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50 Important Herbs and Spices © 2017 by Organic Information Services Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including recording, photocopying or by any information storage and retrieval system. Any unauthorized usage of text without permission of the company is a violation of copyright. First e-book edition © 2015

List of Herbs and Spices Sr. No. Herb/Spice

Page No.

Sr. No. Herb/Spice

Page No.

1

Aloe Vera

1

26

Lavender

26

2

Basil

2

27

Lemon

27

3

Black Cohosh

3

28

Lemongrass

28

4

Black Walnut

4

29

Magnolia Flower

29

5

Cayenne Pepper

5

30

Milk Thistle

30

6

Celery

6

31

Mint

31

7

Chamomile

7

32

Neem

32

8

Chive

8

33

Nutmeg

33

9

Cinnamon

9

34

Oregano

34

10

Clove

10

35

Parsley

35

11

Coriander

11

36

Peppermint

36

12

Cranberry

12

37

Pine

37

13

Cumin

13

38

Rosemary

38

14

Curry Leaf

14

39

Rosewood

39

15

Cypress

15

40

Sage

40

16

Dandelion

16

41

Saw Palmetto

41

17

Dill

17

42

Soy

42

18

Echinacea

18

43

Spearmint

43

19

Eucalyptus

19

44

St. John’s Wort

44

20

Fennel

20

45

Star Anise

45

21

Garlic

21

46

Stinging Nettle

46

22

Geranium

22

47

Tea Tree

47

23

Ginger

23

48

Thyme

48

24

Ginkgo

24

49

Turmeric

49

25

Ginseng

25

50

Valerian

50

Bibliography 51-54

Aloe Vera Aloe vera is a fascinating plant that has been in use for nearly 2,000 years, but at present, there are no naturally occurring populations worldwide. This means that aloe vera iscultivated for its alleged health benefits. Although the medicinal and cosmetic uses of aloe vera have been praised for generations, there is still a moderate amount of debate regarding the actual efficacy of the plant. It is a member of the Aloe genus, and has relatives in North Africa, but its scientific name is the same as its common one - Aloe Vera. It’s most common application in most Western societies is as an anti-inflammatory gel for soothing and cooling burnt skin and the extracts, juice, and leaves have a wide range of other uses as well. Uses: Aside from its most common application as an anti-inflammatory and anti-burn gel, the gel or reduced extract of aloe vera can also increase the functionality of the immune system, which means that it can speed up the healing process of cuts and other wounds. Aloe vera juice and gel can be consumed as an ingredient in healthy drinks, offering some assistance to the digestive process and reducing inflammation internally, just as it does on our skin. The dried juice or gel is occasionally used as a remedy for diabetes, as it is known to positively impact blood sugar levels, and is an ingredient in certain yogurts, desserts, and beverages. You also find aloe in a wide range of facial tissues, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, shampoos, and makeup, due to its soothing and non-irritant quality for the skin. In Ayurvedic medicine, aloe is widely used as a skin health agent, mainly due

to the presence of antioxidants that reduce chronic conditions. Benefits: Some of the most important health benefits relate to the skin, as already noted, but some less well-known benefits of aloe vera include its ability to detoxify the body by helping to optimize kidney function and lower stress on the liver. Furthermore, if you’re feeling backed up for any reason, a small dose of dried aloe gel can act as a laxative and improve your gastrointestinal efficiency. Aloe vera helps to provide relief from skin conditions such as cold sores, psoriasis and Lichen planus. In terms of fatty acids, it is actually rich in beneficial acids that can help to boost heart health and improve the cholesterol balance in our systems, thereby lowering risk of atherosclerosis, strokes, and heart attacks. Metabolically speaking, aloe vera is considered an adaptogen, which helps your body’s system to adjust to changes, either internally or externally. This makes it a key factor in improving the health and functionality of the immune system. Caution: Overdosing with aloe vera can be toxic, so be sure not to use it every day, and do your due diligence on the amount you should consume. If you overuse or use it for extended periods of time, it can begin to impact your electrolyte levels, particularly potassium levels. Also, it is unwise to use it during pregnancy or menstruation. Finally, if you suffer from hemorrhoids, or pre-existing conditions affecting your gallbladder or liver, consult a doctor before adding aloe vera to your health regimen. Other Info: You can grow your own aloe vera plants in a sunny spot in your home and simply cut off a leaf when you want to use the gel inside the leaves. Remove the skin and then scrape off the inner sap, which you can mix with water to make the aloe extract or gel. For storing commercially bought aloe, keep it at room temperature, but avoid too much light or heat. However, once you open the aloe, it will last longest and be most effective if stored in the refrigerator.

1

Basil Basil is one of the most well known herbs around the world and has the scientific name of Ocimum Basilicum. Although it was originally cultivated in India more than 5,000 years ago, it plays a major role in global cuisine ranging from Southeast Asia and Europe to the Americas. There are a number of different cultivars of basil, and most of the varieties have a sweet, slightly pungent taste and smell that is vaguely reminiscent of anise. The essential oils of basil are where the medicinal benefits come from, and depending on the combination of cultivars, some very unique characteristics and beneficial side effects can be enjoyed. Uses: Basil is most commonly used as an element in dishes as a delicious, flavorful herb. The taste contains elements of clove, which is why the taste of basil can cut through so many dishes. It is used in soups, stews, broths, meat dishes, and vegetable preparations as a flavor element, and whole basil leaves are often put into chicken, beef, or vegetable stock for a strong base flavor. Basil is even added to milk, cream, and various desserts, like ice cream, for unique taste sensations. It is also one of the main ingredients in pesto, along with many other Italian reci-

pes. Medicinally speaking, basil extracts have been connected to Ayurvedic treatments and alternative medicine but modern science has also identified a number of health effects of this popular herb. Benefits: Basil’s essential oils, including eugenol, have been connected to antioxidant, antifungal, and antiviral effects, which make it useful for treating many health conditions. Although research on its cardiovascular benefits is ongoing, early results show that basil can help to reduce blood clots and improve the health of your heart. Traditionally, basil has also been used for diabetic and asthmatic patients to reduce the severity of their condition or prevent it from occurring. There is even evidence that the essential oils of basil can be used to treat cancer and slow the spread of cancerous cells in the body due to its high antioxidant content. Basil essential oil helps to treat asthma, bronchitis, and sinus infections. It also is useful in improving digestion, eye health and relieves stress and depression. Caution: Allergies to basil are relatively rare, and there are no known allergens in the herb, but it may cause small rashes or breakouts due to presence of some proteins. If you are allergic to celery, birch pollen, thyme, or marjoram, you may also be allergic to basil. The symptoms are typically mild, but could induce some respiratory problemsin extreme cases. Also avoid usage of basil essential oil during pregnancy. Other Info: Fresh basil is always suggested over dried basil, as it will have a higher concentration of essential oils and beneficial nutrients. Look for deep green coloring and firm leaves. You can freeze basil for up to a year, or keep it freshly damp in your fridge in a wet paper towel for a week or two. If you freezedry basil, you can put it in a cool, dry, dark place for up to six months without losing too many of the nutritional and health benefits of this herb.

2

Black Cohosh Black cohosh also known as black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort, rattleroot, rattletop, rattleweed, and actaea macrotyshas been used by indigenous population of North America for thousands of years for various benefits. With the scientific name of Actaea racemosa, black cohosh is native to North America and the roots and rhizome of this plant were considered valuable. It has white midsummer-blooming flowers and long black and purple stems, in addition to its burgundy leaves. Uses: There are many uses of black cohosh that include stewing and extracting compounds from black cohosh, and it was used in salves and creams for various topical applications in the past. Its been widely used in European countries treating menopausal symptoms. However, in mainstream society, black cohosh is now most often found in the form of dietary supplements, possibly due to the small cultivation region of black cohosh and its relative obscurity among other herbal remedies. Benefits: Traditionally, black cohosh was usedfor relieving menstrual cramps and various menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, cramping, mood swings, and even poor sleep patterns. For men and women, black cohosh can have similar health effects, even if you are not menopausal.

It is very good for eliminating inflammation associated with arthritis, joint pain, and muscle aches. It has also been loosely associated with healing kidney disorders and is used as a diuretic. Finally, due to some of its unique physiological effects, black cohosh is even relied on to slow down some of the effects of aging, such as osteoporosis. Caution: Black cohosh is strongly recommended for older women, but for younger females, it can cause a thickening of the womb lining, which raises the risk of cancer later in life. People with pre-existing liver conditions can have complications when using black cohosh, due to its strong organic compounds. Although it is not considered a common allergenic substance, some people have complained of dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, sweating, constipation, and even low blood pressure. Whenever you have such a powerful collection of organic compounds in one herbal plant, it can cause the body to react strongly, so be sure to consult a doctor before adding black cohosh supplements to your diet. Other Info: Black cohosh is typically harvested in its wild setting, but since the demand has increased, it is important not to overharvest in one place. The root can be washed and dried quickly, and then chopped up to make tinctures or other extracts. You can store dried roots and rhizomes in a cool, dry place, or in the refrigerator.But quick use or processing is recommended to ensure top potency of the beneficial organic elements in black cohosh.

3

Black Walnut This flowering tree of the walnut family is native to the eastern portion of North America, and can be found throughout the majority of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. As a member of the walnut family, this large deciduous tree bears black walnuts, as the name suggests, although fruiting will not begin until the 5th or 6th year of growth. Scientifically known as Juglans nigra, the black walnut tree was introduced to Europe as early as the 1600s and has become popular there as well. They have higherunsaturated fats and protein content than English walnut, which is part of the reason they are so popular - in addition to being delicious! Uses: Black walnuts are used in confectionery goods, salads, fish, meat, and pork dishes, candy, and vegetable mixes. Aside from its culinary applications, black walnut is hailed for having a husk that is very beneficial for certain ailments. Although modern trials haven’t confirmed this definitively, many people still use the black walnut husks as an anti-parasit-

ic agent for the digestive tract. Black walnut drupes are also a source of valuable dye, while the wood of the tree itself is one of the most sought after woods in North America for its pure, beautiful heartwood. Benefits: In terms of health benefits, black walnuts have been closely associated with healthy digestive tract. They are beneficial in eliminating Candida fungus from the gastrointestinal system and the fungi that causes Athlete’s foot and ringworm. A tincture of black walnut extract can also be used to treat various skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis. The high concentration of unsaturated fats and other organic acids found in black walnut have positive antioxidant and wound-healing effects that can clear up the skin quite effectively. It aids in boosting heart health by reducing dangerous LDL cholesterol levels, and lowering blood pressure! Caution: Although black walnut isn’t commonly allergenic, those with other nut allergies should consulttheir doctor before using it. Regular application on the skin should be avoided, as toxicity can build up and increase the risk of lip or tongue cancer. This side effect is only in the extreme, but care must be taken before adding it to one’s diet. Other Info: Black walnuts must be cracked in order to access the nut itself. While the husks do serve their purpose, most people are interested in the nut inside! After harvesting the nuts, they should be shelled almost immediately to prevent color and taste reduction. You should then wash the nuts to remove any debris from the hull. Let them dry, place them in a plastic bag, and store them in the freezer for long use. The oils in the nuts will become rancid if kept exposed too long or are stored improperly, so mind how you store these impressive nuts!

4

Cayenne Pepper Cayenne pepper, which is also known as bird pepper, cow-horn pepper, Guinea spice, or red pepper (powdered form), is a wonderful way to add some kick to your cooking and some healthy benefits to your life. The scientific name of cayenne pepper is Capsicum annuum, but it is actually a cultivar, as a number of different peppers fall into the same scientific classification. Tropical and subtropical locations are usually the best places to grow cayenne peppers, and most cultivars require about 3.5 months to fully develop. It has become closely affiliated with a number of international cuisines, particularly those famous for spicy food, including India and parts of Central America. The pepper is commonly ground into a paste and dried into a cake, from which the concentrated powdered spice comes from. Uses: Cayenne pepper is most often used as a spice to add flavor and flair to food, and is commonly found in dried flakes, powdered form, or in its full form as a vegetable ingredient. You will also find cayenne pepper as an ingredient in hundreds of different hot sauces, but pure cayenne pepper sauce usually uses vinegar as a base and is a very popular sauce in some cultures. The juice from cayenne peppers is sometimes used as a base ingredient in sandwich spreads, as well as in buffalo wing sauce.

Benefits: Capsaicin found in cayenne pepper is where a great deal of the health benefits come from and it also provides the distinct taste. The intense antioxidant activity of capsaicin and its effects on various metabolic functions means that it can reduce the severity of migraine headaches, increase your oral health by stimulating the production of saliva, protect against bacterial and fungal attacks, and can even help to detoxify the body.

Although certain cultures claim it can be used as a low-concentration skin cream to relieve pain, there is no viable scientific evidence to back up this claim; in fact, cayenne pepper is known to cause irritation when exposed to the skin.

It helps to reduce pain associated with psoriasis, shingles, fibromyalgia,arthritis and osteoarthritis. Apart from that it relieves symptoms of perennial rhinitis (runny nose) and prurigo nodularis. It has recently gained popularity in the wave of new body cleanse regimens; because not only does it increase sweating, which eliminates toxins, it also stimulates our lymphatic and digestive systems. A daily cup of mild cayenne tea is a wonderful way to take advantage of these potential health-boosting benefits. Caution: Cayenne pepper can cause severe and sudden allergic reactions. People with even mild allergies are likely to experience swelling of the lips or tongue. The capsaicin and various other alkaloid compounds can irritate the mucus membranes to cause a reaction, even in those people without specific cayenne allergies. Most reactions will occur in the respiratory tract, nasal passages, and digestive tract. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, itchy red welts, hives, runny nose, wheezing, or a hoarse voice, but it is not normally considered a life-threatening reaction. Other Info: For storingfresh cayenne peppers, put them in olive oil, as it infuses some of the health benefits into your olive oil, while keeping the peppers fresh. You can also dry the peppers. And once they are completely dried out, you can grind them up into cayenne pepper spice, or infuse them into vinegar to create a nice cayenne pepper sauce. If you plan to use them fresh, keep them refrigerated and use them within a few weeks of picking or purchasing.

5

Celery Celery is a plant, commonly used as a vegetable, which grows to approximately 1 meter tall and can be found throughout North America and Europe. However, the variety most people are familiar with is called Pascal celery, which has a broad base and stalk that makes for a crunchy snack. The stalks are commonly the only parts that are eaten in North America, but European varieties of celery have a smaller stalk and are rarely used, while the leaves provide delicious seasoning as a garnish or herb. You can commonly find celery being used in French, Mediterranean, American, and Asian cuisines, possibly due to its mild taste and nutritive value. Uses: Celery is used as a vegetable for raw snacking, and is frequently included in soups and salads to add flavor. Celery leaves are strong in flavor and are commonly found in a dried herb form. Celery seeds actually provide a very valuable volatile oil that is widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Celery salt is a popular herb/spice that is made from either the roots or the dry leaves and is popular in certain American cuisines. Celery is also included in various pills that are prescribed to lower blood pressure.

Benefits: Celery provides high levels of dietary fiber, while only adding a minimal amount of calories to your daily intake. This is why celery is often included in weight loss regimens, because it fills you up without adding to weight issues. Furthermore, celery can boost the health of the digestive tract and lower inflammation that can cause gastric ulcers. New research is looking into the benefits of celery’s antioxidant compounds in terms of liver health, particularly in its effectiveness against acrylamides (by-products of fried foods) that can damage various organ systems. Caution: Unfortunately, celery is one of the foods around the world that can cause severe allergic reactions, similar to peanuts. The allergy is prevalent in Central Europe and the United States. Celery seeds contain the highest content of the allergen. It is not destroyed by cooking celery, and in serious cases, can cause anaphylactic shock. Consult a medical professional before you start using celery. Other Info: You should always choose celery that looks firm and crispy and snaps easily when you bend it. The stalks should be tightly closed together, not spread out. If the center stalks are black or brown, choose a different piece of celery. Furthermore, the inner stalks should be tender and small, not thick or bulbous. Those larger “seed stems” signify that the celery will be bitter or overly acidic. Store celery in a plastic bag in your refrigerator after squeezing out the excess air. You can store celery up to a week if you want to maintain the majority of the antioxidant content, but after that, the nutritive value of celery decreases significantly. You should not freeze celery, as it will wilt.

6

Chamomile Chamomile is one of those interesting plants that have developed through time almost exclusively as a medicinal herb. Chamomile is the name given to a number of flowering plants from the larger biological family Asteraceae. It looks a bit like a daisy, with an outer ring of white petals and a yellow center on a long, herbaceous stalk. The name chamomile is derived from a mixture of English and French, and Europe is where this powerfully beneficial plant originated, although now it is available all over the world. Uses: The most popular use of this plant, as the name may connote to most readers, is chamomile tea. The extracts from this plant, or the leaves directly, can be used to create various herbal infusions and teas that can soothe a number of ailments. It is also common to see chamomile as an ingredient in various topical salves and creams, making chamomile particularly versatile in the health realm. It is somewhat uncommon to find extracts from chamomile, as the herbal infusions of the leaves and flowers are typically powerful enough to work as effective remedies.

Benefits: Chamomile tea is used to boost the immune system. There are also strong anti-inflammatory properties associated with chamomile tea infusions, which makes it a popular choice for people suffering from upset stomachs, respiratory conditions, pain, and various muscle and joint inflammation. Itis useful in treating gingivitis, digestive disorders, diarrhea in children and eczema. Furthermore, the quercetin and other antioxidant phytochemicals in chamomile tea function to prevent chronic disease, including cancer and heart disease. Chamomile also helps to ease anxiety and induce healthy, restful sleep, which is essential for a healthy, happy life. Caution: Due to close relationship between chamomile and the ragweed family, those patients who are allergic to ragweed may experience mild allergic reactions. They can range from upset stomachs to headaches, nausea, and mild dizziness. Speak to your doctor about your current plant allergies before adding chamomile to your tea regimen or herbal supplementation practices. However, the vast majority of people who use chamomile do not experience any negative side effects, only the benefits! Other Info: Although chamomile is rarely found in fresh form, certain markets will have it available, and the plant can also be cultivated carefully in a home garden. You can either pick the flower heads from the plant or store them in a pan in the refrigerator, or you can hang the full flowers upside down after harvesting and then remove the flower heads once the plants are sufficiently dry. Those yellow flower heads, which are where the majority of the nutrients can be found, will last for up to a year if stored in a cool, dry place in a sealed container.

7

Chives We might not think of chives and onions in the same way, given the huge difference in size and appearance, but chives, scientifically known as Allium schoenoprasum, are the smallest members of the chive genus. Chives are commonly consumed in western cultures, but they are actually native to Asia as well, and have been used for thousands of years. As a culinary element the unopened buds and the long, thin scapes are of value to chefs and traditional medicine distributors alike. They are bulb-forming herbaceous perennial plants and have various uses and benefits. However, in the past, ancient Romans believed that chives were not only health-boosting dietary elements, but could also ward off dangerous spirits and bad luck. Uses: Chives are widely used across the world and have uses in cooking, medicine, insect management, and plant cultivation. The flavor of chives is somewhat milder than its larger onion cousins, so it can go into many different dishes without being overpowering. Throughout Europe and the Americas, it is a common topping for soups, salads, fish dishes, pancakes, sandwiches, and as a garnish in any dish imaginable. The smell of chives actually repels insects, which makes them a favorite in gardens to keep pests away.

Benefits: Chives are able to stimulate circulation, act as a diuretic, and protect wounds from infection. The immune-boosting qualities of onions and garlic are also found in chives, due to the presence of allicin. Allicin is able to reduce the levels of dangerous cholesterol in your body, thereby protecting your heart against various cardiovascular threats by lowering your blood pressure and reducing the occurrence of blood clots. Chives work as a flush for your digestive system, helping to clear out your digestive tract of excess bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Also, the juice of the plant helps to prevent various fungal and bacterial infections as well. Caution: Due to lower concentration of allergens, the allergic reactions caused by chives are usually milder. However, for some people who are allergic to chives, the allergic reactions tend to be more severe, and include swelling of the tongue and throat. Always speak to a medical professional before changing a dietary element, especially in large quantities that could potentially be dangerous. Other Info: In terms of choosing chives, be sure to pick uniformly colored, non-wilted leaves, as well as firm, crisp scapes. Chives can be stored for long periods of time in a freezer without losing many of their nutritional qualities. You can also freeze-dry your chives and then store them in an airtight jar away from direct sunlight. Outside of the freezer, you can keep dried chives in a cool, dry place for up to six months, but that timeline is significantly extended if you keep them in the freezer.

8

Cinnamon Some of the trees of the Cinnamomum genus provide a peculiar and delicious spice that is beloved the world over - cinnamon! There are about a dozen species in the genus, and only a few produce the spice, which is throughout the world. Historically, this powerful spice has been around for thousands of years, dating back to at least 2000 BC in Egyptian and Chinese antiquity. In terms of production, the trees are mainly grown in Southeast Asia, as well as India, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Cinnamon essential oil has many medicinal benefits, unique aroma and flavor, and the oil is highly sought after. Uses: Cinnamon is primarily used in culinary applications due to its powerful and intoxicating aroma and flavor. Cinnamon-flavored food is prevalent in many country’s traditional foods, including chocolate, doughnuts, apple pie, desserts, candies, coffee, and liqueurs. Depending on the country, cinnamon can either be used in sweet or savory dishes and it can even be used in the pickling process! And it has been a part of traditional medicine for thousands of years Benefits: Cinnamon is rich in coumarin, which is beneficial for human health. Coumarin can help manage blood sugar levels,

making it important for people with diabetes to control their insulin fluctuations. Cinnamon is very good for gastrointestinal issues, and has been used since time immemorial for upset stomachs, irritable bowel syndrome, various gastrointestinal cancers, and the flu. It has antibacterial and anti-parasitic qualities that can help to boost the immune system. The organic and active ingredients in cinnamon aid in stimulating cognitive activity, protect against the effects of free radicals, and even improve heart health by stimulating a healthy balance of triglycerides in the body. Caution: Avoid excess intake of cinnamon, as coumarin toxicity can be very detrimental to the kidneys and liver. Most health professionals suggest that if you have pre-existing liver conditions, then you should seriously limit your cinnamon intake due to its coumarin content, or eliminate it from your diet entirely. Other Info: Cinnamon is easily available in stick or powder form. But if you buy it in full sticks, it will retain the flavor and aroma for a longer period, as well as the effects of its organic compounds. The aroma should be sweet when the cinnamon is fresh, and should be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dark place. If you want to keep the cinnamon sticks or powder fresh and effective for longer, place it in the refrigerator. Grinding the sticks into your own powder can be done with a mortar and pestle or in a cinnamon grinder.

9

Clove Cloves are very important spice for cultures throughout the world and have an extremely distinct smell and taste. They are native to the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, and they are harvested in many nearby Asian and Pacific countries. They are actually the unopened flower buds of evergreen clove trees. The scientific name of this versatile and unmistakably scented spice is Syzygium aromaticum, and while clove essential oil is another popular use of this spicy bud, cloves used in culinary applications are far more popular and internationally known. Uses: Cloves have many uses depending on the level of flavor that you are looking for in your particular dish. Full cloves can be added to soups or broths to infuse the entire mixture with the flavor, while grinding cloves into a powder is common in stuffing, many different curries, or even in certain vegetable dishes to add some exotic, zesty flavors. Ground cloves can be mixed with cinnamon in apple cider for a delicious, warming touch to that beverage as well. As mentioned above, clove oil is also used in various aromatic techniques to impart certain health benefits as well. The excellent nutritional profile and antioxidant capacity of cloves make itnot only a versatile and delicious spice, but also a healthy one! Cloves are also used in certain types of cigarettes, in fragrances, and even as a bug repellant in certain countries.

Benefits: When it comes to health benefits, cloves are praised for both traditional and modern solutions to health concerns. Eugenol is the main component of the volatile oils in cloves, which is a very important anti-inflammatory substance that can help improve your heart health and also reduce pain by blocking receptors. Clove based cream that also contain other herbs such as Angelica root is effective in improving premature ejaculation. In some ways, cloves are similar to fish oils due to the high levels of beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, not to mention its positive impact on oral health and its frequent use as a topical headache reducer when spread on the temples in a paste. In traditional medicine, cloves were used to detoxify the body, cleanse the kidneys, and improve the functionality of hypotonic muscles by stimulating blood flow and acting as a warming agent for “cold” muscles. Cloves have a high concentration of manganese, which helps in improving your bone strength and enzymatic activity. Caution: Despite the many health benefits of cloves as a spice, culinary ingredient, paste, or beverage enhancer, clove cigarettes are NOT a healthy alternative to normal cigarettes. Clove oil contains eugenol, which may slow blood clotting and may cause bleeding in people with bleeding disorders. People who plan to undergo a surgery should not use it as it may cause bleeding. Other Info: Buying whole cloves makes it easier to store and keeps the flavor and health benefits intact for longer periods of time. You should store all your cloves, whether whole or in ground form, in a tightly sealed contained away from heat or excess light. Whole cloves should remain fresh and flavorful for about a year, while ground clove powder will only remain at peak flavor levels for roughly six months.

10

Coriander Coriander is an annual herb that is also known by a number of names, including cilantro, Chinese parsley, and dhania. It grows primarily in a range stretching from southwestern Asia to North Africa and Europe. The herb has been cultivated and used for thousands of years, with evidence that Egyptians and the Greeks used it extensively. However, the history might stretch back as far as the Bronze Age. It is now used across the world and is praised for its uses in alternative medicine and as a nutritional herb in a person’s diet. Uses: When used in cooking, which is its primary application; the entire plant can be utilized, including the leaves, the fruit, and the roots. It has volatile leaf oil and a potent smell that translates well as a flavor in various dishes. Cultures around the world, including the majority of Asian, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, Scandinavian, American, and Mediterranean countries use coriander leaves and seeds in salads, chutneys, sauces, salsas, and curries. The seeds are even used in the brewing of beer and can be ground into a powder as a spice or mixed into condiments for a unique flavor. The roots, though less commonly used, are en-

joyed in Thai cuisine, particularly as an ingredient in soups. Benefits: Coriander helps in curing skin disorders such as eczema, stomach disorders and beneficial for diabetics. It acts as an antioxidant, which means that it neutralizes free radicals throughout the body, thereby helping to lower the chances of certain cancers, premature aging, and various cognitive disorders. Coriander aids in lowering blood pressure and bad cholesterol levels. It is also effective in reducing stress and strain on eye and helps to prevent conjunctivitis. Furthermore, coriander was traditionally used to reduce anxiety and as a sleep aid. The leaves are commonly considered more powerful in terms of its antioxidant effects, although the seeds are also somewhat beneficial. Caution: It is widely considered non-allergenic, although there have occasionally been cases of sensitivity on the skin associated with excessive coriander consumption. In fact, more specifically, rare cases have complained of increased sensitivity to sunlight and subsequent susceptibility to sunburn and associated skin conditions. Other Info: Fresh coriander should be deep green in color and the edges of the leaves should not be turning brown or black. The leaves are highly perishable, so keep them in the refrigerator and make sure they remain damp. Whole coriander with the roots attached will last a week, while the separated leaves will last 3-4 days. Coriander seeds should be purchased whole, rather than in powdered form, because they maintain their flavor in whole form. Also, the seeds can be easily ground into powder with a mortar and pestle. Powdered coriander will be good for 4-6 months, while the seeds will retain their value for almost a year.

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Cranberry Cranberries are considered fruits, but they are slightly unusual with their creeping vines and growing environment, primarily acidic bogs in the northern hemisphere. All parts of this plant, which has the scientific name of Vaccinium microcarpum, have certain beneficial qualities, but the actual fruit of the cranberry shrub is the most frequently used and consumed. The flowers are a dark pink, the leaves are evergreen, and the fruit itself is small and red when fully ripe. Cranberries are often marketed and thought of as “superfruits” because of their impressive nutrient profile and unique organic composition. Cranberries are tart and tangy, but the acidity from its growing conditions can often overwhelm the underlying sweetness. Uses: The uses of cranberries primarily center around culinary applications, but due to the delicate flavor and treatment that cranberries require, they are often dried, made into sauces and compotes, or used in baking. Cranberry juice and fruit is used in certain alcoholic drinks. Fresh cranberries tend to be hard and bitter, so they are rarely eaten raw, but dried cranberries are a popular healthy snack and energy booster. The powerful effects of the phytochemicals, tannins, anthocyanin, and flavonols packed into cranberries can have a wide range of health benefits

and should be added to your diet whenever possible for overall health protection. Benefits: The proanthocyanidins found in cranberries have been directly linked to eliminating urinary tract infections. Theyalso help to prevent bacteria from attaching to the walls of the digestive tract, thereby improving the overall digestive process and preventing formation of stomach ulcers.Eating raw cranberry is good for heart health due to the natural anti-inflammatory nature of the organic compounds. Cranberries also help to prevent periodontal disease, reduce kidney stones, and boost the efficacy of the immune system.Furthermore, research has recently supported the anti-cancerous effects of the compounds found in these tiny tart fruits. Caution: Oddly enough, although cranberries are able to prevent the formation of certain types of kidney stones, the small amount of oxalates found in cranberries can actually increase the chances of developing other types of kidney stones (calcium oxalate stones). Furthermore, cranberries can affect blood clotting by disrupting the functional pathway of warfarin, a common anticoagulant. Therefore, be sure to speak to your doctor before adding cranberries to your diet in a major way, as it can complicate certain conditions or treatments that may be in place. Other Info: When choosing fresh cranberries, it is important to choose firm, red, plump fruits, as they will pack the most effective healthy punch. The deeper the red coloring, the more anthocyanins are present, which are arguably the most important nutrient found in these unique superfruits. You can store fresh cranberries for a few weeks in the refrigerator, or they can be frozen for an indefinite amount of time. However, after defrosting, cranberries should be used quickly, as they will go bad faster than refrigerated fruits. Dried cranberries can be stored in a cool, dry place and will not lose their nutritional benefits over time.

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Cumin Cumin is a unique plant that is native to the Mediterranean region, Egypt, and parts of the Middle East. This flowering plant is valued mainly for its seeds, which are used in various cuisines across the world. In certain areas of the world, cumin seeds were discovered more than 4,000 years ago. This popular plant is now cultivated in countries all across the world, including China, Turkey, India, and Mexico, among others. Ideal conditions for growth are cool and dry climates, but it is a very sturdy plant and can survive in a variety of places. The ancient Greeks, as well as the Egyptians, used cumin in much the same way that pepper is used today. In fact, certain countries, like Morocco, still value cumin over pepper as an everyday spice. Uses: The powerful and distinct aroma and taste of cumin makes it an ideal spice, which is why it is so highly valued in cuisines ranging from Brazilian steaks and French breads to Tex-Mex style dishes and American soups. The seeds can either be ground into a spice or the entire seed can be included in dishes. Most recipes and cuisines suggest lightly roasting the whole cumin seeds before adding them to a dish, as that will help to release the flavor.

In terms of medicinal uses, cumin is used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for various conditions and is commonly boiled in water to create jira water, which is used as a tonic for a wide variety of conditions and diseases. Benefits: Some of the lesser-known benefits of cumin include its ability to boost energy levels. The high content of iron found in cumin seeds means that people who regularly add cumin to their diet can reduce their chances of developing anemia, which causes fatigue, cognitive malfunctions, gastrointestinal issues, and a distinct lack of energy. Iron is a key component in red blood cells, so cumin helps to boost circulation in the cardiovascular system, stimulating organ function, boosting metabolism, and speeding up the healing process. It also helps to prevent colon cancer. Caution: Cumin is not normally considered an allergenic food, but as with any new dietary addition, monitor your intake and your body’s reactions closely. Cumin does have the ability to lower blood sugar, which is good for people who want to avoid diabetes, but it can be dangerous for people who are recovering from surgery or serious illness. You should stop eating cumin 2 weeks before any major surgery. Other Info: When buying cumin, it is best to buy the whole seeds, as they will retain their flavor and nutrients better than the ground form. You can easily grind cumin seeds with a mortar and pestle into its ground spice form. Cumin should be stored in a cool, dark, and dry place in a tightly sealed container. Whole cumin seeds will retain their freshness and flavor for approximately 1 year, while ground cumin will only stay at top quality for about 6 months.

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Curry Leaf As you might expect, curry leaves are the leaves of the curry tree, which has its origins in India and Sri Lanka, although it has since spread from there. The availability of curry leaves, with their strong, powerful flavor, might be part of the reason for the popularity of “curries” in Indian culinary culture. The scientific name of the curry tree, and subsequently the leaves, is Murraya koenigii. Curry leaves are usually used in their full form, often added early in the cooking process of curries and other Southern and West coast Indian dishes. While the leaves can be dried, they tend to lose their flavor quite quickly. In some parts of India, curry leaves may also be referred to as “sweet neem leaves”, as opposed to regular neem leaves, which are also a common ingredient in Indian cooking, although they are bitter than curry leaves. Some people believe that curry leaves and curry powder are the same, but this is not true. Uses: As mentioned above, curry leaves are perhaps best known for the role they play in adding an aromatic and distinctive flavor to curries, but over the years, curry leaves have expanded their culinary role, as well as their medicinal importance in various cultures and traditional forms of medicine. In terms of food, curry leaves are often crushed up and added as an ingredient in certain soup broths, or even as an infusion for certain cooking oils to lend their flavor. They pair particularly well with meat, vegetables, and legumes, as their flavor is absorbed quite well by those ingredients. Medicinally, curry leaves can be ground

into a paste with milk for a soothing, topical application on the skin, or mixed with lemon juice or honey as a drink to soothe digestive issues, among other healthy functions. Benefits: Curry leaves help in treating gastrointestinal issues and improving hair growth. In terms of curry leaves’ anti-inflammatory ability, it has been shown that curry leaf extract is actually able to reduce the size and growth rate of tumors in body, and helps to slow the spread of cancer. Furthermore, the reduction in oxidative stress that has been demonstrated by curry leaves, particularly in the pancreas, will help to improve the quality of life for patients with diabetes. It may lead to further antioxidant benefits throughout the body, including the reduction of chronic diseases and cognitive conditions like Alzheimer’s disease.The lutein found in curry leaves is also vital for protecting the eyes, while their high calcium content is integral for protecting against osteoporosis. Caution: Although they are both nutritious and delicious, allergies to curry leaves are not completely uncommon. Like other common Asian spices, such as mustard seeds, people may experience itchy skin, slight tingling in their lips and gums, and some stomach reactions as well. Since, there are not many commonly allergenic compounds found in curry leaves, the allergic reactions are mild. The majority of the population should be fine! Other Info: Fresh curry leaves are ideal, and even keeping them in a refrigerator for a few days causes discoloration and a bad odor. However, if you want to freeze fresh curry leaves, wipe them down and put them in an airtight freezer bag. They should be good for up to two months, but when you do eventually remove them from the freezer, you should cook them immediately. In other words, do a quick freezer-to-pan transfer for best results! You can also dry toast fresh curry leaves and then place them in an airtight box; they should be good for up to six months.

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Cypress Cypress is the broad name for a family of trees scientifically known as Cupressaceae, which are impressively hardy, attractive, and worshipped in many cultures around the world. Some of the members of the family are shrubs, but the essential oil that is extracted from all of the family members tends to be very similar in its chemical composition. Mediterranean Cypress is the most recognizable member of the cypress family, and is also where the majority of cypress essential oil comes from. The essential oil is actually derived from the bark of the tree. Also the tree’s ability to resist forest fires makes it a fascinating subject for study in some parts of the world. Uses: In terms of uses, cypress trees are only known for a few applications. Incense is often made from cypress trees, as the smell is quite pleasant - sharp and woody. This incense is very important in many religious rituals, particularly in Tibet, where cypress trees are common and highly revered. The essential oil is very popular in aromatherapy. It contains alpha-pinene, myrcene, and limonene, all of which are powerful antioxidant compounds. Due to its appealing aroma, cypress oil is commonly mixed with bergamot, lavender, rosemary, and citrus in aromatherapy treatments. Benefits: The benefits of cypress essential oil are well documented, but it is perhaps most well known for being an anti-in-

flammatory agent. It is useful in treating hemorrhoids and varicose veins.It helps to tone up respiratory system and ensures optimal health of liver. Topical application of the essential oil (usually within carrier oil) is very effective in reducing localized pain as an analgesic. For painful swelling or edema, cypress oil can be spread on the affected area.It acts as a diuretic, and helps to relieve water retention in body. The lymphatic system is crucial for the delivery of nutrients and the elimination of toxins; cypress oil has been directly linked to stimulating blood circulation and increasing the activity of the lymphatic system to keep our bodies toxin-free. Finally, cypress oil functions as a treatment for acne and dermatitis. Caution: In the small concentrations used for aromatherapy, there have been no reports of toxicity or allergic reactions, but in topical applications, the potent nature of cypress oil may cause some irritation. Avoid use during pregnancy. It is best to consult your doctor before using cypress oil, as some early reports suggest that there may be dangerous complications when mixed with certain medications. Other Info: Cypress oil is easily available in most herbal supplement stores and organic markets, but it is important that you get pure, unadulterated oil. Many varieties mix cypress oil with other woody oils, which dilutes the potency. Therapeutic-grade cypress essential oil is what you should look for on the label. You can store cypress oil in a dark, dry, cool place to ensure that the oil’s potency is not reduced over time.

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Dandelion The plant family Asteracea may have many members, but most people will only know them as dandelions. With their bright yellow heads in the spring and summer, and their fuzzy seed heads after the flowering season is over, dandelions remain one of the most easily identifiable plants in the world. Scientifically known as Taraxacum officinale, they are found worldwide and are one of those plant species, which can reproduce asexually, which practically guarantees the perpetuation of the species. They are native to North and South America, as well as parts of Eurasia, and despite being beneficial for health and a rather lovely aesthetic plant, the two most common species are widely regarded as weeds! Uses: Almost every part of dandelion is useful and is used by those who look past its identity as a “weed”. The dandelion greens are commonly used as a food item; they can be sautéed and spiced in a similar way to spinach. Furthermore, the dandelion petals can be used to make dandelion wine, and the roots can be ground into dandelion-flavored coffee. The leaves, stems, and even petals of dandelions contain a rich variety of vitamins and minerals. When used in gardens, dandelions attract pollinating insects, draw nutrients to the surface, and act as a good companion plant to many garden standards. Benefits: Although many of these applications are considered

“traditional medicine”, they have been supported by more recent research. Its variety of minerals makes it an ideal metabolism-balancer and a nutrient booster that can improve your digestive processes and increase your energy levels. Certain active ingredients in dandelions also act as a diuretic, which help to flush the toxins, excess salt, water, and foreign agents from body. This is partially related to its beneficial impact on the liver and bile levels. Dandelion greens have also been shown to be anti-inflammatory, as the extracts from dandelions can suppress prostaglandins, interleukins, and cytokines, all of which increase inflammation throughout the body. It helps to improve bone health and helps to prevent skin diseases caused by microbial and fungal infections. Dandelion leaf extracts have even been shown to reduce tumor size and spread of cancerous cells in breast cancer. Caution: The pollen of dandelion plants can be allergenic to certain people, and topical contact with the leaves or flowers can also cause an allergic reaction for those sensitive to the genus. Dandelions are a natural form of latex as well, to which many people are allergic.So if you have a latex allergy, it would be best to avoid handling the roots or stems of the plant. Other Info: Whether you are purchasing dandelion greens or picking them yourself, you should always choose crisp, flat leaves that are of a uniform color. There will always be some bitterness in dandelion greens, which is why many people suggest blanching the leaves and then storing them. Storing in the refrigerator is a great way to keep the leaves fresh. After no more than two weeks, however, the nutrients will begin to dissipate and the efficacy of the dandelion leaves, roots, and flower petals will diminish.

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Dill Dill is a popular annual herb that you can find in many herb gardens throughout the world, including Europe, the Americas, the Mediterranean, Asia, and the Middle East. The long, hollow stemmed herbs are members of the celery family, which has the scientific name of Apiaceae. The leaves and the seeds are considered the useful elements of this plant, usually distinguished by being called “dill weed” and “dill seed”. The seeds possess a tangier taste, while the leaves are softer and sweeter, which means that these two pieces of the same herbaceous plant do have some different culinary uses. Native to Russia and Western Africa, you can usually get fresh dill in the summer and autumn, but dried fill is available all year round! Uses: Dill seeds are similar in flavor to caraway and are typically ground into a powdered spice, while dill weed is often included in salads, fish dishes, or in various sauces, soups, dressings, and pickling mixture. Perhaps the most notable use of dill is actually in the pickling process of cucumbers, along with brine or vinegar; hence, the name “dill pickles”. Some Asian cultures have traditionally used dill seeds in their tea, while others have ground the leaves and seeds into a paste to topically apply it to the skin. Some cultures actually spread dill essential oil on their body to increase muscle tone. Benefits: Dill is beneficial in treating gallbladder problems,

urinary tract disorders, digestion problems, flatulence and liver disorders. It strengthens immune system and gives relief from pain associated with gout and arthritis. Dill contains monoterpenes that helps to prevent various types of cancers. Flavonoids found in dill can help to keep your skin looking young and your cognition in top form. Further, dill aids in bone growth and development and helps to maintain proper menstrual cycles in women.Also, dill’s bacteriostatic qualitybenefits your body’s ability to fight off illness by directly eliminating bacteria before it can take hold and grow in your body! Caution: Neither dill weed nor dill seed is commonly considered an allergenic food. And none of them contain any oxalates or purines, which can irritate certain systems. However, as food allergies can develop for a number of reasons, if you are allergic to celery or other related plants, consider speaking to your doctor or allergist before adding dill to your diet. Very rare allergic reactions occur if people are specifically sensitive to photosensitizing compounds, of which the furocoumarins found in dill are included. Fortunately, this is a very rare and mild allergy. Other Info: As with most herbs, fresh dill is preferable and the leaves should be soft and feathery. They can be stored in the refrigerator, but should be stored in a damp paper towel and used within a few days. You can freeze dill weed as well, or put the leaves in ice cube trays with water or stock to create single serving spice infusions for soups or other meals. Dried dill weed or the powdered spice should be kept in a cool, dry place in a sealed container to lock in freshness and flavor.

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Echinacea This well-known plant from the daisy family of flowers is actually composed of nine different subspecies, two of which are endangered in the United States. These plants traditionally grow in prairies and open, wooded areas. Scientifically speaking, Echinacea is the genus name, and the most commonly seen and used species name is purpurea. The most research has been done on this particular variant and it has shown itself to be very beneficial in terms of healthy effects on the body. The plant is found extensively in Central and North America, and has historically been used by native cultures in those areas for a wide range of conditions. It is a taproot plant, which is where many of the health benefits “stem” from. Uses: Echinacea is commonly considered an herb in modern society, and is frequently taken as a health supplement in the form of a pill. There are certainly more traditional uses, including the basic consumption of the flowering plant, as well as topical application after making a salve or paste from the plant and applying it to wounds, cuts, burns, and inflamed areas of the body. Benefits: Although research is still ongoing in terms of the overall benefits of echinacea on the body, the plant was traditionally used to relieve pain, lessen the effects of snakebites, and defend

against microbial agents. The Native American tribes may not have known the scientific reasons for this plant’s efficacy, but they shared their traditional knowledge with settlers and foreigners. Echinacea is used to treat the common cold, as it can reduce respiratory irritation, eliminate coughs, and soothe headaches. Itaids in rapid wound healing and boosts immune system against infections, bacteria, and even cancerous cells. Many people suffer from psoriasis and eczema, and the topical application of echinacea can lessen the appearance and inflammation of those areas. Some of the less stable benefits that are traditionally trusted, but not necessarily backed up by research, include relief from hay fever, ear infections, gingivitis, and even canker sores. Caution: In terms of allergies, echinacea is related to ragweed, mums, daisies, and marigolds, which are common allergens in some parts of the world. Severe allergic reactions are rare, and they mainly consist of redness and itchiness at the spot of contact. However, due to echinacea’s powerful effects on the immune system, it is unwise to consume or apply echinacea if you suffer from an autoimmune disease, as it can make it worse in some cases. Also, discontinue use of echinaceaduring pregnancy or breast-feeding, as not enough is known about the transitive effects of echinacea on children. Other Info: If you are buying fresh plant, the taproot should not be exposed to excessive heat or sunlight, or it will begin to lose its potency and active ingredients for health effects. Roots are harvested in the fall, while leaves are harvested in the summer, and both should be stored in a dry, well-ventilated space. Maximum storage time for echinacea should not exceed one year. Roots must also be completely dried before storage to prevent any bacterial or fungal development that would compromise the quality of the plant.

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Eucalyptus Eucalyptus is a broad term that refers to a diverse genus of flowering trees from the Myrtaceae family, comprising over 700 different species. Although eucalyptus is primarily found in Australia, with only a handful of species found naturally in the rest of the world, it is widely cultivated in the Americas, Europe, and Asia due to its medicinal qualities, as well as its many other uses. Most eucalyptus species come in the form of a shrub or a small tree, and are primarily evergreen in their classification. Eucalyptus leaves are the most sought after and desirable parts of the tree, although the flowers and bark are also used in some cultures. Eucalyptus leaves are key food staples for various animal species, including koalas and other marsupials. Uses: After eucalyptus was introduced to Europe in the 18th century, vast range of uses was discovered for the nectar from the flowers, the sap from the bark, and the oil glands of the leaves. The rapid growth of eucalyptus also makes them useful in agriculture as windbreaks for fields and crops. Eucalyptus oil is distilled from eucalyptus leaves and is widely used as a cleaning product due to its natural disinfectant qualities. In terms of

culinary and commercial use, eucalyptus oil is used occasionally in cough drops, toothpastes, and various decongestants, and is also in the production of insect repellents. The oil is widely used in alternative and herbal medicine treatments, and can be applied topically or utilized in aromatherapy settings to relieve certain afflictions. Benefits: Eucalyptus oil, with its active ingredients of citronellol and cineol, helps in protecting against infection and disease, due to its antibacterial qualities. It can be topically applied to the skin to speed up wound healing and treat bacterial infections. It also has a soothing quality that makes it ideal for easing pain and inflammation associated with wounds and aching joints. It is a popular remedy for headaches and migraines when the oil is spread on the temples, or when it is inhaled in aromatherapy treatment. Research has even pointed to eucalyptus oil’s ability to boost the immune system by stimulating macrophages and white blood cell production. Caution: Although eucalyptus oil is occasionally used in the treatment of asthma, some people who are sensitive to the active ingredients of eucalyptus may actually experience worsening of asthma symptoms. Furthermore, the oil can cause minor skin rashes on those with sensitive skin. Eucalyptus has natural compounds that have slightly sedative effects, making users feel drowsy or lethargic. For that reason, it is important never to use eucalyptus oil before driving, especially if you consume eucalyptus oil. Oral consumption of the oil is not recommended unless specifically directed by a qualified medical professional. Other Info: If stored correctly, eucalyptus oil can maintain its potency for over two years, but that means keeping it in a dark, glass bottle away from direct sunlight or changing temperatures. Eucalyptus oil is almost always mixed with carrier oil, and any compound with more than 25% eucalyptus oil actually receives a label of “poison” in some countries, due to its extremely potent nature and the volatility of its components.

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Fennel Fennel is the sole plant in the Foeniculum genus that is native to the Mediterranean coastline, but has spread to other areas of the world, where it grows mainly on riverbanks and in coastal areas. The strongflavor of fennel makes it very popular as an herb in cuisines ranging from India and the Middle East to Spain and Italy. Certain varieties of fennel have a larger, more bulbous base, in which case the plant can also be used as a vegetable. Fennel seeds are the primary element of the plant that is cultivated as an herb, and is approximately 5-10 cm in length and has a hard, grooved shell. In some parts of the world, fennel is thought to be an invasive species, or even a weed, considering that it grows in roadside ditches and flourishes without any cultivation. Uses: As an herb, it adds the unique, unmistakable flavor of anise, due to the presence of anethole, a very powerful aromatic compound. Fennel is one of the keycomponents of Absinthe, which is a famous type of alcohol in France. Fennel leaves are typically used as a garnish or to add subtle flavor to salads and soups.Dried fennel seeds, either crushed or whole, are used in soups, sauces, marinades, sausages, and even herbal teas. The anise flavor makes it very popular in Indian and Chinese cuisines, while some other cultures chew on the seeds as a breath freshener or an after-meal digestive.

Benefits: Some of the less well-known health benefits of fennel actually come from its volatile compound mentioned above, anethole. Aside from providing fennel with its unique flavor, anethole is also a strong anti-inflammatory compound, which helps to reduce joint pain and inflammation of the muscles, thereby helping to alleviate symptoms of arthritis and muscle ache. Fennel gives relief from various digestive problems such as bloating, loss of appetite, heartburn and colic in infants. It is useful in treating bronchitis, backache, cholera, coughs and upper respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, the high content of vitamin B, particularly folate, means that heart health is boosted. Folate is necessary to neutralize homocysteine, which is a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. Folate also helps to protect against neural tube defects from developing in utero. Caution: Fortunately, fennel is not commonly considered an allergenic food, but those people who are allergic to carrots, celery, and mugwort may possibly be allergic to fennel as well. Typical allergic reactions to fennel include skin irritations and reactions, including oversensitivity to sunlight, which makes it easier to get sunburn. The powerful mixtures of organic compounds and antioxidants may be unsafe for the nervous system of breastfeeding children whose mothers consumed fennel. Also, fennel can act like estrogen in certain hormonal processes in the body; therefore, if you suffer from hormone-sensitive conditions like breast, uterine, or ovarian cancer, it could be worsened or complicated by fennel. Other Info: When selecting fennel, the bulbs should be clean, firm, and white/pale green in color. None of the buds should have flowered, as this means the plant has passed maturity. Fresh fennel can be stored in a refrigerator crisper. It should be consumed within 4 days, or the flavor will begin to dissipate, along with the nutrients. Dried fennel seeds can be stored for up to six months in an airtight container in a cool, dry location. Keeping fennel seeds in the refrigerator will help them to retain their nutritive value even longer.

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Garlic For more than 7,000 years, garlic has been on the radar of human populations. It’s pungent smell, unique taste, and apparent health benefits made it a staple of ancient cultures from Egypt to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The scientific name of garlic is Allium sativum and it is closely related to leeks, shallots, and onions. It is native to central Asia, but has spread around the world as one of the most popular and beloved culinary ingredients in countless national cuisines. It grows in tightly packed bulbs, which are divided into different cloves. There are dozens of different variations, and hundreds of different cultivars around the world, but all of them share a potent taste. Much like onions, some garlic cultivars cause people to cry or tear up when cutting or handling them, due to the specific compounds released by this delicious plant. Uses: Garlic and garlic powder both have many applications in the kitchen. Garlic powder has a slightly different taste from garlic, but is often used as a replacement when fresh garlic is unavailable. Garlic powder is ground up, dehydrated garlic, which is why it loses some of its flavor. You can find fresh garlic in everything from sandwiches, vegetable dishes, and soups to meat marinades, pasta, and various sauces, but garlic powder is popularly used on pizza, grilled chicken, steak, and pasta. It can be a beneficial boost in flavor for various rubs, or as a lightly sprinkled topping for an extra kick of spice.Medicinally, garlic and garlic powder have both been used for thousands of years in topical salves and creams, drinks, and in normal food preparation.

Benefits: Garlic is effective in preventing atherosclerosis, heart diseases and lowering blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. It is rich in antifungal properties and aids in curing ringworm and jock itch. Research suggests that garlic may reduce risk of carious cancers such as stomach cancer or colon cancer. Garlic helps to prevent anemia (iron deficiency), as well as the range of health concerns that go with it, including weakness, headaches, cognitive malfunction, bone frailty, and digestive issues. It is an effective remedy for treating athlete’s foot and intake of garlic helps to reduce number of tick bites. Furthermore, new research shows that some of the unique sulfides in garlic may provide a limit to how many fat cells are formed in our body, thereby helping with weight loss efforts and preventing obesity! Caution: The many health benefits and unique compounds found in garlic also mean that it could interact in a various ways depending on each individual. Even without a formal allergy, side effects of garlic or garlic powder consumption can include nausea, vomiting, and irritation of the throat, heartburn, increased body odor, or diarrhea. Also, garlic can be a blood thinner, so it is wise to avoid eating garlic before surgery or if you have a bleeding condition. However, the vast majority of people don’t experience side effects of garlic - besides a bit of garlic breath, of course! Other Info: If you want as much flavor and the maximum amount of health benefits, then purchasing fresh, full garlic cloves is the way to go. Always pick garlic that is firm with unbroken skin. If the garlic is sprouting or seems damp, it isn’t fresh and will not give you the taste or the healthy boost you want. You don’t need to refrigerate garlic, nor does it have to be in an airtight container, but keep it out of direct sunlight and intense heat. Keep the bulbs in one piece until you’re ready to use the clove, or else the shelf life will drop from a month to only a few days.

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Geranium Geranium is actually a very broad term that comprises of more than 200 species of perennial plants. The scientific name is Pelargonium cucullatum, and these attractive flowering plants can be found throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. The flowers range in color from white to blue and purple, and are quite distinctive in shape. These flowers plants are very hardy plants and are able to grow in practically any type of soil, provided there isn’t an excess of water, but they do not do well in frost or extreme cold. What many people call geraniums are not, in fact, geraniums. Geranium is a different genus of flowers that were once a part of the Pelargonium genus before the modern classification system was updated. Uses: You regularly see geraniums in flower boxes as decorative plants, and their aroma is pleasant and subtle. Many geraniums are specifically grown and cultivated for their unique scents, and are then distilled for use in perfumes. The leaves and flowers are edible, and their flavor makes them perfect for use in desserts and various confection goods. The vast range of cultivars of geraniums mean that many different subtle flavors and aromas have been developed over the years, making it one of the most commonly used flowers in culinary applications.As a natural antiseptic, geranium oil is occasionally included in mouthwashes and toothpastes, and can

also be applied to wounds or blemishes to protect them from infection. Geranium oil is also known to have extensive health benefits when used in aromatherapy. Benefits: In aromatherapy, geranium oil is known to reduce stress and function as an anti-depressant. It tends to boost mood and relieve anxiety when inhaled or added to a relaxing bath. When topically applied to the skin, geranium oil can speed wound healing, especially of small cuts and blemishes. Geranium oil is beneficial in treating acne and is rich in diuretic properties. With its haemostatic capacity, geranium oil, when inhaled, can help to reduce menstrual bleeding. Caution: There have been some reports of allergic reactions when geranium oil is applied directly to the skin, but the reactions are typically mild and result in a small rash that fades quickly. However, internal use is not suggested, except when under the supervision of a medical professional. The potent organic compounds found in geranium essential oil can be toxic when consumed in anything more than a small amount. The oil should also be diluted when applied directly to the skin, which should prevent any negative reactions. Other Info: Many people want to save their geraniums from one year to the next, but t he best thing to do is to simply allow the plants to go dormant in the pots, which you can store indoors. No additional treatment is actually necessary. In terms of harvesting and use, geranium flowers should be distilled quickly after harvest so the oil is as potent as possible. The oil should remain effective and potent if stored in an airtight container.

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Ginger Ginger is an ancient root plant that has been used to flavor food, treat illness, and even act as a delicacy for thousands of years. Although indigenous to China, it spread throughout the world more than 2,000 years ago and has been consistently used ever since. Ginger root, which has the scientific name of Zingiber officinale, has a very unique flavor and aroma. It is an important part of cultural dishes across the world, perhaps most notably as a key ingredient in the preparation and consumption of sushi. Uses: Traditionally, ginger has been consumed fresh or pickled in vinegar for its hot, spicy taste that can clear your sinuses in a flash. Older, dried ginger has extremely potent juice, up to six times stronger than fresh ginger. Dried or powdered ginger is used as a spice in cakes, ginger ales, crackers, and various types of sweets. Ginger juice is used in cultural recipes in sushi, ginger beer, and dozens of other delicacies in countries like Japan, Vietnam, Korea, and China in. In terms of its medicinal application, ginger is taken in small doses to settle the stomach, but ginger tea is perhaps the most common medicinal use. Grinding ginger into a paste or a panacea is also one of the more popular traditional uses. Benefits: Although the classic uses of ginger include nausea, cramping, and anti-inflammatory effects, ginger also has a

strong impact on the immune system. Not only does it induce sweating, which helps to quickly eliminate toxins from the body, but it also has a warming effect on the body, kicking the metabolism into high gear and helping to flush out toxins from the kidneys as well. It is helpful in reducing symptoms of menstrual pain in women and pain associated with osteoarthritis. Furthermore, ginger has been used as a salve for migraines and headaches for centuries, while its almost immediate sinus clearing powers can help to eliminate the common cold, or at least reduce mucus build-up, which traps bacteria and other foreign bodies that you don’t want taking up residence in your respiratory tract. Caution: Avoid use if suffering from gallstones. Intake in small to moderate quantities may not have negative reactions, although the unique combination of gingerols and other organic compounds in ginger can affect certain medications. In terms of allergies, certain people do show signs of a rash when they eat ginger, while others experience stomach discomfort, excess gas, belching, or nausea, particularly in the potent powdered form. There are some claims of complications with blood pressure and blood clotting and these are not scientifically validated at this point. Other Info: Fresh ginger root is always preferable, because despite having a less potent taste, it does have higher levels of gingerol and other anti-inflammatory compounds that provide so many health benefits. Avoid discolored ginger and make sure that the root is firm. Fresh ginger lasts in the refrigerator for up to three weeks, but you can freeze it and keep it fresh for up to six months. Powdered or dried ginger can be kept for up to a year, but it should be kept in a tightly sealed container away from excessive light.

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Ginkgo Ginkgo also known as maidenhair tree is a tree, similar to fossils, dating back to 270 million years. The formal scientific name of ginkgo is Ginkgo biloba, and various parts of the tree have been used in traditional medicine and culinary use, mainly in China. In modern times, it has spread across the world due to some of its almost miraculous healing properties. The extract and oils of the ginkgo tree are responsible for various health benefits.Nutritional supplements are where you most commonly see ginkgo in the western world, but it still plays an important culinary, medicinal, cultural, and aesthetic role in other parts of the globe. Uses: Ginkgo nuts are often eaten as an aphrodisiac during holidays or religious celebrations, while the cooked seeds are often added to dishes as a mild flavoring agent. Due to their extreme resistance to damage and weather conditions, ginkgo can be transported and its medicinal benefits can be maintained long after it has been removed from the tree or separated from the branches. Ginkgotrees are also planted and cultivated in Japan and Korea as sacred trees in temple grounds, while the nuts and seeds those trees bear are used in incense and other more therapeutic applications. Benefits: Ginkgo has been connected to cognitive improvement, and has been widely used to combat Alzheimer’s and

dementia. For people with circulation issues or inflammation in their extremities, ginkgo has been shown to reduce pain and inflammation, increasing flexibility and mobility. In terms of vision, ginkgo has been linked to antioxidant protection against various oxidative stresses, while it also improves memory and attention spans, making it a popular supplement for students. Gingko is beneficial in treating sexual performance problems, depression and Lyme disease. It also gives relief from tardive dyskinesia and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Caution: One of the most controversial aspects of ginkgo is the intensity of its side effects for certain people. Those taking anticoagulant drugs may experience dangerous side effects, as ginkgo also provides that same function to the body, which could increase unwanted bleeding disorders. One of the organic compounds in ginkgo, amentoflavone, can have negative interactions with many different medications, and some of the other acids in the nuts and seeds are highly allergenic, resulting in moderate to severe reactions. It is very important to speak to a medical professional before adding ginkgo to your diet or to your nutritional supplement regimen. Other Info: If you are collecting ginkgo nuts for preparation, be sure to wear protective gloves, as the outside shell of ginkgo nuts contain a compound similar to urushiol, which is the toxin found in poison oak. You can then squeeze the seeds from their outer casing and wash them in water to eliminate the toxin. At that point, you can store the seeds in a cool, dry place, but you don’t necessarily need to use them quickly, as they will retain their properties for a long time. However, you want to make sure that the seeds are not discolored or rotten; the quality of the outer nut shell/pod will be a good indicator of this. You can also grow new ginkgo trees from branch grafts quite easily, and this has been the major form of international dispersal of ginkgo for generations.

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Ginseng Ginseng is aperennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family. The scientific name of the most commonly consumed and cultivated variety of ginseng is Panax ginseng, and is found in both North America and different areas of Asia, primarily in Korea, China, and Siberia. It has been a very important part of Chinese traditional medicine and has developed a similar reputation in other parts of the world. Ginseng is so well researched and respected for its medicinal abilities that it has developed into a $2 billion industry, and is cultivated mainly in Canada, the United States, China, and South Korea. Unlike many other herbs or traditional medicine elements, there is not a strong culinary usage. The gnarled root of ginseng is the source of the medicinal elements of the plant. Uses: Ginseng is occasionally used as a food item, but only in limited applications, primarily as an ingredient in energy drinks, certain types of tea, or ginseng coffee. It is found in various cosmetic and hair products, as it is believed to stimulate antioxidant effects in topical application, but research hasn’t fully corroborated these traditional beliefs. The root of the ginseng plant is the highly prized portion for medical use, although the leaves can also be used for tea and other less popular functions. The root can be bought in dried form, sliced fresh and cooked, or used to extract the essential oils.

Benefits: Ginseng is associated with many different health benefits, including its function as a remedy for diabetes or sexual dysfunction. Ginseng has long been considered an aphrodisiac, and can increase blood flow. It is also praised as a stress reliever that helps to regulate the metabolism and energy levels, which can help balance the release of hormones in the body that affect stress and anxiety. It is useful in improving symptoms of lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The antioxidants in ginseng help in delayingonset of the aging process in various ways by boosting skin health, and improving memory and cognitive functions. The antioxidants also aid in slowing the spread of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Ginseng works as a natural appetite suppressant and has gained popularity as a weight control technique. Caution: Ginseng has been associated with sleeplessness, gastrointestinal issues, and headaches. Furthermore, it is an allergenic substance, and some of the potent organic compounds can interact negatively with various medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid taking ginseng, due to its effects on hormonal balance. Also, when mixed with antidepressants, it can result in mania or psychotic episodes, so patients using those types of medications should not consume ginseng. Speak to your medical professional about any new additions to your diet or supplement regimen to ensure there won’t be any negative interactions. Other Info: In terms of storage, you can store a dried root in a paper bag and keep it in dry conditions. This can maintain the roots in perfect condition for months, and will avoid any issues of molding. However, vacuum sealing your ginseng can keep it fresh for much longer if required. There is no such thing as drying out a ginseng root too much, as they will remain viable without moisture.

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Lavender Lavender is a well-known pleasant smelling herb, which, has been in use for hundreds of years, both for its medicinal properties, ornamental nature, and unique alluring scent. Native to southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and southwest Asia, lavender is closely linked to many cultural rituals and decorations. The scientific name of lavender is Lavandula spica, and despite having more than 35 varieties, the appearance of the leaves, flowers, and stems are very similar. The color may vary from blue and violent to nearly black and purple, but the most common variety has flowers of a light purple hue that has actually been named after the flower - lavender. Uses: Lavender is a versatile flower and can be used in everything from culinary preparations like cheese, deserts, and herbal mixtures to herbal teas, sugar, and organic honey varieties. Lavender is commonly used in potpourri and in the preparation of incense. The flowers themselves can even be candied for edible cake decorations. However, the majority of commercial growth of lavender is for its valuable essential oils. The oil is sold in its pure form, but is also highly desirable as an ingredient in fragrances, shampoos, and soaps. For medicinal remedies, lavender essential oil can be carried in other oils in the form of salves and balms (topical applications). The flowers

are also popular in the brewing of lavender tea, which is a sweet, unique flavor that is often considered an “acquired taste”. Benefits: The main benefits of lavender come in the form of the flower’s natural anti-inflammatory and antiseptic qualities. The organic composition of the flower means that its extracted essential oil can have a powerful effect on the human body. The topical creams and salves are commonly used to ease joint pain, relieve headaches, reduce swelling, and even eliminate pain. Lavender oil (in its diluted form) can also be applied directly to wounds to speed healing and prevent infection. It is also effective in relieving pain after a cesarean section. Lavender oil aids in treating hair loss caused by alopecia areata, anxiety and canker sore. In an aromatherapy context, lavender oil is wonderful for inducing sleep and relieving stress. On the skin, it can greatly reduce the appearance and severity of acne and other skin disorders, like eczema and psoriasis. Lavender has also been connected to lowering blood pressure and improving heart health, in addition to functioning as an antioxidant agent to improve overall health. Caution: Children, pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid the use of lavender. Topical application may cause mild reactions in those who have unusually sensitive skin. If you are allergic to mint or other members of the Lamiaceae family, then you may experience allergic reactions to lavender. The allergic reactions may include nausea, headaches, and dizziness. As always, speak to a medical professional about adding lavender to your culinary or herbal supplementation routine. Other Info: Once the flowers are harvested, you can store dried lavender flowers away from light, heat, and humidity. It is suggested to use dried lavender flowers within six months of harvesting. The essential oil should be kept in a dark, glass container away from light and excess heat. The oil will remain potent for years if stored properly.

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Lemon Lemon is a delicious fruit that grows on a small evergreen tree that is native to Asia. The fruit is valued around the world because of its many health benefits, as well as its unique flavor. The juice, rind, and pulp can be used in a variety of culinary applications, and the sour taste of lemons is a key element in many dishes and drinks. Lemons have been staple fruits in cultures for more than 3,000 years, although its actual origins are somewhat unclear. Geneticists and academics believe it originated either in northeastern India, Burma, or China. The high citric acid content, along with other antioxidants, makes lemons a healthy addition to any diet. Uses: Lemonade is probably the most popular use of lemons, but it is also used as a cocktail ingredient/garnish. Lemon juice can be used to tenderize various meats, including many types of fish. It is even used in certain breakfast foods, like pancakes. You can use lemons for marmalade, and many people use grated lemon rind to add that unique flavor to a number of dishes. Lemon juice is also used as a cleaning product, both for the

fresh scent it leaves behind, as well as its disinfectant properties. It is also a popular medicinal treatment, particularly in aromatherapy, as it is known to boost mood and regulate certain hormones in the body. Benefits: Lemon aids in curing problems related to indigestion and constipation. It is useful in reducing fever and gives relief from various dental related problems. It is a good remedy for treating skin and hair problems too. Lemon also helps to balance the body’s pH levels, control high blood pressure and relieves respiratory, breathing problems. Furthermore, lemon juice can boost the overall health and health of the liver by dissolving excess bile and uric acid, thereby detoxifying the body. There are more than 20 anti-carcinogenic compounds found in lemon, including limonene and flavonol glycosides, which slow the division of cancer cells. In certain alternative healing techniques, lemons are also used to boost vision strength. Caution: Although an allergy to lemons is quite uncommon, those who do suffer from lemon allergies may experience skin irritation, respiratory issues, hives, and the normal spectrum of allergic reactions. Lemon juice can be used to treat certain skin conditions but when you apply it to your skin, your skin becomes more susceptible to sunburn. Be sure to allow the lemon juice to absorb fully into your skin before going out into the sun for an extended period of time. Other Info: After purchasing lemons, be sure to store them at room temperature, but remember that the longer they stay at room temperature, the more dried out they will become, thereby losing the benefits of the healthy juice. Also, you should always shop for heavy lemons, since they have thin skin, contain more juice and dry out slower.

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Lemongrass Lemongrass is one of the most versatile forms of grass in the world, and is known by dozens of different names, including citronella grass, fever grass, silky heads, and barbed wire grass. The slight citrus flavor and aroma of lemongrass is what makes it so attractive and useful as a tea base, an herb, and an ingredient in various cultural foods. Lemongrass is native to India and other parts of tropical Asia, but has spread throughout the world and is grown in temperate and tropical regions on six continents. The genus Cymbopogon actually has about 45 different species of lemongrass, but the most common is Cymbopogon citratus, which is the cultivar that most home gardens will grow. Uses: Lemongrass can be used in many different ways, including as an insect repellant, a honeybee attractor, a preserving agent to protect ancient manuscripts from decay, and an antifungal plant in home gardens.

even in a small amount of this delicious herb.

However, in terms of human consumption, lemongrass tea is quite popular in certain cultures, while aromatherapy employs lemongrass essential oil due to its anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capacity.

Benefits: One of the unique organic compounds in lemongrass is called luteolin, which acts as a strong anti-inflammatory agent in the body. Early research has shown that luteolin can help in conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and lung conditions. It has been found to reduce the size of tumors and promote apoptosis in cancerous cells.

In food preparation, fresh lemongrass can be chopped up and added to meat or fish dishes as a citrus flavor boost. It is also a popular base ingredient in curries and soups. Due to its very powerful flavor, it is unlikely that you’ll eat too much lemongrass at one time, but there are plenty of beneficial nutrients

Lemongrass is beneficial in treating fever, spasms, pain, cough and common cold. Furthermore, although only small amounts of lemongrass are typically consumed, the content of iron in lemongrass is quite significant, which can increase circulation and reduce your chances of developing anemia. Caution: Concentrated lemongrass oil should not be applied directly to the skin or consumed. The most common allergic complaints when it comes to lemongrass is in the form of contact dermatitis, in which case discontinuing use of lemongrass is probably wise. It is best to try lemongrass as an herbal tea or food ingredient before using the oil in aromatherapy, as the concentration of potential allergens is much higher in the essential oil. Other Info: When choosing lemongrass, look for long, green stalks with larger bulbs at the base. The stalks should not be too dry, as that is a sign that the lemongrass is old. You can actually place purchased lemongrass in soil to store it and it will grow new blades, or you can store it in the refrigerator for up to two weeks before it starts to lose its flavor. You can also cut the stalks into smaller pieces and dry them, before grinding them into lemongrass powder to use as a spice in your dishes!

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Magnolia Flower Magnolia flowers are ancient, beautiful flowering plants that belong to the Magnoliaceae family. The term magnolia actually refers to over 200 different species cultivars that can be found throughout the world. Magnolias are one of the oldest known varieties of flowers, with fossilized specimens dating back to nearly 100 million years. It is unclear where magnolia flowers originated, as both Southeast Asia and North/Central America appear to have hosted these species for millions of years. Different varieties bloom at different times of the year, and many of the varieties have similar white, pink, and purple blossoms with a wonderful, appealing scent. Uses: Most commonly, magnolia flowers are grown for their beauty in horticultural applications. In Japan, the flowers are used to wrap food and are occasionally used in culinary decoration. The wood of larger varieties is sometimes harvested as a high-end form of lumber. The various benefits come from extracts, decoctions, and volatile oil from the flower buds and leaves. Magnolia oil can be used topically or aromatically for treating various medical conditions. Benefits: Magnolia oil is commonly applied to the skin in order to eliminate blemishes, whiten the skin, and eliminate irritation

and redness. Magnolia is useful in treating constipation, digestion related problems, menstrual cramps, anxiety and depression. It also aids in weight loss and helps to increase cognition. In terms of respiratory issues, aromatherapy use of magnolia oil can help treat sinusitis and rhinitis, and reduce the frequency of allergy-related headaches. The extracts from magnolia flowers have also been shown to reduce the chances of developing diabetes, in addition to preventing certain types of cancer such as prostate and pancreatic cancer. Caution: Magnolia extracts are best used in the short term, as long-term use tends to increase the chances of allergic reactions. When breastfeeding or pregnant, it is suggested to avoid using magnolia extracts, due to their powerful effects on the body. As a slightly sedative agent, magnolia extracts can be dangerous when taken before surgery. Due to its ability to slow down the nervous system, anesthesia can complicate those effects and be dangerous for patients. Also, magnolia oil can slow blood clotting, which is another reason to avoid its use before and after injury or surgery. Other Info: The volatile oils in magnolia extracts and decoctions are very sensitive to light and heat, so the oil should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. The potency of the oil will be maintained provided it is kept in an airtight container. Despite the vast potential for magnolia oil as a beneficial herbal supplement, it is critical that you discuss its use with a medical professional, as it is one of the most unpredictable and powerful oils discussed in this entire book.

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Milk Thistle Milk thistle, with its scientific name of Silybum marianum, actually boasts many other names, including Marian Thistle, blessed milk thistle, and Scotch thistle, depending on where you are growing or consuming it. Although most research points to milk thistle being native to southeast England, this annual plant of the Asteraceae family can now be found throughout the world. It is most popularly found in Southern Europe and Asia, but its benefits have made it popular in the west as well. The leaves of the plant usually have distinctive white veining and the flower heads are bright purple in color. It can grow in very inhabitable conditions, even on rocky scrubland, which is why it was able to spread and grow in so many different environments around the globe. Uses: Although the flower heads and leaves are the most distinctive elements of the plant itself, its seeds are perhaps the most valuable parts. Sylimarin is the powerful organic component found in the seeds that are most notable for their health effects, but the plant’s other compounds have a number of other health effects too. There are eight major compounds, including flavonoids and flavonolignans, some of which have been shown to have positive effects on various fatal diseases.

Benefits: Milk thistle has been used to treat liver problems, menopausal symptoms, Hepatitis C and type II diabetes. Early research is already showing positive results for treating various types of cancer. It is used for treating seasonal allergies, diabetes, heartburn (dyspepsia), and gall bladder problems. Sylimarin found in seeds is associated with the boosting liver health. Furthermore, silybum, the extract from milk thistle seeds, has been shown to have certain antifungal effects, and is also being explored as a potential mental sedative for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cautions: Milk thistle seems to have a limited, but potent, range of effects, and as such, those powerful organic compounds can occasionally result in negative side effects. Common reactions include bloating, skin reactions, constipation, dizziness, and fever, and in more serious cases, can even result in heart attacks, impotence, and severe headaches. Allergic reactions may happen to those who are sensitive to Asteraceae/Compositae. Its advisable to discuss with your doctor before adding it to your herbal supplement regimen. Other Info: Milk thistle grows well in many types of soil, but prefers a damp environment. It takes about three weeks to germinate, and at the end of the growing season, cut off the flower head as the flower dries. You can harvest the seeds and store them in a brown bag in a dry, warm place. The seeds can then be separated and winnowed after the flower heads are completely dry. You can use the seeds for various applications, but be careful never to use too much, as only a small amount of the milk thistle extract is required to experience its effects.

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Mint Mint is a variety of plant that has 13-18 species, which are not easy to distinguish with the naked eye. This aromatic plant can be found across the world in Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, and Australia. The leaves range from green to purple and the plant has a distinct tangy smell that makes it a popular addition to various culinary preparations. The best environment to grow mint, which is scientifically known as Mentha, is in perpetually damp soil. They grow very quickly and are actually considered invasive species in certain ecosystems. The three most common varieties cultivated and used around the world are spearmint, peppermint, and apple mint. Uses: Mint leaves are the parts of the plant commonly used for cooking because of the fresh and sweet flavor. They are used in jellies, jams, desserts, alcohol beverages, and in mint sauce, which is popular in European cuisine as a topping for lamb dishes. The oil that can be extracted from mint is widely used in beverages, breath fresheners, toothpastes, mouthwashes, candy, chewing gum, and desserts. Mint tea is also very popular in Asian and African cultures. Medicinally, mint is included in various salves and creams, while the leaves can also be chewed for its oral benefits. Mint essential oil is one of the most frequently used oils and has been used in aromatherapy for centuries.

Benefits: There are a number of health benefits associated with mint, including some less commonly known benefits, such as its ability to relax the digestive tract, thereby preventing conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It gives relief from cough, cold, asthma and respiratory diseases. Mint is useful in relieving depression, fatigue and helps to improve oral health. It is used to treat allergies as well. Furthermore, mint has been found to be useful in treating yeast infections, scientifically known as candidiasis caused by the Candida fungus. Research is ongoing to understand the exact method behind this unusual health benefit of mint. Also, mint can be used topically to prevent or treat tension headaches by rubbing mint essential oil on temple area and neck. Caution: Mint may cause allergy and the allergic symptoms are usually a flushed appearance, a sharp headache, and mouth sores where your skin came in contact with the leaves. Also, due to the powerful nature of peppermint and spearmint, some people with mild allergic sensitivity to mint report heartburn after ingesting mint in a variety of forms. Other Info: Mint leaves can be harvested at any time, but they should be stored immediately in plastic bags in the refrigerator. You can also freeze mint leaves to use at a later time. Mint leaves should be kept in cool, dark, and dry areas in a tightly sealed container so you do not lose the aroma, nor the antioxidant compounds contained in these beneficial leaves. Mint leaves can be used immediately after harvesting and should be used quickly to prevent a loss of nutrients and benefits.

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Neem Azadirachta indica also known as Neem is a tree that grows in tropical and semi-tropical regions, primarily in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, as well as some of the southern areas of Iran. The bark and leaves are used for treating various health problems. This tree is also the source of fruits and seeds, from which the very valuable neem oil is acquired. The fruit of the neem is an olive-shape drupe, like a plum or prune, and has a bittersweet taste. Inside the fruit are 2-3 seeds, which are often what harvesters are seeking. Neem is a legendary part of Indian culture, and has been popularized because of how easily and hardily it grows, as well as its use in so many different areas of life. From religious traditions to insect repellents and commercial applications, neem is one of the most widely known plants in the entire Indian subcontinent. Uses: Neem’s many uses include its use as a toothpaste ingredient, a bulking agent in many foods, as a bird repellent, in countless cosmetic applications, as soap, and even as an environmental booster, because it is a carbon dioxide sink. However, in terms of culinary applications, neem flowers are used as ingredients in soups or with rice, and can be eaten alone as a vegetable. Although the flavor is said to be quite bitter, the important health benefits of neem make it a palatable option, particularly when it is pickled or boiled with other strong flavors to somewhat dilute the bitterness.

Benefits: In Indian Ayurvedic medicine, the neem tree is often called a “one-tree pharmacy”, because it can be used for so many different afflictions. Neem leaves have antifungal and antibacterial functions, while also soothing irritation and reducing inflammation. Neem oil can also help to eliminate skin conditions like acne. Neem leaf is useful in treating eye disorders, heart diseases, liver problems and gum diseases. Its bark is used for treating fever, malaria and pain. Neem twigs are useful in treating asthma, cough, diabetes and urinary disorders. It is helpful in healing internal illnesses, such as gastrointestinal problems. It also helps to speed up wound healing and improves the immune response of the body to all foreign agents. From top to toes, neem is truly a one-tree-heals-all type of plant! Caution: During pregnancy or breastfeeding, it isn’t wise to consume neem oil or bark, as it can cause complications for mothers. Also, neem can lower blood sugar levels, which can be dangerous for diabetics and may interact poorly with diabetes medication. The extra stimulation to the immune system can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. If you are trying to get pregnant, avoid using neem as that may decrease fertility levels. Excessive and long-term consumption should be avoided. Speak to your doctor before making any major changes, particularly because traditional medicines and pharmaceuticals don’t always complement one another. Other Info: If you have fresh neem leaves that you are going to use in the future, it is a good idea to dry them in the shade, as sunlight can actually cause essential oils to evaporate. Then, place the leaves in a sealed container where the temperature doesn’t fluctuate excessively. Neem paste can be kept in the refrigerator, but should be used relatively quickly, as its efficacy will decrease over time. Neem oil, like all essential oils, should be kept out of direct sunlight and should remain relatively cool, as excessive heat can result in a loss of potency.

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Nutmeg Nutmeg is native to Indonesia and now it is widely cultivated in Malaysia, India, and in the Caribbean. It is a widely used spice, which is made from the seed of Myristica fragrans, an evergreen tree that is the source of two different spices. While nutmeg is the inner seed and is more commonly known, mace is made from the red, lacy aril that is wrapped around the seed. As a spice it is most commonly found in powdered form, although there are a number of products that are derived from the tree itself. Nutmeg has been a source of capital and conflict for hundreds of years; entire wars have actually been fought over controlling this prized spice. Uses: Nutmeg has been used as an abortifacient in the past. The flavor is what most people find so appealing, and its culinary applications are much more extensive. Nutmeg has a slightly sweet taste, so it is used in savory and sweet dishes, including soups, potato dishes, sauces, vegetable dishes, meatloaf, curries, and haggis. It is also added to mulled cider, pumpkin pie, and eggnog.You can make nutmeg candy or even add this powdered spice to a number of different tropical cocktails. The essential oils derived from nutmeg seeds are widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, as the nutmeg oil con-

tains a wide range of useful organic compounds that can benefit health and beauty both. Benefits: Over the centuries, nutmeg has been used for a wide variety of medical issues, and some of those applications are still trusted today. In terms of the immune system, nutmeg does boast certain organic compounds that can defend against Streptococcus strains, keeping our body protected with its antimicrobial power. It stimulates the secretion of various gastric juices that ease the digestive process. Nutmeg is beneficial in preventing halitosis or bad breath and improving skin health. Also, a paste made of nutmeg can be used to topically relieve joint pain and the associated pain of arthritis due to its unique anti-inflammatory composition. Myristicin, one of the most potent and rare organic elements in nutmeg has been shown to improve cognitive abilities and even protect against the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Caution: Use of nutmeg is safe in small doses, but in large quantities, it can actually have psychotropic effects, including delirium, panic, anxiety attacks, nausea, and convulsions. Furthermore, nutmeg can be deadly to certain types of domestic and livestock animals, so be careful where you store your nutmeg. Large quantities of nutmeg may also be dangerous for pregnant mothers, due to nutmeg’s ability to act as an abortifacient, but small to moderate intake of nutmeg is considered safe. Other Info: Whole nutmeg seeds are preferable, as it will hold the beneficial oils, so getting a nutmeg grater is highly recommended for your kitchen. Whole nutmegs, as well as powdered nutmeg or mace, should be kept in a tightly sealed container in a cool, dark place. Heat diminishes the flavor and the nutrients of nutmeg, so even when cooking, nutmeg should be one of the last ingredients added so that the heat doesn’t reduce the beneficial impact of this versatile spice!

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Oregano Oregano (scientific name- Origanum vulgare) is an herb that is native to the Mediterranean region. It has been used for thousands of years, and different varieties have been cultivated for different flavors and strengths. The flavor can therefore range from astringent and bitter to sweet and subtle. Most common oregano bought in stores is somewhere in the middle, but it has a very unique taste that makes it powerful in culinary applications. The organic compounds found in oregano include monoterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonols, and monoterpenoids. Oregano has played a major role in traditional medicine dating back to early Roman times, and it is still one of the most heavily studied herbs, as its chemical composition is so complex and variable between different varieties. Uses: Oregano has many applications in culinary usage. It is commonly found in the form of dried leaves, which can be crushed into smaller powder form, but the hand-ground leaves often appear in Italian-American cuisine as a topping for pizza and as an ingredient in pasta sauces. It is also used to flavor meats and vegetables in a wide range of cultures from the Mediterranean region, as well as certain African and Middle Eastern countries. The essential oils extracted from oregano are also used in traditional medicine, either in the form of a liquid or as an element of salves, which can be topically applied to the skin. Oregano oil is also used as an insect repellent.

Benefits: Oregano is effective in lowering LDL or bad cholesterol levels and eliminating parasites such as Blastocystis hominis found in intestine. Research has revealed that oregano can significantly improve the immune system due to its antibacterial effects, as well as its antioxidant impact. It helps in boosting bone density, blood circulation and digestive processes. Oregano is effective in treating urinary tract disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory disorders such as coughs, bronchitis and asthma. The thymol and rosmarinic acid found in oregano have also been linked to a reduction in certain types of cancer. Oregano oil is useful in treating various skin conditions such as acne, athlete’s foot, canker sores and dandruff. Caution: If you are allergic to basil, mint, or sage, then you are likely to be allergic to oregano as well. Oregano can be a blood-thinner and it can increase the risk of bleeding in those who have undergone surgery or who suffer from bleeding disorders. Furthermore, oregano has been known to lower blood sugar levels, so diabetic patients should be cautious when they use oregano in their cooking. As always, it is wise to speak to a health professional before making any major changes to your diet, including the herbs and spices with which you are cooking. Other Info: You should try to purchase fresh oregano leaves, which should be vibrant green. This will increase the likelihood of maintaining all the important organic compounds and get the most out of the leaves benefits. Fresh oregano can be stored in the refrigerator in a damp cloth. Alternatively, you can chop, dry, or freeze the herb and store it in a cool, dark, and dry place. One of the most popular ways to ensure the flavor and potency of oregano is to freeze the oregano in water in ice cube trays; these oregano cubes can then be added to soups and stews like a piece of bouillon. When cooking, add oregano near the end of the cooking process, as intense heat can cause a loss of flavor and medicinal potency.

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Parsley Parsley is native to Mediterranean region and is a popular herb that is widely grown. There are a number of varieties, including curly leaf and flat leaf cultivars, which are most popular due to their culinary applications. The scientific name of parsley is Petroselinum crispum, and it can grow as a biennial plant in temperate areas and as an annual plant in more tropical regions. In Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, European, and American cooking, parsley is used as everything from a garnish to a flavoring agent or an actual ingredient. Depending on the type of parsley grown, it has a wide variety of uses, and the strong, earthy flavor provides a unique taste to many dishes. There is even a root vegetable variety of parsley, although this is far less common. Uses: In majority of cultures where parsley is used, it is included in soups, salads, broths, and sauces as a flavoring agent, in addition to its more common use as a flavorful garnish to meat, vegetable, potato, rice and fish dishes. It is the primary ingredient in salsa verde, an important element in Tabbouleh salad, and is a popular choice in sandwiches and casseroles. Fresh parsley is what most dishes will include, but dried parsley is also a popular herb that can be found in almost any spice rack. Also,

parsley oil is used as a fragrance in various cosmetics. Benefits: Parsley is useful in treating liver diseases, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and gastrointestinal disorders. It helps in strengthening immune system and controlling diabetes. The anti-carcinogenic effects are well documented, but one of the more exciting new developments for parsley is its role in shrinking or eliminating tumors, particularly those in the lungs. This is mainly due to the presence of myristicin. It also provides relief from arthritis, cracked and chapped skin, lice, insect bites and bruises. Caution: Parsley has been known to cause oversensitivity of the skin to sunlight, which may show itself in the form of a rash, so pay attention to its effects on your skin if you regularly consume this herb. Also, there is a high level of oxalates present in parsley, which can be dangerous for people with kidney problems or people who suffer from gout. It may cause fluid retention and lower blood sugar levels. Finally, if you are pregnant, be careful about the quantity of parsley that you consume, as it has uterotonic effects, meaning that it can cause contractions that may be unsafe for your unborn child. In general, however, parsley is not considered a common allergen. Other Info: Deep green, crisp parsley is always preferable in terms of taste and nutritional value to the dried form of the herb, and should be stored in the refrigerator while still slightly damp to prevent wilting. You can also dry parsley, but be aware that you will lose a significant amount of the flavor and nutritional benefits. Flat leaf parsley can be dried, but for curly leaf parsley, it is best to freeze it in fresh form. Keep dried parsley in a tightly sealed container away from excess heat or light.

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Peppermint Peppermint is indigenous to Europe and the Middle East, but is cultivated across many regions in the world. The scientific name of peppermint is Mentha x peperita. The leaves of peppermint are green and purple and are lance-shaped, while the refreshing taste is a refreshing mix of pepper and mint. Uses: The uses of peppermint are extremely broad, ranging from its inclusion in dental hygiene products like mouthwashes and toothpastes to a culinary agent in tea, ice cream, and chewing gum. The physical leaves of peppermint can be used in some of these applications, such as tea, while the extracted oils from peppermint are used for many of the more powerful applications, like herbal supplements and medicinal creams. Peppermint oil can be ingested in capsule form or applied topically, typically when mixed with other carrier oils. Even the aroma of peppermint, which can be achieved through aromatherapy use, has been linked to certain health benefits. Benefits: Peppermint has natural pesticides, which also benefit

the body’s immune system and keep certain bacterial and mucosal infections at bay. The soothing nature of peppermint can act as an anti-inflammatory agent and can reduce pain and swelling in joints and muscles. For respiratory issues, inhaling peppermint can clear up the sinuses and reduce congestion, making it a popular component of vapor rubs for the neck and chest. It is useful in relieving migraine and headache caused by stress. Due to its natural antibacterial nature, it is popular for use in treating gastrointestinal diseases, particularly irritable bowl syndrome (IBS), as it can function as an antispasmodic. Although the research is still being conducted, early reports show that certain elements of peppermint can also help to slow or prevent certain types of tumor growth in the pancreas, breasts, and liver, while slowing the progress of cancer in the lungs and colon. Caution: One of the best things about peppermint is that it can help almost anyone! It is not commonly known as an allergen and does not contain high levels of oxalates or purines. The limited negative reports from peppermint leaves or oil is brief heartburn or nausea, specifically when being used in an antacid capacity. Avoid use of enteric-coated peppermint oil if suffering from achlorhydria, a condition wherein stomach does not produce hydrochloric acid. Other than that, simply speak to your medical professional before beginning use, but it shouldn’t be a problem! Other Info: Fresh peppermint is a better choice over the dried form of the herb, and will enable you to get the full beneficial effects. You can store fresh mint leaves in a damp paper towel in your refrigerator and simply take them out as you decide to use them. If you do want to store them for a longer period, freezing is always an option, but this will only ensure the nutrient profile for six months or so. If you purchase dried mint or dry it yourself, it should be kept in a sealed, dry container in a cool, dark place. This should protect the nutrient composition of the peppermint for up to one year.

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Pine Pine trees are actually conifer trees and are native to Europe and North America, although some varietals can be found in other parts of the world. There are more than 175 pine tree varieties that are currently accepted as members of the Pinaceae family. Pine trees are highly valued around the world and are some of the most commercially viable tree species. Pine trees are typically long-lived, from 100-1,000 years of age, but some ancient varieties can live for much longer. The pine needles, cones, and tree bark are all valuable products that have a number of uses in different cultures. Uses: Pinewood is used for carpentry items such as furniture and window frames. It is also used for making decorative items for home décor. Pine needle tea made by steeping the needles after a thorough washing is gaining popularity due to many health benefits. The seeds known as pine nuts are used in cooking and baking and the inner bark of some species within the pine family can be eaten raw or dried as a snack. Pine essential oil is extracted from pine needles and boasts a high level of phenols and other phytochemical agents that boost

human health. Pine essential oil mixed with carrier oils can be applied to the skin and inhaled through aromatherapy. It is also used in preparing perfumes and scented products. Benefits: Pine tea is rich in vitamin A and vitamin C and helps in strengthening immune system and preventing chronic diseases. Pine oil is popularly used as an anti-inflammatory agent to reduce swelling and redness when topically applied to the problem area. When inhaled in aromatherapy, pine oil helps to loosen up mucus and phlegm and stimulate coughing to speed healing. The oil can also be topically applied to the skin, where it protects against bacterial and fungal infections due to its natural antibacterial qualities. Furthermore, the oil also helps to hydrate and protect the scalp, thereby eliminating dandruff. The phenolic compounds in the oil act as antioxidants, thereby helping to slow signs of aging, prevent the progress of cancer cells, and even help ward off chronic diseases related to advanced age, such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Caution: Pine oil should never be used in an undiluted form, as it can be irritating to the skin due to its high potency. Do not consume pine oil, as it may be toxic in larger quantities. Be sure to speak to your medical professional before adding pine oil to your herbal health plan. Other Info: To ensure that your pine oil remains viable and potent, keep it in a dark, glass container away from direct sunlight and avoid changing temperatures. For use, add a few tablespoons to a bath for an alternative aromatherapy approach, or even add a teaspoon to a large jug of water; this is the only suggested internal consumption, as it will be largely diluted.

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Rosemary Rosemary is a pungent perennial herb that looks a bit like a sprig from an evergreen tree. It is related to the mint family, and its scientific name is Rosmarinus officinalis. It is native to the Mediterranean region, but due to its popularity in culinary preparations and its potent mix of organic compounds, it has now spread around the world. Rosemary is an attractive flowering plant, so it is often used in decorative applications, but its hardy nature and its ability to resist droughts makes it one of the more reliable herbs to grow in home gardens for medicinal uses. Rosemary oil, extracted from the flowers and leaves, contains a unique mix of phytochemicals that have proven medicinal qualities. Uses: You most commonly find rosemary in culinary usage, as its distinct flavor is ideal for adding depth to pork, chicken, and curries. It is also very popular in Italian cuisine and in certain barbecue dishes. Rosemary leaves can be steeped to make a delicious herbal tea, while the essential oils and extracts are used in everything from topical application to herbal supplementation. The strong scent of rosemary makes it a popular choice for aromatherapy, and it can also be burnt as incense. Finally, rosemary can be found in various organic shampoos and cleaners, both for its antiseptic ability and its pleasant, long-lasting smell. Benefits: Rosemary oil is commonly used to stimulate the im-

mune system, improve digestive processes, and increase circulation to extremities. That circulatory boost also increases concentration and blood flow to the brain, resulting in an increase in cognitive abilities. Rosemary oil helps in stimulating hair growth and treating alopecia. It is also effective in relieving muscle and joint pain. The rosmarinic acid, camphor, and betulinic acid found in rosemary have a range of antioxidant effects, some of which are linked to cancer prevention and protection from various chronic diseases. The high concentration of vitamin A and carotenoids also boosts eye health and prevents macular degeneration. According to studies, rosemary inhibits growth of various food-borne pathogens such as Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Caution: Rosemary is not commonly considered an allergenic substance, and does not have significant levels of oxalates or purines. However, some people do report sensitivity to high levels of rosemary, although the allergic reactions are mild. The undiluted oil should not be consumed orally, as it can cause severe reactions, including vomiting, kidney issues, sun sensitivity, and skin rashes. You should always use the oil with carrier oils in small amounts. Topical application does not need to be excessive, as a small amount will be effective. Speak to your doctor before adding rosemary oil to your aromatherapy or herbal supplement regimen. Other Info: Rosemary is available in the form of fresh rosemary, capsules, tea and oils. Fresh rosemary is more flavorful than the dried variety. The leaves of fresh rosemary should be a deep, dark green and should not have any spots on the underside. You can store fresh rosemary in the refrigerator in a damp towel, and use it within a week or two at most. Dried rosemary can be kept in a cool, dry place for up to six months and will still retain its powerful components, flavor, and aroma. You can add entire sprigs of rosemary to culinary dishes for flavor and then remove it from the dish after you’ve finished cooking.

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Rosewood Rosewood is the name given to a number of high-quality types of wood from the Dalbergia genus. The attractive patterns and rich color of rosewood varieties make them very popular, although the most well known variant, Brazilian rosewood is now considered an endangered species due to excessive logging. The smell of the wood remains for many years after it has been cut down, which is where the name comes from. Some variants are found in India, while others have been found exclusively in Southeast Asia and South America. The “native” species is usually considered to be from Peru and Brazil. Aside from the value and quality of the wood itself, the bark of rosewoods offers some unique chemical constituents and can be distilled into powerful essential oils. Uses: Rosewood’s unique appearance, smell, and workability make it ideal for everything from billiard cues and guitar bodies to ornate furniture and luxury flooring styles. Despite the international outcry to protect some of the threatened species from logging, the few remaining trees are sought out and illegally logged in some parts of the world. Rosewood oil is often used in

perfume for its rich, woody scent, but that oil is most commonly extracted from Aniba rosaeodora, which is not a variety typically sought for logging. Rosewood oil can be used topically in the form of a cream or salve, ingested, or used in aromatherapy techniques. The linalool found in rosewood oil is the most active and beneficial antioxidant component. Benefits: The health benefits of rosewood oil are still relatively unknown, and much of the information in this regard is based on traditional practices and beliefs. It is used to give mental and spiritual relief. People who struggle with depression, anxiety, chronic stress, and sleep disorders often turn to rosewood oil in aromatherapy contexts to calm their nerves and improve their mood. Rosewood oil is even used as an aphrodisiac in some cultures, although that efficacy has not been proven scientifically. The oil is also commonly applied to the skin to reduce the signs of aging, relieve irritation, and eliminate signs of acne. Finally, as a stimulant, rosewood oil can help detoxify the body, overcome feelings of jetlag and fatigue, and even eliminate headaches and nausea. Caution: The dust created by sanding rosewood has been closely associated with allergic or asthmatic reactions, but that doesn’t carry over to its use as an essential oil for medicinal purposes. In fact, rosewood is not commonly known as an allergenic substance and reports of negative reactions to the use of the oil are very rare. However, it is suggested to consult a medical professional before adding rosewood oil to your health regimen when pregnant or breastfeeding. Other Info: Like most essential oils, rosewood oil should be stored in an airtight container and kept in a cool, dry, and dark place to prevent any degradation of the organic components. Dark amber glass bottles are considered the best storage container for rosewood oil. Also, when you purchase the oil from a market or herbal store, be sure that it is pure, therapeutic-grade oil, and is not mixed with any other wood oils.

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Sage Native to the Mediterranean region, sage is a perennial evergreen shrub with the scientific name of Salvia officinalis. It has been used for thousands of years in different cultures throughout the world, and has now been naturalized on four different continents. Whether being used as a medicinal, culinary, or ornamental plant, sage is one of the most popular and prevalent herbaceous plants out there. The leaves are grayish, the flowers are a light purple, and the stems are woody in nature. The plant can be cultivated easily in home gardens. Uses: There is an impressive range of uses of sage, beginning with simply chewing the leaves to directly release the beneficial oils and nutrients. The leaves can also be crushed and boiled in water so that the fumes can be inhaled, a type of primitive aromatherapy that has been practiced for thousands of years. Sage essential oil is obtained by distilling sage leaves. The essential oil contains many organic compounds, such as cineole, flavonoids, fumaric acid and niacin that make it highly desirable. Benefits: Sage has been used in traditional medicine for the better part of three thousand years. It is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the mouth, respiratory tract, and stomach, particularly in the reduction of spasms.

It is topically applied due to its natural antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, as well as its positive effects on eczema and psoriasis. It also helps in relieving menopausal symptoms. Application of cream containing sage and rhubarb is effective in healing cold sores. Research suggests that sage can improve memory and cognition, while delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Research has even linked the use of safe to a healthier heart and a lowered risk of diabetes. Caution: Generally, sage is considered non-allergenic, but one of its organic components, thujone, has been connected with increased heart rate and slight mental confusion after prolonged exposure. For that reason, sage extract and capsules aren’t recommended for constant or long-term use, but should instead be used when your health needs require it. Also, it isn’t wise to use sage when pregnant, or when you have a fever, as some of the interactions of the organic compounds and acids in the essential oil can exacerbate fevers and cause complications in pregnancy. Other Info: You can easily grow sage in a home garden, so when harvesting, clip the branches about halfway up so that you access the fresh, green leaves. You can then dry the leaves for later use, in which case you should store them in a dry, sealed container, or you can use the leaves immediately. The best results will be achieved if you use the leaves within the first week of harvesting, although storing them in the refrigerator may extend their potency by another week or two.

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Saw Palmetto Saw palmetto, scientifically known as Serenoa repens, is a small palm tree that has a large trunk and wide, fanned leaves with sharp edges that can easily cut the skin. The tree is native to North America and is a slow growing, long-lived tree and can survive harsh conditions. The fruit and the leaves can be consumed, but the leaves are very bitter when green and are less frequently eaten. The plant has received increasing attention because it has been found that the fruits of the saw palmetto plant are packed with beneficial nutrients and extracts. Uses: Saw palmetto’s fruit is a drupe-like fruit that clusters in small purple, berries and are widely used by both men and women for various health ailments. This fruit was once used widely by Native Americans and has continued to be a “traditional” dietary and alternative medicine element in the Americas. The more concentrated extract from saw palmetto leaves is widely used in alternative medicinal treatments, and even modern research cites the proven benefits of those essential chem-

icals. Benefits: The extract of the fruits has been connected to balancing the fatty acid levels in the body and treating certain prostate disorders, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Furthermore, early studies have argued that saw palmetto can help to prevent prostate cancer. Those are new developments, but the tried and true applications of saw palmetto include its use for improving digestion, increasing healing speed, stimulating urination, and inducing sleep for anxiety or for people suffering from insomnia. Due to its strong prostate effects, it is often thought of as a male dietary supplement, but in fact, saw palmetto also helps women prevent or treat urinary tract infections and enjoy the same antioxidant, cleansing effects as men. Caution: Mild allergies do exist for saw palmetto, but the symptoms are mostly limited to constipation, vomiting, dizziness, or headaches. However, if you have existing liver or pancreas problems, saw palmetto could exacerbate those issues. Furthermore, since the chemical composition does have an impact on hormones, it is unwise to take saw palmetto extracts when pregnant or breast-feeding, as your hormones will already be under a lot of stress. Finally, saw palmetto’s ability to reduce blood clotting can make it dangerous to consume prior to surgery. Other Info: Saw palmetto berries can last for up to two years in a dry storage space without losing their efficacy. They should also be dried within a day or two of picking. If you choose to grind the berries for whatever reason, they are much more likely to be exposed to mildew and go bad. Therefore, be sure to store any ground berries or extracts in cool, dry places to maintain their potency before use.

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Soy Soybeans are a variety of legumes that were native to Asia, but have since been recognized by the world as an inexpensive source of protein both for animals and human consumption. Soy is very popular with vegetarians and vegans, and is used in the production of hundreds of food items. The soybeans have significant levels of alpha-linoleic acid, a powerful and beneficial element in the human body, as well as a range of isoflavones, antioxidants that have numerous effects on human health. With the extensive cultivation of soybeans to produce higher concentrations of protein, there are hundreds of cultivars of different size, shape, and seed concentration. Uses: Soy beans are perhaps best known for their role in tofu, fermented bean paste, nattō, and soy milk, although there are countless other culinary applications for soy. Soybean meal and vegetable oil are the two dominant products created by soybeans. In Japan, soybeans are widely used in the production of miso and nattō, in addition to juvenile soybeans being salted as “edamame”. The soybean oil that is removed from the plants is not “essential” oil. As a highly concentrated vegetable oil (19% of the bean is oil), it is considered an oilseed, rather than a traditional legume. It is always wiser to consume soybeans in their whole or natural form, or at least in fermented form, rather

than the over-processed varieties of recent soy products. Soy is used as a milk substitute and soy based formula is fed to infants who have lactose intolerance, hereditary lactase deficiency or galactose. Benefits: Soybeans contain high levels of vitamins, minerals, and unique organic compounds, making them extremely valuable for human health. It can help to improve your metabolism, stimulate healthy digestive processes, and also help you lose weight, considering that the calorie totals are much lower than meat. Soy also delivers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds that aren’t found in other protein sources, meaning that it can help reduce the risk of cancer such as breast cancer, chronic disease, premature aging, cognitive malfunctions, and a wide variety of other conditions associated with oxidative stress. It helps in lowering blood sugar levels in diabetics and bad cholesterol levels. Soy is effective in increasing bone density in women nearing menopause and gives relief from hot flashes caused by menopause. Caution: Soybeans have been linked to effects on the thyroid gland, and while research on this is still in the early stages, if you suffer from thyroid issues or hormonal imbalances, it is best to speak to a medical professional before adding soy to your diet in a major way. Furthermore, soy does have low levels of oxalates, meaning that it can possibly contribute to the formation of kidney stones for people predisposed to calcium oxalate stones. Again, the best suggestion is to consume soybeans in their whole form to get the entire range of benefits. Other Info: Soybeans are commonly purchased in dried form, and provided that they are kept away from dampness and moisture, they can be kept for up to 12 months in a cool, dry place. Fresh soybeans, like the type used for edamame, should be deep green in color and should be consumed within a few days of purchase. Frozen fresh beans can be stored for up to two months.

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Spearmint Spearmint is a popular variety of the mint genus that is native to parts of Europe and Asia, although due to its potent, pleasant smell, it has also been naturalized in many other parts of the world. It is a small perennial plant with delicate, soft leaves and small flowers. The name comes from the sharp end of the leaves, and the scientific name is Mentha spicata. The plant can grow in a wide variety of conditions, which makes it an ideal plant for amateur gardeners. The plant can be used in many different ways, and has a wealth of beneficial chemicals and natural oils for which it is grown. Spearmint is widely available in the consumer market in its varied forms, making it one of the most popular and well-known herbs around the world. Uses: Spearmint can be used in food to add that refreshing bite and unique scent, particularly because in the mint family, spearmint is the mildest in aroma and taste. Depending on your taste preferences, it can be added to almost any type of dish, but it is much more commonly used in beverages. You can find spearmint leaves in cocktails such as mojitos as well as other cultural drinks, like sweet tea and spearmint tea. The leaves are so packed with flavor that just a few leaves can steep into a delicious and restorative cup of tea. The leaves and extracts are used in preparing toothpastes, mouthwashes, shampoos, and soaps. Spearmint is a popular flavor of chewing gum, perhaps because of the enjoyable flavor and the potentially beneficial effects of spearmint oils on oral health. It is also used as a disinfectant.

Benefits: Although spearmint has been used for thousands of years, the debate over the actual health benefits of spearmint remains. The essential oil of spearmint has been shown to affect hormonal levels, balancing the level of testosterone and estrogen in those with hormonal conditions. Spearmint has been used to treat a wide variety of digestive issues, including nausea. It can reduce inflammation within the body and even kill bacteria in the gut. Topically, spearmint is refreshing and invigorating for your skin and scalp, as it is infused with essential oils that protect your skin from harmful foreign bodies. It is used for relieving headaches and cramps. Spearmint essential oil contains carvone, cineole, linalool, limonene, myrcene, and pinene, all of which have been shown to relieve anxiety and stress. Caution: If you are allergic to basil, mint, rosemary, or sage, you are also likely to be allergic to spearmint, so treat it with caution. Although the allergic reactions to spearmint are relatively mild, it can still cause digestive issues, nausea, and contact dermatitis. These conditions are rare, but it is important to monitor how you are feeling after adding any new alternative herb or supplement to your diet. Avoid excess intake during pregnancy as it may cause damage in the uterus. The organic compounds in spearmint slightly inhibit iron absorption, so if you’re anemic, you may want to avoid adding spearmint to your health regimen. Also, kidney and liver conditions could be exacerbated by mint, and there have been some reports of decreased libido as a result of excessive spearmint consumption. Other Info: Fresh spearmint is always recommended as it has unique aroma and taste and most of the health benefits. You should stick your spearmint stalks into a small glass or jar of water in the open air in your fridge. You can cover the entire jar with a piece of plastic if you want, but it is not necessary. This should keep the spearmint fresh for a couple weeks as you gradually use it in cooking and tea brewing. You can also wrap the stalks in a damp paper towel, place it in a plastic bag, and put the bag in the fridge; this will keep the leaves fresh and potent for approximately two weeks.

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St. John’s Wort St. John’s Wort (scientific name: Hypericum perforatum) is a flowering plant that has been used for thousands of years in different cultural contexts, primarily in Europe, but has also spread as an invasive species across China, the Middle East, India, and Russia. Now, St. John’s Wort is one of the most recognized and trusted herbal and medicinal supplements in the world. The flower buds are the most valuable elements of this herb, but the entire plant is also packed with beneficial compounds and nutrients that help the body in myriad ways. Uses: Traditionally, St. John’s Wort has been used as an herb that can soothe muscle pain or inflammation when consumed. And the juice that can be extracted from the flower buds can also be made into a variety of oils and tinctures, many of which are in use today. The oil can be mixed in with other creams and can be topically applied to various parts of the body, and certain extracts from St. John’s Wort are used directly in pharmaceutical production, including treatments for cancer and depression. Benefits: Although it has traditionally been used for pain and

inflammation relief, this powerful herb is also a soothing agent, ideal for eliminating stress and anxiety. It aids in balancing your hormones by eliminating chronic stress hormones like epinephrine and inhibiting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters. It is rich in antibacterial properties and topical application speeds up healing of skin burns, redness, bruises and wounds. St John’s Wort is beneficial in relieving symptoms in people with low to moderate depression and helps to improve mood in people with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Also, it helps to relieve symptoms of somatization disorder and premenstrual syndrome such as cramps, irritability, and food craving. For pregnancy, it is wonderful for reducing cramping and pelvic pain, and can also relieve hemorrhoids and muscle aches for pregnant women when topically applied. Caution: Intake of St. John’s Wort may lower levels of estrogen in some women, so females on contraceptive pills shouldn’t take it. Other mild side effects include gastrointestinal issues, dizziness, or lightheadedness, but these symptoms generally pass quickly. It can occasionally cause light-sensitivity or vision problems, but this is rare. Finally, the complex organic compounds in St. John’s Wort make it very reactive with a number of other pharmaceutical medicines. It is important to speak to your doctor before ever adding St. John’s Wort to your health regimen, particularly if you are already on a range of medications. Other Info: St. John’s Wort can easily be grown in your own garden. It is suggested that when you do harvest the plant, typically on St. John’s Day (around June 24th), you use the juices or herbal materials rather quickly, or else dry them thoroughly for later use. When not properly handled or when the flowers are left exposed, the medicinal properties decrease rapidly.

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Star Anise Star anise, also known as star aniseed or Chinese star anise, is actually a spice native to China and Vietnam. The name is derived from the star-shaped appearance of its fruit. Star anise itself is a spice derived from this fruit, which grows on an evergreen tree, the scientific name of which is Illicium verum. The flavor is most closely described as licorice, and the scent and taste makes it a popular addition to dishes all over the world. There are other varieties of star anise, some of which are quite toxic, including Japanese star anise, and should therefore be avoided. Anise, a different spice native to the Mediterranean region, is not actually related to star anise, despite their similar names. Uses: Star anise is most popularly used in culinary applications in Indian, Indonesian, and Chinese cuisine. It is used to flavor different meat dishes and soups. Star anise is also used in production of liquors such as Sambuca and pastis. However, we’re interested in its medicinal value, and star anise has been used in herbal supplementation and treatment for thousands of years. It can be used in carrier oils or creams for topical application, and is being used in certain pharmaceuticals due to its drug-resistant qualities. Benefits: Chewing star anise seed after meals has been a popular tradition for centuries as a means of improving digestion.

Star anise tea has been used to treat rheumatism due to its natural anti-inflammatory capacity. Along with its anti-inflammatory abilities, star anise extract can also protect the body against various fungal and bacterial infections, including the growth of Candida albicans. Shikimic acid found in star anise when combined with other antioxidants can help ward off flu symptoms and significantly boost the immune system. Early research suggests that star anise has anti-carcinogenic properties and may help in reducing risk of cancer. Caution: The most important distinction to make is using Chinese star anise rather than Japanese star anise, as the latter is extremely toxic and can cause seizures. It should only be used in incense form. However, safe star anise varieties have minimal allergic reactions, although some users complain of scaling, swelling, or blistering when it is applied directly to the skin. It should be used in carrier oils or salves. For young children, avoid using star anise, as the powerful organic components seem to react more strongly in infants and toddlers, which can lead to irritability or vomiting. Other Info: The seeds and fruit of star anise should be kept in airtight sealed containers once harvested or separated. They should be used within 1-2 months. Once the anise oil or extract is removed, it should be stored in an airtight, dark, glass bottle away from direct sunlight. It will retain its potency if kept in these conditions for 2-3 years.

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Stinging Nettle Stinging nettle (scientific name: Urtica dioica) is an herbaceous perennial flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and North America. Depending on where you find the plant, it may be called by one of its other names, including burn hazel, burn nettle, or burn weed. It has hairs on the leaves and stems that inject histamines once it comes in contact with skin of animals or humans. These histamines create a burning sensation and irritation or a rash. Despite the unpleasant nature of being stung by this type of nettle, it has been used for thousands of years for its medicinal qualities, as well as for its fiber content. Uses: As a food source, stinging nettle is actually similar to spinach or cucumber, and boasts an impressive nutrient range that made it valuable to Native Americans and other indigenous groups. By boiling the nettles, the chemicals in the stinging hairs can be neutralized. Nettle soup is popular in parts of Asia, and nettles are even used in the production of cheese. In terms of its medicinal uses, stinging nettle extract can be taken out of the leaves and stems and used in many different applications, both topically and internally. The leaves are also used and can be chewed for certain effects, or they can be steeped into a tea to deliver its benefits. Some extracts are even used in herbal supplements for bodybuilders. Benefits: The benefits of using stinging nettle extracts, roots,

and above-ground plant parts are quite diverse, ranging from anti-inflammatory applications, thanks to certain compounds that prevent the spread of inflammatory cytokines in the body. Stinging nettle root is useful in treating Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Topical application of leaves helps in relieving joint pain and intake of nettle capsules provide relief from symptoms of hay fever such as itching and sneezing. Brewed stinging nettle tea is commonly used to prevent kidney disorders, optimize gastrointestinal functions, and ease the pain associated with rheumatism and gout. Some of the less recognized treatments for stinging nettle include dandruff and dry skin, although research on this is less supported. Oddly enough, nettle juice, which can be extracted from the stems and leaves, can be used as a topical treatment for the sting of the nettle itself! For respiratory issues, a small amount of nettle juice or extract mixed with salt water makes for an ideal gargling substance that can prevent throat infections and improve the health of your sinuses and respiratory tracts. Caution: Aside from the obvious stinging nature of the nettle, which is an allergic reaction in itself, there is limited evidence of any allergic potential. Intake of stinging nettle for extended periods of time may cause upset stomach in some people, but when applied to the skin, there does not appear to be any negative reactions in moderate doses. However, stinging nettle can lower blood sugar and blood pressure, so people with diabetes and those suffering from heart conditions may want to consult a doctor before adding stinging nettle to their daily or weekly health regimen. Other Info: Stinging nettle is available in various forms such as tablets, capsules, dried leaf tea and extract. If you are handling fresh stinging nettle, boil it to remove or neutralize the powerful histamines. It can be harvested at any point in the fall, but should be used almost immediately after harvesting. You can dry stinging nettle leaves for tea, or apply it directly to salads, provided you’ve cooked them already. If you don’t use them immediately, freeze the stinging nettle leaves, or they will quickly blacken and become unusable.

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Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca oil commonly known as tea tree oil comes from leaves of Melaleuca tree, with the scientific name of Melaleuca alternifolia. It is native to Australia and New Zealand, particularly the Northeast coast of New South Wales. Historically it was used to prepare herbal infusions that were drunk instead of tea. This may be where the misnomer of “tea tree” may have come from. It is one of the most widely studied herbal extracts because of its unique organic properties and the wide range of health benefits it is commonly believed to provide. Uses: Tea tree leaves, as mentioned, can be used to make an infusion that is similar to tea, but with a very different, pleasant taste. When those leaves are distilled and tea tree oil is extracted, the number of health applications rises significantly. Tea tree oil is commonly mixed with carrier oils for topical application on the skin. Benefits: There are dozens of proposed health benefits of tea tree oil, primarily due to its unique mix of organic components, including terpinen and cineole, along with other components. In topical application, tea tree oil is very effective in treating acne and clearing up scarring from that skin condition.

It is also a strong antiseptic, so applying it to wounds can help speed healing and protect against infection. Certain antifungal properties of tea tree oil make it popular for people who suffer from Athlete’s foot, and when used on hair, it can prevent dandruff and strengthen the follicle beds, preventing hair loss. It is even used as a treatment for head lice in children! Caution: Tea tree oil is toxic if ingested so care must be taken while applying it topically around the mouth. If ingested, the side effects can be intense, including nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, hallucinations, coma, diarrhea, blood disorders, and severe rashes. Even in highly concentrated topical application, it can cause some skin irritation, so use tea tree oil sparingly. Remember, it is extremely powerful, so very little is needed to get results. Also, it can dry out the skin and increase sun sensitivity, so it is better to apply or use tea tree oil when you will not be exposed to sunlight immediately. Other Info: Tea tree oil cannot be exposed to air or sunlight. While the oxidation process is not immediate, oxidized tea tree oil should not be used. If unopened, tea tree oil will retain its potency for up to two years, but that drops if not stored in an airtight container. It is better to store tea tree oil in a tinted glass bottle in a cold, dry place to prevent sunlight from degrading the chemicals.

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Thyme Thyme is a popular herb with both culinary and medicinal uses. The scientific name of thyme is Thymus vulgaris and the leaves, flowers and oil are used as medicine. Depending on where you are in the world, thyme is still used in certain ceremonies, as incense, as a superstitious way to ward off evil spirits, bad luck, and nightmares. It is also nutrient-rich, which is why it is so widely turned to as a flavorful and medicinally beneficial element of culinary cultures around the world. Uses: Thyme has been used as a flavoring agent for soup stocks, meats, vegetable dishes, and even as a base element of certain teas. It is frequently associated with French cooking, as thyme sprigs are a key part of a bouquet garni, which is a popular flavoring base in many French dishes. However, in other cultures, people use thyme leaves and sprigs to flavor their food with a spicy, almost citrus scent, at least for the most commonly cultivated varieties. Oil of thyme, which can be extracted from thyme leaves, is widely used in alternative medicine because of its associated benefits and impressive collection of organic compounds. Benefits: Thyme helps to significantly improve certain respiratory conditions, including bronchitis and cough, as it has certain immune system-stimulating ingredients, such as thymol. This

volatile component for which the herb is named can increase the concentration of healthy fats, which can improve heart health, lower stress on the kidneys, and improve digestion processes. Thyme helps to prevent tooth decay, diabetes and obesity. It protects ears against fungal and bacterial infections and thyme oil helps in treating acne. The flavonoids in thyme, including apigenin, naringenin, luteolin, and thymonin, are great antioxidants, that help in reducing free radical damage across your system. Caution: Thyme does not have high concentrates of oxalates or purines, and is not commonly considered to be an allergenic substance, but certain people still experience allergic reactions to thyme. Thyme can act like estrogen in the body in certain ways, based on how it stimulates the endocrine system. And for this reason, if you suffer from a hormone-related illness, it’s better to avoid excess use of thyme Other Info: Thyme can be acquired either in fresh or dried form. If you buy fresh thyme leaves and sprigs, avoid any with brown or yellow spotting. You can store thyme in the refrigerator if the leaves are fresh, or you can store the dried version in an airtight container in a dry, and cool place. Always add thyme at a low heat or as a final element in the cooking process. The sprigs are also rich in flavor so do not discard them and include them in the dish for an extra boost of flavor.

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Turmeric Turmeric is well-known herb, which is native to Southeast India. It is primarily cultivated for its rhizomes, which are dried, baked, and then ground into a yellowish powder. It belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and its scientific name is Curcuma longa. There are a number of powerful active ingredients and organic compounds in turmeric that not only provide the unique taste, but also a wealth of health benefits. Turmeric has been used in Asian traditional medicine for thousands of years, but has spread to parts of Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Uses: Turmeric is primarily used in savory dishes, but there are some sweet applications as well, such as various spicy cakes. It is used as a spice for everything from marinades to vegetable dishes, and often adds a potent kick to soups, stews, and curries. The powdered form is definitely the most common, but it can also be used fresh, just like ginger. It is used to impart color to mustard condiments and as a coloring agent in certain cultures. In terms of medicinal applications, turmeric is used topically, but can also be made into a juice that has powerful therapeutic effects. Extensive research is still being conducted on the volatile oils

and essential compounds of turmeric, as it plays such a significant role in the diet and culture of billions of people. Benefits: The established health benefits of turmeric are due to the plant’s active compounds, such as curcumin. Studies have linked turmeric to improve stomach and liver health, improve the strength of the immune system against bacteria and viruses. Turmeric helps to protect skin against infections. If you suffer from inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, turmeric can soothe pain and inflammation. Curcumin is a very strong antioxidant and has been connected to prevention of diseases like cystic fibrosis, and even cancer of the colon, prostate, and liver. Caution: Turmeric is not a common allergen but excess intake may cause allergic reactions including nausea, stomachache, or dizziness. Furthermore, if you are pregnant, it is probably not a good idea to consume turmeric, as it can stimulate menstruation. There have been limited reports of turmeric complicating gallbladder conditions, such as gallstones, and it is also a blood thinner, so if you suffer from bleeding disorders or are planning on having a surgery, avoid consuming turmeric. Other Info: Turmeric is easily available in powder form and should be stored in a sealed container in a cool and dry place. The fresh rhizome of turmeric should be kept in the refrigerator before preparation or drying. Some people say that the specific color of turmeric is a measurement of quality, but the different cultivars and locations of production create different colors, so this should not be used as a consideration when measuring quality. Also, turmeric is different from Javanese turmeric root so be careful not to confuse.

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Valerian Valerian flowers of pink and white have been cultivated for centuries for their aesthetics, but the roots of this plant have been used for far longer in traditional herbal medicine of various cultures and indigenous people, including the Greek and Roman empires. Valerian is now widely found throughout the Americas, although it was originally native to Europe and Asia. Scientifically known as Valeriana officinalis, this powerful plant is widely sought after for its medicinal benefits due to its unique biochemical composition. Uses: Valerian oil and extracts are used as flavoring agent in food and flower extracts are used in making perfume. The root is rich in sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, flavanones, and various other beneficial substances that help in treating various disorders. It is added to bath water to provide relief from sleep disorders. The oil that can be extracted from valerian root is extremely potent, but it is possible to extract it crudely without professional assistance. However, amateurs should be very cautious when attempting to prepare their own valerian oil. Benefits: For thousands of years, valerian root has been primarily praised for being a sedative agent, in addition to being a natural anti-anxiety substance. If you suffer from insomnia, chronic stress, panic attacks, or situational anxiety, valerian root capsules or herbal supplements

can help to ease those challenges. Valerian root extract has also been found to relieve stomach cramps, menstrual cramps, excess flatulence, and indigestion. Many people today enjoy valerian root because it reduces tension in the joints and relieves pain in the muscles. As a natural muscle relaxant and sedative substance, the use of valerian root should be closely monitored. Recent research suggests that valerian root may be useful in treating epilepsy, neuralgia, and even multiple sclerosis. Caution: Due to the nature of its effects, namely sedation, care should be taken when using or consuming valerian root extract, particularly if taken in conjunction with any other sedative substances - herbal, pharmaceutical, or otherwise. In terms of allergic reactions, valerian is not known as a particularly allergenic substance, although some side effects that have been reported include headaches and unrest. Avoid intake of valerian root if you suffer from liver disease. Also, excessive drowsiness is one of the intended effects of valerian root, so driving after consuming the supplement can be dangerous. Speak to a medical professional before supplementing your herbal regiment with valerian root, as it could be complicated by other supplements or medications you are currently taking. Other Info: Valerian root itself can be stored in a sealed glass jar for up to six months without losing too much of its potency, but the quicker the roots are used (for extracting the oil), the more effective the extract will be. The valerian oil itself should be stored in a dark glass container in a temperature-controlled space, away from direct sunlight.

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