LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO
1.1
Power Transformers
1
2.2
Leakage flux of a transformer
6
2.4
Hysteresis loop
9
2.4(a)
An ideal transformer
10
2.4(b) 10
Schematic symbols of a transformer 2.5
13 transformer
Showing the voltage ratio 2.6
Dot convention
15
2.7
Equivalent circuit of a
17
2.8(a)
Equivalent
circuit
referring primary
17
2.8(b)
Equivalent
circuit referring secondary
17
2.9(a)
Primary
18
2.9(b)
Secondary side
18
No excitation branch primary side
2.9(c) 18
No excitation branch secondary side 2.10
2.9(d) 18
Circuit diagram of a open circuit test 2.11
19
Short circuit test 2.12
22
20
Equivalent circuit secondary side 2.13
26
Square core 2.14
26 connections
side
Stepped core 3.1
Winding
polarity
30
3.2
Transformers
31
3.3
Neutral
earthing
31
Current transformers-mismatch Earthy faults Core faults
3.4 32
3.5 33
3.6 33
3.7
Fault b/w CTs 3.8
35
Unit protection 3.9
36
35
Delta-star transformer 3.10
37
Spill current windings 3.11
38
VDR across the relay 3.12
39 techniques
Bucholz 4.1
Faults
42 46
4.3
Mechanical temperature device
49
Winding temperature installation
4.4 49
Inrush current 4.6
52
Harmonic blocking 4.7
55
Systems 4.8
57
and
4.2
Winding protection
4.5
protection
53
with
transformer
overvoltage
Transformer differential protection 4.9
Differential
Relay
Connection
60
4.10
Current
in
primary
secondary winding
63
6.1
Typical Failure rate
curse
69
6.2
Peak Load
Highest
During a Year
69
6.3
Highest
winding
Temperature
70
6.4
Accumulated
Loss of Life
70
6.5
Faults causes
&protection schemes
71