65. Transitional Period

toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G &f rnft h csurf sm;ESihf toGiu f al jymif;a&;umv_yD;aemuf}uHKawGŒ&rnfph rd af c:csurf sm; &Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f tkyq f mvm wuUov kd _f idrcf sr;f a&;ESihf yÉdyuQqikd &f mokawoeXme

&Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G &f rnft h csurf sm;ESihf toGiu f al jymif;a&;umv_yD;aemuf}uHKawGŒ&rnfph rd af c:csurf sm; &Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f tkyq f mvmwuUov kd f _idrcf sr;f a&;ESihf yÉdyuQqikd &f mokawoeXme wifjycsuf yxrydik ;f wGif Edik if aH &;pepftoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv twGi;f Y OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh }uHKawG@&Edkifaom jy\em pdrfac:csufrsm;udk a,bl,sokH;oyfwifjyxm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;rSmrl toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh }uHKawG@&avh&Sdaom jy\emrsm;udkaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? txl;ojzifh wm0efcaJG 0r_/ wm0ef,rl _ ydik ;f qdik &f mjy\emrsm;/ ppfav#maf =u;ESihf jyef vnfxal xmifa&;qdik &f m jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf? aemufq;Hk tydik ;f wGirf l tpkvu kd f aqG;aEG;r_rsm;. &vm'ftESpcf sKyfukd azmfjyxm;ygonf?

toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGiOf ;D pm;ay;aqmif&u G &f rnft h csurf sm; yÉdyuQrSefor#wdk@wGif a,bl,stm;jzifh tydkif;okH;ydkif;yg0ifygonf? ,if;wd@k rmS yÉdyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ yÉdyuQwiG ;f aqmif&u G =f uyHk vlw@kd .tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf yÉdyuQqikd &f mvlw@kd .oabmxm; wd@k jzpfygonf? ,if;wdk@onf wcktay:wck tjyeftvSef=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm; &SdEdkif ygonf? Oyrm — usaemfw@kd ppfqifa&;wck (yÉdyuQ tjyKtrl) vkyo f nfh tcg ,if;ppfqifa&;u usefonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;tay: =oZmouf a&muf apygonf? Oyrm — jyif;xefaomoabmxm;rsm;jzifh wke@f jyefjcif;/ xdt k wGuaf =umifyh if trke;f oHo&mvnfae&jcif;rsm; qufvufjzpfay:ap ygonf? Ttqd;k oHo&mudk zsuq f ;D ypf&efqv kd #if usaemfw@kd onf yÉdyuQ . tpdwftydkif;wckckudk ajymif;vJypf&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udpw P &yfukd aqmif&u G &f eftwGuq f v kd #if usaemfw@kd taejzifh yÉdyuQ. tpdwt f ydik ;f ok;H ckv;Hk udak jymif;vJypfvu kd &f ef vdt k yf ygonf? Tae&mwGif Edik if aH &;pepftoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv[kqo kd nfh teuft"dy`g,frSm xdkyÉdyuQwGif yg0ifygwfoufaeaom t"duZmwf aumifrsm;u ajymif;vJawmhrnf[k pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfxm;+yD;aemuf/ ajymif; 19

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

vJrt _ pDtpOfrsm; pwif tajcwnfrad omumvESihf tkycf sKyfa&;tm%m opfw&yfukd pwifcsrw S t f aumiftxnfaz:Edik o f nfh tcsed u f q kd v kd jkd cif; jzpfonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh — zG@J pnf;ykt H yk cf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'opf w&yfukd a&;qGjJ cif;rsKd ; jzpfonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm; ta=umif; usaemfw@kd ajym=uonft h cg/ OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G pf &m vkyif ef; rsm;udk tajccHta=umif;&if; (3) ckjzifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfygonf? T ta=umif;t&if; (3) ckrmS — • ‚if;vkyif ef;rsm;onf vkyaf qmif&efvt kd yfonf[k rdru d ,lq+yD;/

rdrq d ifajcjzifh usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmo f nf[, k q l aom vkyif ef;rsm;? • 'kwd,ta=umif;&if;rSm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;rSm

orkwo d abmqef+yD;/ rdrt d uJjzwfcsut f & (od@k r[kw)f rdrcd , H l xm;aom tawG;tac:t& tajccHvkyfaqmifaomvkyfief;rsKd; jzpfonf? • wwd,tm;jzifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;udk rdrdwGif

&Sad om vltm;aiGtm;tuef@towftay: tajccHI (Oyrm — vlOD;a&rvkHavmufjcif;/ u|rf;usifr_t&tuef@towf&Sdjcif;/ odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;&kyfb0t&tuef@towf&Sdjcif;) OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvudk zGJ@pnf;ykHoabmt&&_jrifjcif; vl@tzG@J tpnf;trsm;pkukd zG@J pnf;r_qikd &f mt& tv$mok;H cktjzpfcjJG cm; &_jrif Edik o f nf? txufyikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ tv,ftvwfyikd ;f ESihf atmufajc vlxrk sm;tydik ;f wd@k jzpfonf? Ttv$mtoD;oD;wd@k wiG f olw@kd . oufqikd &f m acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sdygonf? tv,ftvwfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf r[mAsL[mt& ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm olw@kd onf xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;jzpfzdk@tcGifhtvrf;&Sd+yD;/ atmufajcvlxktydkif;ESifh xdyfydkif; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qufpyfay;Edkifaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? tv,f tvwfyikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf obm0t&udu k yif xdyyf ikd ;f ESihf atmuf ajcudkqufoG,fay;olrsm;jzpfonf? atmufajcacgif;aqmifrsm;onf 20

&Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

jynfolvlxktrsm;pkudk xdawG@qufqHI rdrdrl0g'rsm;udkcsjy&ef tpGrf; aqmifEikd q f ;kH aom tcGit hf vrf;&So d nfh ta&;}uD;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf =uonf? 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf vnfywfa&;twGuf ta&; tygqHk;aom tiftm;pkrsm;vnf;jzpf=uonf? Ttv$mokH;ckvkH;onf EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg tusdK;oufa&muf r_c=H u&+yD;/ ,if; jzpfpOf. tpdyt f ydik ;f rsm;tjzpfyg0ifvy_ &f mS ;=u&ygonf? od@k a=umifyh if jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_ uJo h @kd aom awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_ rsm;onf tv$m (3) v$mvk;H udk tajymif;tvJEiS yhf gwo f ufI owif;ay; &ef/ od&adS eap&ef vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif tv$m (3) ckpvH;k wGif jynfwiG ;f jynfy qufpyfra_ umif;aumif;&Sad e&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? od@k ro S m Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg jrefrmEdik if v H rl t _ odik ;f t0dik ;f wckv;kH t&Sed t f [kejf zifh ajymif;vJrE_ iS t hf nD vdu k yf gaqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nf jzpfonf? tjcm;jy\emwckrmS tv$m (3) ckv;kH =um;wGif &Sad eaom yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf u _ pd rP sm; jzpfonf? atmufajctv$mrsm;ESihf tv,ftvwf tv$mrsm;taejzifh txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; oabmwlnDr_ &&Sdcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctae jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifhygwfouf+yD; owif;tcsut f vufrsm; tqufrjywf&&Sad e&ef vdt k yfygonf? od@k ro S m EdkifiHa&;tajctae taxGaxGjzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ygwfoufI pdwt f m;xufoefpmG / taumif;jrifxm;um v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G Ef ikd =f urnf jzpfonf? rdrw d @kd awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[m t& qk;H jzwfa&G;cs,rf o _ nf “atmufajcrS txufo@kd ” oGm;onfyh pkH rH sK;d jzifh tajymif;tvJukd o,faqmifomG ;rvm; (od@k r[kw)f txufyikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f oabmwlncD suu f kd t&if&atmif,rl vm;qdo k nfukd a&G;cs,&f ef jzpfygonf? (od@k r[kw)f csO;f uyfry_ pkH H ESpcf v k ;Hk jzifv h nf; aygi;f pyf vkyu f ikd af om enf;vrf;udv k nf;a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf gonf?

21

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm; (aqG;aEG;bufrsm;) rnfonfhtcsdefwGif tav#mhay;rnfenf; yÉdyuQtajctaewGif &efzufjzpfae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm; aphpyfaqG; aEG;yGJpm;yGJ0dkif;odk@ wufvmEdkifaom tajctaeudk &Sif;vif;jy&ef t,l tqw&yf &Syd gonf? Ttajctaeudk “ESpzf uftxdemaeaom r#ajc taetxm;” (Hurting stalemate) [kac:ygonf? oabmrSm ydak e+rJ usm;ae+rJtaetxm;udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;Edik &f eftwGuf ay;qyf &rnfh wefb;kd rsm; rsm;onfxufrsm;vmaom tajctaejzpfonf? wcsed f wnf;wGiyf if rdrt d ompD;&atmif tajctaeudk rvkyEf ikd /f wd;k wufajymif; vJr,lEikd af wmhaom tajctaejzpfonf? xdt k aetxm;wGif taumif; qHk;tajzrSm tajctaeudk vufawG@usus&_jrifwwfaom tiftm;pk vufxYJ wnf&o dS nf? rdrad qG;aEG;buf (,cif&efzuf tiftm;pkrsm;xJr)S aqG;aEG;ajyvnfEikd af om tiftm;pkuckd sO;f uyfI ol.t=urf;zufajz&Si;f vdak omtjyKtrlukd ajymif;apI aqG;aEG;yGpJ um;0dik ;f qDo@kd wufvmap a&;yif jzpfonf?

a&&Snfjzpfaeaom jynfwGif;ppfyGJudk tqkH;owfjcif; (ausmif;oifcef;pm Oyrm) EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwckwGif ta&;;t}uD;qkH; aom tydik ;f rSm xdv k rl t _ odik ;f t0dik ;f u vk+H cKH a&;ESihf Edik if aH &; tajctaersm; udk &_jrifyykH ifjzpfonf? T&_jrifyrkH sm;ESi, hf OS v f #uf tjcm;aomtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvjzpfpOfrsm;onf oabmw&m;t&ajym&v#if tpDtpOf wusjzpfay:wwfonfh oabm&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif; a&;wGif yxrOD;qHk; jzpfay:vmonfh tydkif;u¾rSm tajccHqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tjrifzuftydkif;t& ajym&v#if yÉdyuQwiG f t"duyg0ifygwo f ufaeaom Edik if aH &;Zmwfaumif rsm;u tajymif;tvJ}uD;}uD;rm;rm;vky&f ef oabmwlvu kd jf cif; jzpfonf? tajccHusonfh oabmwlncD surf sm; jzpfay:vmaponfh ueOD;aqG;aEG;yGJ pum;0dik ;f rsm;pwifEikd jf cif;onfyif tvGet f a&;ygvo S nfh atmifjrifrr_ sm; jzpfonf? TaqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jzpfxeG ;f atmifjrifz@kd qykd gu t"dupOf;pm;=u& 22

&Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

rnft h csurf mS oabmwlncD surf sm;&&ef rnfoal wGu t"duaqG;aEG;zuf Zmwfaumifrsm;jzpfonfukd &SmazGowfrw S &f efjzpfonf? a,bl,s udik pf JG oifah omenf;vrf;wckrmS oabmwlncD su&f +yD;ygu jyefvnfazguzf suf Edik o f q l ykd gu ToabmwlncD sucf srw S &f m aqG;aEG;0dik ;f Y ab;z,fxm;&ef yifjzpfonf? vk+H cHKa&;buftydik ;f tjrifzufuajym&v#if tajccHoabm wlncD su&f &ef qdo k nfrmS ae&ma'otm;vk;H Y typftcwfrsm;&yfpx J m; a&;yifjzpfonf? vk+H cHKa&;r&Sv d #if vltrsm;u qufvufp;kd &draf =umif=h u ae=urnf jzpf+yD; xdo k o H ,rsm;a=umifyh if aqG;aEG;yGrJ S xGucf gG omG ;=uonf vnf; &SEd ikd yf gonf? Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;wGif 'kw, d ta&;t}uD;qH;k u¾rSm tpd;k &opfw&yfz@JG pnf;Edik &f eftwGuf jyifqif=ujcif; jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;t&qdv k #if toGiu f al jymif;a&;umv =um;jzwftpd;k & trsKd ;tpm; wckcu k kd zG@J pnf;avh&=dS uygonf? vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f t&qkyd gu wyfrawmfopf ESihf &Jwyfz@JG opftwGuf wyfom;opfrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf avhusiahf y;jcif; wd@k yg0ifavh&dS ygonf? Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;wGif wwd,ta&;t}u;D qH;k tydik ;f u¾rSm Edik if aH &;taqmufttkw H &yfukd zG@J pnf;qif,ifjcif; jzpfyg onf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yjcif; zGJ@pnf; tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfw&yfukd twnfjyKjcif; ponfw@kd yg0ifonf? vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f t&qdv k #if wyfrawmfopfEiS hf &Jwyfz@JG rsm;jyefvnfz@JG pnf; ay;jcif;udprP sm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;wGif pwkw?ta&;}uD;aom tydik ;f u¾rSm Edik if aH &;qdik &f m taqmufttko H pfrsm;udk owfowfrw S f rSwf zGJ@pnf;ae&mcsjcif;ESifh oufqdfkifygonf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if tpd;k &Xmersm;/ at*sipf rD sm;udk vdt k yfovdk xyfrzH @JG pnf;ae&mcsxm;jcif; rsm;yg0if+yD; vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f t&qdv k #if vk+H cHKa&;wyfz@JG opfrsm;udk avhusihf oifwef;ay;jcif;/ ynmay;jcif;jzifh t&nftaoG;jynf0h onf/h rdrv d yk if ef; udo k m u|r;f usiv f yk af qmifonft h iftm;pkrsm; jzpfvmap&ef aqmif&u G f jcif; wd@k yg0ifonf?

23

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;. ta&;}u;D aomyÌrtydik ;f u¾rSm vlra_ &;t&/ Edik if aH &;t& ,k=H unfr&_ &Sv d map&ef wnfaqmuf jcif; jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;tydik ;f t&ajymv#if tpd;k &opfonf t*wdvu dk pf m; jcif;rsm;&Sd - r&Sd ? Edik if o H m;rsm;tay: w&m;r#r#wwESihf wef;wl&nfwl qufqjH cif;&Sd - r&Sd qdo k nft hf csurf sm;ESio hf ufqikd yf gonf? vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f t&qdkv#if vkH+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u vl@tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;vdkufemr_ &S&d efEiS hf w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf vGwv f yfpmG / Edik if aH &;=oZmESihf oD;jcm; uif;vGwpf mG aqmif&u G cf iG &hf &dS ef jzpfonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfwiG f ,kH =unfr_wnfaqmuf=u&eftwGuf aemufqkH;jy\emrSm twdwfudk rnfodk@em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif =urnfenf; [laomudpPjzpfonf? tm;vkH;aumif;arGqdk;arGcHjzwfoef;cJh=uaom twdwfordkif;udk rnfodk@ rnfyt kH "dyg` ,jf zifh jyefvnfazmfjyrnfenf;[laom jy\emyifjzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk a&S;&_onfhjzpfpOftwGif;}uHKawG@&rnfh jy\em (3) ck — • 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepftajymif;tvJ

twGuf v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uaom tzG@J tpnf;tm;vk;H taejzifh 'Dru kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvjzpfaomtcg/ trSew f u,fajymif;vJr_ rsm; pwifaomtcg twlwuGvu kd yf gEikd f - rvdu k yf gEikd q f akd om jy\emjzpfonf? olw@kd twGuf tusKd ;tjrwfwpkw H &m=unfI h useaf eEdik o f nf? od@k r[kwf a&omcdk avS}uHKvdu k o f rl sm;&Sad eEdik f onf? xdo k rl sm;udk rnfuo hJ @kd uikd w f , G q f ufqH =urnfenf;? • awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;aepOfumvu awmfvSefa&;twGif;twl

&yfwnf &ke;f uefaejcif;uyif tcsi;f csi;f nD!w G rf E_ iS hf cGet f m;udk jzpfapygonf? TawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh (txl;ojzifh wyfaygi;f pkjzifh pkz@JG vy_ &f mS ;r_rsK;d tajctaewGi)f &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik f udka&muf&Sd&ef eD;uyfvmonfhtcsdefY oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm; }uHK&Edik yf gonf? tcsi;f csi;f wyfaygi;f pk pkz@JG vy_ &f mS ;&mrS vrf;cG=J u &rnfh tajctaersK;d vnf; &SEd ikd yf gonf? xdo k @kd vrf;rcGrJ t D ajctae rsK;d Y rnfo@kd aom atmifjrifr&_ onftxd twlwuG aqmif&u G f 24

&Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

oifo h nf paomtcsuu f kd wif}uKd I oabmwlxm;&ef vdyk gonf? Ttcsut f ay: pG+J rJpmG &yfwnfI wdu k yf . JG aemufq;Hk tcsed t f xd v_y&f mS ;r_ukd tpGr;f uket f m;jznfo h mG ;=u&ef vdt k yfygonf? • Edik if w H ckwiG f rdrjd zwfoef;cJ&h aomtwdwu f jkd yefvnf ok;H oyfEikd f

&eftwGuf Edik if aH &;ESiw hf u kd &f u kd rf oufqikd af om ae&mwck &S&d ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif rdrd qkyfudkif&yfwnfxm;csufrsm;udk vG,fvG,fpGef@ypfwwf/ wefzdk; rxm;cH&aom tajctae}uHK&onfvnf;&Sd+yD; tjcm;aom tiftm;pkrsm;. tjrifrsm;udv k nf; tav;xm;azmfjy&ef arhavsmh aewwf=uygonf? od@k aomf tcsK@d aomjy\emrsm;onf tkypf k wck. tusKd ;pD;yGm;/ vlrsK;d wrsK;d .tusKd ;pD;yGm;xufyI kd trsKd ;om; w&yfvHk;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh oufqdkifaeaomudpPrsm; jzpfwwfyg onf? ,if;jy\emrsKd;udk qufvufaqG;aEG; oifh=uygonf? aemufaemifwiG f rD;yGg;rSr;D avmifonfEh , S f }uD;rm;onfh Edik if aH &; jy\emrsm; jzpfrvmrD xdjk y\emrsm;.tajzud&k mS Edik &f eftwGuf aqG;aEG; ES;D aESmtjrifzvS,Ef ikd af om “awG@qkaH qG;aEG;a&;pifjrif”h wck zefw;D xm;ay;oifh ygonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemuf }uHKawG@&rnfh jy\em pdrfac:csufrsm; jrefrmjynfwGif tajymif;tvJudkjrifawG@vdkaom rdrdwdk@tiftm;pkrsm; taejzifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG f Edik if aH &;pepftoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; jzpfay:vmygu rnfonft h ajctaersm;}uHK&Edik rf nfukd ar#mrf eS ;f xm;oifo h nfh jy\em wck jzpfygonf? Tod@k awG;qxm;csuo f nf jy\emtwGi;f ud, k w f ikd f ud, k u f s yg0ifae&aom olrsm;.twGi;f ydik ;f tjrif&a_ 'gihf jzpfygvrd o hf nf? odk@aomf jyifyu avhvmapmifh=unfhae=uaomolrsm;. tjrifwGifrl Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvqdo k nfrmS raocsm ra&&maom tvGeo f wd xm;+y;D apmif=h unfah e=u&rnfh umvwcktjzpf jrif=urnfjzpf ygonf? toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvonf Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f & odwrf =umoifh yg? ,if;umvonf “ykrH eS ”f tajctaersKd ;uJo h @kd vnf; rjzpfapoifah y? 25

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

,ckqufvuf aqG;aEG;r_wiG f toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvaemufyikd ;f wGif rnfodk@ qufvufjzpfysufEdkifonf/ wufvmaom tpdk;&opftaejzifh rnfonfjh y\emrsm; t"du&ifqikd =f u&rnfukd qufvufaqG;aEG; wifjy rnfjzpfonf?

- ykHrSeftajctaejyefvnf jzpfay:apjcif; EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzwfoef;+yD;onfESifh EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;taejzifh [email protected]&;udpPudkwajz;ajz; aemufwef;odk@ ydk@vdkuf=urnfjzpfonf? OD;pm;ay;tjzpf qufvufpOf;pm;=uawmhrnf r[kwaf y? Tod@k jzifh rdrw d @kd uakd xmufcH yHyh ;kd aeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; avsmh enf;usqif;vmEdik af omtajctaewGif a&enf;enf;udk olaomufrnf igaomufrnf qdo k nfh yÉdyuQrsK;d udk a&Smif&mS ;&eftwGuf wwfEikd o f I apmpGm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;udpPrsm;udk }udKwifoabmwl owfrw S x f m;Edik yf gu taumif;qH;k jzpfygonf? tvm;wlaumif;rGeo f nfh enf;vrf;wckrSm rdrd.zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf udk,fydkifr[mAsL[m csrSwfxm;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rsm; tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;/ tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;ESihf qufqaH &;aumif;rGeaf tmif xde;f xm;&efjzpfonf? od@k rS om ykrH eS af xmufyu hH n l rD r_ sm;qufvuf&&Sad eatmif jyifqifxm; Edik rf nf jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&opftzdk@ rdrd.b¾ma&;tajccHay:wGifyif &yfwnf&Sifoef&rnfjzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ,cktcsdefrSpI rdrd. b¾ma&;tajccHukd pl;prf;avhvmxm;oifo h nfh tcsed jf zpfonf? toGif ul;ajymif;a&;+y;D csed u f mvonf jrefrmEdik if t H zd@k Edik if w H umrdom;pk tv,f wGif Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif wifw h ifw h ,fw,f &yfwnf oifah omtcsed t f cgvnf; jzpfoifyh gonf? Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf quf qH&mwGif rdrd&yfwnfcsufudk rdrdzmomjyXmef;Edkifaom rdrd. tqifah e&mudk owfrw S jf yXmef;Edik af om Edik if w H cktjzpf zefw;D ,l=u&rnf jzpfonf?

26

&Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

- ppfavsmaf =u;ESihf ppfa=umifyh supf ;D &r_rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;udprP sm; acwfopfjrefrmjynfordik ;f opfEiS hf ygwo f ufIvnf;aumif;/ ordik ;f qd;k arG aumif;arGrsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: &dkufcwfcsufrsm;ESifh ygwfouf Ivnf;aumif; rjzpfraeajz&Si;f =u&rnf jzpfygonf? TudprP mS toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftwGi;f Yom oufqikd af om udpw P ckr[kwaf y? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm csI D =umjrifah tmifajz&Si;f =u&rnfh pdraf c:csujf zpfygonf? xdt k wGuf a=umifhyif toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv aemufydkif;pdrfac:csuf jy\em wcktjzpfxnfo h iG ;f azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsed u f wnf; upI Tpdrfac:csufrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf }udKwifjyifqifxm;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? Tjy\emrsm;rSm — • 'kuo Q nfrsm;ESihf Edik if w H iG ;f t"rRajymif;a&$@ae&mcsxm;jcif; cH=u&

aom olrsm;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;? • tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;? • t=urf;zufrE_ iS hf vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh jzpfay:cJ&h aom

pdwaf omuESihf vlr'_ u k rQ sm;udk udik w f , G af jz&Si;f ay;jcif;? • &efzufjzpfcahJ om ppfom;rsm;udk jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;apjcif; ponf

wd@k jzpfonf? awmfveS af &;wyfrawmfrsm;xJwiG f ESp&f n S v f rsm; aexdik cf =hJ u&aom &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;taejzifh ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm td;k tdrrf S cGcJ mG cJ=h u&olrsm; jzpfovd/k b0twGuu f pd rP sm;pGmudk pGe@f vw $ cf =hJ u&olrsm;jzpfonf? yk*Kd~ vf wOD;csi;f taejzifh Twdu k yf t JG wGuf rsm;pGmqif;&J'u k aQ &mufco hJ rl sm;/ b0 tcGit hf a&;rsm;pGmudk qH;k &_;H cJ=h uolrsm;jzpfonf? ynma&;&yfqikd ;f cJ=h u& onf? vkyif ef;cGio f ifwef;rsm;/ vkyif ef;cGiu f |r;f usirf r_ sm; vpf[if;cJ=h u onf? T&Jabmfrsm;wGif pdwf"mwf}uHhcdkifr_jrifhrm;aomfvnf; yHkrSefb0 twGi;f jyef0ifa&;twGuf jyifqifre_ nf;olrsm;jzpfae=uonf? usiv f nf aomvkyo f m;rsm; r[kw=f u? yHrk eS b f 0ESihf rpyfr[yf jzpfaeEdik o f nf? T tiftm;pkrsm;onf ulnaD xmufyrhH _ r&&dyS gu jy\emjzpfvmEdik o f nf? olw@kd tzd@k aemufxyfwzef jyefvnfvufeufpu JG ikd &f ef 0efav;rnf r[kwf =uay? 27

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

- wm0ef,rl /_ wm0efcrH q _ ikd &f mjy\em txufuazmfjycsurf sm;Y yÉdyuQ. a,bl,stpdyt f ydik ;f (3) ck jzpfaom yÉdyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ yÉdyuQqikd &f m vlrsm;.tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf yÉdyuQqikd &f mvlw@kd . oabmxm;rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpf onf? Tt&mud p P r sm;ud k ajz&S i f ; &mY yÉd y uQ a jz&S i f ; enf ; trsd K ;rd s K;jzif h vnf;aumif;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;.tpdyt f ydik ;f rsm;tm;vk;H twGi;f Y wnf+idrf vk+H cKH r_&apatmif pDru H ikd w f , G jf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ vlra_ &;t& ,k=H unfr_ &&Sdap&ef wnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ajz&Sif;oGm;=u&rnf jzpfygonf? Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvtwGi;f ESihf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif vlra_ &;t&,k=H unfr_ &ap&ef twGuf rdrdwdk@ rjzpfraeajzqdk=u&rnfh ar;cGef;rSm “rnfonfhudpPrsm; jzpfco hJ enf;” qdak omudpP jzpfonf? “jrefrmEdik if . H ordik ;f opfukd rnfol awGua&;om;rnfenf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf (od@k r[kw)f tjcm; jynfe,frsm;rS jynfot l oD;oD;twGuf tm;vk;H u vufcHEdkifaom ordkif;pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfvm;” qdkonfh ar;cGe;f rsm;yif jzpfonf? ay:ayguv f mEdik af om tcufcq J ;Hk jy\emrSm wm0efcrH /_ wm0ef,rl _ ydkif;qdkif&mjy\emyifjzpfawmhonf? jzpfysufcJh&onfh udpPjy\emrsm; twGuf wpkw H OD;ay:rSmom wm0ef&ydS govm; [laomar;cGe;f rsK;d jzpfonf? wm0ef&rdS E_ iS yhf wfoufI Edik if w H um tjyifzufu jrifaomtjrifrsm; &SEd ikd f ovd/k jynfwiG ;f vlxrk sm;u jrifaomtjrifrsm;vnf;&SEd ikd yf gonf? Tod@k aom wm0efcrH /_ wm0ef,rl E_ iS yhf gwo f ufaomudp/P vlra_ &;t& ,k=H unfr_ wnfaqmufjcif;aomudpPESifh trsKd;om;tcsif;csif; jyefvnfoifhjrwf a&;udprP sm;ESiyhf gwo f ufI ajz&Si;f ykH ajz&Si;f enf; trsm;tjym;&Syd gonf? vl@usi0hf wftajcjyKr_p/H tedrhf - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ w&m; Oya'tajcjyKr_pt H & tedrhf - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ rwl uGjJ ym;aomudprP sm;udk csO;f uyfykH csO;f uyfenf; (4) rsK;d jzifh oH;k oyfq;kH jzwf Edkifygonf?

28

&Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

vl@usifh0wf tajcjyK edrhf

jrihf

w&m;Oya'tajcjyKyHkpH edrhf

jrifh

vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh (Oyrm- vlr_a&;t&n‡mwmcsrf;om vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;) cGifhay;jcif; (Oyrm-rdkZrfbpf)

ppf&mZ0wfc&kH ;kH rsm; (Oyrm-,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; EdkifiHa[mif;)

trSew f &m;ay:ayguaf &; aumfr&Sif (Oyrmawmiftmz&du)

- vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm; azmazm oDoaD y;cJ=h uonf? tpd;k &a[mif;u tm%mrv$t J yfrt D csed Yf wm0ef&dS cJo h rl sm; rnfo@l urkd # w&m;pGq J t kd a&;,ljcif;rjyK&ef qk;H jzwfcsucf sxm;um aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonf?

- vlr_a&;t& n‡mwmcsrf;omcGifhay;jcif; tmz&duwdu k &f dS Edik if t H csK@d wiG f (Oyrmtm;jzifh - rdZk efbpfEikd if w H iG )f Tenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSm ppfom;tjzpft"rR pkaqmif;odr;f oGi;f jcif;cHc&hJ aom uav;oli,frsm;udk tjypf,I l r&/ olw@kd . aus;&Gmrsm;wGio f mrmeft&yfom;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfaygi;f pnf; aexdik f Edkifap&ef TuJhodk@aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? Tuav;ppfom;rsm;udk vlra_ &;t&n‡mwm vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;vdu k o f nf? olw@kd . vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f tajctaet& w&m;Oya'pHrsm;twdik ;f aqmif&u G &f ef rjzpfEikd af y?

- ppf&mZ0wfr_ckH&kH; ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if aH [mif;. ppfyrJG sm;twGi;f jzpfymG ;cJah om tr_rsm; twGuf ppf&mZ0wfc&Hk ;Hk rsm;udk Oa&mywGif ,cktcgusio hf ;Hk ppfaq;aqmif &Guaf eqJjzpfonf? TcH&k ;kH rsm;onf w&m;Oya'pHt& aqmif&u G jf cif;om 29

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

jzpf+yD;/ vlru _ si0hf wfyikd ;f qdik &f mpHt& aqmif&u G jf cif;rsK;d r[kwaf y? vlra_ &; t& vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGirhf sKd ;/ cGiv hf w $ jf cif;rsKd ; vnf;r&Sad y?

- trSefw&m;ay:aygufa&;aumfr&Sif awmiftmz&duEdik if w H iG f zG@J pnf;cJo h nfh ykpH w H rsKd ;jzpfonf? vlru _ sihf 0wfpt H & ajz&Si;f vdrk E_ iS hf w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& ajz&Si;f vdrk y_ pkH u H kd aygi;f pyf xm;jcif;jzpfonf? “trSeu f zkd iG [ hf 0efcyH gu/ tjypfrS vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGijhf yK rnfjzpf+yD;/ jzpfygG ;cJah om jy\emrsm;tay:wm0efcyH gu w&m;pGt J jypf ay;jcif;rS oufomuif;vGwcf iG jhf yKrnfyh pkH jH zpfonf”? txufazmfjyygyHkpHrsm;teuf twdwfumvujzpfysufcJhaom aumif;usK;d qd;k jypfrsm;twGuf rnfonfeh nf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Si;f rnfqo kd nf rSm xdEk ikd if H .a&G;cs,rf _ Edik if o H m;wd@k . oabmqENEiS hf "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvm tay: Yom rlwnfayonf? Edik if w H um Oya'rsm;taejzifrh l urBmw0Sr;f vHk;wrl wnf; jzpfap&ef tm;xkwf}udK;pm;tm;xkwfaeaomfvnf;/ wm0ef&rdS E_ iS hf ygwo f ufI &Si;f vif;aom oabmxm;rsK;d csrw S af y;Edik &f ef aqmif&u G af e aomfjim;vnf; a&G;cs,&f rnfeh nf;vrf;onf um,uH&iS f Edik if o H m;rsm;ESio hf m ydI k oufqikd yf gonf? wm0ef&rdS j_ y\emudk rnfonfh enf;jzifh&Sif;&Sif;/ EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOf wpHkvkH;udk rxdcdkufap&ef udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;oGm;&efrSm ydkIta&;}uD;aomudpPjzpf ygonf? rnfonfu h pd rP qdk ajz&Si;f =u&mY tay;t,l&&dS dS aphpyfaqG;aEG; =u&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? TudpPrsm;twGuf rdrdwdk@oHk;pGJae=uaom pum;w&yf&ydS gonf? ‚if;rSm toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qdik &f m w&m;r#wr_ (Transitional justice) yifjzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDonf yifrtajccH jy\em jzpfygonf? xkt d wGuaf =umifh rnfo@kd aom tjcm;jy\emrsm; urS 'Dru kd a&pDtaumiftxnfaz:aqmifa&; vkyif ef;pOfukd rxdcu kd af p oifhay?

30

&Sv J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;. tESpfcsKyf twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;u vufcHEdkifaom ppftm%m&Sif qef@usiaf &; bkrH [mAsL[mwckukd a&;qG&J efvt kd yfa=umif;/ tpkwpku aqG;aEG;cJyh gonf? xdrk [mAsL[mt& vkyif ef;pOfwiG f Edik if w H umzdtm; wd;k jr‡iahf p&ef aqmif&u G af &;vnf; vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmjynf wGi;f &Sd Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;taejzifh ydI k vGwv f yfpmG v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G f Edik cf iG hf &ap&ef/ ydI k ae&m&vmap&ef tm&kpH u kd zf efw;D oifah =umif;vnf; yg0ifyg onf? Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0kid ;f od@k wdu k w f eG ;f ajymqd&k mY vuf&pdS pftpd;k & onf Edik if u H t kd yk cf sKyfEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om tpd;k &wckr[kwaf =umif; oabmayguf vmap&ef wdu k w f eG ;f pnf;&H;k oGm;&ef vdyk gonf? ppftpd;k & udk pD;yGm;a&;t&/ oHwrmefa&;t& ydwq f @kd ta&;,lrr_ sm;jzifh tiftm;enf;csed @J ap+yD;/ w+ydKif eufwiG f vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;rS ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; t&Sed t f [kef wd;k wufaqmifjcif;&Guo f mG ;&ef vdt k yfygonf? ukvor*~wiG f csO;f uyf pnf;&k;H &mY jrefrmEdik if t H a&;udk vk+H cKH a&;aumifpt D qift h xd a&mufatmif &nfreS ;f csux f m;I wd;k jr‡iahf qmif&u G o f mG ;oifyh gonf? tjcm;aqG;aEG;csufwckwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ydkrdkus,fjyef@onfh vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf e&mrsm; &&Sv d mapa&;twGuf zefw;D =u&mY/ twdu k t f cHacgi;f aqmif (a':atmifqef;pk=unf — bmomjyefo)l taejzifh awG@qaHk qG;aEG; a&;twGuf wdusaom rlupd rP sm; jyXmef;I aqG;aEG;yGpJ m;yGaJ y:od@k pwif wifjya&;jzpfygonf? xdt k cg e0w (etz) ppftpd;k &taejzifh rjzpfrae olr. tqdjk yKcsurf sm;udk wke@f jyefvm&awmhrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if q H ikd &f m ukvor*~txl;oHu, kd pf m;vS,rf S tqdjk yKaom “trsdK;om;nDvmcH” wckusif;y&efqdkonfh tqdkjyKcsufrSmvnf; pdw0f ifpm;zG,f jzpfygonf? Tudpu P kd Edik if aH &;xd;k ppfwckqifEikd &f ef tcGihf tvrf;w&yftjzpf jrifoifhygonf? ratmifjrifonfh ,cif trsdKom; nDvmcHuo kd m jrifIpOf;pm;ae=urnft h pm;/ rdrw d @kd twdu k t f cHtiftm;pk rsm;taejzifh tjcm;nDvmcHwcktwGuf }udKwifjyifqifrr_ sm;/ tpDtpOf rsm;udk jyifqifoifah yonf? rnfonft h a=umif;a=umifh rdrw d @kd wek @f qikd ;f ae=u&rnfenf;? Todk@ rdrdwdk@upwifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; abmvHk;u rdrw d @kd ajcxJ uefciG &hf onfh tajctaeudak y;vmrnfjzpfonf? 31

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

'Dru kd &ufwpfjrefrmEdik if aH wmfopfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;b0tajctae ykrH eS f jyefjzpfvma&;twGuf tajz&SmpOfpm;=uaomtcg trsm;pku jrefrmEdik if H . pD;yGm;a&;tajccHonf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;udo k m tajccHI a&S@quf oGm;&efvdktyfonf[k jrif=uygonf? obm0ygwf0ef;usif rysufpD;ap aom c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;udv k nf; zGiahf y;oif+h yD;/ Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrKwfErHS r_ sm;udk vnf; zdwaf c:&ef vdt k yfrnf[k oH;k oyfaqG;aEG;=uygonf? jrefrmjynfonf obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ºuG,f0qJjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfe,frsm;. 0ifaiGonfvnf; TtajccHay:u &&SdEdkifao;onf[k jrif=uygonf? jrefrmEdik if t H zd@k Edik if t H csi;f csi;f tjyeftvSeaf cs;aiGEiS hf axmufyahH iGrsm;udk &&Sad p&ef qGaJ qmifEikd zf , G &f m&Syd gonf? vuf&dS taumufceG q f ikd &f mOya' rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf+yD;/ jyifqifcsJ@xGif&efvnf; vdktyfygvdrfhrnff? jrefrmEdkifiHtaumufcGefpepf/ Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJEdkif&ef twGuf Edik if jH cm;rS u|r;f usio f yl *k Kd~ vfrsm;/ Edik if jH cm;tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm;udk vnf; zdw=f um;tultnDawmif;oifo h nf[k jrif=uygonf?

32

Edik if w H umtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ Edik if aH bmifausmaf umfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ? tem*gwfprd af c:r+rsm;ESit hf jcm;tjrif&a+ 'gifrh sm; a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvv f kd Focus on Global South

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

Edik if w H umtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ Edik if aH bmifausmaf umfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ? tem*gwfprd af c:r+rsm;ESit hf jcm;tjrif&a+ 'gifrh sm; a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvv f kd Focus on Global South

wifjycsuyf xrydik ;f wGif urBmvk;H qdik &f mpD;yGm;a&;pepfEiS fh urBmw0Sr;f quf pyfaeaompD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;wd@k ukd wifjyxm;ygonf? 'kw, d ydik ;f wGif t"duEdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiH wumaiGa=u;&HyaHk iGtzG@J / urBm@b%f ESihf urBm@uek o f , G af &;tzG@J / ta&S@ awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;toif; (tmqD,)H wd@k . jzpfay:vmyHo k rdik ;f tusO;f ESihf zG@J pnf;yHw k @kd ukd wifjycJyh gonf? wwd,tydik ;f rSm jrefrmEdik if w H ;kd wuf zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf jzpfEdkifzG,f&m&Sdaom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;udk t=urf;zsO;f wifjyxm;ygonf? aemufq;Hk tydik ;f wGirf l tkypf v k u kd af qGaEG;r_ &vm'frsm; tESpcf sKyfukd az: jyxm;ygonf?

urBmvk;H qdik &f mpD;yGm;a&;pepf - t"du xl;jcm;csuv f uQ%mrsm;ESihf tm;enf;csufrsm;? Edik if w H umEdik if aH &;tcif;tusi;f . vGecf ahJ omtESpif g;q,fukd a,bl,s tm;jzifh ppfat;acwfEiS hf 1989 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSpI ppfat;vGeaf cwf [lIcGjJ cm;owfrw S =f uygonf? rnfo@kd qakd pumrl urBmvk;H qdik &f m pD;yGm;a&; tjrift&qdv k #if ,if;umvudyk if vGecf ahJ om 1940 ckEpS rf sm; rS 1980 0ef;usit f xd “*vkb d ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f t}udKacwf” ESihf 1980 rS ,ae@ umvtxdukd “*vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwf” [lI t=urf;zsO;f tm;jzifh cGjJ cm;owfrw S Ef ikd yf gonf? *vkyb f ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f t}udKacwf. a,bl,s az: jycsufrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_atmuf&Sd trsdK;om;t&if;&Sifpepfacwf jzpfygonf? urBmhajrmufjcrf;&Sd EdkifiHrsm; (odk@r[kwf) zGH@+zdK;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;. *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;t}udKacwf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyefavhvm=unfhygu atmufygxljcm;csuf vuQ%mrsm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? 35

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

• vuf0g;}uD;tkyt f &if;. v$r;f rd;k r_/ • A[dktpdk;&. cdkifrmaomaps;uGuftay: xdef;csKyfxm;onfh

pnf;rsO;f rsm;ESihf aps;uGut f ay:tpd;k &rS 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufvyk u f ikd f aer_/ • vkyt f m;ESihf t&if;t=um;&Sd vlra_ &;t&tjyeftvSef tay;t,l

jyKr_ ponft h csurf sm;jzpfonf? zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if rH sm;ud=k unfyh gu xdEk ikd if rH sm;udk wDxiG x f m;aom a0g[m& t& “EdkifiHawmfu taxmuftyH@jyKxm;aom t&if;&Siftpdk;&rsm;” owfrw S af z: jyavh&=dS uygonf? TEdik if rH sm;. t"duxljcm;csuv f uQ%m rsm;rSm • vltzG@J tpnf;wGif t"duv$r;f rd;k xm;aom vlwef;pm;rSm ajrydik f

&Sif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhajrmufjcrf; (zGH@+zdK;+yD;) EdkifiHrsm;. t&if;ESifh r[mrdwf zG@J xm;=uaom b¾mt&if;&Si/f ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyif ef;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfonf? • ,if;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSoGif;ukefudktpm;xdk;Edkif&ef

twGuf pufrx _ al xmifa&;udv k yk af qmif=uonf? jynfwiG ;f 0,fvkd tm; (aps;uGu)f udk jznfq h nf;ay;&ef&nf&, G o f nfh xkwv f yk af &; pepfrsK;d jzpfonf? oGi;f uket f ay: tcGet f aumufukd tqrwef jr‡ifhxm;um oGif;ukefyrm% (udkwm) uef@owfaompepfudk toHk;jyKavh&Sd=uonf? • Edik if aH &; ta&miftaoG;rnfo@kd yif&o dS nfjzpfap/ Edik if aH wmf (tpd;k &)

. tcef;u¾onf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvGefta&;ygcJh onf? ukex f w k v f yk jf cif;rSonf ukepf nfzvS,jf cif;/ ukepf nfjzef@jzL; jcif;txd pD;yGm;a&;b0. e,fy,freS o f r#wiG f tpd;k &u0ifa&muf pGufzufonf? 1980 0ef;usirf pS I aemufyikd ;f *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwfukd ajymif; vmaomtcg t"duusaom xl;jcm;csuv f uQ%mrsm;ajymif;vmonf udk awG@=u&onf? ‚if;wd@k rmS —

36

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

• Edik if w H umukeo f , G rf t _ wGuf t}uD;tus,cf sKyfuikd rf r_ sm; avsmh

_ yk if ef;rsm;udk csay;jcif; (wHcg;zGiahf y;jcif;) 1 ESihf trdsK;om;pufrv umuG,af y;onfh ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af &;eH&rH sm; +ydKusomG ; jcif;/ • b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ t}u;D tus,cf sKyfuikd rf r_ sm;avsmch sI vGwv f yf

vmjcif;2/ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ukd tuef@towfjzpfapaom twm; tqD;rsm;udk z,f&mS ;ypfvmjcif;f / • Edik if w H um wdu k &f u kd &f ifE;DS jrKwfErHS r_ sm; vGwv f yfpmG pD;qif;cGi&fh

vmjcif;/ • odk@aomfvnf; vkyftm;rsm;a&G@ajymif;r_tay: wif;=uyfonfh

uef@owfcsurf sm; qufvufwnf&adS ejcif; wd@k jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m (EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ Oya'a&;&m) jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpD tpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) [kac:onfh tpDtpOf rsm;atmufwiG f ,if;ok@d aom ukeo f , G af &;vGwv f yfr/_ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ vGwv f yfvmjcif;ESihf &if;ES;D jrKwfErHS _ vGwv f yfvmjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm=u jcif;jzpfonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmuf a&;tpDtpOf” udk ajrmufurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;rSma&m/ awmifurBmjcrf;Edik if H rsm;rSmyg aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;wGif Tjyefvnf zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_ tpDtpOfudk (a&*if0g'§oufcsm0g') [kac:=u onf? Tt,ltqt& tpd;k &uvlrz_ v l akH &; udprP sm;wGif aqmif&u G af y; aer_ &yfqdkif;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ aps;uGuftwGif; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzuf aer_ukd z,f&mS ;&efjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif vkyt f m;ESihf t&if;t=um; tjyef tvSef ndE‡ i_d ;f r_ut kd qk;H owfap&efEiS hf t&if;&So d zl ufu tompD;&ap&ef jzpfonf? awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl EdkifiHawmfuaxmufyHhxm;aom pDru H ed ;f vkyif ef;rsm; 1980 ckEpS rf sm;tapmydik ;f umvwGif aºuG;+rDtusyf wnf; ESihf &ifqikd v f m&aomtcg acs;aiGEiS hf taxmuftyHrh sm;&&eftwGuf “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdu k ef mvkyaf qmifc=hJ ujcif; 37

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

jzpfEikd zf , G &f ydS gonf? ,if;Edik if t H awmfrsm;rsm;onf 1980 ckEpS f apmapm ydik ;f rwdik cf ifu tqrwefacs;,lxm;cJ=h uaom olw@kd . aºuG;+rDrsm;udk jyef ray;qyfEdkif=uawmhay? xdktcg +rD&Sifb¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk jyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &vrf;omjzpfawmhonf? acs;aiGopfrsm; &&SEd ikd zf @kd qv kd #if ,if;Edik if rH sm;wGif xda&mufonfh pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ rsm;vkyf=u&ef EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ urBmhb%frsm;rSaeI awmif;qdkcJhonf? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rvkyfygu aiGacs;&efrjzpfEdkif? T urBmhb%fESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@[email protected];tm;aemufwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k oabmxm;ygonf? Tod@k awmif;qdck ahJ om “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd f &mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) wGif tydik ;f (3) ydik ;f yg&o dS nf? • ukeo f , G af &;pepfukd xda&mufpmG xde;f csKyfrr_ sm; avsmch say;jcif;ESihf

wHcg;zGifhvGwfvyfr_ay;jcif;/ • ukex f w k v f yk rf /_ ukepf nfzvS,rf E_ iS hf ukepf nfjzef@jzL;r_w@kd wiG f Edik if H awmf. yg0ifpu G zf ufaer_tcef;u¾udk odoo d mom av#mch sEikd f apjcif;/ xdef;csKyfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk y,fzsuf ay;jcif;/ • Edik if aH wmfyikd f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f +yD;/ ,cifu Edik if H awmfyikd u f ¾rsm;udk yk*v ~ u d ydik t f jzpfvaJ$ jymif;ay;tyfjcif;/ Edik if yH ikd f pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk zsufodrf;apjcif; paomudpPrsm; yg0ifonf? xdktcsdefu tm;tenf;qkH;a'orsm;rSm awmifurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiH rsm;jzpfonf? tmz&duwdu k &f EdS ikd if rH sm;ESihf vufwiftar&duEdik if rH sm;wGif “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf; wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdu k ef maqmif&u G cf =hJ u&+yD;/ T'%fukd tqd;k qk;H cHc=hJ u&onf? tmz&duwdu k Ef iS hf vufwiftar&duwd@k wGif ,cktcsdeftxd pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;rd_if;aejcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; (vlwef;pm;) rnDr#r_ tvsit f jref}uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ qif;&JcsKd @wrhJ o _ wfrw S rf sO;f atmuf usa&mufonfh vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;}uD;rm;vmaejcif;wdk@u xdkjyKjyif ajymif;vJa&; tpDtpOfrsm;. qd;kf arGa=umif[ h k owfrw S af zmfjycJ=h uonf? 38

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TjzpfpOfY urBmay:wGif c|i;f csux f m;&rnfh a'owckawmh&cdS o hJ nf? ‚if;rSm ta&S@tm&SEiS hf ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm; jzpf=u+yD;/ “pD;yGm;a&; usm;Edik if rH sm;” [kwifpm; ac:qdck =hJ uonf? ,if;a'oEdik if rH sm;. pD;yGg;a&; pepf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ykrH mS vufwiftar&duESihf cyfqifqifw+l yD;/ tpd;k &. yg0ifpu G zf ufra_ &m/ ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf umuG,af y;xm;r_ oabmvuQ%mrsm;yg qifw=l uonf? od@k aomfvnf; usm;Edik if rH sm;u yd@k uek w f ify@kd a&;udk wGe;f tm;ay;vkyaf qmif=u+yD;/ tpd;k &rsm;u Tyd@k uek f wify@kd a&;twGuf pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;udk axmufyu hH sm;uefyyhH ;kd ay;=uonf? usm;Edik if rH sm;onf vkyt f m;aps;aygayg& aoma=umifh vkyt f m;tajcjyK xkwfvkyf&aom xkwfukefrsm;udkxkwfum wifydk@a&;udk xufxufoef oefvyk af qmif=uonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif vkyt f m;tajcjyKpepfrS tqifjh rifh onfh t&if;tESD;tajcjyKxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;udkxkwfvkyfvm Edik o f nf? xdx k u G u f ek rf sm;udk ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;aps;uGurf sm;od@k wify@kd =uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;u ta&S@ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiH rsm;rS wifoiG ;f ukerf sm;tay:uef@owfrr_ sm; wke@f jyefc=hJ uaomtcg usm; Edik if rH sm;tcuf}uHK&awmhonf? usm;Edik if rH sm;u (1980) ckEpS u f mvrsm; twGi;f u vGwv f yfaomaps;uGujf yKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;vky&f ef Edik if w H um tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS ay;vm onfh zdtm;rsm;udk tmcHEikd cf o hJ nft h a=umif;rSm *syefEikd if rH S t&if;tES;D rsm;pD;0ifvmaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? tar&duefESifh Oa&myukefoG,fzufrsm;u (*syefEdkifiHrSukefoG,fr_ &Si;f wrf; tqrwefyakd iGjyaeonft h ay: zdtm;ay;&eftwGu)f ,ef;aiG wefb;dk jyefvnfowfrw S &f ef zdtm;ay;cJ=h uonf? Tod@k jzifh 1985 ckEpS f wGif wd;k jrifv h maom *syef,ef;aiG.wefb;kd u *syefurk % ` rD sm;twGuf jynfwGif;Yukefxkwfvkyf&ef tukeftusrsm;apcJhonf? *syefukr`%Drsm; taejzifh Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f &qdv k #if vkyt f m;coufomaom w&kwjf ynf/ wdik 0f rfEiS hf awmifu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if rH sm;od@k xkwu f ek v f yk if ef;rsm; oGm;a&muf xkwv f yk &f ef ta=umif;jzpfapcJo h nf? 1990 ckESpfwGif *syefwdk@.&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_twdkif;twm wajz;ajz; avsmeh nf;usqif;vmcJo h nf? od@k aomfvnf; xdt k csed w f iG f a&*if§oufcsm acwftwGif;jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiH rsm;wGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;od@k p;D qif;&ef aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm; apmifq h ikd ;f 39

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

aecJ=h uonf? xdak iGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;u tcsed jf refjrefEiS hf a&wdt k wGi;f tjrwfrsm;rsm; &&Sad &;twGuf &if;ES;D jrKwfEEHS ikd rf nfh ae&mud&k mS vm=uonf? avmif;upm;qefaom aiGa=u;udak ps;upm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; (Speculative Funds) &Sdvm=uonf? tqdkyg pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;. zdtm;a=umifh tar&duefb¾ma&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &HyaHk iGtzG@J / ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;&Sd tpd;k &rsm;taejzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJ r_rsm;vkyfaqmifvm=u&onf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu yg0ifpGufzufxdef;csKyfr_udkavsmhcsvm=u&+yD;/ aiGa=u;t&if;pD;qif;r_ESifh ygwo f ufI xde;f csKyfxm;aompnf;rsO;f rsm;udk z,f&mS ;ay;cJ=h u&onf? 1994 ckEpS Ef iS hf 199& ckEpS u f mvt=um;rSmyif aiGa=u;aps;upm;onfh t&if;aiG (tar&duefa':vm bDv, D H 100) cef@ ta&S@tm&SEiS hf ta&S@ awmiftm&S a'orsm;ok@d p;D 0ifc+hJ yD; tdr, f majrvkyif ef;/ pawmhaps;uGuEf iS hf ajra&mif;0,fa&;aps;uGuf wdk@uJhodk@aom aiGjzpfvG,faomvkyfief; u¾rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jrKwfEcHS =hJ uonf? vkyif ef;u¾tenf;i,fwiG f pk+yHKI aiGv;kH aiG&if;jzifh &if;ES;D jrKwfEaHS eaomtcg a&mif;vdt k m;enf;I 0,fvt kd m; rsm;+yD; aps;uGuyf suaf wmhonf? ,if;vkyif ef;u¾rsm;udyk g +ydKvJysupf ;D apcJyh gonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajcysuo f mG ;jcif;ESit hf wl &if;ES;D jrKwfEo HS rl sm;u txdww f vef@jzpfc=hJ uonf? 1997 ckEpS f aEG&moDwiG f aiGa=u;upm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;u Ttajctaeudt k cGit hf aumif;,lI tjrwfxw k f Edik &f efqufvuf vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygonf? (tar&duefa':vm bDv, D H 100) udk ,if;a'orS &kwfw&ufjyefvnfxkwf,lum tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@ a&$@ajymif;xm; vdkufonf? xdktcg xdkEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;bHk;bHk; vJ awmhonf? +rDpm;aºuG;,lxm;olurk % ` rD sm;u xdak ºuG;aiGrsm;udk jyefrqyf Edik af wmhojzifh aemufq;kH enf;vrf;rSm tpd;k &rsm;u xdpk ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef; rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifodrf;cJh=u&+yD;/ [email protected]ºuG;rsm;udk vufv$Jajymif;,l vdu k =f u&awmhonf? tpd;k &rsm;taejzifv h nf; xdo k @akd qmuf&u G Ef ikd &f ef twGuf "etiftm;vnf;rvHkavmufaoma=umifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u; &HyaHk iGtzG@J (IMF) u ay;vmrnfh “u,fq,fa&;&HyakH iG” rsm;udak pmifh qdkif; =u&awmhonf? T “u,fq,fa&;&HyHkaiG” rsm;ESifhtwl ,cif apmapmydkif;u tmz&duESifhvufwiftar&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHrsm;wGif aqmif&u G cf =hJ u&aom “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f m jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnf 40

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

aqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) udv k u kd ef m aqmif&Guf =u&awmhonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m jyefvnf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) rsm;rS vGwfajrmufaecJhonf urBm.wckwnf;aoma'ojzpfaom T a'oonfvnf; trsm;enf;wl Tvrf;a=umif;ay: vdu k =f u&jyefawmh onf? *vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ESihf vpfb&,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ac: wcg;zGio hf nfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfw@kd u pD;yGg;a&;bmom&yfjzifyh gwo f uf+yD; ‚if;wd@k . aumif; uGuu f akd xmufjyjiif;ckef avh&=dS uygonf? aps;uGuu f kd vGwv f w G v f yfvyf cGijhf yKxm;jcif;tm;jzifh aps;uGuu f OpPm"eudk trsm;od@k jzef@caJG &muf&adS p Edik +f yD;/ ydI k csr;f omºuG,0f aom b0jzpfapatmif zefw;D ay;Edik v f rd rhf nf[k qd=k uygonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap TonfrmS oabmw&m;a&;&mt& jiif;ckH r_w&yfomjzpf+yD;/ Toabmw&m;onfvnf; rnfonfh vlwef;pm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuftusKd;aqmifay;aeaom oabmw&m;jzpfa=umif; oabmayguef m;vnfxm;&ef rsm;pGmta&;}uD;ygonf?

41

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

Edik if w H umaiGa=u;b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;rsm; — ‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh awmifurBmbufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm; tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapr_? Edik if w H umaiGa=u;&HyakH iGtzG@J (tdik -f trf-tufz)f / urBmb h %f/ urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J ('AvsL-wD-td)k ESihf ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H) EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (tdkif-trf-tufzf) 'kw, d urBmppf+yD;umvwGif tdik -f trf-tufzf tzG@J ukd zG@J cphJ Ofumvu &nf&, G cf surf mS aiGa=u;pepftrsK;d rsK;d t=um; wnf&adS eaom zvS,rf E_ e_ ;f xm;udk wnf+idrrf &_ adS p&ef aqmif&u G af y;&efjzpfonf? Tpepfonf a&$ wefb;kd tay:tajcjyKxm;+yD;/ a':vmwefb;kd ESihf csw d q f ufxm;ygonf? (odk@jzifhtar&duefa':vmonf urBmht&HaiGa=u;jzpfoGm;apcJhygonf?) 1972 ckEpS w f iG f tar&dueforRw &pfcswef pfqifvufxufY a':vmESihf a&$wefzdk;csdwfqufxm;jcif;udk jzwfawmufvdkuf+yD;/ aiGa=u;wefzdk;udk vGwv f w G v f yfvyfar#mxm;aom aiGa=u;avmuudk pwifcyhJ gonf? tdik -f trf-tufzf onf ‚if;. rlvwm0efr&Sd awmhaomfvnf;/ wm0eftopf tcef;u¾opfwckukd &cJyh gonf? rdrw d @kd . xkwu f ek w f efb;kd xuf ydrk I kd Edik if jH cm;rSwifoiG ;f ae=u&aom Edik if rH sm;taejzifh aiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;wGif vkad iGpm&if;jy vmcJ=h uygonf? Tvdak iGuakd y;qyf&eftwGuf jyifyb%f rsm; od@k r[kwf Edik if w H umpD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aiGacs;,lIay;cJ=h u& ygonf ? td k i f - trf - tuf z f tzG @ J t aejzif h xd k z G H @ +zd K ;qJ E d k i f i H r sm;. ukefoG,fa&;wGif rwefwqukefoG,fwifoGif;jcif;rjyKap&ef/ wenf; aiGa=u;pm&if; &Si;f wrf;rsm;ESiyhf gwo f ufI vdak iGjyr_ rrsm;ap&ef/ paom csrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufem-rvdkufemonfudk apmif h = unf h & aom wm0ef u d k , l & ygawmh o nf ? td k i f - trf - tuf z f tzG@J taejzifh Twm0efu, kd cl hJ &jcif;rSm pD;yGm;tajcrysuaf pa&;twGuf ta&;ay:acs;aiGrsm; xkwaf y; Edik pf rG ;f &Sad oma=umifv h nf; jzpfonf? 42

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

1980 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f u tdik -f trf-tufzf tzG@J . vkyif ef;aqmifwm rsm;udk wdk;csJ@cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vGwfvyfr_&Sda&;/ xdef;csKyfuef@owf r_rsm;udk avsmhcsay;a&;ESifh zufpHkvkyfief;rsm;yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyfa&;wdk@udk wGef;aqmfaom wpHkvHk;t&qdkv#if “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyef vnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) udk t"dutaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&ef armif;ESifae onfh ud, k pf m;vS,Xf me jzpfvmonf? T “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f m jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” taejzifh rdrw d @kd .vlaer_pepf vnfygwaf qmif&u G af eyHk yHpk . H twGi;f usustxd 0ifa&mufI ajymif;vJr_ rsm; jzpfaponf? tajccHusaom rdu k u f &dpk ;D yGm;a&;ESihf rufu&dpk ;D yGm;a&; ay:vpDrsm;ajymif;vJa&;udk awmif;qdv k #uf vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;twGi;f rsm;pGm ajymif;vJ&u kd cf wfrr_ sm; jzpfapcJo h nf? 1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&. zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkcsufa=umifh/ tdkif-trf-tufzftzGJ@wGif aemufxyft"du aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;wm0ef&vmcJhonf? ,if;vkyfief;rSm aiGa=u; t&if;tESD;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rS uif;vGwfapa&;twGuf wGe;f tm;ay; a&;jzpfonf? Oyrm — aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;tm; vk;H 0 O\kH vGwv f yfpmG pD;qif;cGiahf y;a&;/ t&if;tES;D aiGa=u;rsm;.b%fpm&if; (Account) ESifh oufqdkifaomudpPrsm;wGif vkH;0vGwfvyfapa&;ESifh t&if;pD;qif;r_ukd uef@owfxm;r_rsm;z,f&mS ;ypfa&;wd@k jzpfonf?

43

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

urBmb h %f (World Bank) 1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif ppf'%fcHcJh&aom Oa&myjyefvnfxlaxmifa&; &nf&, G cf sujf zifh zG@J pnf;cJah om tzG@J r&S nf&, G cf suaf jymif;vJum urBmb h %f jzpfay:vmcJo h nf? ‚if;.&nf&, G cf surf mS ajrmufurBmjcrf;rS t&if;tjrpf rsm; awmifurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;od@k pD;qif;apa&;ESifh zG@H +zdK;a&;tultnDrsm; ay;onfh tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf aqmif&u G af &;jzpfonf? urBm@b%fwiG f ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;onf t"duusaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf+yD;/ ta=umif;rSm t&if;xnfh0ifa=u;pepft& trsm;pkxnfh0ifxm;aom a=umifh jzpfonf? urBmb h %fwiG f tqH;k tjzwfjyKvkyo f nft h cg rJay;Edik f onfh tiftm;onf xnf0h ifonft h &if;tay:tajccHxm;I qH;k jzwfcsuf ay;ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf? 1960 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 1970 ckESpfrsm;a&mufaomtcg urBmb h %f. axmufyahH &;bwf*suaf iGyrm% tqrwef }uD;rm;vmcJh onf? zufpzkH @HG +zdK;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;udk wm0ef,al qmif&u G &f aom yifrtzG@J tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? urBmhb%f. taxmuftyHhtrsm;pkonf tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh jzwfoef;oGm;=u&onf? 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif; a&mufvmaomtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&vmonfh vufsm*dk%f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfudk axmufcHtm;ay; olrsm;u urBmhb%ftay: a0zefar;cGef;xkwfvmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@u qdv k #if urBmb h %fuzkd suo f rd ;f ypf&efyif aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? ta=umif;rSm urBmhb%ftaejzifh tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh tultnDay;aoma=umifh cdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwD;ay;ae+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g' usio hf ;kH &eftwGuf tajctaeESit hf cGit hf vrf;rsm;udk zefw;D ay;aeonf[k jrifvm=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? aemufqkH;Y urBmhb%ftaejzifh “tajccHtaqmuftOD qdik &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” rsm;udk ‚if;.vkyfief;pOfwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;apjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;.vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udk ajymif;vJapv#uf urBmb h %fukd zsuo f rd ;f rcH&apa&;twGuf u,fwifEikd v f u kd f =uonf? rlvwm0efjzpfaom zG@H +zdK;r_tultnDay;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;tpm;/ urBmb h %fonf pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGiahf y;apa&;twGuf armif;ESiw f u kd w f eG ;f aeaom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmcJo h nf? 44

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@

(WTO)

urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J onf 1948 ckEpS u f xJu ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ef&adS omf vnf;/ aemuftESpf (50) t=um 1995 ckEpS u f sro S m wu,ftaumif txnfay:vmcJo h nf? TumvtawmtwGi;f *wf (GATT)3 ac: oGi;f ukeq f ikd &f m taumufceG Ef iS hf ukeo f , G af &;qdik &f mtaxGaxG oabm wlnDcsuftzGJ@ taejzifh&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ vufawG@taumiftxnfaz: aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf _ rsm;pGmtm;enf; cJo h nf? 1980 ckEpS rf sm; tapmydik ;f wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k pD;yGm;a&;onf ukeo f , G rf t _ ay:ydrk kd rSw D nfvm +yD; yd@k uek rf sm;twGuf aps;uGurf sm;vdt k yfvmcJo h nf? TtajctaewGif ukefoG,fr_udk }uD;=uyfxdef;csKyf&eftwGuf ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sd&rnfqdkonfh t,ltqjyefvnftouf0if vmcJo h nf? &SpEf pS =f um ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+y;D aemuf O&ka*G;pm;yG0J ikd ;f tpnf; ta0;t+yD;wGi/f urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J }uD; ('AvsL-wD-td)k udk zG@J pnf;cJh =uonf ? urB m h u k e f o G , f a &;tzG J @ }uD ; . oabmwl n D c suf r sm;t& ukefoG,fr_wGif ta&twGuft&uef@owfr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif; owfrw S jf yXmef;cJ+h y;D jzpfovd/k ,if;wd@k tpm; oGi;f uket f ay:pnf;=uyfonfh tcGepf epftjzpfom ajymif;vJowfrw S Ef ikd =f uawmhonf? urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J }uD;taejzifh oabmwlncD surf sm;wGif e,f y,fus,fus,fjyef@jyef@udk v$rf;+cHKxm;+yD;/ pdkufysdK;a&;xGufukefqdkif&m ukeo f , G rf v _ yk if ef;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;qdik &f mukeo f , G rf _ (a&&&Sad &; rSonf ynma&;0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;rsm;txd) rsm;txdyg0ifonf? 'AvsLwD-tdk tzG@J onf ukeo f , G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;tjyif ukeo f , G rf E_ iS q hf ufE, G f aom jy\emrsm;udyk g v$r;f +cHKaqmif&u G v f mcJo h nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh — • ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_y%mrqdkif&m

oabmwlncD surf sm; (TRIMs)4 • ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlncD surf sm; (TRIPs)5 ponfw@kd jzpfonf? ukeo f , G af &;ESio hf ufqikd af om &if;ES;D jrKwfErHS y_ %mrqdik &f m oabm wlncD surf sm; (TRIMs) t&qdv k #if a'oqdik &f mzlvakH &;twGuf owf rSwaf omcGw J rf;pepfrsK;d udk xlaxmif&efrjzpfEikd af wmhay? pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm; 45

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

xlaxmifa&;twGuf (rdrv d yk if ef;tusK;d pD;yGg;udu k muG,af y;aom) udpP rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;jyKEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? ukefoG,fa&;ESifh oufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (TRIPs) onf enf;ynmjyef@ygG ;r_ukd umuG,&f ef&nf&, G o f nfh vky&f yfrsK;d jzpfonf? (txl;ojzifh tm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGuf xdef;csKyf&ef&nf&G,fjcif; jzpfonf) wif;usyfonfh enf;ynmrlydkifcGifhqdkif&m rSwfykHwifpnf;rsOf; rsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifh enf;ynmrsm;jyef@ESHaer_udkwm;qD;onf? (TRIPs) onf pufre_ nf;ynmrsm;wkyI pufrv _ yk if ef;xlaxmifjcif;rsK;d udk Oya' t& wm;jrpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf obm0t& todynmrsm; jyef@E@HS ru _ u kd ef@owfvu kd o f jzifh topfzefw;D xm;aom Oya'rsm; jzpfonf? zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if rH sm;.tjrift&qdv k #if pdu k yf sd K;a&;qdik &f m oabmwlnD csurf sm;onf ta&;t}uD;qk;H jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm tar&duefEiS hf Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pkdufysKd;a&;xGufukefqdkif&maps;uGufrsm;udk vGefpGmrS umuG,w f m;qD;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&u G x f m;+yD;/ zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if rH sm;wGirf l ‚if;wd@k ydkv#HaomxGufukefrsm;udk pk+yHKwifydk@Edkif&ef aps;uGufrsm;udk twif;zGifh ay;cdik ;f aeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J }uD;taejzifh “wEdik if /H rJwrJ” pepft& xde;f csKyfxm;onfqakd omfvnf; vufawG@q;Hk jzwfcsucf s&mwGirf l tiftm;}uD; Edik if H (4) Edik if EH iS hf tjcm;Edik if H (17) Edik if /H (18) Edik if w H @kd u cs,v f , S q f ;kH jzwf aeaoma=umifjh zpfonf? trSew f u,f ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;=uonfh ae&mwGirf l “tcef;pdr;f vkyif ef;pOf” (The Green Room Process) [kac:qdak e=u onfh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odk@ vufa&G;pifEdkifiHtcsKd@udkom zdwf=um;aqG;aEG; qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csae=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

46

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

tmqD,HtzGJ@ (ASEAN) tmqD,[email protected];rSm pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ut+rJwap EdkifiHa&; udpPrsm;. vufatmufa&mufoGm;wwfjcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,Hudk pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@wcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf onf? tmqD,t H zG@J twGi;f Y tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf r[mAsL[mt&udk xifxif&mS ;&Sm;uGjJ ym;r_rsm; &Sad e=uonf? Edik if t H csK@d (Oyrm- tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/ rav;&Sm;) u tmqD,u H kd tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;t=um; vGwv f yfaom ukef oG,af &;pepf xlaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&u G v f o kd nf? tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm; t=um; ,cif “usm;Edik if rH sm;” .atmifjrifrp_ epfukd jyef@ygG ;ap&efaqmif usO;f ay;onfh ykpH w H cktjzpfjrif=uonf? tjcm;Edik if rH sm; (puFmyl) url tmqD,u H kd Edik if w H umvGwv f yfaomukeo f , G af &;. a&S@ajy;tzG@J wck[k &_jrif=uonf? tmqD,. H a'oqdik &f m yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;pDrcH sut f & tm&Svw G v f yfaom ukeo f , G af &;a'o6 (Asia Free Trade Area) udk xlaxmif&efjzpfaomfvnf;/ wu,fwef; (AFTA) jzpfajrmufvmap&ef avmavmq,ftm;jzifh rnforl # trSew f u,ftm;xkwrf r_ sK;d r&Sad y? tmqD,t H zG@J . wlnaD omtajccHjy\emrSm Ta'otwGi;f ae xdik =f uaom jynfov l x l rk sm;u tmqD,pH rD cH suu f kd olw@kd EiS hf roufqikd f ovdk oabmxm;ae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? tmqD,o H nf Edik if aH &;xdyyf ikd ;f acgif;aqmifwpkESifh wwfodynm&Sif xdyfydkif;wpk. pDrHcsuftjzpfom qufvufwnf&Sdae+yD;/ tmqD,HtzGJ@twGif; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us jyKjyif ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;vnf; r&Sad o;ay? tmqD,t H zG@J u tcsed jf zKef;aecsed w f iG f tjcm;a'oqdik &f mtzG@J rsm;u rsm;pGmtaumif txnfay: c&D;a&mufcJh=u+yD;/ w&kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh urBmvkH;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;.wu,fhtiftm;w&yftjzpf ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? tmqD,H Edik if rH sm;twGuf ar;p&mar;cGe;f rSm — rdrw d @kd Eikd if rH sm;tzd@k w&kwEf ikd if . H xkwu f ek yf pPn;f rsm;twGuf aps;em}uD;wcktjzpf ajymif;ae+yDvm; qdo k nfh ar;cGef;yifjzpfawmhonf? tmqD,HuJhodk@aom a'oqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsdK;&Sdzdk@awmh vdktyfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xda&mufonfh jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm; rvkyaf qmifEikd yf gu tmqD,o H nf bmr#tok;H us vdrrhf nf r[kwaf y? 47

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;a=umif;rSm rnfonfv h rf;jzpfEikd o f enf;? a&G;cs,&f mwGif rnfonft h csurf sm;udk tajccHIa&G;cs,f rnfenf;? jrefrmEdik if t H aejzifh “t}uHwv l #iaf emufvo l mp+rJqo kd nfh tusKd ;tjrwf rsKd ;” &&eftcGit hf vrf;&Syd gonf? ta=umif;rSm aemufusrjS yKjyifajymif;vJ cGiv hf yk &f aoma=umifh a&S@rv S rf;xGio f mG ;olrsm;. aumif;usK;d qd;k jypfrsm;udk oifcef;pm,lEikd af om a=umifjh zpfonf? vGecf o hJ nf (25) ESpf =umumv rsm;twGif; awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;udkwGef;tm;ay;cJhaom zGH+zdK;r_ykHpH trsK;d rsK;d udk taotcsm qef;ppfoifcef;pm,l&ef ta&;}u;D ygonf? • urBmph ;D yGg;a&;ESihf qufpyfxm;aomukex f w k v f yk rf y_ pkH ?H rdrw d @kd .

pD;yGm;a&;onf urBmhvkH;qdkif&mpD;yGg;a&;pepfESifh csdwfqufaygif; pyfxm;+y;D urBm}u;D . ukex f w k v f yk rf r_ sm;wm0efcaJG 0vkyu f ikd rf t _ & xkwv f yk af ejcif;ESihf aps;uGut f &vnf;aygi;f pnf;xm;aom yHpk rH sK;d jzpfygonf? • acwfopfvpfA&,fay:vpDrsm;? ukefoG,fr_rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm

cGifhjyKxm;jcif;/ uef@owfxdef;csKyfr_rsm;rS avsmhayghay;a&;ESifh yk*v ~ u d ydik v f ufo@kd vkyif ef;rsm;v$aJ jymif;ay;a&;? • xkwfukefwifydk@r_udktav;ay;jcif;? ydk@ukefrsm;vufcHrnfh aps;

uGufrsm;udk rdrdukefxkwfvkyfa&;pepf armif;ESiftm;tif*sifwck tjzpf &_jrifaompepfjzpfygonf? jynfwiG ;f 0,fvt kd m;udk tav; xm;rwGufyg? • EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;tay: rSDcdkr_? EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD;rsm;udk

EdkifiHzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[mtqHk; tjzwftjzpf &_jrifyrkH sK;d jzpfygonf? • aºuG;+rDwif&Sdr_? ydk@ukefudktav;ay;onfh acwfopfvpfA&,f

oabmw&m;t& pD;yGg;a&;zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufr_ yHpk w H iG f Edik if . H pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;taejzifh tdik -f trf-tufz/f urBmb h %fEiS hf ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;b%frsm;/ yk*v ~ u d aiGa=u;ta&mif;t0,fvyk if ef; rsm;. aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;tay: rsm;pGmrScD akd e&+yD; aºuG;+rDrsm; jzifh weifw h yd;k 0efyd aewwfygonf? 48

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

• obm0&if;jrpfukd tav;xm;tok;H jyKr_? +ydKifqikd rf w _ iG f tompD;

&Edik &f eftav;xm;+yD;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk rwefwqxkw, f l oHk;pGJr_ yHkpHrsKd;jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm rdrdwdk@tom&EdkifajcrSm obm0&if;jrpfrsm; azmazmoDo&D adS oma=umif[ h k ,lqyHrk sK;d jzpf ygonf? • vkyt f m;udk tav;xm;tok;H jyKr_? Edik if w H iG v f yk t f m;aygrsm;aom

a=umifh pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifjcif;udk vkyftm;rsm;rsm;tokH;jyK &aome,fy,frsm;tay: tav;xm;tm&kHpdkufxkwfvkyfr_rsKd; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- vloHk;ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif rdrw d @kd Eikd if rH sm;taejzifh t&if;tjrpf ºuG,0f aomfvnf; vltiftm;&Sm;yg;aom a'orsm;od@k vkyt f m;wify@kd aom pD;yGm;a&;yHpk rH sK;d udv k nf; aqmif&u G cf =hJ uygonf? • pufr_zGH@+zdK;a&;udktav;xm;I v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk

vufatmufcHtjzpf,lqjcif;? +rdK@jya'ozGH@+zdK;a&;udk tm&Hkpdkuf aomfvnf; aus;vufa'oudk vspv f sLjyKxm;jcif;/ ta=umif;rSm “pufr_zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;uyxr” [laom t,ltqrsKd;udk vufuikd x f m;um aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh pdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;. zG@H +zKd ; r_ukd xdik ;f rdi_ ;f apcJjh cif;rsK;d jzpfonf? ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mudprP sm;rSm — tem*wfjrefrmEdik if w H iG f rdrw d @kd tae jzifh tvm;wlp;D yGg;a&;pepfz@JG pnf;yHrk sK;d jzifh jyefvnfwnfaqmufvykd govm; qdak om udpjP zpfonf? zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if w H cktzd@k rdrpd ;D yg;G a&;zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&; twGuf A[dt k pd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;taejzifh pDrcH surf sm;a&;qGv J yk af qmif &efrmS vdt k yfukd vdt k yfaomtajctae jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;. &nfreS ;f csurf sm;u rnfo@kd O;D wnfoifo h nf rnfonft h &mudprP sm; jzpfoifh onfukd qk;H jzwf+yD; tm%mydik rf sm;u vkyaf qmif&OD;rnfjzpfonf? vlt rsm;omwlnrD #tusK;d cHpm;cGi&hf &Sad &;avm/ vl@todik ;f t0dik ;f tm; r+ydKuG&J avatmif xde;f odr;f a&;avm/ tysuo f abmraqmifaom zG@H +zdK;wd;k wuf r_ypHk u H kd zefw;D vdo k avm/ zufp[ kH efcsun f aD om zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufr_ avm/ pDrHudef;qdkonfrSm aps;uGufudk vufeufu&d,mwck tjzpftokH;csI wd;k wufr&_ mS jcif;avm/ aps;uGu. f vufo@kd tukex f ;kd tyfum rdrw d @kd . 49

jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

vl@tajccHwefbdk;rsm;ESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk aps;uGuf.vufatmufcH ozG,fxm;&Sdjcif;avm ponfjzifh ar;cGef;rsm;pGm qufvufar;zG,f&Sdyg onf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkonfrSm ajym&v#ifrsm;pGmEdkifiHa&;ESifh ,SufEG,f qufpyfaeaom jzpfpOfwckjzpfygonf? rnfou l bmudyk ikd q f ikd f &&So d enf;? rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh ydkifqdkif&&Sdoenf;? rnfonfhyHk rnfonfhenf; jzifyh ikd q f ikd &f &So d enf;? pojzifah r;cGe;f rsm;udk ajzqd&k ygrnf? pD;yGm;a&;ynm udk wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;qdik &f mabm*aA'[kvnf; ac:avh&=dS uygonf? ,ae@pD;yGm;a&;ynmonf udef;*%ef;ocsFmoabmqdkif&mzufodk@ tawmfav;a&G@avsmvmygonf? oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufawG@tjzpf taumiftxnfazmfaomyHpk o H @kd ajymif;vJvmygonf? pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif rsm;vufodk@ rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;udk xdef;ausmif;armif;ESif&ef xdk;tyfvdkuf=uaomtcg pD;yGg;a&;ynma&;/ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_yg ysufpD; &ygawmhonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkynm&Sifqdkolrsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;ynm qdkonfrSm rsm;pGmEdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ESifh qufpyf,SufEG,faeonfudk rjrif=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh rjzpfraeqkH;jzwfcsrSwfay;&rnfh aomhcsuu f saom udprP sm;&Syd gonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS — • aps;uGuEf iS Ehf ikd if aH wmf.u¾t=um; xde;f nda‡ y;jcif;? • pdkufysdK;a&;u¾ESifh pufr_vkyfief;u¾t=um; xdef;nd‡ay;jcif;?

v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;vkyif ef;udk t"duvkyif ef;tjzpf OD;aqmifomG ; &ef rlcsrw S rf nfavm? • ydik q f ikd rf E_ iS hf wdik ;f jynf.0ifaiGukd jyefvnfcaJG 0jcif;qdik &f mrlrsm;/ • zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;xlaxmifa&;wdk@twGuf ukef

oG,af &;ay:vpDrsm; csrw S jf cif;? rdr. d arG;uif;p pufrv _ yk if ef;wd;k wuf&iS o f ef}uD;xGm;apa&;twGuf oGi;f ukecf eG pf epfEiS hf oGi;f ukef udkwm uef@owfaompepfudk toHk;jyKIumuG,fay;rnfvm;? Todk@ aqmif&Gufygu urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@}uD;. rlrsm;ESifh xdyw f u kd f jy\emawG@vmawmhrnf jzpfonf? 50

a0:vf'efb,fvkd

• EdkifiHawmfrSyHhydk;ay;jcif;? a'otqifhukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udk

jzpfEikd o f a&G@ qufvuf&iS o f efaeap&ef A[dt k pd;k &rSyyhH ;kd r_rsm;ay;ae &OD;rnfjzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;udk A[dk wae&mwnf;rS csKyfudkifxkwfvkyfjcif;rsKd; rjzpfapoifhyJ/ a'o toD;oD; tqift h oD;oD;Y jzef@cx JG w k v f yk Ef ikd af p&ef A[dck sKyfuikd rf u _ kd avsmhcsay;&rnfjzpfonf? • a*[aA' (obm0ygw0f ef;usi)f ESihf vltzG@J tpnf;? zG@H +zdK;r_vyk f

ief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G af eaomfvnf; obm0ygw0f ef;usif ESihf o[Zmw rjzpfojzif/h ygw0f ef;usiu f kd ysupf ;D aprnf qdyk gu wd;k wufro _ nf a&wdo k abmom aqmifvrd rhf nf? umv=umvm onfESifhtr# zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;onfvnf; jyefvnfysufpD;& onfEiS hf }uHK&vdrrhf nf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf t}uHjyK&aomf — • zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpt k wGi;f ukex f w k v f yk if ef;yHpk u H kd rnfuo hJ @kd

aqmif&u G rf nfenf;? pD;yGg;a&;t& rnfuo hJ @kd yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f Edik o f enf;? enf;ynmt& rnfuo hJ @kd yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G =f urnf enf;? ukeo f , G rf j_ yK =u&mwGiv f nf; jynfaxmifp. k tcsK@d ae&mrsm; u zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufr&_ Edik af omfvnf; tcsK@d aom a'orsm;/ jynfe,f rsm;u xdcu kd ef pfemae&aom yHpk rH sK;d udv k nf; a&Smif&mS ;&efvt kd yf ygonf? • 'Dru kd a&pD jrefrmEdik if aH wmfopftaejzifh urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J /

urBmah iGa=u;&HyaHk iGtzG@J EiS hf urBmb h %f paom Edik if pH t kH zG@J tpnf; rsm;ESifh rnfodk@rnfyHkqufqHa&;rsKd;xlaxmifxm;&Sdrnfqdkonf rSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;I }udKwifawG;qxm;oifhaom ar;cGef;rsm;jzpfygonf?

51

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oift h wGuf aºuG;+rDrsm;wifvmvdrrhf nf? tjcm;jzpfEikd af om enf;vrf;wck rSm tcGeaf iGrsm;udk pepfwusaumufc+H yD; 0ifaiGpak qmif;jcif;ESihf &onfh 0ifaiGukd &if;ES;D jrKwfErHS t _ jzpf jyefajymif;oH;k pGo J nfeh nf;jzpfonf? Tenf; onf taumif;qk;H [kxif&aomfvnf; csr;f omolrsm;tygt0if vlwikd ;f xHrS tcGeaf iGukd pepfwusaumufc&H ef vdt k yfrnf? od@k aomf tm&SEikd if t H rsm;pk tzd@k }uHKawG@ae=u&aomjy\emrSm taumufceG rf sm;udk xdxad &muf a&mufEiS hf pepfwusraumufcEH ikd =f ujcif; jzpfonf? NOTES: 1. Liberalization of International Trade. 2. Liberalization of Financial flows. 3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 4. Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) 5. Trade Related Property Rights (TRIPs) 6. Asian Free Trade Area (AFTA)

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