2 Atomic Structure B Kartic
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Houston Community College System
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure By Mounia Elamrani
Blei / Odian’s General, Organic, and Biochemistry
Chemistry 1405
Objectives
Percent composition Dalton’s atomic Theory Constant composition of matter and conservation of mass Atomic mass Atomic structure Periodic table and properties of elements Electron configuration and the valence shells Octet rule
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
The early atomic theory 2.1
The concept of the atom had limited scientific usefulness until the discovery of two important laws in 18th and 19th centuries:
The Law of conservation of mass: No detectable gain or loss of mass occurs in chemical reactions. Mass is conserved.
The Law of constant composition: In a given chemical compound, the elements are always combined in the same proportions by mass.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Percent composition 2.1
The usual form for describing the relative masses of the elements in a compound is a list of percentages by mass, called the percent composition It is the number of grams of the element in 100 g of the compound and can be calculated using:
% element =
Mounia Elamrani
mass of element mass of whole sample
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
× 100%
Example
Analysis of 4.800g of niacin, one of the Bcomplex vitamins, yields 2.810g of C, 0.1954g of H, 0.5462g of N, and 1.249g of O. Calculate the mass percent of each element in the compound. 2.810 g C
% C = 4.800 g sample ×100% = 58.54 % %H=
0.1954 g H 4.800 g sample
×100% = 4.071 %
%N=
0.5462 g N 4.800 g sample
×100% = 11.38 %
%O=
1.249 g O 0.5462 g sample
Mounia Elamrani
×100% = 26.02 %
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Dalton 2.2’s Atomic Theory
Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms. In chemical reactions, the atoms rearrange but they do not themselves break apart. In any sample of a pure element, all the atoms are identical in mass and other properties. The atoms of different elements differ in mass and other properties. In a given compound the constituent atoms are always present in the same fixed numerical ratio.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Atomic Mass 2.3
It follows from Dalton’s Atomic Theory that atoms of an element have a constant, characteristic atomic mass or atomic weight
For example, for any sample of hydrogen fluoride:
F-to-H atom ratio: 1 to 1 F-to-H mass ratio: 19.0 to 1.00
This is only possible if each fluorine atom is 19.0 times heavier than each hydrogen atom
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
)Atomic Mass Units )amu, u 2.3
Atoms have extremely small masses. The mass of the heaviest known atom is about 4 x 10-22 g.
We define the atomic mass unit, amu, using Carbon-12 as the standard:
1 atom of carbon-12 = 12 u (exactly) 1 u = 1/12 of mass of 1 atom of carbon-12 (exactly)
This definition results in the assignment of approximately 1 u for the mass of hydrogen (the lightest atom)
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
The structure of atoms 2.4
Experiments have been performed that show atoms are comprised of subatomic particles There are three principal kinds of subatomic particles:
Proton )p) – carries a positive charge, found in the nucleus, mass≃1u
Electron )e) – carries a negative charge, found outside the nucleus, about 1/1800 the mass of a proton, mass≃0u
Neutron )n) – carries no charge, found in the nucleus, a bit heavier than a proton, mass≃1u
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Atomic number and mass 2.4 number
The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z), and is unique for each element. Z = number of protons
The mass number (A) of an atom is the total number of particles in the nucleus: A = (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)
The charge is given by: Charge = number of proton - number of Mounia Elamrani Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure electrons
Exercises
What is the charge of an atom containing 9p, 10n, and 9e?
What is the charge of an ion containing 12p, 13n, and 14e?
Which element has 22p and 26n, and what is its approximate mass?
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Isotopes 2.5
It turns out that most elements in nature are uniform mixtures of two or more kinds of atoms with slightly different masses
Atoms of the same element with different masses are called isotopes
Isotopes have the same atomic number (Z) but different mass (A)
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Counting Particles in Isotopes 2.5
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these carbon atoms. 12C 13C 14C 6 6 6
#P _______ #N _______ #E _______
Mounia Elamrani
_______ _______ _______
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
_______ _______ _______
Calculating an element 2.5’s average atomic mass
We average the masses of isotopes using their masses and relative abundances to give the average atomic mass of an element: Naturally occurring chlorine is a mixture of two isotopes:
Isotope
Abundance (%)
Mass (u)
Contribution
Cl-35
75.77
Cl-37
24.23
34.9689 0.7577 * 34.9689 = 36.9659 26.50 0.2423u* 36.9659 = 8.957 u (Rounded) Total = 35.46 u
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Exercises
What is the symbolic notation for the isotopes of oxygen that contain 7 and 8n, respectively?
Calculate the number of protons and neutrons in the two isotopes of nitrogen 14 7
N and 157 N
Magnesium consists of three isotopes of masses 24.0amu, 25.0amu, and 26.0amu with abundances of 78.70%, 10.13%, and 11.17% respectively. Calculate the average Mounia Elamrani 2 – The Atomic Structure atomic mass ofChapter Mg.
The Periodic Table 2.6
It Arranges elements by increasing atomic number Elements are arranged in numbered rows called periods The vertical columns are called groups or families (group labels vary) Elements with similar physical and chemical properties, are placed in vertical columns, or groups. Li, Na, K: are soft, very reactive metals. He, Ne, Ar:are non reactive gases.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
2.6 Some important classifications
A groups = representative elements or main group elements
I A= alkali metals II A = alkaline earth metals VI A = chalcogens VII A = halogens VIII = noble gases
B groups = transition elements Inner transition elements = elements 58-71 and 90-103
58 – 71 = lanthanide elements 90 – 103 = actinide elements
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Modern Periodic Table 2.6
Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Metals, Nonmetals, and 2.6 …Metalloids
Metals
Tend to shine (have metallic luster) Can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets (malleable) and can be drawn into wire (ductile) Are solids at room temperature (except Hg) and conduct electricity
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Metals, Nonmetals, and 2.6 …Metalloids
Nonmetals
Lack the properties of metals At room T can be solid, liquid, or gas React with metals to form (ionic) compounds
Metalloids
Have properties between metals and nonmetals (semiconductors)
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
2.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids…
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electron Organization Within 2.7 The Atom
Some early scientists thought that electrons were orbiting around the nucleus Later scientist discovered, through the emission of light by the elements, that electrons have energy states It all started with atomic emission spectra...
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Continuous Spectrum Spectrum
vs. Line
Visible Light Spectrum
Na
Rb
K
Hydrogen Line Spectrum Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electromagnetic Radiation and 2.7 Energy
Radiation carries energy through space Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wave nature The frequency , ν (in Hz or s-1), of a radiation is the number of “waves”, or complete vibrations, in one second Each color of the rainbow has a specific frequency Visible light range: 8x104 to 4x104 Hz The higher the energy of the radiation, the
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electromagnetic Radiation and 2.7 Energy
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Atomic Energy States 2.7
Planck said that energy can only be absorbed or released from atoms in Excited State fixed amounts called quanta Atoms absorb energy Emission Absorption first, then they release it in the form of a radiation (or color if in the visible range) When energy is Ground State absorbed, the e- “jumps” to the excited state When energy is released, or emitted, the Mounia Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure e-Elamrani “drops” to the ground
The Quantum Mechanical Atom 2.8
Complex mathematical theory that was able to predict a variety of atomic properties The detailed structure of the atom can explain the periodicity of the chemical properties of elements Elements can be built by adding electrons and protons to the nuclei There are rules guiding the way the electrons are organized
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Bohr Model 2.8
First model of the electron structure Gives levels where an electron is most likely to be found Incorrect today, but a key in understanding the atom
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Shells, Subshells, and Orbitals
Shells Contain electrons that are similar in energy and distance from nucleus:
Low energy electrons are closest to the nucleus Identified by a whole number (1, 2, 3…) called the principal quantum number (n)….. The first shell (n=1) is lowest in energy, the 2nd level is next in energy (n=2) and so on: 1<2<3<4
Subshells are locations within a shell: s
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Number of Electrons Maximum number of electrons in any level = 2n2 n =1 n =2 n =3
Mounia Elamrani
2(1)2 2(2)2 2(3)2
= = =
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
2 8 18
Order of Electron Filling All electrons in the same energy level have similar energy. Shell 1 2 electrons Shell 2 8 electrons Shell 3 18 electrons (8 first, later 10) Order of filling for the first 20 electrons Shell Mounia Elamrani
1 2e
2 8e
3 8e
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
4 2e
Electron Configuration Lists the shells containing electrons Written in order of increasing energy Element \ Shell 1 2 3 He 2 C 2 4 F 2 7 Ne 2 8 Al 2 8 3 Cl 2 8 7
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Exercises A. The electron configuration for sulfur 1) 2,6 2) 8,2,6 3) 2, 8, 6 B. The element in period 3 with two electrons in the outermost energy level 1) Mg 2) Ca 3) Na
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Valence Electrons
Valence or outer shell, or outermost electrons, are the electrons filling the last level of energy in a given atom
Indicate the number of valance electrons: A. O 1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 B. Al
1) 13
C. Cl
1) 2
Mounia Elamrani
2) 3 2) 5
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
3) 1 3) 7
Periodic Law All the elements in a group have the same electron configuration in their outermost shells Example: Group 2A Be 2, 2 Mg 2, 8, 2 Ca 2, 8, 8, 2 Specify if each pair has chemical properties that are similar (1) or different (2): A. Cl and Br B. 2 - 5 and 2 - 8 7 C. 2 - 4 and 2 - 8 – 4 D. P and S
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
9. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table - Note that the 3d orbital fills after the 4s orbital. - Similarly, the 4f orbital fills after the 5d orbital.
Si V
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table There is a shorthand way of writing electron configurations Write the core electrons corresponding to the filled Noble gas in square brackets. Write the valence electrons explicitly. Example, P: 1s22s22p63s23p3 but Ne is 1s22s22p6 Therefore, P: [Ne]3s23p3.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electron Configurations
There are a couple exceptions due to more stable electron configuration: Cr group prefers to have a half filled nd orbital with 5 electrons
Cr: [Ar] 4s2 3d4 becomes Cr: [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu group prefers to have a completely filled nd orbital with 10 electrons
Cu: [Ar] 4s2 3d9 becomes
Mounia Elamrani
1
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
10
Chapter 2 Atomic Structure By Mounia Elamrani
Blei / Odian’s General, Organic, and Biochemistry
Chemistry 1405
Objectives
Percent composition Dalton’s atomic Theory Constant composition of matter and conservation of mass Atomic mass Atomic structure Periodic table and properties of elements Electron configuration and the valence shells Octet rule
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
The early atomic theory 2.1
The concept of the atom had limited scientific usefulness until the discovery of two important laws in 18th and 19th centuries:
The Law of conservation of mass: No detectable gain or loss of mass occurs in chemical reactions. Mass is conserved.
The Law of constant composition: In a given chemical compound, the elements are always combined in the same proportions by mass.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Percent composition 2.1
The usual form for describing the relative masses of the elements in a compound is a list of percentages by mass, called the percent composition It is the number of grams of the element in 100 g of the compound and can be calculated using:
% element =
Mounia Elamrani
mass of element mass of whole sample
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
× 100%
Example
Analysis of 4.800g of niacin, one of the Bcomplex vitamins, yields 2.810g of C, 0.1954g of H, 0.5462g of N, and 1.249g of O. Calculate the mass percent of each element in the compound. 2.810 g C
% C = 4.800 g sample ×100% = 58.54 % %H=
0.1954 g H 4.800 g sample
×100% = 4.071 %
%N=
0.5462 g N 4.800 g sample
×100% = 11.38 %
%O=
1.249 g O 0.5462 g sample
Mounia Elamrani
×100% = 26.02 %
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Dalton 2.2’s Atomic Theory
Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms. In chemical reactions, the atoms rearrange but they do not themselves break apart. In any sample of a pure element, all the atoms are identical in mass and other properties. The atoms of different elements differ in mass and other properties. In a given compound the constituent atoms are always present in the same fixed numerical ratio.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Atomic Mass 2.3
It follows from Dalton’s Atomic Theory that atoms of an element have a constant, characteristic atomic mass or atomic weight
For example, for any sample of hydrogen fluoride:
F-to-H atom ratio: 1 to 1 F-to-H mass ratio: 19.0 to 1.00
This is only possible if each fluorine atom is 19.0 times heavier than each hydrogen atom
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
)Atomic Mass Units )amu, u 2.3
Atoms have extremely small masses. The mass of the heaviest known atom is about 4 x 10-22 g.
We define the atomic mass unit, amu, using Carbon-12 as the standard:
1 atom of carbon-12 = 12 u (exactly) 1 u = 1/12 of mass of 1 atom of carbon-12 (exactly)
This definition results in the assignment of approximately 1 u for the mass of hydrogen (the lightest atom)
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
The structure of atoms 2.4
Experiments have been performed that show atoms are comprised of subatomic particles There are three principal kinds of subatomic particles:
Proton )p) – carries a positive charge, found in the nucleus, mass≃1u
Electron )e) – carries a negative charge, found outside the nucleus, about 1/1800 the mass of a proton, mass≃0u
Neutron )n) – carries no charge, found in the nucleus, a bit heavier than a proton, mass≃1u
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Atomic number and mass 2.4 number
The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z), and is unique for each element. Z = number of protons
The mass number (A) of an atom is the total number of particles in the nucleus: A = (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)
The charge is given by: Charge = number of proton - number of Mounia Elamrani Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure electrons
Exercises
What is the charge of an atom containing 9p, 10n, and 9e?
What is the charge of an ion containing 12p, 13n, and 14e?
Which element has 22p and 26n, and what is its approximate mass?
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Isotopes 2.5
It turns out that most elements in nature are uniform mixtures of two or more kinds of atoms with slightly different masses
Atoms of the same element with different masses are called isotopes
Isotopes have the same atomic number (Z) but different mass (A)
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Counting Particles in Isotopes 2.5
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these carbon atoms. 12C 13C 14C 6 6 6
#P _______ #N _______ #E _______
Mounia Elamrani
_______ _______ _______
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
_______ _______ _______
Calculating an element 2.5’s average atomic mass
We average the masses of isotopes using their masses and relative abundances to give the average atomic mass of an element: Naturally occurring chlorine is a mixture of two isotopes:
Isotope
Abundance (%)
Mass (u)
Contribution
Cl-35
75.77
Cl-37
24.23
34.9689 0.7577 * 34.9689 = 36.9659 26.50 0.2423u* 36.9659 = 8.957 u (Rounded) Total = 35.46 u
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Exercises
What is the symbolic notation for the isotopes of oxygen that contain 7 and 8n, respectively?
Calculate the number of protons and neutrons in the two isotopes of nitrogen 14 7
N and 157 N
Magnesium consists of three isotopes of masses 24.0amu, 25.0amu, and 26.0amu with abundances of 78.70%, 10.13%, and 11.17% respectively. Calculate the average Mounia Elamrani 2 – The Atomic Structure atomic mass ofChapter Mg.
The Periodic Table 2.6
It Arranges elements by increasing atomic number Elements are arranged in numbered rows called periods The vertical columns are called groups or families (group labels vary) Elements with similar physical and chemical properties, are placed in vertical columns, or groups. Li, Na, K: are soft, very reactive metals. He, Ne, Ar:are non reactive gases.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
2.6 Some important classifications
A groups = representative elements or main group elements
I A= alkali metals II A = alkaline earth metals VI A = chalcogens VII A = halogens VIII = noble gases
B groups = transition elements Inner transition elements = elements 58-71 and 90-103
58 – 71 = lanthanide elements 90 – 103 = actinide elements
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Modern Periodic Table 2.6
Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Metals, Nonmetals, and 2.6 …Metalloids
Metals
Tend to shine (have metallic luster) Can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets (malleable) and can be drawn into wire (ductile) Are solids at room temperature (except Hg) and conduct electricity
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Metals, Nonmetals, and 2.6 …Metalloids
Nonmetals
Lack the properties of metals At room T can be solid, liquid, or gas React with metals to form (ionic) compounds
Metalloids
Have properties between metals and nonmetals (semiconductors)
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
2.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids…
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electron Organization Within 2.7 The Atom
Some early scientists thought that electrons were orbiting around the nucleus Later scientist discovered, through the emission of light by the elements, that electrons have energy states It all started with atomic emission spectra...
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Continuous Spectrum Spectrum
vs. Line
Visible Light Spectrum
Na
Rb
K
Hydrogen Line Spectrum Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electromagnetic Radiation and 2.7 Energy
Radiation carries energy through space Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wave nature The frequency , ν (in Hz or s-1), of a radiation is the number of “waves”, or complete vibrations, in one second Each color of the rainbow has a specific frequency Visible light range: 8x104 to 4x104 Hz The higher the energy of the radiation, the
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electromagnetic Radiation and 2.7 Energy
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Atomic Energy States 2.7
Planck said that energy can only be absorbed or released from atoms in Excited State fixed amounts called quanta Atoms absorb energy Emission Absorption first, then they release it in the form of a radiation (or color if in the visible range) When energy is Ground State absorbed, the e- “jumps” to the excited state When energy is released, or emitted, the Mounia Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure e-Elamrani “drops” to the ground
The Quantum Mechanical Atom 2.8
Complex mathematical theory that was able to predict a variety of atomic properties The detailed structure of the atom can explain the periodicity of the chemical properties of elements Elements can be built by adding electrons and protons to the nuclei There are rules guiding the way the electrons are organized
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Bohr Model 2.8
First model of the electron structure Gives levels where an electron is most likely to be found Incorrect today, but a key in understanding the atom
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Shells, Subshells, and Orbitals
Shells Contain electrons that are similar in energy and distance from nucleus:
Low energy electrons are closest to the nucleus Identified by a whole number (1, 2, 3…) called the principal quantum number (n)….. The first shell (n=1) is lowest in energy, the 2nd level is next in energy (n=2) and so on: 1<2<3<4
Subshells are locations within a shell: s
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Number of Electrons Maximum number of electrons in any level = 2n2 n =1 n =2 n =3
Mounia Elamrani
2(1)2 2(2)2 2(3)2
= = =
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
2 8 18
Order of Electron Filling All electrons in the same energy level have similar energy. Shell 1 2 electrons Shell 2 8 electrons Shell 3 18 electrons (8 first, later 10) Order of filling for the first 20 electrons Shell Mounia Elamrani
1 2e
2 8e
3 8e
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
4 2e
Electron Configuration Lists the shells containing electrons Written in order of increasing energy Element \ Shell 1 2 3 He 2 C 2 4 F 2 7 Ne 2 8 Al 2 8 3 Cl 2 8 7
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Exercises A. The electron configuration for sulfur 1) 2,6 2) 8,2,6 3) 2, 8, 6 B. The element in period 3 with two electrons in the outermost energy level 1) Mg 2) Ca 3) Na
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Valence Electrons
Valence or outer shell, or outermost electrons, are the electrons filling the last level of energy in a given atom
Indicate the number of valance electrons: A. O 1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 B. Al
1) 13
C. Cl
1) 2
Mounia Elamrani
2) 3 2) 5
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
3) 1 3) 7
Periodic Law All the elements in a group have the same electron configuration in their outermost shells Example: Group 2A Be 2, 2 Mg 2, 8, 2 Ca 2, 8, 8, 2 Specify if each pair has chemical properties that are similar (1) or different (2): A. Cl and Br B. 2 - 5 and 2 - 8 7 C. 2 - 4 and 2 - 8 – 4 D. P and S
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
9. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table - Note that the 3d orbital fills after the 4s orbital. - Similarly, the 4f orbital fills after the 5d orbital.
Si V
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table There is a shorthand way of writing electron configurations Write the core electrons corresponding to the filled Noble gas in square brackets. Write the valence electrons explicitly. Example, P: 1s22s22p63s23p3 but Ne is 1s22s22p6 Therefore, P: [Ne]3s23p3.
Mounia Elamrani
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
Electron Configurations
There are a couple exceptions due to more stable electron configuration: Cr group prefers to have a half filled nd orbital with 5 electrons
Cr: [Ar] 4s2 3d4 becomes Cr: [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu group prefers to have a completely filled nd orbital with 10 electrons
Cu: [Ar] 4s2 3d9 becomes
Mounia Elamrani
1
Chapter 2 – The Atomic Structure
10
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