

QUANTITY

1.

ARDUINO BOARD

2.

VIBRATION

SENSOR

1 or

REED

1

SWITCH 3.

BUZZER

1

4.

LCD 16X2

1

5

GSM MODULE

1

6

GPS MODULE

1

7

TACTILE SWITCH

1

8

BATTERY 12V

1

9

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

1

10

REGULATOR IC LM7805

1

11

CAPACITOR (1000uF,100uF)

1,2

Table 1: component list

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Chapter -2 Circuit Diagram and Working of Project 2.1Circuit Diagram :

Fig2.1. Circuit diagram for Accident Detection and Location Messaging System

2.2 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION: 1. The circuitry of Accident Detection and Messaging System is as show as above. 2. The Tx pin of Arduino is directly connected with Rx pin of GSM module and the Rx pin of Arduino is directly connected with the Tx pin of GPS receiver. 3. The output pin of collision sensor is connected with digital pin 2 of Arduino. A buzzer is connected to pin no 4 and 6. And a tactile switch is provided at pin no 3. 4. The 16x2 LCD’s data pins are connected with the arduino’s pin number 7,8,9,10 and command pin rs, r/w and en of LCD are connected with arduino’s pin number 13,12 an 11 respectively. 5. In case of GSM module we are using its RXD pin only and for GPS module we are only using the TXD pin.

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6. The RXD of GSM module is connected to the TXD pin of Arduino and the TXD pin of GPS module is connected to the RXD pin of Arduino.

2.3 WORKING: When a collision occurs, The collision sensor is set to HIGH and arduino receives a digital value 1. This will excite the controller to read the location of the vehicle from the GPS module. And then the Arduino will send a message including time and location with message regarding help to the number fed in the program by default. The sending of message is done by using the GSM module. A Tactile Switch and a buzzer is also there in the circuit. On collision before sending message the arduino will wait for some time for the user input. In this time period the buzzer will be in ON state alerting the driver that it will be sending message after the buzzer stops. In case there is no need for help the driver has the option to press the tactile switch. This will cancel the message to send. And if the switch is not pressed in the time period , the message will be sent to the number asking for help. To gather information from GPS we will be using the NEMA commands. And for the GSM module operation we will be using AT commands. Both of this modules interact with the arduino using serial communication. In this project we have been using the UART serial communication.

2.4 CODE :

#include LiquidCrystal lcd(7,6,5,4,3,2); #define accident_sense 12 char str[70]; char *test="$GPGGA"; char logitude[10]; char latitude[10]; int i,j,k; int temp;//int Ctrl+z=26; //for sending msg

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int led=13; void setup() { lcd.begin(16,2); Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(vibrate_sense, INPUT); pinMode(led, OUTPUT); lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("accident detection & "); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Location Messaging"); delay(3000); } void loop() { if (digitalRead(accident_sense)==1) { digitalWrite(led,LOW); for(i=18;i<27;i++) {

//extract latitude from string

latitude[j]=str[i]; j++;

} for(i=30;i<40;i++)

//extract longitude from string

{ logitude[k]=str[i]; k++; } lcd.setCursor(0,0);

//display latitude and longitude on 16X2 lcd display

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lcd.print("Lat(N)"); lcd.print(latitude); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Lon(E)"); lcd.print(logitude); delay(100); Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1");

//select text mode

delay(10); Serial.println("AT+CMGS=\"9023155807\""); // enter receipent number Serial.println("Accident Happend at Place:"); Serial.print("Latitude(N): ");

//enter latitude in msg

Serial.println(latitude);

//enter latitude value in msg

Serial.print("Longitude(E): "); Serial.println(logitude);

//enter Longitude in Msg //enter longitude value in msg

Serial.print("Help Please"); Serial.write(26);

//send msg Ctrl+z=26

temp=0; i=0; j=0; k=0; delay(20000); Serial.begin(9600); digitalWrite(led,HIGH); } } void serialEvent() {

// next reading within 20 seconds

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while (Serial.available())

//Serial incomming data from GPS

{ char inChar = (char)Serial.read(); str[i]= inChar;

//store incomming data from GPS to temparary string str[]

i++; if (i < 7) { if(str[i-1] != test[i-1]) { i=0; } } if(i >=60) { break; } } }

//check for right string

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CHAPTER – 3 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 3.1 Buzzer and Beeper These devices are output transducers converting electrical energy to sound. They contain an internal oscillator to produce the sound which is set at about 400Hz for buzzers and about 3kHz for beepers. Buzzers have a voltage rating but it is only approximate, for example 6V and 12V buzzers can be used with a 9V supply. Their typical current is about 25mA. Beepers have wide voltage ranges, such as 3-30V, and they pass a low current of about 10mA. Buzzers and beepers must be connected the right way round, their red lead is positive (+).

Figure 3.1: (a)Beeper (about 3kHz), (b) circuit symbol , (c) Buzzer (about 400Hz)

3.2 Variable Resistors: Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected. This arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at the ends of the track are connected across the power supply then the wiper terminal will provide a voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.

Figure 3.2 : Potentiometer Symbol

3.3 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Example:

Circuit symbol:

Function LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

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3.3.1 Connecting and soldering LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method). LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.

3.4 Resistor: A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law: V=IR Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.

Figure 3.3: Resistance Units: The ohm (symbol: Ω) commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the milliohm (1x10-3), kilo-ohm (1x103), and mega-ohm (1x106). The reciprocal of resistance R is called conductance G = 1/R and is measured in siemens (SI unit), sometimes referred to as a mho. Each color corresponds to a certain digit, progressing from darker to lighter colors, as shown in the chart below. Color

Black

1st band

0

2nd band

0

3rd band

4th band

Temp.

(multiplier)

(tolerance)

Coefficient

×100

21

Brown

1

1

×101

±1% (F)

100 ppm

Red

2

2

×102

±2% (G)

50 ppm

Orange

3

3

×103

15 ppm

Yellow

4

4

×104

25 ppm

Green

5

5

×105

±0.5% (D)

Blue

6

6

×106

±0.25% (C)

Violet

7

7

×107

±0.1% (B)

Gray

8

8

×108

±0.05% (A)

White

9

9

×109

Gold

×10-1

±5% (J)

Silver

×10-2

±10% (K)

None

±20% (M)

Table 2: resistor values color table

3.5 CAPACITOR: Capacitor passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. C=Q/V where C is capacitance, Q is charge and V denotes the voltage applied.

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Figure 3.4 : Various type of Capacitor

3.6 PCB 3.6.1 General PCB Buy a large sheet (or two) and cut it up as required. You can cut it neatly to size using a junior hacksaw, cutting along the lines of holes is easiest. For quickness you can break it over the edge of a workbench along the lines of holes - take care though because this needs a fairly large force and the edges will be rough. You may need to use a large pair of pliers to nibble away any jagged parts. Avoid handling General PCB that you are not planning to use immediately because sweat from your hands will corrode the copper tracks and this will make soldering difficult unless you clean the board first.

Figure 3.5.1: general PCB

3.6.2 General PCB General PCB has parallel strips of copper track on one side. The strips are 0.1" (2.54mm) apart and there are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm). General PCB requires no special preparation other than cutting to size. It can be cut with a junior hacksaw, or simply snap it along the lines of holes by putting it over the edge of a bench or table and pushing hard.

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Figure 3.5.2 : general PCB

3.6.3 Printed Printed tracks

Circuit Board

circuit

boards

connecting

have

copper

the holes where the

components are placed. They are designed specially for each circuit and make construction very

easy.

However, producing the

PCB

requires

special equipment so this

method

is

not

recommended if you are

a beginner unless

the PCB is provided for

you

Figure 3.5.3 : printed circuit board

3.7 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators".

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Figure 3.6 : crystal oscillator

3.8 Liquid Crystal Display A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures. Its uses include monitors for computers, televisions, instrument panels, and other devices ranging from aircraft cockpit displays, to every-day consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. Among its major features are its lightweight construction, its portability, and its ability to be produced in much larger screen sizes than are practical for the construction of cathode ray tube (CRT) display technology. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment.

Figure 3.7 : liquid crystal display

3.9 Transistor : In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. The bipolar junction transistor(BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The three terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base, and collector. The BJT consists of two p-n junctions: the base–emitter junction and the base–collector junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region.

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Figure 3.8 : Transistor types:

3.10 ARDUINO: Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.

Figure 3.9:. Arduino UNO The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment. Arduino simplifies the process of working with micro-controllers. Arduino has many advantages such as:

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1. Inexpensive 2. Cross platform 3. Simple and clear programming environment 4. Open source and extensible software 5. Open source hardware. Some of the Advantages/Features of Arduino: 

High speed RISC AVR CPU.



Compact size board.



Easily programmable and applicable.



Directly programmable through USB.



Support more speed than 8051, PIC and some AVR controllers.



Applications such as MP3 player, Polar Plotter, Automatic Head Tracking using IR Sensors.

Features: 1. High Performance, Low Power AVR8-Bit Microcontroller 2. Advanced RISC Architecture 3. 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution 4. 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers 5. Fully Static Operation 6. Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz 7. On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier 8. High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments Peripheral Features: 

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode



One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and CaptureMode



Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator



Six PWM Channels



8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package Temperature Measurement



6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package Temperature Measurement



Programmable Serial USART



Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface



Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)

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

Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator



On-chip Analog Comparator



Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

Special Microcontroller Features: 

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection



Internal Calibrated Oscillator



External and Internal Interrupt Sources



Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby,and Extended Standby

3.10.1 PIN DIAGRAM :

Figure 3.10. Pin Diagram of ATMega328p

28

Fig.3.11. Arduino mapping

29

CHAPTER 4 TINA-Texas Instruments

4.1 TINA (simulation): Once the software is downloaded to your system, select the program through the Windows Start menu or click on the TINA-TI icon on your desktop that was created during the installation. The first screen appears as shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1. TINA-TI Schematic Editor Display

Figure 1 shows the schematic editor layout. The empty workspace on the sheet is the design window where you build the test circuit. Below the Schematic Editor title bar is an operational menu row with selections such as file operations, analytical operations, test and measurement equipment selection, etc. Located just below the menu row is a row of icons associated with different file and TINA tasks. The final row of icons allows you to select a specific component group. These component groups contain basic passive components, semiconductors, and even sophisticated device macro-models. These groups are accessed to build the circuit schematic.

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4.1.1 Building a Circuit with TINA-TI: To illustrate how easy it is to use TINA-TI, we will build an analog circuit and demonstrate some of the circuit analysis capabilities. For this example, a high-output, 1 kHz sine wave oscillator circuit is selected. A search through a circuit application handbook provides a number of op amp-based designs. We will build and simulate a Wien-bridge oscillator with amplitude stabilization using the software. A Texas Instruments' OPA743 12V CMOS op amp is selected for the circuit application. This amplifier is well-suited for this design, and provides very good dc and ac performance. It operates with supplies of 3.5V to 12V; our example requires ±5V (10V). Select the Spice Macros tab (see Figure 2, step 1) and then the op amp symbol (step 2) to access the OPA743 macro-model. When the op amp model list appears, scroll down and click on the OPA743 (step3). Then click OK. The op amp symbol appears in the circuit workspace. With the mouse, drag the symbol into position (step 4). It is locked into position on the circuit workspace by clicking the left mouse button. Figure 4. 2. Building a Circuit with TINA-TI Other op amp models may be selected using the Insert->Macro... menu. Additionally, macros and a wide variety of pre-built analog and SMPS circuits can be accessed through the Insert menu. (Insert->Macro...TinaTI_7.0->Examples).

4.2. Adding Passive and Active Components: Component selection is easily accomplished by clicking on a component group from the lower row of tabs: Basic, Switches, Meters and so forth. These tabs provide a wide variety of passive components, sources, meters, relays, semiconductors, and the previously-mentioned circuit macros. Click on the schematic symbol for a particular component and drag it into position in the circuit workspace. A left mouse button click locks it into place. In our example, shown in Figure 3, we select a resistor from the Basic tab group (step 1 and step 2), then position it next to the op amp symbol. TINA-TI designates this resistor as R1. The initial value of R1 is 1kW, but this value can be changed as needed. A double-click with the left mouse button on the R1 symbol produces the associated component table (step 3).

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Figure 4.3. Active and Passive Component Selection The resistor value and other component characteristics may be altered by selecting the individual parameter boxes and changing the respective values. Select the component parameter box and highlight the value you wish to change. Enter a new value by typing over the value that is shown. In Figure 4, for example, the value for R1 has been changed from 1k to 4.7k for this circuit. Once you have finished setting the parameters, click OK to close the table. Similar parametric tables are available for passive devices, sources, semiconductors, and other component types. A handy component that is displayed in the Basic group is the jumper, as shown in Figure 4. It looks like a sideways letter T. The jumper may be used to connect similar, related circuit functions such as V+, V–, or any other circuit point that has multiple connections. Using the jumper reduces wiring clutter. Note that common jumpers must be labeled with the same label name for TINA-TI to connect them together.

4.3. Arranging and Wiring Components: Once all components are selected and properly positioned, they can be wired together. Each component has nodes where circuit connections are needed. TINA displays these nodes with a small red x. (The x looks more like two small lines at the wiring node than the alpha character.)

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Wiring components to each other is easily done by placing the mouse pointer over a node connection and holding the left mouse button down. A wire is drawn as the mouse is moved along the circuit space grid. Release the mouse button when the wire reaches the intended end connection point. Figure 4 illustrates the TINA-TI software wiring function. A handy component that is displayed in the Basic group is the jumper, as shown in Figure 4. It looks like a sideways letter T. The jumper may be used to connect similar, related circuit functions such as V+, V–, or any other circuit point that has multiple connections. Using the jumper reduces wiring clutter. Note that common jumpers must be labeled with the same label name for TINA-TI to connect them together.

Figure 4.4. Wiring Components Together

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The wiring function also may be accessed from the Insert menu, or the icon that looks like a small pencil.

4.4. Analysis Capabilities: When the circuit schematic entry is complete, the circuit is nearly ready for simulation. The analysis process begins by selecting the Analysis menu. A list of different types of analyses— such as ac, dc, transient, or noise—appears. Highlight any one of these evaluations to access additional options and selections. The first option under the Analysis menu is an Error Rules Check (ERC). Selecting this feature runs this check on the circuit; a pop-up window then lists any circuit errors. If an error is listed in the window, clicking on that error line highlights the error point in the schematic. The error window also lists other types of circuit errors that are found during the analysis. Even if the ERC is not selected, TINA automatically performs a check at the start of a simulation. Upon selecting one type of analysis to perform, another window appears that displays different setting selections that are associated with that particular analysis. Nominal settings are initially provided; these parameters may be set as needed for the desired output. Once all of the selections are made, click OK to begin the analysis. The first analysis performed on a circuit is generally a dc analysis. This test provides a reality check so that normal dc operating conditions can be verified. The TINA-TI DC Analysis function can be set to calculate nodal voltages, provide a table of dc voltage and current results, generate a dc sweep of the circuit, or perform a temperature analysis. The temperature analysis works in combination with the Analysis > Mode > temperaturestepping selections.

4.5. DC Analysis: Follow these steps (illustrated in Figure 4.5) to perform a dc analysis. 1. Click on the Analysis menu. 2. Select DC Analysis. 3. Click on Table of DC Results. The Voltages/Currents table appears. 4. Use the mouse pointer as a probe to test the circuit nodes. The probed node and measured value are displayed in red in the Voltages/Currents table, as shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 4.5. DC Analysis with Voltages/Currents Table Displayed

4.6. Transient Analysis: Sophisticated ac frequency and time domain simulations may also be performed. Use the Analysis function to access the different choices. A traditional ac transfer characteristic plot of gain and phase versus frequency may be selected, as well as transient, Fourier or noise analyses. The example shown in Figure 6 is a transient analysis performed on the example Wien-bridge oscillator circuit. The simulation transient analysis result is also shown in Figure 6. It illustrates the Wien-bridge oscillator startup and steady-state performance. The display in the actual window may be edited with axis labeling, scales, background grid color, and so forth, all set as desired by the individual user. Follow these steps (marked in Figure 4.6) to perform a transient analysis. 1. Click on the Analysis menu. 2. Select Transient. 3. The Transient Analysis dialog box appears. Enter start and end times, and other parameters as desired. 4. Click OK to run the analysis.

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Figure 4.6. Additional TINA Analysis Capabilities

4.7. Test and Measurement: The TINA-TI software generates post-simulation results in tables and plots, depending on the type of analysis performed. Additionally, the software can be placed in a pseudo-real-time simulation mode where virtual instruments can be used to observe the output(s) while the circuit is operating. For example, Figure 4.7 shows a virtual oscilloscope that is used to observe the steady-state output of the Wien-bridge oscillator circuit. In the same way, a virtual signal analyzer can be used together with an amplifier circuit so that the harmonic performance of a simulation can be observed. To access the virtual oscilloscope, select T&M (step 1 in Figure 4.7), and then Oscilloscope (step 2). Place the cursor at the output of the simulated circuit, and adjust the controls in the virtual oscilloscope dialog box as needed (step 3). The T&M selection options also include a virtual ac/dc multimeter, function generator, and an X-Y recorder. The function generator may be adjusted in combination with a virtual oscilloscope or analyzer.

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Figure 4.7. Virtual Instrumentation Testing

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Chapter 5 Global positioning system (GPS) 5.1 GPS Module L80 is an ultra compact GPS POT (Patch on Top) module with an embedded 15.0 × 15.0 × 4.0mm patch antenna. This space-saving design makes L80 the perfect module for the miniature devices. Adopted by LCC package and integrated with patch antenna, L80 has exceptional performance both in acquisition and tracking. Combining advanced AGPS called EASY™ (Embedded Assist System) and proven Always Locate technology, L80 achieves the highest performance and fully meets the industrial standard. EASY technology ensures L80 can calculate and predict orbits automatically using the ephemeris data (up to 3 days) stored in internal flash memory, so L80 can fix position quickly even at indoor signal levels with low power consumption. With Always Locate technology, L80 can adaptively adjust the on/off time to achieve balance between positioning accuracy and power consumption according to the environmental and motion conditions. L80 module combines with many advanced features including EASY, AIC, LOCUS, AlwaysLocateTM and Antenna Supervisor. These features are beneficial to accelerate TTFF, improve sensitivity, save consumption and detect antenna status for GPS system. The module supports various location, navigation and industrial applications including autonomous GPS, SBAS (including WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, and GAGAN), QZSS, and AGPS. L80 simplifies the device’s design and cost because of embedded Patch Antenna and LNA. Furthermore, L80 not only supports automatic antenna switching function, which can achieve switching between external active antenna and internal patch antenna but also supports external active antenna detection and short protection. The detection and notification of different external active antenna status will be shown in the NMEA message including external active antenna connection, open circuit for antenna and antenna shortage. So host can query the external active antenna status timely and conveniently. L80 simplifies the device’s design and cost because of embedded Patch Antenna and LNA. Furthermore, L80 not only supports automatic antenna switching function, which can achieve switching between external active antenna and internal patch antenna but also supports external active antenna detection and short protection.

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Figure 5.1 : GPS module integrated with patch antenna L80 module is a SMD type module with the compact 16mm × 16mm × 6.45mm form factor, which can be embedded in your applications through the 12-pin pads with 2.54mm pitch. It provides necessary hardware interfaces between the module and main board.

L80 supports

automatic antenna switching function. It can achieve the switching between internal patch antenna and external active antenna. L80 simplifies the device’s design and cost because of embedded Patch Antenna and LNA. Furthermore, L80 not only supports automatic antenna switching function, which can achieve switching between external active antenna and internal patch antenna but also supports external active antenna detection and short protection. Moreover, it keeps positioning during the switching process.

With its tiny design, high

precision and sensitivity, L80 is perfectly suitable for a broad range of M2M applications such as portable device, automotive, personal tracking, security and industrial PDA, especially suitable for special applications, like GPS mouse and OBD.

5.2 Block Diagram : The following figure shows a block diagram of L80 module. It consists of a single chip GPS IC which includes RF part and Baseband part, a SPDT, a patch antenna, a LNA, a SAW filter, a TCXO, a crystal oscillator, short protection and antenna detection circuit for active antenna.

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Figure 5.2 : block diagram of GPS L80

5.3 Applications : The module is equipped with a 12-pin 2.54mm pitch SMT pad that connects to your application platform. 5.4 Pin assignment:

Figure 5.3 : pin diagram of GPS L80

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5.5 Pin Defination:

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Figure 5.4 : pin description of the GPS L80

5.6 UART Interface : The module provides one universal asynchronous receiver& transmitter serial port. The module is designed as a DCE (Data Communication Equipment), following the traditional DCE-DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) connection. The module and the client (DTE) are connected through the following signals shown as following figure. It supports data baud-rate from 4800bps to 115200bps.

5.6.1 UART port: TXD1: Send data to the RXD signal line of DTE.

RXD1: Receive data from the TXD

signal line of DTE.

Figure 5.5 : connection of serial interfaces This UART port has the following features:

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1. UART port can be used for firmware upgrade, NMEA output and PMTK proprietary commands input. 2. UART port supports the following data rates: 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200. The default setting is 9600bps, 8 bits, no parity bit, 1 stop bit. 3.Hardware flow control and synchronous operation are not supported. The UART port does not support the RS-232 level but only CMOS level. If the module’s UART port is connected to the UART port of a computer, it is necessary to add a level shift circuit between the module and the computer.

Figure 5.6 : RS- 232 level shift circuit

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5.7 Interfacing with the GPS to the Arduino

Figure5. 7 : interfacing GPS with Arduino 1. Connect your GPS wires to the Arduino like on this schematic below. Where "pin 5" gets used as "TX" and "pin 3" as "RX". 2.

Any available pins on your Arduino may be used. Just be sure to connect the right wire to the right pin.

3.

The gray wire is left aside unconnected.

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Chapter- 6 Global System For Mobile 6.1 GSM/GPRS Module : GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM/GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules. 6.2 GSM/GPRS MODEM :

GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their identification.

A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations: 1.

Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2.

Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.

3.

Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.

6.3 GSM Sim 900A GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS engine- SIM900A, works on frequencies 900/ 1800 MHz. The Modem is coming with RS232 interface, which allows you connect PC as well as microcontroller with RS232 Chip(MAX232). The baud rate is

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configurable from 9600-115200 through AT command. The GSM/GPRS Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to connect with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS, Voice as well as DATA transfer application in M2M interface. The onboard Regulated Power supply allows you to connect wide range unregulated power supply . Using this modem, you can make audio calls, SMS, Read SMS, attend the incoming calls and internet ect through simple AT commands.

Figure 6.1. GSM 900A module

6.4 Features • Dual band GSM/GPRS 900/1800MHz. • Configurable baud rate. • SIM card holder. • Built in network status LED. • Inbuilt powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.

6.5 Applications

•

Access control devices.

•

Supply chain management.

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6.6 Specifications Parameter

Value

Operating voltage

+12v DC

weight

<140g

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Table 3: specification of GSM

6.7 Pin Specification

Pin

Name

Details

1

GND

Power supply ground

2

tx

transmitter

3

rx

receiver

4

Line_r & Line_l

Line input

5

Spk_p & spk_n

Speaker positive & negative

6

Mic_p & mic_n

Mic positive & negative

7

DTR

Data terminal ready

8

CTS

Clear to send

9

RTS

Request to send

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Figure6 2: pin diagram of GSM module

6.8 Working Unlike mobile phones, a GSM modem doesn’t have a keypad and display to interact with. It just accepts certain commands through a serial interface and acknowledges for those. These commands are called as AT commands. There are a list of AT commands to instruct the modem to perform its functions. Every command starts with "AT". That’s why they are called as AT commands. AT stands for attention. In our simple project, the program waits for the mobile number to be entered through the keyboard. When a ten digit mobile number is provided, the program instructs the modem to send the text message using a sequence of AT commands

Figure 6.3 : block diagram and working

6.9 Testing GSM module : •

The GSM modem can be tested by connecting it with a PC. The modem is equipped with a RS232 cable. Just use a Serial to USB converter and connect it with the PC.

•

Now you can proceed with sending the commands to the modem using any serial communication program like Hyperterminal, minicom etc. Ensure the serial

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