(1912) Peeps At Heraldry

"gx |[iitrt$

^tul\xtff

SHOP CORKER BOOK ,01 FOURTH

».u

MfNUE

1

N. Y.

H ^M

|—

^.5

]\^lNicCi\ /^OAHilf'ii

^it»V%.^>l^C^^ -^M

THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GIFT OF

William F. Freehoff,

Jr.

-

2/

5^, (<)

So

PEEPS AT HERALDRY

AGENTS AMERICA

.... THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

ACSTRAiAETA

CANADA I^TDIA

.

.

.

......

64 & 66 FIFTH Avenue, NEW YORK OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 205 FLINDERS Lane, MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. St. MARTIN'S HOUSE, 70 BOND STREET. TORONTO MACMILLAN & COMPANY. LTD. MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY 309 Bow Bazaar Street, CALCUTTA

PLATE

1.

HEKALU. SHOWING TABARD ORIGINALLY WORN OVKR MAIL ARMOUR.

PEEPS AT

HERALDRY BY

PHGEBE ALLEN CONTAINING IN

8

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS

COLOUR AND NUMEROUS LINE DRAWINGS IN THE TEXT

GIFT

TO MY COUSIN

ELIZABETH

MAUD ALEXANDER

810

CONTENTS PAGE

CHAPTER I.

II.

III.

IV.

V. VI.

AN INTRODUCTORY TALK ABOUT HERALDRY FORM, POINTS, AND TINCTURES

THE SHIELD

ITS

DIVISIONS OF

THE SHIELD

-

I

-

8

-

-

l6

THE BLAZONING OF ARMORIAL BEARINGS

-

-24

COMMON OR MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES

-

"

ANIMAL CHARGES

-

-

"39 "47

-

-

-

-

3^

VII.

ANIMAL CHARGES (CONTINUED)

-

-

VIII.

ANIMAL CHARGES (CONTINUED)

-

-

"

5^

IX.

INANIMATE OBJECTS AS CHARGES

-

-

-

^3

X.

QUARTERING AND MARSHALLING

-

-

-

-

XI. FIVE XII.

COATS OF ARMS

PENNONS, BANNERS,

-

AND STANDARDS

VI

-

"70 "74 -

80

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE 1.

Herald showing Tabard, originally Worn over Mail

Armour

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

frontispiece

FACING PAGE 2.

The Duke Arms

of Leinster

Arg.

:

8

-

saltire gu.

Crest : Monkey statant ppr., environed round the loins and chained or. Supporters Two monkeys environed and chained or. :

Motto 3.

:

Crom

a boo.

Marquis of Hertford Arms

-

-

-

-

-

16

Quarterly, ist and 4th, or on a pile gu., between 6 fleurs-delys az,, 3 lions passant guardant in pale or ; 2nd and 3rd gu., 2 wings Seymour. conjoined in lure or. Crest : Out of a ducal coronet or a phoenix ppr. :

Supporters : Two blackamoors. Motto : Fide et amore. 4.

The Earl Arms

of Scarborough

-

-

_

.

41

Arg. a fesse gu. between 3 parrots vert, collared of the second. pelican in her piety. Crest : Supporters : Two parrots, wings inverted vert. Motto : Murus aeneue conscientia sana. :

A

5.

Baron Hawke Arms

-

-

-

-

-

-

48

Arg. a chevron erminois between three pilgrim's staves purpure. hawk, wings displayed and inverted ppr., belled and charged Crest : on the breast with a fleur-de-lys or. Supporters : Dexter, Neptune ; sinister, a sea-horse. :

A

Motto 6. Sir

:

Strike.

William Herschel

Arms

Arg. on

:

mount

-

-

-

-

vert, representation of the

40

-

73

feet reflecting

telescope with its apparatus ppr., on a chief az., the astronomical symbol of Uranus irradiated or.

A

Crest

demi-terrestrial : elevated or.

Motto 7.

A

ppr.,

thereon

an

eagle,

wings

Coelis exploratis,

The Flags (i)

8.

:

sphere

of Great Britain The Union Jack, (2) The Royal

Crusader

in

Mail Armour

Also fiftyfive small black

and white

VM

-

-

-

-

-on

-

80

Standard.

the cover

illustrations throughout the text.

"... The The

noble science once

study and delight of every gentleman."

" And thus the

Of great

story

deeds was told."

AT HERALDRY

PEEPS

CHAPTER

I

AN INTRODUCTORY TALK ABOUT HERALDRY

What The called

is

heraldry

?

art of heraldry, or

it,

armoury, as the old writers

consists in blazoning the

arms and

telling the

descent and history of families by certain pictorial signs.

Thus from age

to

age

an authenticated register of

genealogies has been kept and handed on from generation to generation.

The making and keeping of these

records have always been the special duty of a duly

appointed herald.

Perhaps you think that

sounds rather very

much

dull,

that

is

explanation

of heraldry

but you will soon find out that interesting

and amusing,

too,

is

associated with the study of armorial bearings.

For heraldry, which, you know, was reckoned as one of the prime glories of chivalry, is the language that keeps alive the golden deeds done in the world, and that is why those who have once learnt its H.

I

Peepj>s at Heraldrysecrets are always anxious to persuade others to learn

them

too.

" Although," says the old writer, Montague ancestors were

" our

;

given to study, they held a know-

little

ledge of heraldry to be indispensable, because they considered that

was the outward sign of the

it

spirit

of

chivalry and the index also to a lengthy chronicle of

doughty deeds."

Now, heraldry

is

it

language that

in a

stories,

tells its

and

it

is

all

own

its

that

unlike any other in

is

which history has been written.

This language,

expressed in armorial bearings,

as

contains no words, no letters, even, for signs and devices

do the work of words, and very well they do it. And animate and inanimate, under the sun was used to compose this alphabet, we shall find

as almost every object,

as

we go on

that not only are the sun,

moon and

stars,

the clouds and the rainbow, fountains and sea, rocks

and stones,

trees

and plants of

grain, pressed into the service

but that

all

manner of

of

all

kinds, fruits and

this heraldic language,

living creatures figure as well in

this strange alphabet, from tiny insects, such as bees and

and

flies

butterflies, to the full-length representations

angels, kings, bishops,

—dragons and also

found

tions

cockatrices,

their

way

and legends as

warriors.

of

Mythical creatures

and even mermaidens

into heraldry, just as

still

like the pale ghosts

And

and

we

— have

find tradi-

lingering in the history of nations,

of old-world

beliefs.

though heavenly bodies and 2

plants

and

An

Introductory Talk about Heraldry

animals were not sufficient for added yet other " letters " to

shape

their purpose, heralds their

of crowns, maces, rings,

alphabet in the

musical instruments,

ploughs, scythes, spades, wheels, spindles, lamps,

Each of these told a story of arches,

its

bridges,

you can

signs, as

own, bells,

easily

etc.

understand,

as did also the towers, castles,

cups, ships,

anchors, hunting-

many other objects, meaning, we shall gradu-

horns, spears, bows, arrows, and

which, with their

own

special

introduced into the language of heraldry.

ally find

But perhaps by now you are beginning to wonder can possibly learn one-half of what all these signs are meant to convey, but you will not wonder

how you

about that long, for heraldry has

grammar, and grammar,

its

own

well-arranged

you know, means

as

fixed

rules which are simple guides for writing or speaking a language correctly.

Moreover, happily both for teacher and learner, the fish

and birds and beasts

(as well as all the

other objects

do not come swarming on to our pages in shoals and flocks and herds, but we have to do with them either singly or in twos and threes.

we have

just mentioned)

Now, even those people who know nothing about heraldry are quite familiar with the term, " a coat of arms." shield,

They know, too, that it means the figure of a marked and coloured in a variety of ways, so as

to be distinctive of individuals, families, etc.

But why do we speak of there

is

it

as a coat

nothing to suggest such a term 3

?

of arms when

Peeps I will tell

Heraldry

at

you.

In the far-away days of quite another age, heraldry was so closely connected with warlike exploits, and its signs and tokens were so

much used on

the battle-field

to distinguish friends from foes, that each warrior wore his

own

special badge,

embroidered on the garment or

surcoat which covered his armour, as well

upon the

And

shield

this

which he carried into

as,

later on,

battle.

reminds us of the poor Earl of Gloucester's

fate at the Battle

of Bannockburn.

For, having for-

gotten to put on his surcoat, he was slain by the enemy, though we are told that " the Scottes would gladly have

kept him for a ransom had they only recognized him for the Earl, but he

armour

On

had forgot to put on

his coat

of

!"

the other hand,

that the

'*

we have good

reason to

remember

flower of knighthood," Sir John Chandos,

lost his life because

he did wear his white sarcenet robe

emblazoned with his arms. For it was because his feet became entangled in its folds (as Froissart tells us) in his encounter with the

French on the Bridge of Lussac,

stumbled on the slippery ground on that early winter's morning, and thus was quickly despatched by that he

the enemy's blows.

" Now, the principal end for which these signs were first taken up and put in use," says Guillim, " was that they

might serve

tribes, families

as notes and marks to distinguish and particular persons from the other.

Nor was

their

this

only use.

4

They

also served

to

An

Introductory Talk about Heraldryand disposition of

describe the nature, quality,

their

bearer."

Mackenzie goes

G.

Sir

and declares that

farther,

heraldry was invented, or, at

any

kept up, for

rate,

two chief purposes First, in order to perpetuate the

memory of

great

and noble deeds. Secondly, that governors might have the means of encouraging others to perform high exploits by rewarding their deserving subjects by

actions

(To our

a cheap kind of immortality.

ears that last

sentence sounds rather disrespectful to the honour of heraldry.)

Thus, for example. King Robert the Bruce gave bearings to the House of Wintoun, which

armorial

represented a falling crown supported by a sword, to

show

that

its

members had supported the crown

in its

while to one Veitch he gave a bullock's head, " to remember posterity " that the bearer had succoured

distress,

the King with food in bringing

some bullocks

to the

camp, when he was in want of provisions.

Some bearings

derive their names as well as their armorial

from some great

performed.

in

Thus

feat

may have

that they

:

" The son of Struan Robertson for Stocket Forest by a durk dirk

—

killing

—

in

of a wolf

the

King's

name of Skein, which signifies a dirk and three durk points in pale for his arms."

presence, got the in Irish,

We

meet with numbers of other instances in heraldry where armorial bearings were bestowed upon shall

5

Peeps

Heraldry

at

the ancestors of their present bearers for reason, which

Indeed,

is

some

most interesting and amusing

it is

special

thereby commemorated. to collect

the legends as well as the historical facts which explain the origin and meaning of different coats of arms.

Here are a few (A charge is the which

some

instances of

odd

charges.

heraldic term given to any object

charged, or represented,

is

rather

on the shield of a coat

of arms.)

To

begin with the

They explains

Redman

family:

bear three pillows, the origin of which Guillim

—

Redman to single

viz.

:

" This coat of arms

family for this reason

combat by

place for that

:

is

given to the

Having been challenged

and the day and the combat having been duly fixed, Redman a stranger,

being more forward than his challenger, came so early to the place that he fell asleep in his tent, whilst waiting

for the arrival of his foe.

"

The

people being meanwhile assembled and the hour having struck, the trumpets sounded to the com-

whereupon Redman, suddenly awakening out of his sleep, ran furiously upon his adversary and slew him. And so the pillows were granted to him as armorial bearings, to remind all men of the doughty deed which he awakened from sleep to achieve." In many cases the charges on a coat of arms reflect bat,

the

name

When

or the calling of the bearer. this

happens they are called

sometimes also "canting," which 6

**

latter

allusive " arms,

word

is

a literal

An

Introductory Talk about Heraldry-

translation

French

of the

although, as a matter of usual term.

The Pyne

Here

are

fact,

armes

term,

chantantes^

armes parlantes

a

is

more

some examples of allusive arms.

family bear three pineapples, the Herrings

bear three herrings, one. Camel of Devon,

camel passant

;

Thomas Elmes

bears a

Oxendens bear three oxen

the

bears five elm-leaves

;

;

Sir

three soles figure

on the coat of arms of the Sole family, and to the description of the last armorial charge, old Guillim

quaintly adds

:

" By the delicateness of his

taste,

the

sole

hath

gained the name of the partridge of the sea."

The arms of

the

Abbot of Ramsey

furnish, perhaps,

one of the most glaring examples of canting heraldry, for

on

his shield a

On

ram

is

represented struggling in the sea!

the shield of the Swallow family

of a ship with

all its

we

find the

mast

rigging disappearing between the

capacious jaws of a whale, whilst the Bacons bear a boar.

But whoever designed the coat of arms of

a certain

Squire Malherbe must have surely been in rather a

had

spiteful

mood, and

For on

that gentleman's shield

certainly

we

a turn for punning.

find three leaves

of

the stinging-nettle boldly charged!

In the armorial bearings of the Butler family allusion

made

we

see

to their calling in the charge of three

covered cups, which commemorates the historical fact that the ancestor of the present

Marquis of Ormonde,

Theobald Walter by name, was made Chief Butler of Ireland by Henry II. in 117 1, an office which was held 7

Peeps at Heraldry by seven successive generations of the Ormonde family.

The

family of Call charge their shield very appropriately

with three silver trumpets.

The

Foresters bear bugle horns

;

the Trumpingtons,

three trumpets.

Three

eel-spears

were borne by the family of Strathele,

name given to a curious fork, set in wooden handle, and used by fishermen to spear the eels in mud. The Graham Briggs charge a bridge upon their coat this being the old

a long

of arms.

A to

tilting spear

was granted

as his armorial bearings

William Shakespeare, which he bore

charge

;

a single spear

was

also

as

a single

borne appropriately by

one Knight of Hybern.

As

a last example of allusive arms,

comparatively modern example

—

we may quote

viz., the coat

a

of arms

of the Cunard family.

Here we

find three anchors charged

in obvious allusion to Sir

upon the

field,

Samuel Cunard, the eminent

merchant of Philadelphia and the founder of the House of Cunard.

CHAPTER THE SHIELD

Nothing

is

ITS

more

II

FORM, POINTS, AND TINCTURES

fascinating in the study of heraldry

than the cunning fashion in which

it

tells

the history

either of a single individual or of a family, of an insti8

PLATE

2.

THE DUKE OF LEINSTER.

— — —

Ar>ns. Arg saltire gii Crest. Monkey statant ppr. environed round the loins and chained or Siif>porfers.— Two monkeys environed and chained or. Motto. Crom a boo. :

The

Shield,

its

tution, or of a city

Form, Points, Tinctures

—sometimes even of an empire—

all

within the space of one small shield, by using the signs

which compose

its

language.

It is

astounding

how much

information can be conveyed by the skilful arrangement

of these signs to those who can interpret them.

For armorial bearings were not originally adopted for ornament, but to give

real information,

about those

who

bore them.

Thus

every detail of a coat of arms has

own

its

message to deliver, and must not be overlooked. us begin with the shield, which

any heraldic achievement* to the picture portrayed It

is

as the

upon

Let

as necessary a part

of

canvas of a painting

is

it.

actually serves as the vehicle for depicting the

coat of arms.

The word "shield" comes from

the Saxon verb scyldan^ " to protect, but the heraldic term escutcheon," derived

from the Greek

skutos^ a skin,

reminds us that

in

olden

days warriors covered their shields with the skins of wild beasts.

Early Britons used round, light shields woven of osier twigs, with hides thrown over them, whilst the Scythians and

comrades

Medes dyed

their shields red,

so that

might not be discouraged by seeing the blood of the wounded. The Roman Legion-

their

ary bore a

in battle

wooden

shield covered with

leather

and

strengthened with bars and bosses of metal, whilst the *

Any

complete heraldic composition

is

described as an achieve-

ment.

H.

Q

2

Peeps at Heraldry Greek

was more

shield

man's

shield in the " " Five

Iliad " thus

Of tin

describes

iEneas'

:

mould,

the shield, of brass each outward fold,

each inward, and the middle gold."

But whether the it

and reached from a

Homer

plates of various metal, various

Composed

whether

elaborate,

knee.

his

to

face

shield were of basket-work or metal,

were borne by a savage hordesman or by a

nobly equipped

and mounted knight,

it

has always

most precious accoutrement, the

ranked

as its bearer's

loss of

which was deemed an irreparable calamity and

a deep disgrace to the loser.

How

King David laments over " the cast away," when And everyone knows that when their sons

pathetically

shield of the mighty which was vilely

Saul was slain

!

admonished went " them to return either with their shield or upon it"! That they should return without a shield was unThus, naturally enough, the shield was thinkable chosen to bear those armorial devices which commemorated the golden deeds of its owner. It was probably in the reign of Henry II. that shields until tlien, warriors wore were first used in this way their badges embroidered upon their mantles or robes. In studying the heraldic shield, its shape must be considered first, because that marks the period in history to which it belongs.* forth to battle the Spartan mothers

!

;

* Parker states that twenty-one differently shaped shields occur

in heraldry, but Guillim only mentions fourteen varieties.

lO

The

Shield,

its

Form, Points, Tinctures

Thus a bowed shield (Fig. i) times when a warrior's shield fitted

denotes those early closely to his person,

whilst a larger, longer form, the kite-shaped shield, in use in the

time of Richard

I.

(Fig.

2).

This

was dis-

Henry III.'s reign, giving way to " shield known as the " heater-shaped

appeared, however, in a

much

shorter

(see Fig. 3).

Another form of shield had a curved notch in the

Fig.

I.

Fig.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

2.

right side, through

which the lance was passed when

the shield was displayed on the breast (Fig. 4). The shield of a coat of arms usually presents a plain

sometimes enriched with a bordure literally border. This surface is termed the " field," " because, as I believe," says Guillim, " it bore those surface, but

it is

ensigns which the owner's valour had gained for

him on

the field."

The

several points of a shield have each their re-

spective names,

and serve

as

landmarks for locating the

exact position of the different figures charged on the

of

it

you must always think by yourself, so that in looking at a being worn

(In describing a shield,

field.

as

1

Peeps at Heraldry and

shield, right

you

to

left

as the right

become reversed, and what appears side is really the left, and vice

versa.

In Fig.

A, B, C, mark the chief

5,

the highest

i.e.^

A

and most honourable point of the shield

marking

the dexter chief or upper right-hand side of the shield,

B

C the

the middle chief, and

E

of the chief G,

//,

and

/,

sinister or left-hand side

denotes the fess

mark the

denoting respectively the dexter and shield, field,

and

H

come

or centre

point,

G

base of the shield

the middle base.

sinister sides

;

and 1 of the

After the points of a

the tinctures, which give the colour to a coat of arms, and are divided into

The

classes.

metals,

first

gold and

colours proper

the

two

and the

five

includes

silver,

—

two

viz., blue,

red,

black,

language these tinctures are described as " or,"

green,

(az

:),

"gules"

" vert," and " purpure."

"

as

(gu:),*

its

all

arg:),

"azure"

"sable"

(sa:),

According to Guillim, each

was supposed to teach

gold excelleth

so ought

heraldic

"argent" (always written

F G

tincture

In

purple.

its

own

lesson

e.g.^

other metals in value and purity,

bearer to surpass

all

others in prowess and

virtue," and so on.

In the seventeenth century one Petrosancta intro-

duced the system of delineating the tinctures of the *

for red is thought to be derived either from the gulude, a bit of red cloth, or from the Arabic, gulu, a rose.

This term

Hebrew

12

The shield

Shield, by

its

certain dots

Form, Points, Tinctures and

have a good example of with words.

Thus

the use of which

lines, in

how

we

heraldry can dispense

pin-prick dots represent or (Fig. 6),

a blank surface, argent (Fig. 7) horizontal lines, azure (Fig. 8) ; perpendicular, gules (Fig. 9); horizontal and ;

perpendicular lines crossing each other, sable (Fig. 10)

Fig.

6.— Or.

Fig. 10.

Fig.

7.— Arc.

Fig.

Fig.

8.

Fig. 12.— Pcrpure,

Fig. II.— V.

Sa.

9.— Gu.

diagonal lines running from the dexter chief to the sinister base, vert (Fig. 11); diagonal lines running in an opposite direction, purpure (Fig. 12).

Two

other colours, orange and blood-colour, were

formerly in use, but they are practically obsolete now.

Furs constitute the second kinds occur in

class

of tinctures.

English heraldry,

mention the two

most important 13

but

—

we

viz.,

can

Eight only

ermine and

Peeps The former

vair.

represented by black spots on a

is

white ground (Fig.

Heraldry

at

As

13).*

shields

covered with the skins of animals,

it

were anciently quite natural

is

"Ermine,"

that furs should appear in armorial bearings.

says Guillim,

" is a

little

beast that hath his being in the

woods of Armenia, whereof he taketh

Many legends

notably that relating how, in Brittany,

name."

when Conan Meriadic landed

an ermine sought shelter from his pursuers

under Conan's

f Fig. 13.

his

account for the heraldic use of ermine,

Ermine.

shield.

Thereupon the

Prince protected the small fugitive, and

adopted an ermine as his arms.

From

early

days

wearing

the

ermine was a most honourable tion,

of

distinc-

enjoyed only by certain privileged

persons, and disallowed to them in ^ cases of misdemeanour. Thus, when, '

Pope Innocent

in the thirteenth century.

Henry of Falkenburg

III.

for his share in the

the Bishop of Wurtzburg, he imposed on

absolved

murder of him as a

penance never to appear in ermine, vair, or any other colour used in tournaments. ville,

when

St.

And, according to Join-

Louis returned to France from Egypt,

" he renounced the wearing of furs as a mark of humility, contenting himself with linings for his gar-

ments made of doeskins or * ,

When

legs

of hares."

the same spots are in white on a black field it is termed on a gold field are blazoned or described

ermines, whilst black spots as erminois.

14

The As

Shield,

Form, Points, Tinctures

its

Mackenzie tells us that it was the skin of a beast whose back was blue-grey (it was actuallymeant for the boar, for which verres was the Latin to vair,

name), and that the figure used in heraldry to indicate vair represents the shape of the skin

and

feet

the head

14).

"These

have been taken away (Fig.

skins," he says, " were used line

when

pompous

their

by ancient governors sewing one

robes,

skin

to

the

to

other."

Vair was first used as Lord de Courcies when Hungary. Seeing that his flying

from an

from the his

fighting soldiers

were

aloft as

it

Thereupon, the

rallied to the

badge by the

in

he tore the lining

field,

mantle and raised

ensign.

soldiers

charge and overcame the ,.

.

m

,

.

Cinderella's glass slipper tale,

a distinctive

Fig.

-.

14.— Vair.

the fairy-

which came originally from France, should

have been translated " fur," stand

how

the old French

it

really

being easy to under-

word vaire was supposed

be a form of verre^ and was rendered accordingly. Much might still be said about " varied fields "

to

i.e.^

those which have either more than one colour or a

metal and a colour alternatively, or, again, which have patterns or devices represented

upon them.

however, only mention that when the

field

squares alternately of a metal and colour, as

cheeky^

when

it

is

strewn with 15

We

can,

shows small

it is

small

described objects

Peeps at Heraldry such as fleurs-de-lys

" powdered

" or

be met with, but has

no heraldic

or

billets

A

" sown." this,

—

described

is

it

diapered

field

being merely an

is

as

also to

artistic

detail,

Therefore, whereas in

significance.

blazoning armorial bearings one must always state the field

is

cheeky or powdered, the diaper

is

if

never

mentioned. In concluding this chapter the

first

we must add

rules to be learnt in heraldry

is

that

one of

that in arranging

the tinctures of a coat of arms, metal can never be

placed

upon

metal, nor colour

must therefore be gold or

upon

silver if

because, as

we

it

is

The

field

to receive a

This rule was probably

coloured charge, or vice versa.

made

colour.

said above, the knights originally

bore their arms embroidered upon their mantles, these

garments being always either of cloth of gold or of silver,

embroidered with

silk,

or they were of silken

material, embroidered with gold or silver.

CHAPTER

III

DIVISIONS OF THE SHIELD

Although

many shields broken surface, yet we often in

the field presents an un-

find it cut up into divisions These divisions come under the head of simple charges^ and the old heralds explain their

of several kinds. origin

—

viz.

:

" After battles were ended, the shields of

soldiers were considered, and he was accounted most

i6

PI, A

MARQL'IS OF HERTFORD. Arms. — Quarterly

and 4th Or on a pile gu between 6 fleurs de lys az lions passant j^uardaiit in pale or 2nd and 3rd gu: 2 wings conjoined in lure or. Se\ niour. Crest. Out of a ducal coronet or, a phceni.x ppr. 1st

3

— — Fide

S «/>/>() »-<e;-.s-. — Two blackamoors. Motto.

et aniore.

:

:

IK

8.

Divisions of the Shield

And

deserving whose shield was most or deepest cut. to recompense the dangers wherein they were

shown to have been by those cuts for the service of their King and country, the heralds did represent them upon their shields. The common cuts gave name to the common partitions, of which the others are made by various conjunctions."

The field

is

heraldic term given to these partition-lines of the ordinaries.

There

nine of these, termed

are

respectively, chief, fesse, bar, pale, cross, bend, saltire,

chevron, and

The field, is

pile.

occupying about the upper third of the

chief,

marked

off

by

a horizontal line (Fig.

15)

;

the fesse, derived

from the Latin fascia, is a broad band

a band,

crossing the centre of

the field horizontally,

and

over

extends

third of

the

but

fesse,

The

surface (Fig. 16).

its

differs

from

field, {b) in

(<:)

field,

used mostly

or three bars

is

in

is

very like

being

portion

much of the

an immovable charge,

in pairs

and not

may be charged on

when an even number

singly.

the same

field,

Two and

either of metal or fur alternating

with a colour occur together, the H.

fifth

bar

being liable to be placed in any part of

whereas the fesse

in being

{a)

it,

narrower and only occupying a

the

Fig. 16.

Fig. 13.

a

17

field is

then described 3

Peeps at Heraldry number of

as harry ^ the

the bars being always stated,

so that if there are six bars,

is

it

said to be " barry of

"barry of eight" (Fig.

six," if eight,

probably derived from palus^ a stake,

band

is

The

cross,

of horizontally across

which

is

pale,

broad

also a

like the fesse, but runs perpendicularly

shield, instead

is

The

17).

down

the

(Fig. 18).

it

the ordinary St. George's Cross,

pre-eminently the heraldic cross, out of nearly four

hundred

varieties

of the sacred sign.

It

is

Bend

simple combination of the fesse and pale.

Fig

Fig, 18.

17.

again a broad band, but field

runs diagonally across the

it

sinister base.

supposed to occupy a third portion of the

St.

Andrew's Cross, owing

French

its

V

turned topsy-turvy,

bend dexter and

a

bend

the lower half of the in use,

means

from the Latin

saltire

is

It

field,

is

but

the familiar

name probably

The

salcier (see Fig. 20).

the letter

still

The

19).

is

Fig. 19.

from the dexter chief to the

rarely does so (Fig.

really a

to the

chevron, resembling

is

a combination

of a

more than The French word chevron^

sinister,

saltire.

and

rafters (Fig. 21).

for pillar, is a

is

rather

The

pile,

derived

triangular wedge, and

18

when

Divisions of the Shield charged singly on a

may

field

issue

from any point of

more than one pile occurs, we number is three, although the Earl of Clare bears " two piles issuing from the chief." Many old writers, notably amongst the French, attribute a symbolical meaning to each of these ordinaries. Thus, some believe the chief to

the latter, except from the base (Fig. 22).

If

generally find the

represent the helmet of the warrior, the fesse his belt

or band, the bar " one of the great peeces of tymber

which be used to debarre the enemy from entering any

Fig. 20.

city."

The

pale was thought by

warrior's lance,

by others the

and camps were guarded

;

who

;

some

fought for the faith to

Fig. 22.

Fig. 21.

refer

to the

whilst others describe

it

some

to represent the

by which cities the cross was borne by those the bend was interpreted by palings

shoulder-scarf of the as

" a scaling-ladder

knight,

set aslope."

Another variety of the scaling-ladder was represented by the saltire. The chevron, or rafters, were held to symbolize protection, such as a roof affords, whilst the pile suggests a strong

There

is

support of some

a tenth ordinary,

19

which

sort.

is

known

as the

^

at

Heraldry

23).

Practically

Peeps

^aiJL

" shakefork "

(Fig.

English heraldry,

it

is

frequently

arms.

unknown

met with

in Scotch

shaped like the

It is

and pointed

at

letter

extremities,

its

in

Y

but

does not extend to the edge of the

Guillim attributes

field.

"an instrument stables,

its

origin to

use in the royal

in

whereby hay was thrown up

to the horses " (surely this instrument

Fig. 23.

must have been next-of-kin to our homely pitchfork.''), and he believes the shakefork to have been granted to a certain Earl of Glencairne, at

one time was Master of the King's Horse. historical stories are connected with the

Many

ent charges

we have

just been describing, but

who

diiFer-

we have

only space to mention two, referring respectively to the fesse

and the

saltire.

The former reminds

us of the origin of the arms of

Austria, which date from the Siege of Acre, where our

Coeur-de-Lion Leopold,

Duke

won

such

glory.

of Austria, went into

bound

spotlessly white linen robe,

was

It

here

that

battle, clad in a

at the waist

with his

On returning from the field, the Duke's knight's belt. " blood-red save where the tunic was " total gules

—

belt

—

had protected the white of the garment.

upon, his liege-lord,

Duke

There-

Frederic of Swabia, father of

the famous Frederic Barbarossa, granted permission to

Leopold red

to bear as his

arms a

field.

20

silver fesse

upon

a blood-

Divisions of the Shield

The

saltire,

French form of

recalling the

ladder of the Middle Ages, reminds us of

scaling-

how

hands against the

fort

member how, when

the

own

brave Joan of Arc placed the salcier with her

And we

of Tournelles.

re-

her shoulder was presently pierced

by an English arrow, she herself drew it out from the ghastly wound, rebuking the women who wept round her with the triumphant cry

:

" This

is

not blood, but

!"

glory

In addition to the ordinaries, there are fifteen subordinaries.

are

known

These in

less

important divisions of the shield

heraldry

the

as

canton^

ine scutcheon,

hordurCy orle, tressure, flanches^ lozenge^ mascle, rusire^ fusil^

and roundle. Owing to we cannot go into detail with regard charges, but we may mention that the canton,

billet^

gyron^ frette^

limited space, to these

from the French word for a corner,

is

placed, with rare

exceptions, in the dexter side of the field, being sup-

posed to occupy one-third of the

added

as

an "augmentation of honour

The badge of

to a coat of arms.

baronet,

the

red

hand,

chief.

It

is

often

" a

generally

is

charged on a canton, sometimes also

on an inescutcheon, and it is then placed on the field, so as not to interfere with the family arms (Fig. 24).

The

inescutcheon

placed

upon the

is

field,

occupies the centre

yZ.z±.

a smaller shield

and,

(Fig.

when borne

25).

21

singly,

Three, or even

it

five,

Peeps at Heraldry may

escutcheons

The bordure which may be

borne together.

.be

band surrounding the field, or it is, bearing no kind of device may have charges upon it, as in the arms of England, where the bordure is charged with eight lions. The orle and the tressure are only varieties of the bordure, (Fig. 26)

is

either void

a

—

—

that

Fig. 26,

Fig. 25.

Fig. 27.

just as the mascle, rustre, and fusil, are variations of

known

the diamond-shaped figure (Fig. 27).

The

The arms of

latter

is

as the "

lozenge

always set erect on the

field.

woman and a widow are lozenge. The mascle a link of

an unmarried

always displayed on a chain set

armour

—

—

is

a

lozenge

diagonally, pierced

square

in the

centre

with a diamond-shaped opening, whilst the rustre

round

is

hole.

a

lozenge pierced with a

The

fusil is a

longer and

narrower form of diamond.

The

Fig. 28.

angular

of wood, and

which

is

is

billet is a

figure,

seldom used.

small elongated rect-

representing

The gyron

a

block

(Fig. 28),

a triangular figure, does not occur in English

22

-,

'' ,

^

Divisions of the Shield heraldry as

when

may be

the field

some

trace

The

of a

to

it

word

others to a Spanish

introduction

termed

is

armorial

divided into ten,

gyronny.

field ;

what

in

a

bearings,

twelve,

or

All arms borne by the Campbell

pieces.

clan have a

doubtful

unusual

not

is

even sixteen

is

charge, but

a single

coat gyronny

for

origin of the

word

the Greek for curve,

The

gore or gusset.

gyron into heraldry

dates

from

the reign of Alfonso VI. of Spain, who, being sore beset by the Moors, was rescued by his faithful knight,

Don Roderico

The latter,

de Cissneres.

as a

memento of

the occasion, tore three triangular pieces from Alfonso's

mantle, being henceforward

same on

his shield in the

formerly

known

lattice-work,

is

*'

as a

allowed to represent the

shape of a gyron.

trellis,"

from

its

The frette,

resemblance to

very frequent in British heraldry

occurs as a net in connection with fish charges.

Grand Tournament held at Dunstable Edward III.'s return from Scotland, one

Sir

to

;

it

also

In the celebrate

John de Harrington bore " a charged upon a sable field."

fretty arg., jtukX^

":

The

roundlet

is

simply a ring of

metal or colour, and coats of

arms

much used

is

at all periods

The family of Wells bears r

.

in

of heraldry.

a roundlet to Fig. 29.

.

represent a fountam, whilst the Sykes

charge their shield with three roundlets, in allusion to their name, " sykes " being an old term for a well. In Fig. 29

we

see an

example of

an inescutcheon within a bordure.

23

a shield charged with

Peeps

at

Heraldry

CHAPTER

IV

THE BLAZONING OF ARMORIAL BEARINGS In

this

chapter

which " the

skill

The word " art

we

blazon

with

deal

shall

of heraldry "

is

said to

blazoning,

in

lie.

" in its heraldic sense

means the

of describing armorial bearings in their proper terms

and sequence. "

To

blazon," says Guillim,

*'

signifies

properly the

winding of a horn, but to blazon a coat of arms describe or proclaim the things borne

upon

it

is

to

in their

proper gestures and tinctures " {i.e., their colours and attitudes) " which the herald was bound to do." *

The offices.

herald, as It

was

we know, performed many his

different

duty to carry messages between

hostile armies, to marshal processions, to challenge to

combat, to arrange the ceremonial

at

grand public

functions, to settle questions of precedence, to identify

the slain on the battle-field

—

this

extensive knowledge of heraldry sovereign's

commands, and,

"j*

duty demanded an

—

finally,

to

announce

to

proclaim

his

the

* Our word " blast," as well as our verb " to blow," aie obviously derived from the German blasen, the Anglo-Saxon blawen, to blow, and the French blasonner. " Canterbury Tales " the knight t Do you remember that in the tells the story of how, after the battle, " two young knights were found lying side by side, each clad in his own arms," and how neither of them, though " not fully dead," was alive enough to say his own name, but by their coote-armure and by their gere the heraudes knew them well ?

24

The Blazoning

of Armorial Bearings

armorial bearings and feats of arms of each knight as he

entered the

tournament.

lists at a

Probably because

this last

duty was preceded by a

flourish or blast of trumpets, people learnt to associate

the idea of blazoning with the proclamation of armorial

and thus the term crept into heraldic language

bearings,

and

the describing or depicting of

signified

all

that

belonged to a coat of arms.

The few and

comparatively simple rules with regard to

blazoning armorial bearings must be rigidly observed.

They 1.

are the following

with the 2.

or

word it is

shield

is

must be

This in

tincture, the

that

we must

always begin

field.

Its tincture

colour.

first

:

In depicting a coat of arms

stated

first,

whether of metal

such an invariable rule that the

is

the description of arms

word "

field "

is

always the

being so well understood

Thus, when the

never mentioned.

field

of a

azure, the blazon begins " Az.," the charges

being mentioned next, each one of these being

named

Thus, we should blazon Fig. 44 its colour. " Or, raven proper." When the field is seme with small charges such as fleur-de-lys, it must be blazoned

before

accordingly " seme of fleur-de-lys," in the case of crosscrosslets, the

The

term

**

crusily "

is

used.

must be mentioned next, being 3. blazoned before their colour. Thus, if a field is divided say, by bendlets (Fig. 30), the diminution of bend, it is blazoned " per bendlets," if by a pale (Fig. 1 8), " per H.

ordinaries

25

4

Peeps

at Heraldry-

pale," or " per pallets," if the diminutive occurs, as in

Fig. .

31,

whilst

the

blazoned "pale per blazoned

'*

arg.,

division

in

(Fig.

15),

the

field

of Fig.

way

is

except the chief,

"per

(blazoned

quarter

17

All the ordinaries and

cross

or

the canton, the flanch, and the bordure.

These, being considered divisions, are never

less

important than the other

mentioned until

shield has been described.

all

blazon Fig. 48 thus,

hauriant— drinking,

**

the rest of the

Consequently,

Fig. 31.

Fig. 30.

The term

32 should be

The

fesse."

two bars gu."

subordinaries are blazoned in this

quarterly ")

Fig.

we should

pjQ

,2.

Arg., chevron gu., three soles

proper, with a bordure invected

invected reminds us that so far

sa.'*

we have

only spoken of ordinaries which have straight unbroken outlines.

But there

are at least thirteen different

ways

in which the edge of an ordinary may vary from the Here, however, we can only mention the straight line.

four best-known varieties, termed, respectively jengrailed^ (Fig. 33, i), invected (2), embattled (3),

Other varieties

are

tailed, nebuly, etc.

and indented

(4).

known as wavyy raguly^ dancette^ doveWhenever any of these varieties occur, 26

^^ '"^

The Blazoning

of Armorial Bearings

they must be blazoned before the tincture. describing the Shelley arms, Fig. 50,

we should

indented, whelks or."

fesse

,

bend embattled,

The

4. is

in

say

:

Fig. 34.

Fig. 33.

" Sa

Thus

34 shows a

Fig.

Fig. 35 a fesse engrailed.

next thing to be blazoned

the principal charge on the

field.

If this does not happen to be one

of

the

chief

ordinaries,

or

if

no

ordinary occurs in the coat of arms, as in Fig. 38, then that charge should

be

named which occupies the

fesse Fig. 35.

point,

and in

of the charge stood that

it

this case is

charge

never mentioned, because

occupies the middle of the

there are two or

none

the position

more charges on the same

actually placed

on the

blazoned

which

is

first

fesse is

words must be avoided

point,

When

field,

then

but that

All repetition of

in depicting a coat

word never being used twice

of arms,

over, either in

describing the tincture or in stating a number.

27

under-

nearest the centre and

then those which are more remote. the same

is

it

field.

Peeps at Heraldry blazoning Lord Scarborough's arms (see " Arg., fesse gu., between coloured plate), we must say

Thus,

in

:

three parrots vert, collared of the second," the second signifying the second colour mentioned in the blazon

Again,

viz., gules.

in the as

with three charges of another kind,

field

who had

repeating the

three roundles and three mitres, to avoid

word

When

three, they are blazoned,

many

roundles with as

any charge

"Three

mitres." is

placed on an ordinary, as in

where three calves are charged upon the bend,

Fig. 41, if

three charges of one kind occur

the arms of Courtenay, Archbishop of Canter-

in

bury,

same

if

these charges are of the same colour as the field

instead of repeating the

blazoned

as

name of

being " of the

We

now come cadency." They

the colour,

to those charges are

it

must be

field."

known

called

also

"

as

" marks of

diflferences "

or

— means

in

" distinctions."

Cadency

—

literally,

heraldic language, a

'*

descending a

very suitable term

degrees of a family. certain

figures

or

" falling

for

down scale,"

describing

"

and

is

the

descending

therefore

Thus " marks of cadency devices

" are

which are employed

armorial bearings in order to

mark the

in

distinctions

between the different members and branches of one and the same family.

These marks are always smaller than is careful to place them

other charges, and the herald

where they do not interfere with the rest of the coat of There are nine marks of cadency generally

—

arms.

28

The Blazoning of Armorial only seven are quoted each son has his

own

— so

Bearings

that in a family of nine sons,

The

special difference.

bears a label (Fig. 36, i)

;

—

eldest son

the second, a crescent, (2)

;

mullet (3) the heraldic term for the rowel of a spur * ; the fourth, a martlet (4) the heraldic

third,

a

swallow a

;

the

a roundle or ring (5) ; the seventh, a rose (6) ;

eighth, a cross moline

The

rose.

the sixth,

fifth,

fleur-de-lys

foil.

—

(7)

the

;

and the ninth, a double quatre-

;

single quatrefoil represents the heraldic prim-

There

much doubt

is

as to

why

the label was

Fig. 36.

chosen for the eldest son's badge, but though writers interpret the symbolism of the other

many

marks of

cadency in various ways, most are agreed as to the meaning of the crescent, mullet, and martlet viz., the

—

represents the double blessing which gives hope of future increase the mullet implies that the third son must earn a position for himself by his own

crescent

;

knightly deeds

;

whilst the martlet suggests that the

younger son of a family must be content with a very small portion of land to rest upon. * if

A

mullet

is

regards the represen-

generally represented as a star with five points, but

there are six or more, the

also be stated if the mullet field is

As

shown through

is

number must be

specified.

It

must

pierced, so that the tincture of the

the opening.

29

Peeps at Heraldry tation of the other charges, the writer once

saw the

following explanation in an old manuscript manual of French heraldry namely " The fifth son bears a ring,

—

:

he can only hope to enrich himself through marriage

as

;

the sixth, a fleur-de-lys, to represent the quiet, retired life

of the student

must

and blossom amidst the thorns of

learn to thrive

hardships

;

the seventh, a rose, because he

;

the eighth, a cross, as a hint that he should

take holy orders

;

whilst to the ninth son

is

assigned the

double primrose, because he must needs dwell

in the

humble paths of life."

The

son of a second son would charge his

eldest

difference

eldest

as

son,

crescent (Fig.

a

label,

37), to

upon

show

scended from the second son, charging iG. 37-

son of

their

^hgjj. father's all

own

his

that he all

father's

was de-

his brothers

respective differences

crescent also.

on

Thus, each eldest

these sons in turn becomes head of his

own

particular branch.

When cadency,

a coat of it is

arms

is

charged with a mark of

always mentioned

last in

blazoning, and

is

"for a difference." Thus Fig. 43 should be blazoned, " Or, kingfisher with his beak erected bendways * proper with a mullet for a

followed

by the words,

difference gu.," thus

by a third *

The

showing that the arms are borne

son.

individual direction of a charge should be blazoned, as well

as its position in the field.

30

Common

or Miscellaneous Charges

CHAPTER V COMMON OR MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES After

the " proper charges " which

considering,

we come

we have

termed "

to those

just been

common

or

miscellaneous."

(How shown

truly miscellaneous these are

in

our

first

:

—Angels, moon, — Under and —such

Celestial Bodies.

already

Guillim arranges these

chapter.)

charges in the following order

sun,

Metals and Minerals. precious stones

we have

stars, etc.

this latter title

useful stones

as jewels

rank

and

millstones, grindstones, etc., also rocks.

Plants and other Vegetatives.

—

Living Creatures. These latter he divides into two classes viz., " Those which are unreasonable, as all

—

manner of

To

beasts "

and " Man^ which

is reasonable.'^

begin with the heavenly bodies.

Angels, as also

human

beings, are very rare charges,

though Guillim quotes the arms of one Maellock Kwrm, of Wales, where three robed kneeling angels are charged upon a chevron, and also the coat of arms of

John Adye in the seventeenth century, where three cherubim heads occur on the field. Both angels and Sir

men, however, are often used Charles

in heraldry as supporters.

VI. added two angels as

supporters

arms of France, and two winged angels occur in the arms of the Earl of Oxford. 31

to the as

such

Peeps at Heraldry must understand, represented standing on

Supporters, you

which are

are those figures either side

shield of arms, as if they were supporting

may

it.

of a

No

one

bear these figures except by special grant, the

grant being restricted to Peers, Knights of the Garter,

and

Thistle,

St.

Grand Cross, and

Patrick, Knights

Knights Grand Commanders of other orders. Charges of the sun, moon, and other heavenly bodies

One

are comparatively rare.

bears the " sun

human shield

sun is

face,

in splendour,"

surrounded by

Cleere rather aptly

St.

which

rays.

is

represented as a

Sir

W. Thompson's

charged with the sun and three

is

The

stars.

eclipsed occurs occasionally in armorial bearings

then represented thus

;

it

Or, the sun sable.

:

The moon occurs very often in early coats of arms, either full, when she is blazoned " the moon in her complement," or in crescent. The Defous bear a very comical crescent, representing a human profile. Of these arms, the old herald says severely

and

a

weaker judgment have found the

the moon, wherein

we have gotten

moon with a face." The moon is certainly not in

:

"

A

weak eye

face of a

man

in

that fashion of repre-

senting the

for, after declaring that

stancy,

she was the symbol of incon-

he quotes the following fable from Pliny to her

discredit

"

favour with Guillim,

:

Once on

a time the

moon

sent for a tailor to

her a gown, but he could never either too big or too

little,

fit

her

;

it

make

was always

not through any fault of his

32

Common

or Miscellaneous Charges

own, but because her inconstancy made it impossible to fit the humours of one so fickle and unstable."

The

sixth

Bishop of Ely had very curious arms, for

moon on his shield, the sun " and the moon " in her complement."

he bore both sun and his splendour "

occur repeatedly as heraldic

Stars

charges.

in

John

Huitson of Cleasby bore a sixteen-pointed star ; Sir Francis Drake charged his shield with the two polar stars

whilst Richard

;

The

of a crescent. the rainbow

is

I.

bore a star issuing from the horns

Cartwrights bear a comet

;

charged on the Fonts' shield, and

whilst is

also

borne as a crest by the Pontifex, Wigan, and Thurston

The Carnegies use a thunderbolt now come to the elements fire,

families.

We and

air,

—

which

all

as their crest.

water, earth,

occur as charges, but not often, in

armorial bearings. Fire, in the

frequent charge.

we have

seen

form of flames,

The the

is

perhaps the most

Baikie family bear flames, whilst

picture

of a church window in

Gloucestershire, where a coat of arms

with

a

is

chevron between three flames of

represented

The himself, we fire.

of these arms distinguished were told, by restoring the church after it had been Fire often occurs in combination with burnt down. other charges, such as a phoenix, which always rises out original bearer

of flames, the salamander,"^" and the

fiery

sword.

* The salamander was the device of Francis I. of France, and on the occasion of the^Field of the Cloth of Gold^the French guard bore the salamander embroidered on their uniforms.

H.

33

5

Peeps

Heraldry

at

Queen Elizabeth chose

a phoenix amidst flames as

Macleod, Lord of the " " a mountain inflamed of Skye and Lewis, bears

one of her heraldic charges. Isles

—

literally, a

volcano

—on

combining the

his shield, thus

two elements, earth and fire. " Etna is like this," says Guillim

** ;

or else this

is

like Etna."

Water, lets,

as

but the

we know, is usually represented by roundearth may figure in a variety of ways when

introduced into heraldry. In the arms of one King of Spain

of

fifteen islets, whilst

one

Sir

it

took the shape

Edward Tydesley charged

his field with three mole-hills.

A

Jewels pure and simple occur very rarely as charges. single " escarbuncle " was borne by the Empress

Maud, daughter of Henry I., as also by the Blounts of Gloucester. Oddly enough, however, mill-stones were held to be very honourable charges, because, as they

must always be used

in

mutual

dependence of

other.

They were

precious of

The

all

pairs,

one

therefore

they symbolized

fellow-creature

considered

the

on the

the

most

other stones.

family of Milverton bear three mill-stones.

Plants, having been created before animals, are con-

sidered next.

Trees,

either

whole or represented by stocks or

branches, are very favourite charges, and often reflect the bearer's name.

Thus, one

Wood

bears a single oak, the Pines, a pine-

34

Common

or Miscellaneous Charges Parts of a tree are

apple tree, the Pyrtons, a pear-tree.

For example, the Black-

often introduced into arms.

bear three stocks, or trunks, of trees, whilst

stocks

another family of the same

" three

with

starved

name charge

branches,

sa."

Houblons most appropriately bear with

hop-vines.

Three broom

(Houblon

slips are

three hop-poles erect

the

is

French for hop.)

assigned to the

the Berrys bear one barberry branch three walnut leaves.

Amongst

their shield

The Archer-

;

Broom Sir

W.

fruit charges,

family

;

Waller,

we may

mention the three golden pears borne by the Stukeleys, the three red cherries which occur in the arms of the Southbys of Abingdon, and the three clusters of grapes which were bestowed on Sir Edward de Marolez by Edward I. One John Palmer bears three acorns, and three ashen-keys occur in the

arms of Robert Ashford

of Co. Down.

A

full-grown oak-tree,

covered with

acorns

and

growing out of the ground, was given for armorial bearings by Charles II. to his faithful attendant. Colonel Carlos, as a reminder of the perils that they shared together at the lonely farmhouse at Boscobel, where the king took refuge after the Battle of Worcester. Here, as

you probably

all

know, Charles hid himself

for twenty-

four hours in a leafy oak-tree, whilst Cromwell's soldiers

searched the premises to find him, even passing under

very branches of the oak.

the in

the

close

Carlos,

meanwhile,

garb of a wood-cutter, kept breathless watch

by.

On

the Carlos coat of arms a fesse gu.,

35

Peeps at Heraldrycharged with three imperial golden crowns, traverses the oak. In blazoning trees and

following terms are used as "issuant

" accrued

"

;

ing fruity leafless,

that pertains to them, the

all

Growing

:

trees are

blazoned

from a mount vert"; 2. full-grown tree^ as when in leaf, as " in foliage " when bear;

"fructed,"

as

or

trees are blazoned

seeds^

as

"seeded."

"blasted"; when the

If roots

are represented, as " eradicated " ; stocks or stumps of trees are

" couped."

If branches or leaves are represented

singly, they are " slipped."

odd

Holly branches, for some " reason, are invariably blazoned either as " sheaves

or as " holly branches of three leaves."

Some of our homely vegetables are found

One

in heraldry.

Squire Hardbean bears most properly three bean-

cods or pods

Damant

;

a " turnip leaved "

family, and

wholesome, and

is

borne by the supposed to symbolize " a good is

solid disposition," whilst the

Lingens

use seven leeks, root upwards, issuing from a ducal coronet, for a crest.

Herbs

also occur as charges.

family of Balme bears a sprig of balm, whilst rue figures

the

in

The still

This com-

Ducal arms of Saxony.

memorates the bestowal of the Dukedom on Bernard ot Ascania by the Emperor Barbarossa, who, on that occasion, took the chaplet of rue

and flung

it

Amongst is

from

his

flower charges, our national badge, the rose,

prime favourite, and occurs very often

The

own head

across Bernard's shield.

in heraldry.

Beverleys bear a single rose, so does Lord Fal-

Common The

mouth.

or Miscellaneous Charges

Nightingale family also use the rose as a

single charge, in poetical allusion to the Oriental legend of the nightingale's overpowering love for the " darling

The Roses

rose."

of

Lynne

bear three roses, as also

of Flower, Gary, and Maurice.

the families

times the rose of England

is

Some-

drawn from nature, but

it

form of the heraldic or Tudor Funnily enough, however, when a stem and

far oftener takes the

rose.

leaves are

added to the conventional

flower, these are

drawn naturally. There are special terms for blazoning roses. Thus, when, as in No. 7 of Fig. 36, it is represented with five small projecting sepals of the calyx, and seeded, it must be blazoned "a rose barbed and seeded"; when it has a stalk and one leaf it is " slipped," but with a leaf

on either

side

A rose

leaved."

of the

it

is

surrounded with rays

rose in sun " {rose en

means always

stalk,

soleil).

" stalked and is

blazoned

"a

Heraldic roses are by no

red, for the Rocheforts bear azure roses,

the Smallshaws a single rose vert, whilst the Berendons

have three roses

The

sable.

being also our national badge, has a

thistle,

special importance in

among

our eyes, but next to the "chiefest

flowers, the rose, the heralds

lys," because

originally

it

ranked the fleur-de-

was the charge of a regal escutcheon,

borne

by the French

kings.

legends explain the introduction of the bearings, but fleur-de-lys

is

we

lily

Numerous into armorial

can only add here that although the

generally used in heraldry, the natural

37

Peeps flower

at Heraldry-

occasionally represented

is

arms of Eton College charged upon a sable

;

—

field,

well-known silver, are

lilies,

one conventional fleur-de-lys

Amongst

being also represented.

as in the

three natural

other flower charges,

three very pretty coats of arms are borne respectively

by the

families of Jorney, Hall,

have three

and the

first

the second, three columbines,

gilliflowers,

last,

The

and Chorley.

three bluebottles (cornflowers).

Three pansies were given by Louis XV. to

his

physician. Dr. Quesnay, as a charge in a coat of arms, his own royal hand and to come Mexico has adopted the cactus as the

which he drew with to

modern

times,

arms of the Republic,

;

in allusion to the legend

connected

with the founding of the city in 1325, when it is said that the sight of a royal eagle perched upon a huge cactus

on a rocky crevice, with a serpent

in its talons,

guided

the Mexicans to the choice of a site for the foundations

of their

One The

city. last

word

as to cereals.

Bigland family bear two huge wheat-ears, which,

having both stalk and leaves, are blazoned "couped and bladed."

As

in the case

of

trees,

growings wheat-ears are described

mount, bladed and eared."

as

Three

when

represented

" issuant out of a ears

of

Guinea

wheat, " bearded like barley," are borne by Dr. Grand-

orge (Dr. Big-barley)

;

three "rie stalks slipped and

bladed " occur in the arms of the Rye family ; whilst " five garbes " (sheaves) were granted to Ralph Merrifield

by James

I.

38

Animal Charges Wheat-sheaves (garbes) are very favourite charges. Lord Cloncurry bears three garbes in chief Sir Mon;

tague Cholmeley bears a garbe in the base of his shield,

Marquis of Cholmondeley.

as does also the

Garbes and wheat-ears were also much used as

The on the

Shakerleys have a sheaf of corn for their crest, left

of which

is

a little rabbit, erect,

her forefeet on the garbe a

crests.

hand holding

;

Sir

Edward Denny's

crest is

Sir

George

quite out of order amongst cereals,

we may

five

wheat-ears

;

whilst

Crofton has seven ears of corn as his

Though

and resting

mention what

I

is,

Buckley's crest

believe, a rather rare

of the

representation

—

crest.

fern

a bull's

example of the

heraldry,

in

Sir

Edward

head out of a fern brake.

CHAPTER

VI

ANIMAL CHARGES In dealing with charges of living creatures, we shall observe the following order (a) " Animals of all sorts :

living (c)

on the earth "

;

" watery creatures " Firsfy

such as live above the earth " (^) " man."

(l>) '*

;

amongst the animals, come those with undi-

—

vided feet

cloven feet that have

To

;

elephant, horse, ass.

—

bull, goat, stag, etc.

many

claws

—

Second,

those

with

Third, those beasts

lions, tigers, bears, etc.

blazon animal charges,

many

special terms are

required, describing their person, limbs, actions, attitudes, etc.

39

Peeps at Heraldry **

And

as," says Guillim,

" these beasts are to explain

must be represented in that position which will best show it." Moreover, each beast was to be portrayed in its most characteristic attitude. Thus, a lion should be drawn erect with wide-open jaws and claws extended, as a history, they

" about to rend or

if

In this posture he

tear."

blazoned rampant (Fig. 38).

A leopard must

be repre-

sented

going

by step

"

is

" step his

fitting

disposition

natural

he

is

then passant.

;

A

deer or lamb " being

both gentle creatures," are said to be trippant

Fig. 39.

Fig. 38.

(Fig. 39),

the

heraldic

and so on

term varying, you understand, to

the particular animal charge that

is

;

suit

being blazoned.

represented on a shield must

Living charges when

always, with rare exceptions, appear to be either look-

ing or

moving towards the dexter

(see Fig.

39).

The

right

placed foremost as being

the

side of the shield

or claw

foot

is

usually

most honourable limb

(see Fig. 38).

The

elephant, having solid feet,

although the lion

is

really

except the boar's head armorial

bearings.

the

—which

The

is

mentioned

only animal occurs

Elphinstones

—

first,

if

we

in the earliest

charge

their

shield with an elephant passant, whilst the Prattes bear

40

PLATE

4.

THE EARL OF SCARBOROUGH. between 3 parrots vert collared of the second. pelican in her piety. Suhporters.— Two parrots, wings inverted vert. Murus aeneus conscientia sana. M(;/
Arins.—Arg: a fesse gu Crest.

—

A.

—

:

Animal Charges three elephants' heads erased.

This term implies that

they have been torn off and have ragged edges. After describing this charge, Guillim rather comically gives us this story

" a

An

show

into

its

:

elephant of huge greatness was once carried in at

Rome, and

as

it

passed by a

little

boy pried

Thereupon, very much enraged, the

proboscis.

up

beast cast the child

to a great height, but received

him again on his snout and laid him gently down, as though he did consider that for a childish fault a childish fright was revenge enough." Horses, of course, figure largely in armorial bearings. " One, William Colt, bears three horses " at full speed (Fig. 40).

Rush name that

So also does Sir Francis

—probably —

is,

in

allusion

to

his

whilst horses' heads couped

cut off smoothly

frequently.

—

— occur very

A demi-horse was granted Lane family

as a crest to the

in recog-

nition of Mistress Jane Lane's heroism in riding

from

Staffordshire

South Coast on

a

to

Fig. 40.

the

roan horse, with King Charles

II.

behind her, after the disastrous Battle of Worcester.

Donkeys were evidently at a discount with heralds. The families of Askewe and Ayscough bear three asses passant charged on their shield, and there

head in

Oxen occur

fairly often in heraldry.

bear three oxen H.

an

is

ass's

the arms of the Hokenhalls of Cheshire.

;

The Oxendens arms of Anne

three bulls occur in the

41

6

Peeps

Heraldry

at

Boleyn's father, the Lord of

Hoo,

whilst the same arms

were given by Queen Elizabeth to her clockmaker,

Randal Bull of London. heads erased, a rather beasts were generally

The

notice.

The Veitchs bear three cows' uncommon charge, as female

deemed unworthy of the

herald's

Veales. bear three calves passant (Fig. 41),

anent which Guillim adds

" Should

:

these calves live to have horns, which differ either

in metal or colour

from

the rest of their body, there must be special

ence

blazoning animals with horns and

for

Goats and goats'

hoofs.

A

heraldry.

goats

—charge

passant

salient

Thorold arms, whilst Goatley

heads

goat

single

three

;

Hereby,

blazoning them."

in

differ-

^^ reminds us of the important rule

FiG^4i

Baker

mention made of such

is

often

used in

borne

by one,

— leaping—occur —

Gotley family

the

magnificent

a

are

goat's

in

the

originally

on

head

their

shield.

Bulls,

tincture

goats,

and rams, when

from the

" armed of

rest

made of

body, are blazoned

their horns," these latter in their case being

regarded as weapons. is

of

their horns differ in

their

When, however,

a stag's antlers,

his antlers,"

he

is

special

mention

said to be " attired of

his horns being regarded

as

ornaments.

(The branches of his antlers are termed tynes.) Stags, as you would expect, are highly esteemed by the old heralds,

who employed various terms 42

in blazon-

Animal Charges Thus,

ing them.

ing out of the field,

"

at

speed

"at gaze"

" courant"

" or

represented

a stag in repose

full face

;

;

whilst,

between a hind or

(A

hind,

head was

face,

it

shall find in

was

blazoning

Early heralds make careful

other animal charges.)

harts.

his

from the Spanish word for

(Many of these terms we

tinction

when

look-

he was

in rapid motion,

and showing only the

blazoned as " cabossed " head.

was " lodged,"

calf,

you know,

is

dis-

brockets, stags and

the female, calf

is

the

infant deer, brocket the two-year-old deer, stag the fiveyear-old,

The

and hart the six-year-old

hill ;" a single stag, his

in the

deer.)

Harthills very properly bear a " hart lodged on a

Bowen

back pierced by an arrow, occurs

Hynds

arms, and the

Three bucks " in

Deer's heads are very ring in threes.

bear three hinds.

full course " are borne by the Swifts.

common

charges, generally occur-

In the coat of arms of the

Wurtemberg and Teck, we

Duke

of

find three antlers charged

horizontally across the shield.

A

reindeer

is

drawn

in heraldry with

double

antlers,

one pair erect and one drooping.

The

upon the Both than secure himself by ignominious flight.

soldier, field

boar was deemed a specially suitable badge for a

who should

rather die valorously

the Tregarthens and Kellets bear a single boar, whilst a boar's head, either singly or in threes, occurs very con-

A

boar is blazoned *' armed stantly in coats of arms. " of his tusk or " armed and langued," when his tongue is

shown of a different

tincture.

43

Moreover,

as

Mr. Fox-

Peeps at Heraldry reminds

Davies

Heraldry,"

" couped

us

in

English

an

or erased "

"

head

boar's at

" Guide

to

described

as

interesting

his

is

the neck," but the Scotch

herald would blazon the same charge as " couped and

erased" " close."

The

Earl of Vere takes a boar for his crest, in allu-

sion to his name, verre being the Latin for boar.

The "

Grice family bear a wild boar, formerly called a

grice.

The Winram

family bear a single ram, the Ramsays

of Hitcham bear three rams on their shield.

A

very pretty coat of arms belongs to the Rowes of

Lamerton in Devon, cross and banner arg

'*

gu

Foremost amongst claws "

the

is

:

three holy lambs with

lion

;

amongst

next

to him come the more or less as the

that

many tiger,

aristo-

their kind, whilst the cat, fox, hare, etc.,

Of all

more popular amongst

is

"

beasts

are placed far beneath them.

none

have

the

leopard, bear, wolf, ranking crats

staff,

:."

and lands than the

lion.

the animal charges,

the heralds of

all

times

Extraordinary care was taken

to blazon the king of beasts befittingly.

Fig. 38 has

already shown you a " lion rampant," and so indispensable

was

this attitude

considered by the early heralds to

the proper representation of a lion, that if they were

obliged to depict a " lion passant

looked about him

as

he walked

"

"

—

that

is,

" one that

—he was then blazoned

as a leopard.

That

is

why

the beasts in our national arms, although

44

Animal Charges they are really lions and meant for such, are not called because their undignified attitude reduces them to

so,

the rank of heraldic leopards

other beasts of prey as well

A

!

—

lion

rampant

—and

generally represented

is

with tongue and claws of a different tincture from the rest

of his person

unguled," the for a claw.

when

lying

he

;

is

then blazoned " langued and

term being derived from the Latin " lion in repose is blazoned " couchant

latter

A

down with head

— sitting;

he

is

"sejant"

he

is

" sejant rampant "

;

erect

seated with forepaws

erect

standing on all fours

he

is

spring, he

is

— standing standing —leaping when

" statant " " salient "

;

;

above his back, he

—

literally

often seen.)

is

a forked

and forepaws extended

in act

to

^

forked and raised " " queue fourchee said to have a his tail is

(This

tail.

But when he

is

last

attitude

represented running across

the field and looking back, then the heralds label the

of beasts " coward

A single

lion

is

not

is

king

!"

a very frequent charge,

but two lions

The Hanmers of Flintshire, descended from John Hanmer in the reign of Edward I., have two " lions, and we find two lions " rampant combatant " langued armed " in the that is, clawing each other Wycombe coat of arms whilst one, Garrad of London, are rarer. Sir

—

;

" bears two lions " counter-rampant

and very droll they look.

i.e.,

back to back,

Demi-lions rampant also

occur in armorial bearings.

The

different parts of a lion are

much used

;

the

head, either erased or couped, the face cabossed, the

45

Peeps

Heraldry

at

paws, borne either singly or in twos and threes, and lastly,

we

find the tail represented in various postures.

The Corkes The tiger

bear three lions'

peculiar to himself.

Love

Robert flasked."

tails.

follows the lion and has terms of blazon

In

is

Thus, the single tiger borne by Sir depicted as " tusked, maned and

arms of the

the

tigress is represented

De

Bardis family, a

gazing into a mirror, which

beside her on the ground.

may be

the fable that a tigress, robbed of her whelps,

appeased by seeing her tiger's

head

is

own

reflection in

a glass.

A

used but seldom as a separate charge.

Apparently the bear stood higher old heralds.

lies

This odd charge alludes to

The

in favour

with the

family of Fitzurse charge their shield

with a single bear passant, the Barnards

have a bear

" rampant and muzzled," whilst the Beresfords' bear is both " muzzled and collared." The Berwycks bear a bear's

head,

"erased and muzzled," and three bears'

heads appear in the

Pennarth

A

wolf

arms of the Langham, Brock, and

families. is

borne by

Sir

Daniel Dun, and by the

head appears very early

Edward Lowe of

Woods

Wilts, Sir

of Islington.

in armorial bearings

A ;

wolfs

Hugh,

surnamed Lupus, Earl of Chester and nephew of William I., used a wolf's head as his badge.

46

Animal Charges

CHAPTER ANIMAL CHARGES

After " ravenous foxes,

cats,

{contittUed)

beastes,"

fierce

squirrels,

favourite charges,

VII

we come

Sporting

etc.

to dogs,

dogs are

and are frequently termed

very-

talbots

in heraldry.*

(A

mastiff with short ears was termed an alant.)

The shield,

Carricks and Burgoynes bear one talbot on their whilst the

Talbot family have three talbots

passant.

The

Earl of Perth has a " sleuthhound, collared and

leashed " for his crest

;

that of the Biscoe family

is

a

greyhound seizing a hare. A dog chasing another animal must be blazoned either " in full course " or "

in

full

chase."

described as " a

A

foxhound nosing the ground

hound on

The fox rarely figures Hard of Wales bore two

is

scent."

One Kadrod-

in heraldry.

" reynards counter salient,"

and "the Wylies do bear that wylie

beast, the

fox";

whilst three foxes' heads erased are borne respectively

by

the Foxes of Middlesex and one Stephen Fox, of Wilts.

A

fox's face

is

blazoned a " mask."

Cats occur fairly often in heraldry.

" Roger

Adams

and John Hills, both of the City of London," we are *

Some

writers consider that the term

a mastiff, but sporting dogs

— foxhounds,

certainly occasionally blazoned as talbots.

47

"

talbot "

was

restricted to

harriers, beagles, etc.

were

Peeps at Heraldry" bear

told,

cats "

" cats-a-mountain

Sir

;

"

Jonathan Keats charges three

— wild

cats

do the Schives of Scotland

—upon

the

;

a tabby cat with a rat in her

is

his shield, as also

Dawson-Damer's crest She would be

mouth.

blazoned as preying.

The

dog, fox, and cat have each their typical meaning

The dog

heraldry.

in

affection,

the

and sagacity

;

symbolizes

courage, fidelity,

the fox, great wit

and cunning

boldness, daring, and extraordinary foresight,

cat,

so that whatever happens she always

She was formerly the emblem of

on her feet. and was borne

falls

liberty,

on the banners of the ancient Alans and Burgundians

show

to

The

that they

squirrel

is

brooked no servitude. rather a favourite charge, notably in

the arms of landed gentry

—

—such

as the Holts,

Warrens because the little nut-cracker It occurs parks and woodland property. or in pairs or

trios.

usually cracking

It is

nuts,

is

Woods,

typical

of

either singly

always represented sejant^ and

as

seen

in

the

arms of the

Nuthall family.

A

hedgehog usually

figures in the

arms of the Harris,

Harrison, Herries, and Herrison families, and

is

un-

doubtedly borne in allusion to their surname, herisson

Lord Malmesbury hedgehog in his coat of

being the French for hedgehog. family arms.

name Harris It

heraldry.

the

is

The

Clelands

Trussleys

—

bears a generally blazoned as an " urcheon " in

hare occurs but rarely in English arms

bear

one as a single charge, and the

charge their shield with three

48

little

hares

pi.A

BARON HAWKK. Arms. — A chevron erminoi^ between

three pilgrim's staves purpure. Crest. A hawk, wings displayed and inverted ppr. belled and charged on the breast with a fleur de lys or. Siit>f>orters. Dexter, Neptune, Sinister, a Sea-horse, jl/of/o.— Strike.

—

—

rii

->.

Animal Charges playing bagpipes,

probably in

coney

as a

—

— known

hare's

to heralds

oftener

met with

Devon

bear three conies couchant

is

the Strodes of Conesbies,

the

allusion to

The rabbit

traditional love of music.

three

conies

sejant

in armorial bearings

the

;

CunlifFes,

;

;

the

three

conies courant.

Three moles Dartford, Kent "

diwarp

We

—

by Sir John Twistledon, of mole was sometimes blazoned " mol-

are borne

—

a

whilst the Rattons very aptly bear a rat.

cannot say

much of

pents, grasshoppers, spiders,

the toads,* tortoises, ser-

and

snails

which occur in

heraldry.

The Gandys of Suffolk and

bear a single tortoise passant,

a tortoise erected ozcmvs

on the Coopers' coat of arms.

Serpents are blazoned in terms peculiar to themselves.

Thus, a serpent

— from on

the tail,

its

French it

is

from the French embowed.

one

The

Natterley

nowed

coiled, is said to be

;

nceud^

erect

when

a

knot

gliding,

;

biting

it

its

;

— knotted

when upright is

glissant also

tail, it

is

blazoned

Falconers bear a " serpent

embowed

" adder

natter

has

an

nowed

"

;

is

—

German for adder and Sir Thomas Couch of London charges an adder " curling and erect " upon

the

his shield.

To

the Greek, the grasshopper signified nobility

hence amongst

the Athenians

worn

was the badge of high

*

in the hair

The

a

In later

lineage.

legend which connects toads with the fleur-de-Iys in the is too well known to need repetition here.

arms of France

H.

;

golden grasshopper

49

7

Peeps (iays

at

Heraldry

the heralds considered the grasshopper a type df

patriotism, " because in whatever soil a grasshopper

is

bred, in that will he live and die."

Spiders were not only held symbolical of industry,

w^e

but they

highly

esteemed for their supposed

properties of healing.* " family of Shelleys bears three " house-snails

One

so termed in heraldry to imply that they carry their

A

shells.

type

and perseverance

of deliberation

having wings

matters

supposed to be furnished by the

is

common snail. The " creatures

business

in

that live

—come

above the earth "

i.e.^

next.

Various heraldic terms are in use for blazoning bird charges

—

viz.

A is

*'

\)irdi flying is "volant" (Fig. 42); preparing to fly rising " (Fig. 44) ; when its wings are spread open^

they are " displayed

"

;

when

folded^

they are "close (see Fig. 43)." Birds of

prey and barn-door cocks are "armed."

Thus, the eagle is blazoned as " armed of his beak and talons "; the cock as " armed of his beak and spurs "; he also blazoned as " combed and is

Pj^

jellopped " wattles.

An

—

that

is,

with his crest and

eagle or any other bird of prey devouring

* As regards the spider's curative powers, Mr. Thistleton Dyer, in " Folklore of Shakespeare," tells us that only " a few years ago a lady in Ireland was famous for curing ague with a large housespider swallowed alive, thickly coated with treacle. his

50

Animal Charges its

prey

is

described as " preying."

In blazoning a very

old eagle, the French heralds use a special term, pamSf' our English equivalent would be " exhausted," thereby alluding to the popular notion that with advancing age

an eagle's beak becomes so hooked that

it

is

unable to

take any nourishment, and so dies of inanition.

web " membred."

that have

Birds

and no talons are usually blazoned swan with her wings raised is said to

feet

A

be " expansed " ; a peacock with his tail displayed is said to be " in his pride " (Fig. 45) ; with folded tail he is a peacock " close," A pelican feeding her young is a

"pelican

The

her

in

wounding her crane

is

term which

piety"

breast,

she

(see

Plate

said to

is

another bird which enjoys a blazoning

is

all

its

own

—namely,

" a crane

It is

arms,

represented holding a stone

is

in

its

so described when, as in the Cranstoun

vigilance." it

when

III.);

be "vulning."

in

its

foot.

This charge refers to the old myth, that a crane on duty as a sentinel always holds a stone in its foot, so that in

the event of stone

may

its

dropping asleep the sound of the

act as

falling

an alarum.

Falcons are blazoned "armed, jessed and belled.'

A

falcon

is

usually called "

Swans, geese,

goshawk " in heraldry. ducks, and other web-footed birds

occur rarely in heraldry.

The Moore

family bear one

swan, the Mellishes two, and three swans' necks are

charged upon the Lacys' shield. bears a *

single wild goose.

The word ^ame

One, John Langford, Three wild duck volant

should be restricted to an expiring

5^

fish,

Peeps

Heraldry

at

Three

appear in the arms of the Woolrich family.

drakes

—

a

very favourite charge

The

Yeos.

Starkeys

—

one

bear

by the

are borne

Gibsons

the

stork,

three.

Three herons occur

in the

arms of Heron, one king-

fisher in those of one, Christopher Fisher (Fig. 43). Viscount Cullen, whose family name

Cockayne, bears three cocks

is

;

three

capons are borne by the Caponhursts whilst,

droUy enough, three

are borne by the

Crow

;

cocks

The

family.

Alcocks bear three cocks' heads. Eagles

Fig. 43,

are

of

such

and

wide

constant occurrence in heraldry that

we cannot attempt single eagle

is

Southesk, and

to

do

justice

to

them

A

here.

borne by the Earls of Dalhousie and

A

by seven families of Bedingfield.

double-headed eagle was rather a favourite charge, and coats of

arms displaying

commonly met

with.

a rare charge.*

is

as

many

as six eagles are

But an eagle blazoned "

very

close

"

Parts of an eagle, such as head,

wings, talons, and legs often appear in armorial bearings as separate charges.

Ostrich feathers, by the way, are

also introduced into heraldry, but the ostrich itself

very seldom occurrence.!

Its

is

of

introduction into heraldry.

was sometimes called " alerion " by the early heralds and when blazoned as such was usually represented with neither legs *

The

eagle

nor beak. t

One

Jervis, the principal

six ostrich feathers,

and

founder of Exbridge, in Devon, bore

in the heraldry of to-day they are occasioij-

52

Animal Charges from the time of the Crusaders, when Europeans

dates

saw the

first

An

bird.

with a horseshoe in

its

ostrich

is

usually represented

mouth, because

it

was a popular In Sir Titus

idea that an ostrich could digest iron.* Salt's

arms we

in

beak.

its

find a demi-ostrich holding a horseshoe

Lord Churston's

shield

is

supported on

the right by an ostrich with a horseshoe in is

Lord

Carysfort's, but his ostrich

represented with a key in

its

its

beak, as

is

beak.

Three hawks are borne by the Hawksworths the Corbets bear a ;

raven

as

single

a

charge,

whilst

Dr. Raven, Queen Anne's physician,

The

bears a raven rising (Fig. 44).

swallow, which

No.

(see

ally

4,

Fig.

Fig. 44.

the heraldic martlet 36), occurs repeatedly as

of arms, very often in threes

coats

in

is

;

six

a charge is

met with as charges. The Fetherstons bear three on their shield, and the Earl of Devon has seven

feathers

also

ostrich

ostrich

feathers in his crest.

We

are

familiar with the Prince of Wales's plumes, but to go

all

we find that a plume of ostrich feathers was often used by King Stephen as his badge, with the motto of his own making " Ft nulla invertitur ordo " " No force alters their fashion " in allusion to the " fold fall of the feather," which was neither shaken nor disordered by the wind, and therefore symbolized the condition of well-ordered kings and kingdoms. In bygone times, we are told, " some doubted whether an ostrich farther back into history,

—

—

:

should be reckoned as a beast or a fowl " * "I'll make thee eat iron like an ostrich." !

King Henry VI. ^'^

Peeps at Heraldry The Wardes and Temples

a favourite number. five

;

bear

the Chadwicks and Brownlows charge the orle

The Pawne

of their shield with eight martlets.

family-

bear three peacocks "in their pride"

and

(see Fig. 45),

same charge

this

occurs in the arms of the Peacocks of

A

Durham.

heraldry.

ally in

granted

where was

of

to Sir

he

this

David

same

brought word to to

with

an

beak was added

to

Gam.

after the

This

Battle

charge was

of Agincourt,

Due de Nevers

prisoner.

It

David who, on being sent by the French Army before the battle,

Sir

king to view the

make

David

Sir

took the

men enough

its

dove

by one Walker, when he married the

paternal arms child

occurs occasion-

A

an augmentation of honour to his

as

only

branch in

olive

borne by the

is

The dove

Fenwicks.

Fig. 45.

phoenix

his

kill,

royal master that "there were

enough

to

run away, and enough

prisoners."

Besides the

birds

already

mentioned,

the

parrot,

turkey, owl, chough, pheasant, woodcock, and several

others occur in heraldry.

Amongst winged insects, we find the bee in the arms of the Bye family, whilst the Rowes of Cheshire bear a beehive, surrounded by buzzing bees.* The bee was *

Lord Lansdowne

uses " a beehive beset

his crests.

54

with bees "

as

one of

Animal Charges tronsidered an honourable charge, symbolizing loyalty to

the chief, thrift and industry.*

The Burninghills bear the

Papillons,

three gadbees

—

horseflies

have three

very properly,

—and

butterflies

charged on their shield (Fig. 46). In concluding this chapter let us explain the term augmentation used above.

By augmentation some

Thus

is

meant any addition granted

special reason, to a coat

to one, William

for

of arms.

Compton, who

was about Henry VIII. and

in great

favour with him, the King actually

granted

permission

add

to

a

passant guardant, taken out of his

lion

own

royal device, to his paternal arms, as

an "honourable augmentation."

Fig. 46.

"In

rememberance whereof," says Sir William Dugdale, "the said Compton at his death bequeathed to the king a

chest of ivory, whereof the lock

little

was

gilt,

with a chessboard under, and a pair of tables upon

The arms

it."

of Sir Atwel-King Lake show a curious

augmentation

—

viz.,

a

dexter arm

embowed

—bent

issuing from the sinister side of the shield, holding in

the hand a sword erect, thereto affixed a banner, bearing a cross between sixteen escutcheons, etc. * In blazoning the reader of the old saw

" The

bee,

Guillim

cannot

These

resist

:

and the bee, ruled by these three."

calf, the goose,

The world

is

ss

sixteen

reminding

his

Peeps

at

Heraldry

escutcheons were given to the original bearer of these

Edward Lake, a devoted adherent of Charles I., commemorate the sixteen wounds that Lake received

arms, Dr. to

of Naseby.

at the Battle

Lord Nelson was granted tion

"

of honour.

a very pictorial

Waves of

augmenta-

the sea, from which a

palm-tree issues between a disabled ship on the dexter

Nelson had in ruins on the sinister." of an " honourable augmentation," which he

and a battery also a crest

bore in addition to that of his family.

A

naval crown

with the chelengk, or plume of triumph, presented to

him by the Grand

Sultan, Selim III.

The augmentation of honour granted to the great Duke of Wellington took the shape of the Union Jack charged upon an inescutcheon, which was superimposed

upon

own

his

shield.

CHAPTER ANIMAL CHARGES Fish occur

VIII {continued)

rarely in heraldry, for although they

were

considered typical of unfailing industry and vigilance,

" always swimming against the stream and never asleep," yet they

heralds

of

old

were held than

in

either

far less

the

falling

esteem by the

" earthy or

airy

creatures."

Fish have, of course, their

blazoning

—

viz.

56

own

heraldic terms for

Animal Charges

A

fish

charged horizontally upon the field^

—swimming

(Fig. 47)

;

is

perpendicularly with

" naiant "

head

its

upwards^ it is " hauriant " (Fig. 48) literally, taking a draught when ;

placed vertically with

wards^

" uriant"

is

it

undimmed eyes^

it is

head down-

its

—

diving ; with " allum6 " alight

—

when gasping with wide-open mouthy it " exhausted. A fish is also is '* pame

—

blazoned as " finned of

when

(as is

its fins,"

FiG'47.

and

always the case with the dolphin) its tail If the it is " embowed."

curves towards the head, ^^'vi, feedings

it

must be described

—because

devouring

When

their prey whole.

"vorant"

as

watery creatures always swallow

two or three fish of the same field swimming in opposite

kind are represented on a directions,

they

are

blazoned as

" contra-naiant

swimming against each other. Mr. Fox-Davies quotes an example of the arms of Peebles, where

"

this charge in

one salmon

is

depicted

swimming towards the dexter side of the shield, whilst two are swimming towards the sinister. This charge alludes evidently to the

popular idea that

for

each

salmon that ascends the river to spawn, two salmon return to the sea.

When

an

sented in a

yant "

—

eel is

borne on

wavy form and

literally,

always repreusually blazoned " ondo-

a shield, is

it is

wavy.

Fish charges almost always come under the head of H.

57

8

Peeps

Heraldry

at

" canting heraldry,"* so that they mostly repeat the

name of their allusion to

bearer, or, at

it.

This

any

rate, carry a

very direct

the case with the families of

is

Dolphin, Godolphin, Salmon, Sole (Fig. 48), Herring, Herringham, Bream, Roach, Sprat, Ellis (who bear three

eels)

and Troutbeck (who have three trouts). These latter are bla" fretted

zoned

triangle,

—

we

to

Lucy

pikes borne by the ;

" netted

tail,"

whilst

reminded that

the old

name for pike when we see

was law bears one crab

a "

are

Fig. 49.

Fig. 48.

tete-d-queue

literally,

head

in

family.

luce,

Crabbe of Robs-

the Prawnes, as you would expect,

bear prawns and the Tregarthens of Cornwall have " lobster claws saltire-wise, gules," that last word imply;

ing that the luckless owner of those claws had been

clearly boiled

(Fig.

being

pre-

badge,

was

49)!

The

escallop

eminently given Fig. 50.

a

the

very

those of the

pilgrim

honourable place

in

heraldry, and occurs in the arms of

many of our in

shell,

highest nobility, notably

Dukes of Bedford, Marlborough and

* " Canting heraldry " is derived from the French armes chantantes or armes parlantes, meaning, literally, arms that speak.

58

Animal Charges One branch of

Montrose. three

escallop

escallop shells

shells (Fig.

and a

50),

common

a

is

Shelley family bears

the

Moffat bears a lion between eight escallop

A

fish with a ring in its

heraldry, and owes

its

legends associating

The arms of the and

mouth

shells.*

occurs fairly often in

origin probably to the

fish

between

lion

One William

charge.

many

with coins, rings, gems,

old etc.

Bishopric of Glasgow, where a salmon

a ring are depicted, are said to allude to the fable

of

the distracted bride, who, having dropped her wedding ring into the River Clyde, besought

St.

Kentigern,

Bishop of Glasgow, to help her to recover

answer to the Prelate's prayers, a salmon

due time, with the

And now

at last

lady's ring

we

between

it.

was taken

In in

his jaws.

have reached those charges con-

nected with that " most noble creature, man," who, as

we

are told, "is borne in heraldic achievements both

limbwise and

entire.

And

as a

man

should be repre-

sented in his greatest dignity, a king should be depicted

on

his

throne, a bishop in

his

robes,

a

soldier

in

and so on." In the royal arms of Seville, we find " a crowned and sceptered king on his seat royal," wearing his ermine cape, but as a matter of fact, the whole human figure military habit,

occurs very rarely as a charge in a coat of arms.

"

A wild

man of the woods,

with a garland round his

* Escallop shells are represented in such infinitely varied devices in so many coats of arms that some lovers of heraldry make this charge a special study.

and

59

Peeps

Heraldry

at

head and waist and a club on his shoulder, standing

between two forest the

Mayo

family,

trees,"

and

is

Wood bears three demiHuman heads and limbs are

Basil

savages, each with a club.

more frequently

used.

Richard Griffith bore three Englishmen's heads

Sir

"in

charged on the shield of

couped

profile,

the head

at

and

bearded";

the

Tanners of Cornwall bear three Moors' heads couped.

Three

heads are charged on the Fauntleroy " couped arg crined or," crined being the

infants'

shield

:

word for blazoning hair. The Vaughans have odd coat of arms viz., three children's heads " couped, each enwrapped about the neck with a

heraldic

—

a very

(Ghastly as that arrangement sounds, the

serpent."

children

look out

countenances

De

you with

remarkably gleeful

!)

One Black and the

at

la

bears three men's heads with black hair,

Haye

family has the rare charge of three

eyes.

de

The human heart is much used in heraldry. Henry Wingham bears a winged heart, and the shield of the

Heart family

The

is

charged with three hearts.

Cornhills bear a

left

hand and arm, whilst an

arm grasping the stump of an uprooted tree is appropriately borne by Armstrong. Very literal arms are borne by the Tremaynes viz., three right arms with clenched

—

fists,

A

forming a triangle. dexter hand

is

common charge.

a fairly

Two arms

seizing the head, or pole, of a hart are borne

60

by the

Animal Charges Catchpoles, and three hands occur in the armorial bear-

Maynards of Medstone and those of Wickalso in the coat of arms of the Maynes of Bucks.

ings of the

low, as

The Quartermaynes Amongst bear a

bear four right hands (Fig. 51).

other families, the

human

and

exorbitant

which figure

Under

heraldry.

Shrigleys

we must mention what Guillim

In conclusion,

" amphibious tures,"

Haddens and

leg.

as

the

calls

crea-

charges

in

amphibious

we have the beaver, seal, otter, and others. With the beaver we are charges

fairly

familiar, as

nowadays

it

occurs

so frequently in the armorial bearings

of persons connected Canada.

It

in

Fig. 51.

any way with

well represented in the arms of

is

Lord

Strathcona.

The

otter

is

borne by the Setons of Mounie, and also

occurs as a supporter in the arms of

Lord Balfour of

Burleigh.

As

to what Guillim calls " exorbitant creatures," or,

so to speak, monsters, species of dragon

body and claws of

;

we may mention

the wyvern, a

the griffin, supposed to have the

a lion, with the

eyes, and wings of an eagle

;

hooked beak, piercing

the dragon

;

the unicorn,

whose appearance is too well known to need description ; the cockatrice the mermaid ; the sea-dog, or marine wolf; and, lastly, the harpy. Three wyverns are borne by the Drake family, and two fiendish-looking ;

61

Peeps wyverns

Heraldry

at

act as supporters to the shield

of Lord Clifford

of Chudleigh.

The

red dragon

of course, the badge of Wales

is,

and

three dragons' heads are borne by the

The

heraldic dragon

monster with four

With

;

Stanleys.

always represented as a winged

is

legs.

the unicorn, the sinister supporter of our Royal

Arms, every

child

is

well acquainted.

It

represents

Scotland, the royal shield of that country being sup-

Of all

ported by two unicorns.

the mythical creatures,

it is

perhaps the favourite in our heraldry.

does

it

Not only

occur repeatedly as a supporter, notably in the

armorial bearings of

Lord Chetwynd, Lord Colchester, each have two unicorns,

and Lord Manners, who but we

find

constantly

it

represented

on coats of

arms.

According to some old writers,

it

was deemed

a very

honourable charge, because, no one ever having succeeded in capturing this fabulous creature, either dead or alive, they account for this stubborn fact in

following cunning

fashion

mind

:

"

The

the

unicorn hath too

much

greatness of

alive,

choosing rather to die than to be taken captive."

to suffer himself to be taken

Therefore, a unicorn was considered a very suitable

charge for a warrior, who should, of course, share that creature's " greatness of mind."

The Farrington unicorn's head

Goston family

is

family bear three unicorns

not bear

uncommon one

as

62

a

;

and the

The

in coats of arms.

single

charge

;

one

Animal Charges Anthony Smith, bears two

;

by

whilst three are borne

a family of Shelley.

The

very

griffin is

common

has a

in heraldry, either as a

Lord Churchill of Wychwood

crest or a supporter.

griffin for his crest

and one

for his dexter sup-

porter.

The

cockatrice, " a little king

borne by the Bogan

mermaid, crined

comb

or,

amongst serpents,"

is

family, whilst one Ellis bears a

with a mirror in one hand and a

in the other (a veritable

Loreley

!).

are borne

Three sea-dogs, or marine wolves,

by one

John Fenner.

And, lastly, we find in Guillim's work the presentment of a harpy as a charge on a coat of arms monster with a woman's head, hair, and face, and the body, legs, and wings of a vulture, her "wings displayed and hair flottant." As to the name of the bearer

—

of this hideous charge, the old herald

CHAPTER

discreetly silent.

is

IX

INANIMATE OBJECTS AS CHARGES

Under

this

heading so

are included that

many and such

we cannot attempt

various objects

to mention one

half of the items in this miscellaneous collection.

come crowns,

mitres, croziers (a crozier

is

borne by an

Irish family of that name), swords, maces,

which represent

estate

and dignity.

63

First

etc., all

Then come

of

books,

Peeps pens

billets,

at

Heraldry

Cowpen

(one

bears three pens), single

letters of the alphabet, notably

i.e.,

Y

and

T

(three T's are

by the Tofte family), musical instruments

borne

harp, etc. (the harp appears in

violin, organ-pipes,

the arms of one

Harpham).

Musical instruments signified that their bearers were

"men

of a well-composed and tempered judgment";

Book symbolized primarily the Word of pen, the wisdom of the learned and the

whilst the Life

;

the

;

single letters stood for the thoughts of absent or silent scholars.

Conroy arms,

In the

the field

is

charged with "an

ancient book, open, indexed, edged or."

the

represents

honourable and

This charge

hereditary

office

of

Leanachie bard and herald to the O'Connors, Kings of

The motto under the coat of arms signi" history once written in this book cannot be that

Connaught. fies

destroyed by time."

It was the privilege of the ancient " of tribe bard the to stand alone with the new-made

King upon

mount of Carn Fraoich and there hands the white wand or sceptre of

the sacred

to deliver into his

royalty."

Mechanical (the

objects

Harrows bear

follow next

— ploughs,

harrows),

three

scythes,

harrows spades,

cartwheels (the latter occur in the arms of Carter and Cartwright).

These are

all

typical of husbandry,

and

suggest agricultural industry on the part of the original bearers.

—derived —bore

Chaucer's son-in-law, Sir Payne Roet

doubtless, from the French rouefy a wheel

64

three

Inanimate Objects as Charges wheels on his shield, and in blazoning this coat of arms (Fig. 52), Guillim quotes Pliny's fable of the

who was

farmer

accused to the authorities of being a

magician, because his

were

fields

fruit-

neighbour

of his

those

whilst

ful,

Roman

were barren.

"Wait," will

"and

I

conjuring tools

;"

said the farmer,

show you

my

and therewith he produced and a cartwheel. From

we

dote

gather

that

plough

his

anec-

this

pj^

Payne

Sir

Roet must have been distinguished as an agriculturist. Then come the implements for making clothes as well as

some items of

Wool-cards are borne

dress.

shuttles by the Shuttleworths by the Cardingtons Sir John Maunsel bears three maunches (sleeves) ;

the

Bartlelots, gloves

ings

;

as

One

brogues";

Irish

German

being the

Hose the

family bear

three

staves

;

;

stock-

boots, blazoned

Huths have

a

hat

for hat).

family of Palmers charges their

three palmer's

The

the

the Arthurs of Ireland

"three

{^fiut

;

;

shield

another has a pilgrim's

Spences bear three penny-pieces,

this latter

with scrip.

charge

symbolizing commerce.

Workman's tools hatchets, nails, significance.

—

pickaxes,

plummets,

The

H.

justified

hammers,

—had

all

levels, squares,

great heraldic

pickaxe was to remind

" whence he was digged

must be

etc.

"; the

its

bearer

level that his actions

by the rule of reason and justice

6s

9

;

Peeps

Heraldry

at

the square taught the cultivation of an even ;

fathoming the problems of

life.

objects

;

the plummet, prudence in

the nails, fixity of purpose

The

judgment

wrought by these

tools follow.

First,

come works of masonry.

One Oldcastle bears a " tower triple-towered " Edward Mansel, a tower with a scaling ladder against ;

Sir it

;

whilst three castles occur in the arms of the Scarborough family. tion

The

between a

upon

a shield.

made a great distinctower and a castle, when charging either For, whereas a tower must never occupy

heralds, be

the whole of the

it

noted,

field, a castle

" extendeth

over

itself all

the shield from one side to the other." are borne

by the Archers

Three arches the Trowbridges bear a

;

bridge.

Keys occur or

in

threes.

being borne

fairly often,

The

either singly

very properly bear

Bells

and these

latter

we

also find

bells,

in

the

Dobell coat of arms, which affords an excellent

(Fig. 53). trestles

example of canting heraldry One, Stratford, bears three

meant

to

imply their bearer's

love of hospitality.

Amongst

other

Fig. 53.

are flesh-pots,

inanimate charges

bellows,

lamps.

The

Lamplaws bear three lamps cups are borne by Bowles, Warcupp, and Butler dishes are borne by the Standish ;

;

family (a boar's head in

a

golden dish was a rather

favourite charge), as were also clocks, watches,dials, etc.

66

Inanimate Objects Next we

The three

find ships

and

Charges

as

things pertaining to them.

all

Earl of Caithness bears a ship sails

;

anchors are a

fairly

;

have an

Chappels

the

common

the Cavells bear

Three

anchor.

charge.

Objects connected with hunting, hawking, and ing

come

The Hatheways

next.

the Langhornes three bugles

;

fish-

bear a hunter's horn

the Plankes, three

;

hawk-

and ring, " all a falconer's decoy," are borne by one, Lie, " a suitable name, seeing bells,

whilst a lure with a line

that a falconer

is

ever used to deceive."

representing the meshes of a net, are Belgraves, whilst a net enclosing

Three mascles, borne by the

three sturgeons

is

introduced into the Sturgeons' coat of arms, and is blazoned as a " fret." The Medvilles bear three fishing-hooks.

Now we

come

chessmen, dice,

to objects associated with

One

balls, etc.

games

of Charles V.'s generals

bore as his arms a ball with two balloons, with the motto, " The harder I am struck, the higher I

mount."

Then we have cannon,

military

battering-rams,

weapons and implements,

swords,

banners, drums, trumpets, clarions,

lances,

as

well

as

etc.

Guillim blazons the Earl of Cumberland's arms as " three murthering shots."

One Bowman

bears three

bows, whilst arrows* and swords are of constant occur*

An

arrow has

h-tid, flighted of

arrow with

a

its

its

peculiar terms of blazon.

It is armed of its bundle of arrows is a sheaf. An known in heraldry as a " bird-bolt."

feathers, whilst a

blunt head

is

67

Peeps at Heraldry rence, the latter borne either singly or crossed salterwise.

On

the Earl

of Lindsey's shield there are three

first and fourth quarters, and a shattered " castle triple-towered " is represented in the

battering-rams in the

second and third quarters. coat of arms

historical.

is

The origin of this unusual One Robert Bertie, after-

wards created Earl of Lindsey, was serving

Queen

which, during

in the

army,

Elizabeth's reign, laid siege to

Cadiz under the Earl of Essex's command.

When

the

English troops made a furious onslaught on the gates ot the city, every inhabitant within

back the enemy, the old stones from the ramparts.

young

its

walls strove to drive

women flinging down heavy One of these missiles felled

Bertie to the ground, so that when, after the

taking of Cadiz, the youth was knighted for his gallant

conduct that day, the newly made knight exclaimed **

The

with

:

knocked down by an old woman but the general bade him arise a

squire was a

stone,

knight." All kinds of escutcheons were also charged upon a shield, as well as

helmets and gauntlets.

Trophies and

tokens of martial victory also occur in heraldry, such as chaplets, torses

along

with

—the wreath surrounding

the

shackles, chains,

the helmet

more melancholy charges denoting the subjection and

—

fetters,

captivity

of the vanquished. Bridles, bits,

occurrence in

buckles, and heraldry.

stirrups are of frequent

Lord Stanhope bears three 68

Inanimate Objects and

stirrups, buckles,

as

Charges

straps, whilst spurs are

borne very

appropriately by the Knights.

we must mention

Before closing this chapter besides the charges

emblazoned on the

have been considering

some

at

latter

which

which

is

elsewhere

—

scrolls,*

in constant use,

as

— we have spoken The

and mottoes.

part of armorial

the only

is

arms

These are known

the crest, helmet, mantling, supporters

of the

which we

shield,

length, a coat of

has certain accessory ornaments.

crest,t

that

bearings

the device placed above an

is

escutcheon, and originally worn upon a helmet, but it

now occurs on a coronet, wreath, or cap. As regards the representing of helmets must be noted

bearings, the following rules

helmet must be gold, six-barred, duke's helmet slightly in steel

is

profile

steel ;

bars

full

faced with visor raised

by

esquires,

represented

visor in

full face,

:

king's

bars, and and knights have

— these

steel

;

A

and open

with five gold

baronets

helmets with no

in armorial

;

a

set

also

must be drawn

helmets are also used

down, with gold ornaments and

profile.

Full-faced

helmets

authority, side-faced ones symbolize attention

denote

and obedi-

ence towards superiors.

Mantling or lambrequin *

The

is

ribbon bearing the motto

the term used for the mantle is

called heraldically

"

escroll "

scroll.

t " Crest "

obviously derived from crista^ a bird's comb or term is "cognizance," because the crest worn upon his helmet served to insure recognition of a leader by his followers on the battle-field. crest.

is

Its heraldic

69

Peeps at Heraldry or a piece of scarf-like drapery, attached to the helmet

and showing jagged and torn edges received in battle.

to suggest the cuts

Generally, however,

we

find

the

mantling in heraldry takes the shape of graceful flowing outlines.

we have, no doubt, the survival of many (besides expressing the name of

In the motto war-cries

;

the the

some allusion to the charges on the coat of arms)* contain very interesting historical references viz., the " Grip Fast " of the Earl of Rothes recalls how bearer or

good Queen Margaret from the where she and her palfrey were drowning, and

his ancestor rescued the river,

exhorted her to " grip

fast " to his belt.

The motto is generally placed beneath the we sometimes find it above the crest.

escutcheon,

but

CHAPTER X QUARTERING AND MARSHALLING In these " Peeps at Heraldry,"

much

We

that should

still

we can only

be mentioned

if

glance at

space permitted.

must say something, however, about quartering

* As, for instance, " Fare fac," the Fairfax motto, or the Weare's motto, "Sumus" we are whilst the motto of the Clerks of Penicuik, "Free for a blast," alludes to their crest, a man blowing a horn. This refers to the odd condition under which the Barony of Penicuik is held viz., that the proprietor must sit on a piece of rock called the Buckstone, and wind three blasts of a horn whenever the sovereign shall come to hunt on the Borough Muir, near Edinburgh.

—

—

—

70

Quartering and Marshalling and marshalling, two very important departments

in

heraldry.

we have dealt with shields bearing only one now we must speak of those which

Hitherto,

coat of arms, but

bear

more than

one.

Quartering means dividing the shield into quarters,

may be

so that several coats of arms

same escutcheon.

Fig. 54

represented on the

shows the

simplest form of quartering

—

two

pale-wise.

lines,

fess-wise

and

viz.,

by

This arrangement gives room for four different coats of arms,

necessary to represent

the shield requisite

but

if

it

is

more than four, up into the

further cut

is

number of

divisions,

blazoned according to that number eight," " by twelve," and so forth.

happens that

Fig. 54.

then e.g.,

" quarterly by

It also

in a shield already quartered,

sometimes

each quarter

has to be quartered again, and this arrangement is known The four in heraldry as " compound quartering." original quarters are then blazoned as

'*

grand quarters,"

the secondary ones as " quarterly quarterings."

One of the alliances

chief uses of quartering

between

different

families,

is

to record the

generally

made

through marriage.

(The arms of the Duke of Portland

afford a

example of a shield bearing a record of such

For

good

alliances.

and fourth grand quarters quarterly we the original family find the arms of the Bentincks in the first

—

71

Peeps at Heraldry arms

;

in the

arms appear quarters

second and third quarterlies the Cavendish whilst

;

arms

the

on the second and third grand of

Scott

are

thus

represented,

recording the alliance of the house of Bentinck with those of Cavendish and Scott.)

A

husband may only add the arms of

to his

own when

she

is

his wife's family

heiress or co-heiress of her

own

He then bears those arms on what is called an " escutcheon of pretence," which he charges on his own

line.

family coat.

may

use

All the sons of an heiress or co-heiress

their

mother's arms

quarterings with those of their shield as in Fig. 54

the

and placing

after

she

father,

is

dead as

dividing

their paternal

and fourth quarters and their maternal

first

the

arms

in

in the

second and third.

When

three coats of arms are to be represented on a

most important occupies the first and fourth quarters. A familiar example of this is furnished by the royal arms of Great Britain, where we see the lions of England in the first and fourth quarters, the lion rampant of Scotland in the second, and the harp of shield, the

Ireland in the third.

The

of Pembroke, in 1348, was the first Mr. Hulme tells us, who quartered his arms. a great number of quarterings are charged

Earl

subject, so

When upon the

shield, the order in

marshalled * or arranged

is

very important, the original

* of

which these quarterings are

Marshalling means the art of grouping or arranging various coats arms on one and the same shield.

72

PLA

ri::

t).

SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL. Anns. — Art<. on mount vert, representation of the 40

ft. reflectinsj telescope with its apparatus ppr. on a chief az the astronomical symbol of Uranus irradiated or. Crest. A denii terrestrial sphere ppr. thereon an eagle, wings elevated or, Motto. Coelis exploratis. :

— —

Quartering and Marshalling arms being always placed

—

that being the

arms following

in the upper dexter of the field most honourable point and the other

—

in

the sequence in which they were

introduced into the family coat of arms.

There were two methods of marshalling in early One was known as '* dimidation," which means cutting a coat of arms in half, pale-wise, and heraldry.

matching

make one achievement of

so as to halves.

with another half of another coat of arms,

it

Thus, when

a wife's

the

two joined

arms were to be repre-

sented on the same shield as her husband's, both coats

were halved, and then placed upon the

shield, the

husband's arms occupying the right side, and those of the wife the

As you

left.

can

imagine, however, the result of this

chopping and joining was seldom satisfactory and sometimes very comical,

as,

Yarmouth, where half a to join half a herring

is

in

the arms of

running

!

The second method was by impalement.

for example,

lion

ot marshalling

This term means

the joining together of different coats

of arms by a pale. In this arrangement the shield was

Fig*^5

divided pale-wise as before (Fig. 55 shows the shield divided ready to receive the two coats),

but the whole of each coat was crowded respectively into each side of the shield, the right side being charged with H.

the

husband's arms, the

73

left

with his wife's.

10

Peeps

Heraldry

at

Naturally, however, in order to suit this arrangement, the arms suffered a certain

Nowadays, according

to

amount of alteration. Mr. Fox-Davies, the follow-

ing rules are observed with regard to the arms of

and wife

—

viz.

:

" If the wife

the two coats are impaled.

is

man

not an heraldic heiress

If the wife be an heraldic

arms of

heiress or co-heir, in lieu of impalement, the

her family are placed on an escutcheon, being termed

an

*

escutcheon of pretence,' because

.

.

.

the husband

pretends to the representation of her family."

A

widow may have

a shield, but

a lozenge, whilst an unmarried daughter father's

arms on a lozenge

Finally,

by her

the coat of arms borne

husband and herself marshalled, not on also,

may

but without a

on

bear her crest.

under the head of marshalling comes the all the accessories, of the shield of which

arrangement of

we spoke

in

our

last chapter.

CHAPTER FIVE COATS OF

XI ARMS

In this chapter we must say a few words about the five

" achievements " which are shown

in

the

coloured

These represent repectively the armorial bearplates. ings of a duke, marquess, earl, baron, and baronet."^ To begin with No. i.

We

—

have to apologize to our readers for the omission owing to of an example of the armorial bearings of a viscount.

want of space

—

74

Five Coats of

Arms

Duke of Leinster, be blazoned as you will know by this " Arg crest^ a monkey a saltier gu

This coat of arms belongs to the

and should time

—

viz.

:

ppr

statant

plain collar

—

:

:

:

environed

and chained

about the

or.

;

middle

with a

supporters^ two monkeys,

environed and chained as the crest"; motto "Crom aboo " literally " Crom to victory," Crom being the ^

—

name of an Now, in

old castle belonging to the Fitzgeralds.

achievement the

this

trio

of monkeys

tell

the story, not of their bearer's grand deeds, but of the

own

noble feat performed by one of their

And

this is the

monkey's story

Long, long ago,

Thomas

ancestors.

in the reign of

Fitzgerald (later

that time only an infant),

first

Edward

I.,

John Fitz-

Earl of Kildare,* but at

was staying

in the Castle of

Woodstock, when the building suddenly broke into flames. In the first panic caused by the fire no one

remembered the poor baby lying helpless in his cradle but when, later on, some of the servants went back to search for him, they found only the smouldering remains of his cradle on the charred floor of the burnt-out Distracted with remorse, they wandered nursery. about the smoking ruins, vainly seeking for the

child.

Suddenly, a queer chattering attracted their attention to

one of the high, blackened towers of the

castle,

and

there, outlined against the sky, stood the pet ape of the

household, holding the baby boy safe and sound in his *

The

eldest son

of the

Duke of

Kildare.

IS

Leinster

is

the Marquess of

Peeps long, hairy arms

On

!

Heraldry-

at

monkey had

this occasion, the

put his betters to shame, and had saved the helpless

which they had

left

life

to perish.

In gratitude for that monkey's devotion, John Fitz-

gerald

adopted a monkey for his

crest,

additional apes act as supporters to the

Thus, you

ster's shield.

whilst two

Duke

of Lein-

see, in this case it is the

deed of a far-away monkey that heraldry keeps

The arms of pretty ones,

into

the

a^ive.

Marquess of Hertford are very and afford a good example of the use of the

the pile as an augmentation of honour.

charge

golden

first

It is

introduced

and fourth grand quarters, bearing the

of three

whilst

lions,

second and

the

third

quarters are occupied by two wings conjoined by lure.

These arms, being precisely the same as those of the Duke of Somerset, serve to remind us that the Marquess of Hertford, whose family name is also Seymour, is a descendant from one and the same ancestor. For whereas the wings

in

the coat of arms represent the

armorial bearings of the Seymours, the pile was an

augmentation of honour granted by Henry VIII. to Sir

John Seymour on the occasion of the King's

marriage with Lady Jane Seymour, his daughter.

same

crest, a

The

phoenix rising out of flames surmounting

a ducal coronet, does duty for both achievements, but

whereas the

Duke

of

supporters

Somerset's

are

a

unicorn and a bull, the Marquess of Hertford has two blackamoors, which are blazoned viz., " wreathed

—

about the

temples

or,

sa

:

76

habited

in

short golden

Arms

Five Coats of garments feathers

adorned about the waist with green and red

;

;

each holding in his exterior hand a shield, az

garnished or, the dexter charged with the splendour,'

Motto^

The

*

et

amore

with a

other

the

gold,

Fide

'

—

*

With

faith

*

sun

crescent,

and

love.'

in

silver.

"

Earl of Scarborough's coat of arms shows no

Here

quarterings.

the field

is

fesswise and

divided

charged with three parrots (they are usually termed

A

popinjays in heraldry). crest, whilst

we

pelican in her piety

is

the

find parrots again with wings inverted

These arms are of great antiquity, having been adopted by Sir Marmaduke Lumley, who derived them from his mother, Lucia, co-heiress of the supporters.

as

ancient house of

Thweng

A

teenth century. is

a wall of brass."

Hawke's achievement

Baron the

grand naval

the

house,

the in

White. 1747,

enemy's

feats

the

who,

gallant sailor,

of thirty-one, was made Admiral of

His

six large

chevron erminois between three

hawk

French

ships

of the

His arms are " Arg

matter of history.

purple, the crest, a

the

victory over

brilliant

when he captured

line, is

hints very plainly at

performed by the founder of

Edward Hawke,

at the early age

a

beginning of the fourTheir motto is, " sound conscience in the

rising,

pilgrims'

:

staves

beaked, belled, and

charged on the breast with fleur-de-lys or

;

whilst most

appropriately the supporters of this naval hero's shield are

—dexter

supporter,

Neptune

in a sea-green mantle,

crowned with an eastern coronet 77

or,

his

dexter

arm

Peeps at Heraldry downwards on

erect, darting

his trident sa

resting his sinister foot

supporter, a sea-horse, sustaining

banner, arg

The

coat of arms,

fifth

headed ;

silver,

sinister

fore-fins

his

in

the staff broken ppr."

:

:

a dolphin, also sable

a

Motto, "Strike."

a very pictorial

one, was

assumed by the great astronomer and musician. Sir William Herschel, and serves as our example of a baronet's armorial bearings.

(You

will note that

it

has no supporters, and that the

baronet's badge, a sinister hand charged

placed on the dexter side of the

is

arms

new

tells

the story of

its

on an escutcheon, This coat of

field.)

bearer's grand discovery of the

Uranus.*

planet,

This Herschel achieved with the aid of a telescope of

with

And

own making.

his

apparatus

all its

is

so very properly a telescope f

represented on the

Uranus

the astronomical symbol of

The

chief.

crest

is

is

field,

whilst

charged in the

a demi-terrestrial sphere with an

Motto, "

eagle thereon, wings elevated.

The heavens

having been explored."

So

this coat

labours of

which

its

of arms, you

see,

shows the

result

of the

original bearer, along with the telescope

was instrumental

in

making

the

wonderful

discovery.

And now *

We Sir

words about the

frontispiece.

A Peep at the on this point, William Herschel made and erected a telescope 40 feet long strongly advise

Heavens" t

a few last

at Slough,

our readers to refer to "

for further information

completing

it

in 1787.

78

Arms

Five Coats of This shows the herald official

in

Great Britain ever since the

The

instituted. ally

tabard, which, as the

his

habit of heralds, has remained unchanged in

tabard—

office

really,

of herald was

—was

a tunic

first

origin-

worn over mail armour, being blazoned back and

front,

as

it

is

now, with the arms of the sovereign

for the time being.

Though

the general

name of tabard was given

to this

it was further distin" when worn by the tunique," guished by the term of King-at-Arms. It was then made of " riche fyne velvet." When worn by the heralds, the tabard was known as a " plasque," and made of satin, whilst the

particular kind of official garment,

pursuivant's tabard was called a " coat of arms," and

made of damask

A It

silk.

King-at-Arms ranks

chapters,

amongst heraldic

duty to direct heralds, to preside

his

is

first

and to him

officials.

their

at

belongs the jurisdiction of arms.

We have three English Kings-of-Arms,* styled respectively.

The

Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy.

attached to the Order of the Bath

is

officer

also styled "

Bath

King-at-Arms." Scotland has her "

Lyon King-of-Arms,"

Ireland her

" Ulster King-of-Arms."

We

have three chief heralds and

provincial

ones —

viz.,

York,

Windsor, Richmond, and Somerset. *

The

term of " King-at-Arms "

79

is

also

six

subordinate or

Lancaster,

On

Chester,

the accession

sometimes employed.

Peeps

Heraldry

at

two more were appointed and styled the "Hanover Herald," and "Gloucester King-at-Arms." A pursuivant is an attendant upon the herald, and

of George

I.,

belongs to the third or lowest order of heraldic

There tively,

officers.

are four English pursuivants, styled respec-

Rouge Croix, Blue Mantle, Rouge Dragon, and Three pursuivants belong to the Court of

Portcullis.

Lyon

On

in Scotland

the cover

— Unicorn,

we have

Carrick, and Bute.

the figure of a Crusader in his

mail armour, bearing on his breast the badge of a red cross charged

Looking

upon

a white field.

at the massive,

trayed in our illustration,

we

the wearer encased within

it

in the East, his metal

when

worn over the

armour por-

can easily understand that

must have suffered

the burning sun poured

armour, and

the surcoat of

closely knit

that, as a natural

some woven

fabric

cruelly

down upon

consequence,

was introduced, to be

coat of mail as a protection against the

scorching rays of the sun.

CHAPTER

XII

PENNONS, BANNERS, AND STANDARDS

Pennons, banners, and standards are so closely assowith heraldry that we must not leave them

ciated

altogether unnoticed.

In the Middle Ages three distinct classes of heraldic flags

appear to have been in use in England.

80

PLATE

THE FLAGS OF GREAT 1.

The Union

Jack.

2.

BRITAIN, The Royal Standard.

7.

Pennons, Banners, and Standards The

first was the pennon ; this was an armorial lance narrow and tapering, and was the mark of knightly rank. Sometimes it was triangular in form, but it was

flag,

or swallow-tailed at the

oftener forked

was

It

fly.

borne on a lance, and served as the personal ensign of the bearer, being charged with his badge or some other part of his armorial bearings.

The banner was

a square flag, very often representing

the whole coat of arms of the bearer, in exactly the same

way by

as a shield

all

An

A

was blazoned.

banner was carried

above the rank of a knight, kings included. emperor's banner was 6 feet square, a king's

a nobleman's only

The

5,

3.

standard was the third variety of early heraldic

It was chiefly in use in the fifteenth century, though some standards were certainly in use some fifty

flags.

years sooner.

In old days the term " standard " was loosely applied

motto were no doubt that the standard

to any large flag on which a badge and

represented

;

in fact, there

was originally designed playing

armorial

or king was

1 1

pavilion, but

for the special purpose

of dis-

Nevertheless, a standard

bearings.

proper was a tapering slightly at the

is

flag, richly

embroidered, and

slit

The standard of an emperor long when it was planted before his

narrow end. yards

when

it

was carried into

battle

it

was

It is, therefore, quite inreduced to 9 yards in length. correct to speak of the square banner on which our

royal H.

arms are blazoned

as

81

a

standard^

for

II

it

is

Peeps at Heraldry most

distinctly

banner.

a

displays,

It

as

you

know, the armorial bearings of the sovereign

all

fully

blazoned, just as they are marshalled in the royal shield.

This banner should only be hoisted over a palace when the king or some member of the royal family is actually in residence.

In the Navy, the Royal Standard is

—

falsely so-called

considered the supreme flag of Great Britain, and

is

only flown on a ship when the monarch, or someone

belonging to the royal family,

The Union Jack

is

on board.

the national banner of Great

is

Britain and Ireland.

represents the three united crosses of St. George

It

England, the

for

saltire

of

Andrew

St.

and the

cross of St. Patrick for Ireland.

Cross

red on white

is

St. Patrick's

;

St.

Andrew's

(saltire-shaped like St.

is

for Scotland, St.

George's

white on blue

Andrew's)

is

;

red

on white.

Some for

writers have derived the

James

I.,

word Jack from Jacques

because he was the monarch

the flags of England and Scotland

The

;

but

who

united

this is held to

be

name for a surcoat was hence obviously our word "jacket," which "jacque," recalls the German Jacke for coat, and therefore undoubtedly "jaque" survives in the "Union Jack"

incorrect.

which

is

old heraldic

intended to represent the national arms, and

thus certainly

fulfils

the purposes of a coat of arms.

The Union Jack first came when England and

accession,

82

into use after

James

I.'s

Scotland became united.

Pennons, Banners, and Standards Till then, the English flag bore St. George's Cross, a

rectangular red cross on a white

showed the white diagonal

flag

field,

cross

whilst the Scotch

of

Andrew on

St.

a blue ground.

The union of

two flags was effected by retaining of St. Andrew's Cross, whilst the red

the blue field field

the

of the English

flag

was represented by adding a

narrow border of that colour to the limbs of

The

Cross. cation "

mained

—

literally

in use

the Union,

of

it

St.

heraldic term for this addition

This combined

bordering.

George's " fimbriflag re-

1801, when, Ireland having joined

till

became necessary

to incorporate the cross

Patrick into the national banner.

St.

is

But,

lest it

should be thought that either of the diagonal crosses

took precedence of the other, care was taken that the white and red borders of each should be alternately

uppermost.

The Lord

Lieutenant of Ireland

flies

the

Union Jack

with the harp of Ireland on an escutcheon charged upon

So

it.

the

also does the

Union Jack

Governor of India, but

in this case

bears the Star of India in the centre,

charged with a rose, and surmounted by an imperial crown.

We

have three

flags

constantly in

which are always spoken of First, the

Union Jack

know at

as the

Red Ensign,

as ensigns.

use

nowadays,

These are

:

a plain red flag, bearing a

in a canton on the dexter side. This is " Ensign of England," and when displayed

sea distinguishes

all

vessels not

Royal Navy.

83

belonging to the

Peeps

the White or St. George's Ensign banner of St. George with a "jack" cantoned

Second, original

Heraldry

at

the

;

This is the ensign of the Royal Navy.

in the first quarter.

Third, the Blue Ensign, a plain blue

Union Jack cantoned

field

in the dexter side.

with the

This

is

the

ensign of the Naval Reserve.

The Admiralty

displaying a yellow anchor and

flag,

on a red

cable set fesswise

field,

may

be grouped with

the three ensigns.

As

regards military

banners properly

—

the cavalry standards

flags,

are the true survivals of the knightly

The

banners of the Middle Ages.

colour of the

field

repeats that of the regimental facings, and each standard bears the number, motto, and specific

regiment, as well as

its

own

title

of

own Upon

its

heraldic badge.

standards are also blazoned the regimental " honours," such as " Waterloo," " Alma," " Lucknow,"

these

thus commemorating the services rendered by that corps to their country.

Infantry regiments have their " colours," or, properly,

pah' of colours.

One

of these

always crimson, displaying a the

regimental device

;

is

the sovereign's colour,

Union Jack, charged with

the other

is

regimental

the

Upon colour, repeating the tincture of the facings. " " " and devices of the regiment are this the " honours charged, whilst a

dexter side of the

The

small "jack"

is

cantoned on the

flag.

regimental " colours " of the Guards

Jack.

84

is

the

Union

Pennons, Banners, and Standards The Royal

have

Artillery

neither

colours

nor

standards. It

would be curious to note the various forms of

banners which have been in use since the days when the old

Roman

general hoisted a small truss of hay as his

ensign, but surely one of the queerest flags that ever

found

its

way

own Henry

V.,

Paris, riding

was that displayed by our

into history

when,

in

1420, he

made

his entry into

between Charles VI. and Philippe,

of Burgundy.

For

we

then,

are told, that,

Duke

amongst

other banners, the English monarch bore a lance with a fox-tail attached to foxes," this

was

his

it,

own

for being " a great hunter

personal badge.

VH

^

71^

Here we must close our " Peeps please, dear eyes, that this point,

do not

at

^F

Heraldry," but

have been peeping with

me up

to

close too.

Otherwise the object with which been written

of

—namely,

ments of heraldry, so

this little

book has

to open your eyes to the rudithat,

having begun with a peep,

you may go on to take an exhaustive view of the art and its developments will be sadly defeated. For this small volume pretends to be nothing more

—

than a simple introduction, a path-finder, to that fascinating language, in which the golden deeds of chivalry

and patriotism, of science and philanthropy, are kept alive

from age to age

in all quarters

world.

85

of the civilized

"WA^Q

GLOSSARY OF SOME OF THE TERMS TO BE MET WITH IN

HERALDRY Abased, applied placed

lower

to

a

than

its

fire chest of burning combustibles set on a pole with a ladder against it.

Beacon,

charge usual

position.

AccoU^e, side by side. Accrued, fully grown. Achievement, complete heraldic emblazonment. Addorsed, back to back. Agroupment, grouping of two or more shields to form one

Bezant,

achievement. Ailettes, part of mail armour for

Cameleopardel, mythical beast. Chape, or Crampet, decorated

to

mal.

Chess-rook, chess piece. Chevronel, small chevron. Chimera, legendary beast.

parlantes, allusive arms. heraldry.

Cinque-foil, leaf or flower of five

Aspersed, scattered over. Assurgeant, rising from the sea. Barbute, chin-piece of helm. Bardings, horse-trappings. cockatrice, produced Basilisk, from egg, laid by cock and hatched by a toad on a dung-

foils.

Closet, bar diminished to half its width. Clou^e, nailed, nail-heads showing.

Conjoined in lure, wings united tips in base.

hill.

Basinet, steel cap armour.

horses in battle.

Chatloup, fabulous horned ani-

palm (Fig. 51). Arm^nie, ermine.

Armory,

maim

top of sheath.

protecting neck.

Appaum^e, open hand, showing

Armes

disc-like coin.

Birdbolt, arrow with a blunt head. Breys, horse curbs. Brisnre, mark of cadency. Caltrap, or Cbeval-trap, used

;

Contourn^e, facing

part of old

ter.

86

to the sinis-

Glossary Comish-chough, crow with red beak and legs. Coronet, badge of Peer ; Duke's, with eight strawberry-leaves of equal height above rim ; Marstrawberry-leaves

four

quis's,

alternating with four pearls

on

points of same height as leaves

EarPs, same

but above leaves ; Viscount's, with twelve silver balls on coronet; Baron s, with

pearls

six

as Marquis's,

raised

silver

balls

set

close

Endorse, a

chief.

Ensigned, ornamented. Erne, eagle. Escroll, ribbon bearing motto. Enninites, fur, white, with black spots, and a red hair each side of spots. Fenuail, a buckle. Ferr, horseshoe. Fetter-lock, chain and padlock. Fillet, diminutive of chief. Fitcbed, pointed at base.

to

rim. Cotise, diminutive bend. Coupled-close, half a chevronel.

Flexed, bowed and bent. Fylfot, curious cruciform figure. Gadbee, horse-fly. Gambe, or Jambe, leg of beast of prey. Gorged, encircled round the

Cresset, a beacon. Crusilly,

sown with

cross cross-

lets.

Cubit-axm, human arm couped at

elbow.

Debased, reversed.

throat.

Debrusied, when an ordinary surmounts an animal or other

Gradient, walking. Grand quarters, four primary divisions of the shield. Greeces, steps. Guige, a shield-belt, Hames, parts of horse harness. Hastilude, tournament. Hatchmeilt, achievement of arms a lozenge -shaped frame in

ordinary.

Decollated, said of a decapitated lion.

Decrescent, half - moon, with horns to the left. Defamed, said of a lion looking backwards.

Degraded,

set

Demembered, bits,

on

placed

steps.

figure

cut

with original figure

to base.

Hurst, clump of

trees.

Jessant, shooting forth.

little eagle.

Embrued,

residence

of

a

Heights, applied to plumes rising in rows above one another. Hirondelles, swallows. Hoist, depth of flag from chiet

left

Depressed, surmounted. Dimidiated, cut in halves palewise, and one-half removed. Doubling, lining of a mantle.

Embowed,

over

lately deceased person.

into

unaltered.

Eaglet,

little pale.

Enfiled, pierced with a sword. Enhanced, raised towards the

Ladycow, ladybird. Lambel, label.

bent.

blood-stained.

87

^

Glo ssar^ Lion mom^,

lion sans claws

or

teeth.

Luce, Lucy,

a pike.

a

Lymphad, old galley. Membered, used to denote of

when

azure,

sable, a

legs

when when vert,

hurt ;

;

pomme.

Roussant, about

to

fly.

Sallet, a kind of helm.

Sarcellee,

birds.

Nag, often used

a

gunstone

sawn

through

the

centre.

for horse.

Opinicus, fabulous beast. Oriflamme, square scarlet banner with three tails. Overt, with open wings. Panache, a plume arranged fan-

Sbelldrake, kind of duck.

Tenure, or Tawny, deep orange colour.

Timbre, the true heraldic Torse,

two

wise.

Pascuant, grazing. Pean, a fur.

crest -wreath,

skeins

of

crest.

made

of

twisted

silk

together.

Pelt, for hide.

Tressure, a subordinary. Tricked, sketched in outline

Pheon, pointed spear-head. Potent, variety of heraldic cross

with pen and ink. Trussed, said of birds

also fur

;

Prasin, green. Purfled, bordered. Ragully, cut oiF roughly.

Tun, barrel or cask. Tynes, branches of

Rebated, snapped

Varvals, small rings. Verdy, sown with leaves. Vol, two wings conjoined. Undy, wavy. Unguled, hoofed. Zona, old word for fesse.

off.

fox.

a circular figure

gold, a bezant plate

;

when

;

when

;

when

silver, a

gules, a torteau

BILLING

a

antlers.

Retorted, intertwined.

Reynard, Roundle,

AND

with

closed wings.

also a crutch.

;

SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD

stag's

BEAUTIFUL BOOKS FOR

YOUNG PEOPLE MANY WITH FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOUR OTHERS FULLY ILLUSTRATED IN BLACK AND WHITE

BLACK'S

'*

PICTURES OF MANY LANDS" SERIES

AND OTHER SIMILAR BOOKS Crown

4to.,

paper boards, cloth back, with picture in colour on the cover,

each containing 58

Europe

in

which 32 are in colour. other People Live Beasts and Birds

illustrations, of

The Children's World The World in Pictures The British Isles in Pictures The British Empire in Pictures

How

I

Gardens

in

their

Seasons

Pictures of British History British History

More Pictures of of Famous Travel.

Pictures

I

Pictures

NO TE.~ These volumes are also

to he

had in

cloth at 2S. each.

Large crowu 8vo., cloth, with frontispiece, Eric or, Little by Little Julian Home a Tale of College St. Winifred's or. The World of Life ;

:

;

School Scott's Waverley Novels.

See also

list

at the end

of

this Catalogue.

PRICE

1/6 NET EACH RED CAP TALES FROM SCOTT Large crown each 8vo., cloth,

containing 8 full-page illustrations in colour.

tu_ a_,.: The Antiquary

Waverley

Guy Mannering Rob Roy The Pirate, and A Legend of Montrose

Ivanhoe Fortunes of Nigel Quentin Durward

How to Use

Life

the Microscope.

A

and Legends of other Lands Norse and Lapp

Guide

for the Novice. Containing 20 full-page illustrations from

Containing 12 full-page

photo-micrographs,

tions in colour.

PUBLISHED BY

A.

AND

etc. C.

BLACK,

4,

5

AND

6

illustra-

SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

W

1/6

PRICE Large crown 8vo.

NET EACH

{Continued)

cloth, with picture in colour

,

on the cover.

PEEPS AT MANY LANDS AND CITIES Each containing 12 full-page illustrations Edinburgh Ireland

Australia

Egypt

Belgium North

Borneo

Japan Java

Burma Canada

France

Ceylon *China Corsica

Greece

Durbar

Hungary

Newfoundland New York

Iceland

New

Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales

Zealand

Norway

India

Aiso

South Africa South Seas

Morocco

Holland Holy Land

Denmark

Rome Russia Scotland *Siam

Kashmir Korea London Montenegro

Germany

Delhi and the

*

Jamaica

England Finland Florence

Cuba

Panama Paris Portugal

Italy

Egypt, Ancient

Berlin British

in colour.

had in French at 2S. net each. See '^ Les Beaux Voyages " Series. Series 0/ " Peeps at Many Lands and Cities," see list 0/ 3s. 6d. net Books.

to be

For Larger

PEEPS AT NATURE Each containing 16 full-page Bird Life of the Seasons

illustrations, 8 of

them

The Naturalist Pond Life

in colour.

at the

Sea-Shore

British Butterflies [Horsetails British Ferns, Club-Mosses, and British Land Mammals British Moths

and Amphibians Rocks [ful Ways and their WonderWild Flowers

Natural History of the Garden

Common

British Reptiles Romance of the

Common

British Beetles

PEEPS AT HISTORY Each containing

and 20

8 full-page illustrations in colour, the text.

line

drawings

America

France

Holland

Japan

The Barbary Rovers Canada

Germany

India

Scotland

in

PEEPS AT GREAT RAILWAYS South-Eastern and Chatham and London, Brighton and South Coast Railways (in i volume)

[way Great Western Railway London and North-Western RailNorth-Eastern and Great Northern Railways (in i volume)

PEEPS AT INDUSTRIES Each containing

24 full-page illustrations from photographs.

Sugar

Rubber

|

OTHER

]

Tea

PEEPS" VOLUMES Peeps

Peeps at the Heavens Peeps at Architecture Peeps at Heraldry Peeps at Great Men Sir

at Royal Palaces of Great Britain Peeps at the Royal Navy Peeps at Great Steamship Lines The P. and O.

:

Walter Scott

••HOMES OF MANY LANDS" SERIES India.

Containing 12 full-page illustrations in colour.

PUBLISHED BY

A.

AND

C.

BLACK,

AND 6 SOHO SQUARB, LONDON, W.

4, 5

(a

)

PRICE

1/6

NET EACH

(Continued)

BEAUTIFUL BRITAIN Large square demy 8vo., bound

in cloth, each containing 12 full-page illustrations in colour.

Abbotsford

Isle

of Arran

Cambridge

Isle

of

Canterbury Channel Islands English Lakes Firth of Clyde

Isle

of Wight

Girton College

Man

Killarney

Stratford-on Avon Leamington & Warwick

Thames Trossachs North Wales

London

Wessex

Oxford Peak Country

Westminster Abbey Windsor and Eton

PRICE

2/= NET EACH

LES BEAUX VOYAGES (A

SERrES OF "PEEPS AT MANY LAND5"

IN

FRENCH)

Large crown 8vo., cloth, each containing 12 full-page illustrations in colour and a sketch-map. Algerie Alsace

Chine Ecosse

Egypte

^/O 2/6

PRICE

Large crown 8vo.

,

EACH

illustrated.

Julian

Stories of Old. {Small crown 4^.) Eric or, Little by Little St. Winifred's; or, The World of

Tale of College

Stories from Waverley.

2nd

Series.

Scott's Waverley Novels.

School

list

0/0 3/6

PRICE

Home: A

Life

;

See also at the end of this Catalogue.

NET EACH

PEEPS AT MANY LANDS AND CITIES Layger Volumes in

the style of the

Popular One Shilling and Sixpenny net

AT MANY LANDS AND CITIES" Each containing

32

"PEEPS

Scries.

full-page illustrations in colour.

The World The British Empire The Gorgeous East (India, Burma, Ceylon, and Siam) The Far East (China, Japan, and Korea) Oceania (Australia,

New

Zealand, and South Seas)

Large crown Svo.

,

cloth.

The Open Book of Nature: A Book of Nature Study

for Young People. 16 full-page illustrations in colour and 114 reproductions from photographs, etc.

The Alps. 24 full-page illustrations from The Holy Land. {Not illustrated)

photographs

CONTES ET NOUVELLES BEAUTIFUL BOOKS

FRENCH FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

IN

Large square crown Svo.

cloth, each containing 12 full-page illustrations in colour.

Les

Petits

,

Aventuriers en

La Case de I'Oncle

Amerique La Guerre aux Fauves Un Tour en Melanesie PUBLISHED BY

A.

AND

in colour

Tom

and 16

in

(8 pictures

black and

white)

Voyages de Gulliver C.

BLACK,

4,

5

AND 6 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.

(

4

)

PRICE

3/6

NET EACH

(Continued)

GREAT BUILDINGS AND HOW TO ENJOY THEM A SERIES OF HANDBOOKS FOR THE AMATEUR LOVER OF ARCHITECTURE Square demy

each containing 48 full-page illustrations from photographs.

8vo., cloth,

Christian and Architecture Gothic Architecture

Byzantine

Early

Greek Architecture

1

Norman Architecture Romanesque Architecture

I

PRICE

3/6

EACH

LIFE STORIES OF ANIMALS Large crown Svo.

,

each containing 8 full-page illustrations in colour.

cloth,

The Fowl The Fox The Lion

The Blacl< Bear The Cat The Dog

Large crown Svo.

Grip of the Wild

*ln the

The. Rat

The Squirrel The Tiger ,

cloth, illustrated.

Wa

The Sea Monarch *The Scouts of Seal Island *Cook's Voyages and Discoveries

Tales of St. Austin's The Head of Kay's Mike A Public School Story The Gold Bat Psmith in the City The Pothunters A Prefect's Uncle The White Feather *The First Voyages of Glorious

Dana's

:

Memory

(Hakluyt)

*Nipping Bear *The Adventures of Don Quixote •Park's Travels Africa

in

Years Before the

The Feats of Foozle Now and Then The Right Sort God s Lantern-Bearers

the Interior of

*By a Schoolboy's Hand *Exiled from School *From Fag to Monitor * With

Two

Mast *The Divers Stories from Waverley *The Life of St. Paul "The Book of Celtic Stories *The Book of London *The Book of Stars *Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress *Children's Book of Gardening

*TheKinsfolkandFriendsofJesus illustratiions in colour.

[Coniiniicd on ne.it pmre.

PUBLISHED BY

A.

AND

C.

BLACK,

(

AND 6 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.

5

4,

s

)

3/6

PRICE

EACH

Large crown 8vo.,

cloth, illustrated.

The Story of Stories A Life of Christ for the Young *Tales from Scottish Ballads The Story of a Scout Two Boys in War-Time

Tale of College

*Beasts of Business

Hero and Heroine {Ascott R. Hope)

*Stories.

Half-Text History. {No Black and Blue

illustrations)

Cap and Gown Comedy {No

illustrations)

Astray

All

*The King Who Never Died *The Bull of the Kraal *A Tale of the Time of the Cave

Saints in Story

*The Vicar of Wakefield

The Mystery of Markham Black Evans O. Jones, and

:

Life

*The Story of Robin Hood and His Merry Men *The Wolf Patrol *Jack Haydon's Quest Red Men of the Dusk

J.

Home A

"Julian

:

The

{Continued)

Men

How He

Earned

Tangerine A Child's Letters from Morocco *Willy Wind, and Jock and the Cheeses Life of Sir Walter Scott :

His Living

Jim Mortimer Green at Greyhouse Tales of Greyhouse *Robinson Crusoe *Eric

;

Scott's Poetical

or, Little by Little

*St. Winifred's

;

or,

The World

of School

list

With

PRICE Large crown

illustrations in colour.

5/= NET EACH Dem}'

Insect

5/= EACH

Crown Hei'e and There.

{More

Old Nursery Rhymes)

Zoological Gardens Wild Life on the Wing

PRICE

4to. (oblong), cloth gilt.

Our Old Nursery Rhymes Little Songs of Long Ago

Byways of the

and

See also

at the end of this Catalogue.

8vo., cloth.

Through the Telescope The Life and Love of the The Ramparts of Empire The Moose Highways

Works

Scott's Waverley Novels.

8vo.

{Illustrated)

The Schoolboy Abroad

,

cloth.

Ready-Made Romance Dramas in Duodecimo

\

I

Half-and-Half Tragedy.

PUBLISHED BY

A.

AND

C.

BLACK,

4, (

AND

5

6

)

6

SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.

PRICE

6/= EACH

Small square demy 8vo., cloth, with illustrations in colour.

Grimm's

Fairy Tales

Children's Tales of English Minsters

^sop's Fables

Greek Wonder Tales

The Arabian Nights

Wonder Tales "The Earthly

Russian

Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales Swiss Family Robinson

Tales from dise"

The

Gulliver's

Fairchild Family

in

Talks about Birds Red Cap Tales Red Cap Adventures The Tales of a Grandfather The Book of the Railway

America

The Children's Book of Edinburgh

The

Children's

Several

into

Remote Nations of the World

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Adventurers

Travels

Para-

Book of Art

CHEAPER BOOKS SUITABLE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE Published at

Is. Od., 9d.,

PRICE Eric

;

or, Little

by

1/= EACH Julian

Little

St. Winifred's; or,

and 6d. Each

The World of

Home: A Tale of College

Life

Rab and

School

PRICE

his Friends.

1/= NET EACH

TALES OF ENGLISH MINSTERS Large crown 8vo. each containing 6 full-page ,

Canterbury

Durham

Ely

I

Hereford

1

illustrations,

Lincoln

i

St.

|

Albans

I

|

St. Paul's

York

Scott's Waverley Novels. Portrait Edition. Crown 8vo., cloth, each volume containing a frontispiece in colour. See also list at the end of this Catalogue.

9d.

PRICE

Black's Painting Book for Children. By Agnes Nightingale. Containing 23 page out.line pictures for colouring. Small crown 4to. boujid ,

in attractive cover.

PUBLISHED BY

A.

AND

C.

BLACK,

4, 5 (

7

AND 6 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. )

6d.

PRICE Demy

8vo.

picture paper covers.

,

Winifred's

;

or,

Home A

Julian

"Eric; or, Little by Little ''St.

EACH

The World of

Tale of College

:

Life

School

Scott's Waverley Novels. list

These,

may

be

had bound

See also

following

iOi;cther in cloth coverfor 2S. 6d.

THE WAVERLEY NOVELS By SIR WALTER SCOTT The Authentic Editicfns of Scott are published solely by A. and C. Black, who purchased along with the copyright the interleaved set of the Waverley Novels in which Sir Walter Scott noted corrections and improvements almost to the day of his death. The under-noted editions have been collated word for word with this set, and many inaccuracies, some of them ludicrous, corrected.

LIST OF THE NOVELS The Fortunes of

Waverley

Nigel

I

Guy Mannering The Antiquary Rob Roy

Peverii of the Peak

Quentin Durward St.

Old Mortality Montrose, and Black Dwarf The Heart of Midlothian

The Betrothed, etc. The Talisman Woodstock The Fair Maid of Pertli Anne of Geierstein Count Robert of Paris The Surgeon's Daughter,

The Bride of Lammermoor Ivanhoe

The Monastery The Abbot Kenilworth

The

Ronan's Well

Redgauntlet

etc.

Pirate

For

Details

regarding Editions and Prices

LIST OF EDITIONS

New

Popular Edition.

The

Portrait Edition.

see

below.

OF THE WAVERLEY NOVELS 25 Volumes.

Price 6d. per Volume.

25 Volumes.

1/- net per Volume. Victoria Edition. 25 Volumes. Price 1/6 per Volume. Two Shilling Edition. 25 volumes. Price 2/- per Volume. Standard Edition. 25 Volumes. Price 2/6 per Volume. Dryburgh Edition. 25 Volumes. Price 3/6 per Volume.

PUBLISHED BY

A.

AND

C.

BLACK,

4,

5

AND

(

8

)

Price

6

SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W,

^^

T^AV

TTSE

14 DAY TT^F WmmN TO DESK FROM W^^

LOAN

BORROWBD

DEPT.

Renewals may be min-'/ j ^'*°5. *^"°' *° <^^ due. Renewed SoSfa are aS subject suhll?^ to immediate recaUl

"

~^***^«n^^73-;3pj^ -APR

iqyq

:;

MUST AUG

5^5 19

LD21A-40m-3/72 (Qll73810)476-A-82

.General Library University of California Berkeley

)

U.C.

BERKELEY LIBRARIES

CD035iatfll