8. Power And Leadership From The Top
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Leadership Course 8 : Power and Leadership from the Top
Faculty : Brata T. Hardjosubroto Semester : 4/ 2009
Power
Power is about regulating the relations of individuals to each other. Power can be defines as the potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of one or more target individuals. Influence is the degree of actual change in the target person’s attitudes or behaviors. Influence tactics are, behaviors that one person uses to affect another’s attitudes or behavior. Example Influence tactics: appeals to reason, emotion, inspiration, consultation, ingratiation, formation of coalition. The power of individuals shapes the types of tactics they can use to influence others.
The most common seven tactics used to obtain influence
Reason (most often cited)
Bargaining
Higher authority
Assertiveness
Coalition building
Friendliness Sanctions
The Influence Tactics factors 1. Their relative power 2. Their objectives 3. Their expectation that the other person would comply 4. The culture of the organization
Power and Leadership from the Top
Sources of Power
Expert power
Referent power
Legitimate power
Reward power
Coercive power
Position power
Authority
Control over information
Control over who does the work and where they do it
Control over rewards and punishments
Power Analysis
Three types of organizations
Alienative—those whose members are primarily unhappy, negative, and don’t want to be part of the organization.
Calculative—those whose members are constantly assessing the tradeoffs of belonging and ceasing to belong.
Moral—those whose members make sacrifices to further the larger cause.
Three components of power
Power over—the traditional view of power as domination.
Power to—enhance other people’s power or power as empowerment.
Power from—being able to resist the power of others’ unwanted demands.
Framework for the ethical exercise of influence:
Leading by example
Using rational persuasion
Developing a reputation as a subject-matter expert
Exchanging favors and bargaining
Legitimizing a request
Making an inspirational appeal and showing emotion
Consulting with others before making a decision
Forming coalitions
Being a good team player
Evaluating Influence Tactics Ethical Influence
Leading by Example Using rational persuasion Subject matter expert Exch favor and bargaining Legitimizing a request Making inspiration appeal Consulting before decision Forming coalition Being good team player
Unethical Influence
Falsifying statements Coercion by threat, criticism Debasing or demeaning Upward appeal Sulking, ignoring, silent treatment Ingratiation and charm Joking and kidding (depending on tone)
Successful Managers When they combine a high need for social power with relatively affiliation needs. Four Characteristics:
◦ Believe in the authority system which they draw power. ◦ Influence and being influenced. ◦ Enjoy their work and they value work beyond its income producing ability. ◦ Altruistic. ◦ Put the company first. ◦ Believe in seeking justice above all else and that justice should extent to the workplace.
Vertical Dyad Linkage
Its relationship between supervisor and subordinate.
The in-group are typically quite loyal, committed and highly trusting of the leader.
The leaders most often exercise reward, legitimate and coercive power to influence.
Effective leaders are avoid creating groups of insider and outsider
because
it
will
divisive
and
reduce
group
performance.
Leaders must make everybody feel a part of the in-group.
Social Exchange Theory
Leadership is a transaction between leaders and followers. The benefits may include status, praise, identity, money or other type of reward. Relationship leader and followers is effective when the benefits each receives are close to equivalent. Subordinates can stockpile ‘points’ by demonstrating loyalty, problem solving and so forth. Leaders will acquire more power by sharing the power you have with others. When followers increase their power, they perform better, thus will raise the overal productivity. The sharing power is called empowerment
Differences in the Empowering Process as a Function of Role: Leaders Compared with Managers
SOURCE: Burke, W. Warner. “Leadership as Empowering Others,” Table 4, p. 73, adapted as submitted. In S. Strivasta and Associates, Executive Power. Copyright 1986 by Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers.
Some methods to empower others 1. Rewarding and encouraging followers in visible ways 2. Creating a positive work environment 3. Showing confidence. Empowering leaders tell their followers verbally and nonverbally that they have confidence in their abilities. 4. Promoting initiative and increasing responsibility with appropriate reward. The followers’ motivation to take on greater responsibility increases if the rewards are perceived to be appropriate. 5. Starting small, take on larger changes one step at a time 6. Praising innitiative, even when results fall short. This encourages innovation and reinforces a positive work environment.
Six types of skills that particularly influence presidential effectiveness:
Skills as a public communicator
Organizational capacity
Political skill
Vision
Cognitive style
Emotional intelligence
In Summary Leadership requires the exercise of Power Political science studies the distribution and use of power Influence tactics individuals in power use and the sources
Questions??
Group Discussion Case: Anda adalah pemimpin baru dari team Volley, propinsi SumBar yang akan melatih dan memimpin pertandingan Volley seluruh indonesia. SumBar adalah juara bertahan yang sudah 2 x sebagai juara. Selama ini anda adalah salah satu pemain unggulan SumBar. Seluruh masyarakat sumbar mendesak untuk bisa memecahkan record dengan keluar sebagai juara 3 x berturut turut. Pertandingan akan diadakan 3 bulan dari sekarang. Tugas: Uraikan Positional Power dan Personal Power yang anda miliki, termasuk political power. Bagaimana anda akan memanfaatkan Power tersebut untuk dapat meraih juara ke 3 kalinya. Bagaimana anda dapat melakukan ‘Empowerment’ kepada seluruh pemain dan stakeholder lain. Uraikan bentuk dan kegiatannya. Bagaimana hubungan anda dengan para pemain, sebutkan beberapa contoh yang spesifik. Tuliskan beberapa contoh kalimat/ komunikasi dalam melakukan empowerment pada saat anda melakukan latihan, pada saat berhadapan dengan pemerintah pusat, pada saat memberikan semangat sebelum pertandingan.
Questions for Discussion and Review: 1. What types of leaders are most effective? Why? 2.
What are some of the ways leaders seek to influence followers?
3.
What are different sources of power and which types are more associated with effective leadership?
4.
How do you define personal power?
5.
How important is it for leaders to be ethical?
6.
Define empowerment and its place in leadership.
7.
What is the difference between constitutional and extraconstitutional powers?
8.
What is the cornerstone of presidential leadership, according to Neustadt?
Faculty : Brata T. Hardjosubroto Semester : 4/ 2009
Power
Power is about regulating the relations of individuals to each other. Power can be defines as the potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of one or more target individuals. Influence is the degree of actual change in the target person’s attitudes or behaviors. Influence tactics are, behaviors that one person uses to affect another’s attitudes or behavior. Example Influence tactics: appeals to reason, emotion, inspiration, consultation, ingratiation, formation of coalition. The power of individuals shapes the types of tactics they can use to influence others.
The most common seven tactics used to obtain influence
Reason (most often cited)
Bargaining
Higher authority
Assertiveness
Coalition building
Friendliness Sanctions
The Influence Tactics factors 1. Their relative power 2. Their objectives 3. Their expectation that the other person would comply 4. The culture of the organization
Power and Leadership from the Top
Sources of Power
Expert power
Referent power
Legitimate power
Reward power
Coercive power
Position power
Authority
Control over information
Control over who does the work and where they do it
Control over rewards and punishments
Power Analysis
Three types of organizations
Alienative—those whose members are primarily unhappy, negative, and don’t want to be part of the organization.
Calculative—those whose members are constantly assessing the tradeoffs of belonging and ceasing to belong.
Moral—those whose members make sacrifices to further the larger cause.
Three components of power
Power over—the traditional view of power as domination.
Power to—enhance other people’s power or power as empowerment.
Power from—being able to resist the power of others’ unwanted demands.
Framework for the ethical exercise of influence:
Leading by example
Using rational persuasion
Developing a reputation as a subject-matter expert
Exchanging favors and bargaining
Legitimizing a request
Making an inspirational appeal and showing emotion
Consulting with others before making a decision
Forming coalitions
Being a good team player
Evaluating Influence Tactics Ethical Influence
Leading by Example Using rational persuasion Subject matter expert Exch favor and bargaining Legitimizing a request Making inspiration appeal Consulting before decision Forming coalition Being good team player
Unethical Influence
Falsifying statements Coercion by threat, criticism Debasing or demeaning Upward appeal Sulking, ignoring, silent treatment Ingratiation and charm Joking and kidding (depending on tone)
Successful Managers When they combine a high need for social power with relatively affiliation needs. Four Characteristics:
◦ Believe in the authority system which they draw power. ◦ Influence and being influenced. ◦ Enjoy their work and they value work beyond its income producing ability. ◦ Altruistic. ◦ Put the company first. ◦ Believe in seeking justice above all else and that justice should extent to the workplace.
Vertical Dyad Linkage
Its relationship between supervisor and subordinate.
The in-group are typically quite loyal, committed and highly trusting of the leader.
The leaders most often exercise reward, legitimate and coercive power to influence.
Effective leaders are avoid creating groups of insider and outsider
because
it
will
divisive
and
reduce
group
performance.
Leaders must make everybody feel a part of the in-group.
Social Exchange Theory
Leadership is a transaction between leaders and followers. The benefits may include status, praise, identity, money or other type of reward. Relationship leader and followers is effective when the benefits each receives are close to equivalent. Subordinates can stockpile ‘points’ by demonstrating loyalty, problem solving and so forth. Leaders will acquire more power by sharing the power you have with others. When followers increase their power, they perform better, thus will raise the overal productivity. The sharing power is called empowerment
Differences in the Empowering Process as a Function of Role: Leaders Compared with Managers
SOURCE: Burke, W. Warner. “Leadership as Empowering Others,” Table 4, p. 73, adapted as submitted. In S. Strivasta and Associates, Executive Power. Copyright 1986 by Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers.
Some methods to empower others 1. Rewarding and encouraging followers in visible ways 2. Creating a positive work environment 3. Showing confidence. Empowering leaders tell their followers verbally and nonverbally that they have confidence in their abilities. 4. Promoting initiative and increasing responsibility with appropriate reward. The followers’ motivation to take on greater responsibility increases if the rewards are perceived to be appropriate. 5. Starting small, take on larger changes one step at a time 6. Praising innitiative, even when results fall short. This encourages innovation and reinforces a positive work environment.
Six types of skills that particularly influence presidential effectiveness:
Skills as a public communicator
Organizational capacity
Political skill
Vision
Cognitive style
Emotional intelligence
In Summary Leadership requires the exercise of Power Political science studies the distribution and use of power Influence tactics individuals in power use and the sources
Questions??
Group Discussion Case: Anda adalah pemimpin baru dari team Volley, propinsi SumBar yang akan melatih dan memimpin pertandingan Volley seluruh indonesia. SumBar adalah juara bertahan yang sudah 2 x sebagai juara. Selama ini anda adalah salah satu pemain unggulan SumBar. Seluruh masyarakat sumbar mendesak untuk bisa memecahkan record dengan keluar sebagai juara 3 x berturut turut. Pertandingan akan diadakan 3 bulan dari sekarang. Tugas: Uraikan Positional Power dan Personal Power yang anda miliki, termasuk political power. Bagaimana anda akan memanfaatkan Power tersebut untuk dapat meraih juara ke 3 kalinya. Bagaimana anda dapat melakukan ‘Empowerment’ kepada seluruh pemain dan stakeholder lain. Uraikan bentuk dan kegiatannya. Bagaimana hubungan anda dengan para pemain, sebutkan beberapa contoh yang spesifik. Tuliskan beberapa contoh kalimat/ komunikasi dalam melakukan empowerment pada saat anda melakukan latihan, pada saat berhadapan dengan pemerintah pusat, pada saat memberikan semangat sebelum pertandingan.
Questions for Discussion and Review: 1. What types of leaders are most effective? Why? 2.
What are some of the ways leaders seek to influence followers?
3.
What are different sources of power and which types are more associated with effective leadership?
4.
How do you define personal power?
5.
How important is it for leaders to be ethical?
6.
Define empowerment and its place in leadership.
7.
What is the difference between constitutional and extraconstitutional powers?
8.
What is the cornerstone of presidential leadership, according to Neustadt?
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