4 List Of Figs77

  • June 2020
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO

DESCRIPTION

PAGE NO

1.1

Power Transformers

1

2.2

Leakage flux of a transformer

6

2.4

Hysteresis loop

9

2.4(a)

An ideal transformer

10

2.4(b) 10

Schematic symbols of a transformer 2.5

13 transformer

Showing the voltage ratio 2.6

Dot convention

15

2.7

Equivalent circuit of a

17

2.8(a)

Equivalent

circuit

referring primary

17

2.8(b)

Equivalent

circuit referring secondary

17

2.9(a)

Primary

18

2.9(b)

Secondary side

18

No excitation branch primary side

2.9(c) 18

No excitation branch secondary side 2.10

2.9(d) 18

Circuit diagram of a open circuit test 2.11

19

Short circuit test 2.12

22

20

Equivalent circuit secondary side 2.13

26

Square core 2.14

26 connections

side

Stepped core 3.1

Winding

polarity

30

3.2

Transformers

31

3.3

Neutral

earthing

31

Current transformers-mismatch Earthy faults Core faults

3.4 32

3.5 33

3.6 33

3.7

Fault b/w CTs 3.8

35

Unit protection 3.9

36

35

Delta-star transformer 3.10

37

Spill current windings 3.11

38

VDR across the relay 3.12

39 techniques

Bucholz 4.1

Faults

42 46

4.3

Mechanical temperature device

49

Winding temperature installation

4.4 49

Inrush current 4.6

52

Harmonic blocking 4.7

55

Systems 4.8

57

and

4.2

Winding protection

4.5

protection

53

with

transformer

overvoltage

Transformer differential protection 4.9

Differential

Relay

Connection

60

4.10

Current

in

primary

secondary winding

63

6.1

Typical Failure rate

curse

69

6.2

Peak Load

Highest

During a Year

69

6.3

Highest

winding

Temperature

70

6.4

Accumulated

Loss of Life

70

6.5

Faults causes

&protection schemes

71

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