2. History Of Genetics

History of genetics BSMLS/BSMT 1st Semester AY 2008-2009

SCIENCE OF HEREDITY AND VARIETY Transmission at various levels (Molecular to populations to evolution of species)

Crizelda Dayrit Liwanag, MS, RMT College of Allied Medical Professions Angeles University Foundation

Pick as many pebbles as you can… (Romans 8:28)

OUTLINE  Introduction  Review

of Branches and Relevance

 History  Biblical

Times  Era of Transmission Genetics  Birth of Cytogenetics  Advent of Molecular Genetics  Future

endeavors

* Please take note that terms to remember are embedded within the discussion 3

BIBLICAL TIMES For everything, absolutely everything, Above and below, visible and invisible, ... Everything got started in Him and finds its purpose in Him (Colossians 1:16)

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GENESIS TO REVELATION  Genealogy

and Prophecy

I

am your Creator. You were in my care even before you were born (Isaiah 44:2a)  Not by accident, not by coincidence, everything is planned  Like

begets like

 ...every

good tree produces good fruit and a bad tree produces bad fruit ...(Matthew 7:17)

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JACOB  First

geneticist  Agriculture (farming and breeding)  Pagans thought it was magic

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GREEKS, ROMANS, ETC. 

Chinese 



Hindus 



Caste system

Romans 



Waltzing mice

Killed criminals

Greeks  

Pregnant mothers were advised to look at statues Hippocrates 



Aristotle 



Fluids Girls were mistakes/interferences

Dutch  

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Homunculus 7

ERA OF TRANSMISSION GENETICS

How traits are vertically transmitted 8

1859 – CHARLES DARWIN  Publication  he 

of “The Origin of Species”

promoted the theory of natural selection

members of a population who are better adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits

 No

theory regarding how traits are passed from generation to generation has been proven true in experiments as of Darwin's time

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1866 – GREGOR MENDEL  Austrian

monk  “Father of genetics."  Laws

of inheritance based on experiments with pea plants    

Genes and alleles Dominance and recessiveness Homozygosity and heterozygosity Independent assortment

 His

studies were ignored well after his death in 1884  His research lays the foundation for studies of inheritance in the twentieth century and beyond 10

IMPORTANT TERMS BEFORE WE PROCEED...  Vertical

transmission  Congenital  Familial  Infectious  Mendelian trait  Multifactorial trait  Pedigree

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BIRTH OF CYTOGENETICS Chromosomes take the spotlight

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1842 – KARL VILHELM  First

observed chromosomes in plant cells

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1882 – WALTER FLEMMING  German

biologist  Staining cells with dyes  Discovered rod-shaped bodies he called "chromosomes” in salamanders

1888 – VON WALDEYER  Coined

the word “chromosome”

 Autosome  Sex

chromosome

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1902 - WALTER SUTTON  American

biologist  Demonstrates that chromosomes exist in pairs that are similar in structure  In light of Mendel's theory that genetic "factors" segregate, he concludes that hereditary factors must lie on chromosomes.

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1902 - ARCHIBALD GARROD  Discovery

of Alkaptonuria (recessive trait)  First evidence that the study of inheritance can benefit the practice of medicine

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1906  The

term "genetics“ was used for the first time.

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1909 - WILHELM JOHANNSEN  Danish

botanist  Proposed the term "gene" (from the Greek word "genos" which means "birth") to refer to a Mendelian hereditary factor  Also proposed two terms:

§Genotype §Phenotype  Levitsky:

§Karyotype 18

1915 - THOMAS HUNT MORGAN  An

American geneticist  Publication of “The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity  Results

from experiments with fruit flies that prove genes are lined up along chromosomes.  Also described the principle of "linkage"  "genetic map" of fruit fly  This work established the basis for gene mapping principles still used today.

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ADVENT OF MOLECULAR GENETICS DNA Structure and Function (DNA as the transforming substance and not proteins)

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FRIEDRICH MIESCHER  Nuclein

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1928 – FRED GRIFFITH  Called

the change from rough to smooth by heat killed bacteria “transformation

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1944 – AVERY, MACLEOD & MACLYN  Oswald

Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty report evidence that, at least in bacteria, the molecule that carries genetic information is DNA

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1944 – AVERY, MACLEOD & MACLYN

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1952 – MARTHA CHASE & ALFRED HERSHEY  Provided

final proof that DNA is the substance that transmits inherited traits from one generation to the next.  Hershey received Nobel Prize in 1969

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1953 – J. WATSON & F. CRICK  determined

structure of the DNA molecule

 Base

pairing  Nobel Prize for this in 1962

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April 25, 1953 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest. … It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material. … J. D. WATSON F. H. C. CRICK Medical Research Council Unit for the Study of Molecular Structure of Biological Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.

Maurice wilkins Rosalind franklin

X-ray Crystallography of DNA 28

CHARGAFF’S RULES: A=T AND G=C PURINES = PYRIMIDINES

1955 - JOE HIN TJIO  Determined

that the number of chromosomes in humans is 46  For

30 years, the number was believed to be 48

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1961 – BRENNER, JACOB, MESELSON  Sydney

Brenner, Francois Jacob, and Matthew Meselson  Identified the role of RNA

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1966 – NIRENBERG & KHORANA  Marshall

Nirenberg and H. Gobind Khorana lead teams that crack the genetic code  Central dogma (still in connection with Watson and Crick’s studies)

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CURRENT TRENDS Biotechnology, Medical Genetics and Genomics

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1969 - HYBRIDIZATION  FISH

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1977 – FRED SANGER  Chain

termination method for sequencing DNA

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1978 – DAVID BOTSTEIN  Discovered

RFLP

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1980 – KARY MULLIS  PCR

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1983  Mapping

of chromosome 4

 Expansion

 Family

for HD gene (produces Huntingtin)

in Venezuela with Huntington disease

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1983 – BARBARA MCCLINTOCK  Was

awarded the NOBEL PRIZE for her work with maize  Discovery

of transposons or jumping genes  Although her work began in 1931 (with Harriet Crighton)

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1984 – ALEC JEFFREYS  DNA

fingerprinting

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1990  Human

Genome Project

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1992 – DANIEL COHEN  Map

of genetic markers on all 23 human chromosomes

1993 – ALLEN ROSES  Major

susceptibility gene for the late-onset form of Alzheimer Disease

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1994  Publication

of a high density genetic map of the human genome consisting of almost 6,000 markers in Science Journal/Magazine  Linkage studies

1995 – CRAIG VENTER  Genome

sequence of H. Influenzae

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1997 – dolly  

Scotland’s Roslin Institute (adult cells) Other animals   

   

Fish or Carp – (1963) in vitro fertilization Cat - Carbon copy (2001) and Little Nicky (2004) Cattle – Daisy (1999), Millie and Emma (2001), Pampa (2002), Alpha & Beta (2001) and Fighting Cattle (2007), etc. Deer – Dewey (2003) Dog – Snuppy (controversial) Ferret – 2006 Fruit flies – 2004

         

Goat – 2000 Gaur – Noah (2001) Horse – Prometea (2003), Paris Texas (2005) Mice – (1987) from embryo – over 12 as of 2002 Mouflon – (2001) first to live past infancy Mule –Idaho Gem, Idaho Star and Utah Pioneer (2003) Pig – Xena, Millie, Billy, Alexis, Carrel and Dotcom (2000) Rabbit – 2003 Rhesus Monkey – Tetra (2000) Wolf and Water Buffalo

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WHAT NOW?

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references  Brookes, M. Get a grip on History of Genetics Timeline available at genetics. Time Life Books, http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/geneticstln.php 1998. retrieved on June 20, 2008  Photo credits:  “Cytogenetics” at  All pictures not found in the www.wikipedia.com mentioned references are  Weaver, R. Molecular available from the world Biology. Boston: Mass, wide web using the slide McGraw-Hill. 3rd Edition. title/content as key words 2005  Screen captures from “DNA:  Matthews, C et al. The Promise and the Price” Biochemistry. Singapore: by Discovery Channel, Pearson Education Asia Pte MMDiscovery Ltd. 2002. Communications, Inc. 2004 