3501 Portfolio Wood

COVER PAGE - ZP

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH CATALOGUE CONTRIBUTORS

James Donovan, Marshall Drennan, Gregory Hemmelgarn, Phil Hoffmann, Cody Johnson, David Ladewig, Laura Lopez, Katherine Marshall, John Redington, Greg Roffino, Jose Sanchez, Chelsea Serrano-Piche, Leo Spurgin, Jasmine Strickland

STUDIO 703

ARCH 3501 - ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO 4 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY - FALL 2008

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WOOD

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS RESEARCH CATALOGUE CONTRIBUTORS Laura Lopez, Jose Sanchez

STUDIO 703 ARCH 3501 - ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO 4 COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY - FALL 2008

WOODWORKING JOINERY

Woodworking involves joining together pieces of wood to create furniture, structures, architectural details, toys, and other items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness, etc. - derive from the properties of the joining materials and from how they are used in the joints. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood, often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives.Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic: its material properties are different along different dimensions. Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across the grain (radially and tangentially). Wood also expands and contracts in response to humidity, usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions.

WOODWORKING JOINERY

BUTT JOINT

HALF LAP JOINT

DADO JOINT

MORTISE & TENON JOINT

Joinery technique in which two members are cut to the appropriate length and are joined by simply butting them together. Reinforcements must be used, such as dowels or nails, even so, it is the weakest of all the joints.

Material is removed from each of the members so resulting joint is the thickness of the thickest member. Most commonly in half lap joints, the members are of the same thickness and half the thickness of each is removed

A slot or trench cut into the surface of the first member to match the end of the other. A dado is cut across, or perpendicular to, the grain and is thus differentiated from a groove which is cut with, or parallel to, the grain.

The end of the first member, called the tenon, is usually narrowed with respect to a hole of the second piece. The first member is inserted into the hole of the second member, called the mortise. The joint may be glued, pinned, or wedged to lock it in place.

BISCUIT JOINT

A mortice is cut on each member, each located the correct distance from the face of the joint in both members. A biscuit is then inserted with some glue and the members brought together, aligned and clamped. The biscuit absorbs some moisture from the glue and swells up in the mortice, creating a tightly fitting joint.

MITER JOINT Joint made by beveling each of two parts to be joined, usually at a 45° angle, to form a corner of a certain angle. A mitered joint may be reinforeced with a spline, which works similar to a biscuit in a biscuit joint.

WOODWORKING JOINERY

BRIDLE JOINT

DOVETAIL JOINT

RABBET JOINT

MILLED CORNER JOINT

lock miter joint

Similar to a mortise and tenon; a tenon is narrowed on the end of one member and a mortise is cut into the other to accept it. The difference is that the tenon and the mortise are cut to the full width of the tenon member.

Consists of a series of pins cut to extend from the end of one board, interlocking with a series of tails cut into the end of the second board. The pins and tails usually have a trapezoidal shape, allowing the dovetail to be great in tensile strength. Once glued, a wooden dovetail joint requires no mechanical fasteners.

Consists of a recess or groove cut into the edge of one member. The position of the rabbet cut depends on where someone wants the halfsection of grained end to appear. With this joint, the grained end of one member is completely hidden.

Similar to a Dado and a Mortice and Tenon joints. Groves are cut precisely on both members in order to interlock or slide together. The milled corner joint creates a corner with no end grain visible. One of the stronger joints.

Combination of the Miter and Milled Corner joints. When sawed correctly and properly grooved, the lock miter joint is strong, with no end grain, and a clean corner.

COMPLEX TECHNIQUES

Japanese and Chinese craftsman have mastered and have led the usage of woodworking techniques; whether it be used to make furniture or for architecture. Both cultures have woodworking traditions that include hundreds of types of joints, many of which do not use glue or nails to hold in place.

ROOF FRAMING

TRUSSES A truss is composed of triangles because of the structural stability of that shape. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape, or angles, when the lengths of the sides are fixed. In comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a square must be fixed for it to retain its shape. The depth of a truss, or the height between the upper and lower chords, is what creates an efficient structural form. A solid girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material costs as compared to a truss. For a given span length, a deeper truss will require less material in the chords and greater material in the verticals and diagonals. An optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency.

ROOF FRAMING

Top: Roof detail of Exhibition Hall from Bunraku Puppet Theatre; designed by Kazuhiro Ishii. Left: Model of a simple reciprocal framing sysem

Left: Sheffield Winter Gardens

RECIPROCAL FRAME

GOING BEYOND

The reciprocal frame is a roof structure where each beam both supports and is supported by other beams in the roof structure. A minimum of 3 beams is required to create a reciprocal frame roof. As each beam supports the next in a reciprocal manner no internal support structure is required. Only the outer end of each beam requires support which will normally be a post used for the wall. The roof loads are transferred to these posts and in turn to the supporting foundation.

Composed of several layers of dimensioned lumber glued together, a single large, strong, structural member can be manufactured from smaller lumber. These structural members are used as vertical columns or horizontal beams, often in curved, arching shapes. Glulam has made it possible for wood to be used for larger spans, transformed into various organic shapes that had never before been possible. These massive beams of lumber may play a role in the roofing system, as well as being part of the wall system.

The beams can be fabricated from timbers, laminated wood, steel or reinforced concrete. A very inexpensive roof structure can be made from logs.

ENGINEERED WOOD

CONCEPT Engineered wood is also known as composite wood, man-made-wood or manufactured wood. Products of engineered wood include a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding together the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of woods, together with adhesives, to form these composite materials. Engineered woods offer various advantages over the traditional solid wood products. These man-made-woods are engineered to precise design specifications and are tested to meet and sometimes exceed national or international standards. Large panels of engineered wood may be manufactured from fibres from small diameter trees; small pieces of wood, and wood that has defects, can be used in many engineered wood products, especially particle and fiber-based boards. Engineered wood products are also often stronger and less prone to humidityinduced warping than equivalent solid woods. Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same hardwoods and softwoods used to manufacture lumber. Sawmill scraps and other wood waste can be used for engineered wood composed of wood particles or fibers; while whole logs are usually used for veneers, such as plywood. Other alternative method contain no actual wood but rather vegetable fibers. These are manufactured similar engineered cellulosic products from other lignin-containing materials such as hemp stalks, kenaf stalks, rice straw, rye straw, wheat straw, or sugar cane residue.

ENGINEERED WOOD

LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER

PARALLAM

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with various adhesives. It offers several advantages over typical milled lumber: it is stronger, straighter, and a lot more uniform. It is much less likely than conventional lumber to warp, twist, bow, or shrink due to its composite nature. Produced in a factory under controlled specifications, LVL products allow customers to reduce the on-site labor. It is similar in appearance to plywood without cross bands, and is typically rated by the manufacturer for elastic modulus and allowable bending stress. Common elastic moduli are 1.8, 1.9, and 2.0 million psi, and common allowable bending stress values are at 2800 and 3000 psi.

Parallam is made from nearly all of the wood on the log using veneer strands, which are aligned parallel for maximum strength. The end product is a rectangular beam; that which is longer, thicker, and stronger than the conventional solid-sawn lumber. Similar to LVL, Parallam woods are often used as beams, headers, columns, and posts, among others uses.

Laminated Veneer Lumber products are typically used for headers, beams, rim board, and edge-forming material. The I-Joist is a product of LVL. These joists work similar to solid woods, yet provide a stronger support system while using less material. These joists are similarly installed as solid wood products.

ENGINEERED WOOD GLULAM

The first use of glued laminated timber was in Germany in 1890 by Otto Hetzer. This technology arrived in North America in 1934 when Max Hanisch, Sr., who had worked with Hetzer, formed a firm in Peshtigo, Wisconsin to manufacture structural glued laminated timber. Glued laminated timber, also known as gluelam or glulam, is a type of structural timber product composed of several layers of dimensioned lumber glued together. By laminating several smaller pieces of wood, a single large, strong, structural member can be manufactured from smaller lumber. These structural members are usually used as vertical columns or horizontal beams, often in curved, arching shapes. Glued laminated timber, like other engineered wood products, represent an efficient use of available timber. With an increased demand for lumber worldwide, the amount of solid timber available has steadily declined. Glulam structural members thus make use of smaller and less desirable dimensions of timber, yet are engineered to be stronger than similarly sized members comprised of solid wood.

PAPER AS ARCHITECTURE

PAPER AS ARCHITECTURE PAPER BRIDGE Shigeru Ban

"It is a very interesting contrast, the Roman stone bridge and the paper bridge. Paper too can be permanent, can be strong and lasting. We need to get rid of these prejudices," --Ban

Placed over the Gardon River in southern France, half a mile from the Pont du Gard, it reaches over the water to a sandy islet mid-river. Designed by Architect Shigeru Ban, two dozen French architecture students and three from Japan built the bridge as a month-long project. The cardboard-tube bridge was load tested with balloons filled with 1.5 tonnes of water, calculated to be strong enough to carry 20 people at a time. Weighing at 7.5 tonnes, the bridge is made from 281 cardboard tubes, each 11.5 centimeters (four inches) across and 11.9 millimeters thick. The steps are made of recycled paper and plastic and the foundations were wooden boxes packed with sand. The bridge was opened to the public for six weeks, which then was dismantled for the rainy season.