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แ€€&แ€ธแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€นแ€™'แ€”แ€ฒ) แ€แ€›แ€ฌแ€ธแ€…แ€ฒ แ€•แ€ฎแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€‘แ€ฌแ€„แ€นแ€แ€แ€ฒแ€ แ€ท แ€ฌ แ€–แ€…แ€นแ€•0แ€แ€šแ€นแ‹ แ€’0แ€”แ€ฒ)แ€•แ€แ€นแ€žแ€€แ€น แ€•แ€ฎแ€ธ แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€€ แ€ญ แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€€ 9 แ€Šแ€นแ€› แ€ท แ€ฌแ€™-แ€ฌแ€’แ€ฎแ€€แ€…แ€ญ แ€€  แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€€ แ€ญ แ€กแ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€กแ€”แ€€แ€นแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€œแ€ฏแ€•แ€ฑแ€†แ€ฌแ€„แ€น แ€น แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฑแ€€ 9 แ€ฌแ€„แ€นแ€ธแŠ แ€’แ€ฎแ€€แ€…แ€ญ แ€€  แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€™แ€”แ€นแ€™แ€ฌ แ€กแ€…แ€ฏแ€ญแ€ธแ€›แ€€แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€แ€„แ€น แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•  แ€ฎแ€ธ แ€–แ€…แ€นแ€ฑแ€€ 9 แ€ฌแ€„แ€นแ€ธแŠ แ€แ€ฏแ€–แ€™แ€นแ€ธแ€†แ€ฎแ€ธแ€แ€ถแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€›แ€žแ€ฐแ€ฑแ€ แ€œแ€แ€ฑแ€™ แ€น แ€ฌแ€€แ€นแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€น แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€ฏแ€ธแ€ถ แ€กแ€แ€€แ€น แ€ฑแ€•

แ€œแ€Šแ€นแ€™'แ€›แ€ฑแ€…แ€™แ€ฒแ€ท แ€กแ€ฑแ€–

แ€™แ€ญแ€ธแ€‘แ€€แ€œแ€ฌ แ€น แ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€น แ€žแ€€แ€นแ€†แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€›แ€ฌ แ€น แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€ฑแ€ แ€น แ€”แ€ฒ) แ€Š>แ€ญ,แ€„'แ€ญ แ€นแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€•

แ€ฌแ€†แ€ฏแ€™แ€ญ แ€ฑแ€ ' แ€†แ€€แ€นแ€œแ€ฏแ€•แ€ž แ€น แ€ฌแ€ธ,แ€ฏแ€ญแ€„แ€™แ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€ฏ)แ€ญ แ€ฑแ€™?แ€ฌแ€นแ€œแ€„แ€นแ€ทแ€ฑแ€€ 9 แ€ฌแ€„แ€นแ€ธ แ€™แ€”แ€นแ€™แ€ฌ,แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€„แ€ถแ€น แ€†แ€„แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€›แ€ฌ แ€น แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€ญ แ€€แ€ฏแ€š แ€ญ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€น แ€šแ€น แ€…แ€แ€ญแ€— แ€™แ€ฌ แ€š - แ€€ แ€น แ€˜แ€ฎแ€˜แ€…แ€ฎ แ€€ แ€ฎ แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€ฑแ€•

แ€ฌแ€•

แ€แ€ฒแ€•แ€ท 0แ€แ€šแ€นแ‹ แ€แ€€แ€šแ€นแ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ท แ€”แ€กแ€– แ€กแ€œแ€ฏแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€น แ€แ€”แ€น $แ€€แ€ฎแ€ธแ€Œแ€ฌแ€”แ€›แ€ฒ แ€แ€ท แ€„ แ€นแ€ท แ€•แ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€€แ€€แ€ฏ แ€น แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€„แ€น แ€ญ แ€ฑแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€นแ€‘แ€•แ€น แ€”แ€กแ€– แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€•แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€น แ€กแ€–แ€ฒ แ€ก แ€ท แ€…แ€Šแ€นแ€ธแ€แ€แ€ฏแ€€ แ€ฑแ€แ€–แ€€แ€•แ€…แ€น แ€น แ€แ€ฒแ€ท แ€žแ€ฑแ€˜แ€ฌแ€–

แ€…แ€นแ€แ€ฒแ€ก แ€ท แ€แ€€แ€น แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€ก แ€ญ แ€ฑแ€”แ€”แ€ฒ) แ€’แ€ฎแ€€แ€…แ€ญ แ€€  แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€ฑแ€•

แ€œแ€Šแ€นแ€™' แ€ญแ€ฑแ€กแ€ฌแ€„แ€น แ€œแ€ฏแ€•,แ€ฏแ€น แ€„แ€ญ แ€•0แ€ท แ€น แ€™แ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€†แ€ฏแ€ แ€ญ แ€ฌ แ€ฑแ€™แ€ธแ€…แ€›แ€ฌแ€•0แ‹ แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€ญ แ€€แ€ฏแ€š แ€ญ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€น แ€šแ€€ แ€น แ€ฑแ€แ€ฌแ€ท แ€žแ€ฐ)แ€กแ€ฑแ€”แ€”แ€ฒ) แ€กแ€ฑแ€€แ€ฌแ€„แ€นแ€ธแ€™

แ€„แ€นแ€‘แ€ฌแ€ธแ€ฑแ€€ 9 แ€ฌแ€„แ€นแ€ธแŠ แ€’แ€ฎ แ€•Aแ€”แ€ฌแ€€แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€ฑแ€–

แ€„- แ€นแ€ธ,แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€™แ€ฒแ€น แ€ท แ€แ€แ€ฏแ€แ€Šแ€นแ€ธแ€ฑแ€žแ€ฌ แ€”แ€Šแ€นแ€ธแ€œแ€™แ€นแ€ธแ€€ แ€กแ€…แ€ฏแ€ญแ€ธแ€› แ€€แ€ฏแ€š แ€ญ แ€…แ€ฌแ€ธแ€œแ€น แ€šแ€ฑแ€ แ€น แ€”แ€ฒ) แ€ฑแ€Bแ€†แ€ฏแ€Š แ€ถ ,แ€ญ> แ€„'แ€ญ แ€ธแ€น แ€•แ€ฎแ€ธ แ€ฑแ€–

แ€„- แ€ธแ€น แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธแ€•แ€ฒ แ€–แ€…แ€นแ€แ€šแ€นแ€œแ€ฏแ€ญ) แ€ฑแ€•

แ€ฌแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฒแ€•แ€ท 0แ€แ€šแ€นแ‹ แ€ฅแ€•แ€ฑแ€’แ€…แ€ฏแ€ญแ€ธแ€™แ€ฏแ€ญแ€ธแ€™'แŠ แ€กแ€ฌแ€แ€ฌแ€แ€Šแ€นแ€™' แ€™ แ€ž -แ€ญ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€น แ€–แ€…แ€นแ€แ€ฒแ€ท แ€™แ€”แ€นแ€™แ€ฌ,แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€„แ€ถแ€น แ€™-แ€ฌ แ€กแ€แ€ฏแ€œแ€ฏแ€ญ แ€กแ€™'แ€™แ€ญแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€Ÿแ€ฌ แ€˜แ€šแ€นแ€ฑแ€”แ€›แ€ฌแ€™-แ€ฌแ€™แ€†แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€–แ€…แ€นแ€•แ€ฌแ€ธ,แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€น แ€•แ€ธแ€ฎ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€†แ€šแ€น แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€€ แ€ญ แ€€แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€ฑแ€”แ€แ€ฒ แ€น แ€ท แ€กแ€œแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฐแ€กแ€™'แ€™แ€ญแ€ธ แ€žแ€ฏแ€ถแ€ธแ€แ€ฏแ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€น แ€•-แ€ญ 0แ€แ€šแ€นแ‹ แ€’0แ€ทแ€ก แ€•แ€„แ€น แ€แ€ฑแ€œแ€ธแ€ฑแ€แ€€แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€…แ€…แ€นแ€แ€•แ€นแ€‘แ€ฒ แ€กแ€แ€„แ€นแ€ธแ€ฑแ€Cแ€žแ€ฌแ€ธแ€แ€ฒแ€ท แ€กแ€แ€€แ€น แ€แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€แ€”แ€น แ€น แ€ธ แ€™'แŠ แ€œแ€šแ€นแ€šแ€ฌแ€ฑแ€™

แ€กแ€žแ€ญแ€™แ€นแ€ธแ€แ€ถแ€›แŠ แ€กแ€“แ€™E แ€œแ€ฏแ€•แ€กแ€ฌแ€ธ แ€น แ€ฑแ€•แ€ธ แ€แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€นแ€ธแ€แ€ถแ€›แ€แ€ฒแ€ก แ€ท แ€แ€€แ€น แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€€ แ€ญ แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€แ€”แ€น แ€น แ€ธแ€™'แ€ฑแ€แ€Ÿแ€ฌ แ€กแ€œแ€ฏแ€•แ€žแ€™แ€ฌแ€ธ แ€น แ€กแ€แ€„แ€ก แ€นแ€ท แ€ฑแ€›แ€ธ แ€แ€ญแ€ธแ€ฑแ€–แ€ฌแ€€แ€นแ€™'แ€ฑแ€แ€€แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€œแ€€แ€นแ€แ€ถแ€™แ€ - แ€แ€™แ€น แ€น แ€ธแ€แ€„แ€นแ€–แ€ฏ)แ€ญ แ€กแ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€กแ€šแ€น แ€น แ€œแ€กแ€ฏแ€ญ แ€™แ€”แ€นแ€™แ€ฌ,แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€„แ€ถแ€น แ€™-แ€ฌ แ€… แ€ฏแ€ถแ€ธแ€‘แ€ฏแ€„แ€ญ แ€ แ€น แ€ญแ€”แ€นแ€€แ€ฑแ€” แ€แ€ฏแ€‘แ€ญ แ€กแ€™' แ‚แ€แ€ แ€ฑแ€œแ€ฌแ€€แ€นแ€‘แ€ญ แ€ž -แ€ญ แ€ฌแ€ธแ€•  แ€ฎ แ€–แ€…แ€นแ€•0แ€แ€šแ€นแ‹ แ€แ€แ€ญ แ€ก แ€ท แ€™'แ€ฑแ€แ€€แ€ฏแ€ญ แ€ฑแ€–

แ€„- แ€ธ,แ€ฏ แ€น แ€„แ€ญ แ€นแ€ฑแ€•แ€™แ€ฒแ€ท แ€ฑแ€•

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ABM LD+ !\' Bย€ G 'AB  M LDLDแ‚– Nแ‚›  X''BK'@ LS G LT'H f u'' demos L G L!K'  ATU LM Y #T'  G V'T' GX%GXBM G LT'L ATU GA' 'J'N'  ATU T' GX%!'LS K แ‚› @ 'BM #D %DL !L% ! '  ATU ' %%T' GX%LM %W %D (Aristocracy)+ '!DaED (Oligarchy) & แ‚› NBM !L 'B+ !YD' L  ATU ' %% T'GX%LM  YD%" B (B%% (Monarchy)+ ' %D (Autocracy) & แ‚› NBM !L 'B GA''LM G Lแ‚›  ATU  %%GX%LS #D %D  ATU  %%B  ATU  &ยด'T'ย€ G Lแ‚› '  ATU  &ยด' '!"  KATU K'LM %%T' GX%LM 'J' B 'J'NBยฏE# (Authoritarianism)+  ED 'J'NB%% (Totalitarianism) แ‚› Bย€ &BLM  ATU  %%TU GX%LS Demos H' G LT'B Lแ‚› EยฏBL H' AT &NBM  } #D %D B!แ‚–'  G '+ G 'B!T' NAMLS BC GA' '%&NBM A&N%'%T'B G LT' H' ยฏEH' ยฏJB EยฏB' !%L #D %D %B K '' BC BE'%B   G LT'H Lยข\' ยฏEH' ('BBN !%K  TYG'BLS &BB"B

 EB 'Bแ‚Ÿ &B' ABM+  &B' ABMT'L T N' A K'B N' GAแ‚› BMBM  T'GX G 'B!AMLS KG 'B! GX%%Y!แ‚–' B   L แ‚› L G LT' GX%L LM A  แ‚ŸK'BM EB%"N ATB &GAB  TU T' GX% GBแ‚šAMLS แ‚› ATK   )Z &N% G LMT'L  ABM+ &BB"B  EB 'Bแ‚Ÿ AB  M @  S KT'L &BB"A แ‚›H ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%L A G LT' GX%'!L #D %D ยฏEH' Lยข\'  ABM G LT' ' H S



แ‚Ÿ

#D

%D (Direct Democracy)

G Lแ‚›  ATU  ! BT' ATN'B &BB" ED %N' @ 'A"BM N( G L!K  !" 'J'% ' ยฏB'  ! 'BGAB   แ‚Ÿ  #D %DH A$LS #D %D %B K 'AM' aแ‚“Uแ‚šG &BB"B!T'B BC BE'% TBM"AM' #D %DL  แ‚Ÿ  #D %D GX%LS !YDLแ‚“ D ATBATB  " G U!  ! ' ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%L Bย€'  แ‚Ÿ  #D %D TBM"&B@ LS  B )*-)Z '%&N%T' B แ‚“Uแ‚šG %LยฏT' G U! @ 'B  แ‚Ÿ  #D %D  TBM"AMLS ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%LL Bแ‚“ D  " ! ' 'z แ‚› ATUแ‚š  #T'B  แ‚Ÿ  #D %D  TBM" GX%L  แ‚šLS ad! ATUแ‚š #T'&NBM ยฏ!B   !L 'B+   G LK'B% ATUแ‚š G LT'B !L 'B+ %['! G LK'B% ATUแ‚š  (Canton - %['! G LK'B% Xแ‚šยฏB G L) T'B !L 'B TBM" GX%LS !YD T'G '' &BB"แ‚’ DT' '!"!! %'G U #D %D  TBM"@ LS แ‚›' ATUแ‚š &BB"T'B ATUแ‚š' %WT' G L!K  แ‚Ÿ  EยฏB  &B' #D %D ! HT'  TBM"@ LS K! H ' !K &eA"  (Refremdum) B GX%LS %['!+ G B%+ #+ @%@!T&NBM   G LK'B% ATUแ‚š G LT'B TBM"!T  N@ LS K!K &eA" T'L  B' &BB" %W T'    แ‚Ÿ  #D %DGXBM "GXAT  A"GAB GX%LS

%'G U #D

%D (Representative Democracy)

!YD T'G '' &BB"T'B #D %D  ATU  %%  TBM"'B G LT' '!"  แ‚Ÿ  EยฏB TBM" A A T'%' NGXBM %%N' %'!NT'N BM #D %D  ATU  %%  X''B TBM"GAB  %'G U #D %DH A$LS %'G U #D %D  ATU  %% K '!'GAB f @ 'BBL !YD T'G '!'GAB@ 'BM GX%LS Gแ‚› X%} #D %D  %'!NT'N BM TBM"GABGX%'

#D %D  KA %&B' %'G U%&BLM &ยด'T'  X''BN' K แ‚’ D' %W GX%!'LS %'G U  ATU  &ยด' BMBMB   G Lแ‚› %'!NT'

EยฏB% ! LS K&ยด' BMBMย€ EยฏBT'N' G Lแ‚› %'!N H( 'J' BT' B แ‚›H 'J' BT' %'!NT'' GX% E 'J'NB  ATU  %%แ‚› YDL ' !MLS  แ‚Ÿ  #D %D  TBM"@ 'B K B   BG AMLN  E 'zแ‚›  # '!"B %'G U #D %D  TBM"!T  N@ LS Kแ‚›@ 'BM #D %D  ATU  %%@ 'B !M!' E !M!' T'%L %'G U #D %D Bย€ NLS L'GXBM #D %D  ATU  %%@ 'B !M!''B %%N' %'G UGAB H H+ Kแ‚› %'G U&B แ‚Ÿ  ยฏ TB N Nแ‚›  $ GAL !M!'GABGXBM #D %D  ATU  %% %%N N/N  A แ‚› N@ LS K แ‚› @ 'BM %%N' %'G UGAB+ Kแ‚› %'G U&B แ‚Ÿ  ยฏ TB NGAB& แ‚› NBM #D %D   %  แ‚Ÿ !"X' '&B LS

%'G UGAB %%  $ E

!'GAB B@

'B (History of Representative Practices)

%'G UGAB %%  $ E GAB B@ 'B&NBM #D %DL NA a&BB"&NBM 'แ‚“Uแ‚š แ‚› B   %%  a&NBM 'แ‚“Uแ‚š'T' (' E /  E ยฏEH' Representative L ! B (''% NA a&BB" % '!"T'B ' แ‚š@

% !TY} GBB 'X' AT T' NLS K 'AM'!L &BB" %'G UGAB   Lแ‚– ATS A !T'' ad!  ' Represent are B !'GAB GX%แ‚“ D 'B DT' K' G @ LS

!A Y' (Medieval Europe) &BB"T'B %'G UGAB%%  %B TBM"!'L  แ‚šLS (B 'แ‚Ÿ"T'&NBM ('NA T'BT'B ABT'  @ '''AE %'!NT'GXBM 'Bแ‚Ÿ !'@ LS K แ‚› ' &N%'  %'G UGAB %%  แ‚“Uแ‚šG %L B'' %WT'B TBM"!'@ LS KNBM &BB" K ยฏB' !'แ‚“ D agU! YDATB%D  TU%D '  %'G U&BT'GXBM % EB Xแ‚š%LK'LM Xแ‚šT'  X''B!'@ LS ยฃBMแ‚› ' N!'GABL &BB"  H &B Mแ‚› !YD   T'G '!'GAB@ 'BM!L GX%LH L'S KAT %'G U Xแ‚šT'B BTU B& แ‚› %'!NT'+ ('NA T'BN %'!NT'+ Aแ‚ŸB แ‚“Uแ‚šแ‚Ÿ'T'N %!NT' %LGXBM % EB EยฏB@ LS K'!"แ‚›L T N' A &BB" &BNY@ LM!แ‚–B '!"L G Lแ‚› %'!N%%%%T' GX%@ LH ' &BS %'G UGAB %%  !A L Y' B %BAMLH' !M!' N&BLS K แ‚› @ 'BM KAT %T'  %'G U % (Representative Government) T' GX%LH G ' ' A LS แ‚›A '!B ! A"K'' %'G UGAB %%L )b-)* '%&N%T' B LNAM' แ‚” BM  YD" B (B%%  NYแ‚“ UB "'N  $K !'AMGAB GX%LS f &N%'L 'J' แ‚›% (Limited Government) T' X''B GX%LS "%T'L G L!K  ! แ‚” G U' GX%LS LLML&NBMแ‚– G L!K NBABX   GX%"M E" H D (BM (A.H. Birch) 'AMXLS %T'L ยˆแ‚› &N% '  $!%D  แ‚ŸATGABK   ATU A" (G L) T' LLM 'T'L ยˆ แ‚›  TU%D 'T' GX%LH f u' XBM X'G LM %WT'' !%'LM  $!%DT' ATN' GX%LS )b-)* '% %BAM' G Lแ‚›  TU%D ' @ 'B A$L แ‚›A %'G U %  %%N N/ N %Y%'ATK'B %"K'LM A$ GX%!' ELS  แ‚› 'B K'%&N%T' %'!N T'L!L BTUB&&NBM (' T'BT' %'!NT' GX%L !L แ‚šLS Kแ‚›L (B  @ " LM Xแ‚šGX% LN@ LS &BB" Xแ‚š%L ATU  " GAA"Y #&NBMLD  ATU L H' A$ K '!'' AE !A&NBM )b-)* '%T' %'G U %%N 'LAT T'  K  %! &B@ LS KGATUB (BL &BB"  %'G U &NBM' TNแ‚“ D &BB"' %WT'L N  G L  %'G U&BT' ! Bแ‚š ' N ''MLS ยฃBM  ' 'AE %'G U %%&NBM T'&e   ATU GAB %%  EB%  ' %'G U #D %D

K '!'AMLS Gแ‚› XBM GAA" Y #&NBMLD  ATU ' %% (Constitutionalism) &NBM %'G U #D %D %%แ‚›L NY K '!'AM@ LS %'!NT'GXBM %Xแ‚šK'LM E!DL!L %'!N YDATB%D GXBM ยˆแ‚› %'G U' &e  K' BM Mแ‚› A!"  TU%D ' GX%' &BB"!"  TU%D ' !L Nแ‚šB %Y%' !'LS

A%!%( A$ K Century)

'!'GAB ()Z-). '%) (The Rise Modern Liberalism, 18-19

)Z-). '%T'B !%( A$T' K '!'GABL #D %D  ATU  %% AB'  T'%' K'  G U!T  NLS 'J' แ‚› %T' X''B+ GAA" Y #&NBM LD  ATU ' %%T' X''B ! agU! YDATB%D ABMT' 'A"AT  N' ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%L L'  แ‚› L !%(ยฏE# f T' A$T' GX%!'LS แ‚›AE #D %D %  H/H   GX'B  E AT T'&NBM &BNY ATK@ LS K แ‚› @ 'BM แ‚› K '' #D %D  !%( #D %D (Liberal Democracy) H A$@ LS #D %D  TBM"'B !%(ยฏE# GAA" (''T' (Concepts of Liberalism)  TBM"GAB GX%LS แ‚› %%N' #D %DH (T'GXBM G '' #D %DL !%( #D %DH B '!L LS Kแ‚› #D %D  !%(H' ยฏEH'&NBM NY G ' N!'LM AE &BNY( T' GX% G Lแ‚› #D %D (People Democracy) H} !L 'B+ #D %D% (New Democracy) H} !L 'B  $ E !'LS !%( A$L )Z '% &N'B B G B% '!N&NBM   '!N แ‚“ DB %B K 'AMLH &B'!L AB'  $K!'' '!N' ). '% ! '! GX%LS ad!&BB" !!%'T'  T'G '!'' AE ยˆแ‚›L (B !  BAB  M 'J'T'  NYแ‚“ UB "B D ag! !! AB  MT'  X'KGABGXBM ). '%! '!T'B !%( A$T' K '!'AMLS ). '% K ad! &BB"B &BB" %'G UT'   ATU + %D ' %%'' ATU  BK'&B' #'[ TU&T' ' KATU K'&BAMLS %  ! BT'   K '!'แ‚“ D  L'NB+  L'NB+ ! ' %LM !%'%"L ad!B   ). '% &N%! BB  $K!'' AE #'[T' &BB" ! ยฏEแ‚’ D   แ‚› TB '!NBGXBM !%( A$ AB'!'AMLS K แ‚› @ 'BM !%( A$L ABM! 'B !'ATBATB %' แ‚Ÿ LDแ‚–  X''BLM YDATB !!   YDK K'' A$ GX%LS #D %DL !%' AGA'( ! agU! YDATB%D &BB"B  EB 'Bแ‚Ÿ &B ABM! LDแ‚– GX%  'A"AT   LS !%( #D %DL' ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%L&NBM  LD"'  ATU  %%+ &BB" %% GX%GXBM 'zแ‚’ DB ' "ย€ !%( #D %D &BB" '!"  %'K ' ' L' GX%LH   D X ' (Francis Fu-Kuyama) 'B!"!'' (The End History? 1989) %' B   X'G AMLS แ‚›' K%'  E ATUแ‚š &BB"T'B !B  &BB" ABM! LDแ‚–  'A"' #D %D &BB" %%  !%(ยฏE# (''T' T'%' K'   G U!T  NL  ' แ‚šLS



TU  %T'&NBM G L แ‚› &e+ G L แ‚› " (Interest Groups and Public Opinion)

#D %DL G Lแ‚›  ATU  %% GX%L L&NBMLD G L แ‚› "L #D %D  ATU  %%B   Nแ‚šN EยฏB!T  NLS  แ‚› 'B G L แ‚› &e+ G L แ‚› " L  %%LL GXBM  N ' A A N ELS G L!Kแ‚’ DB !\' EB%"+ ('' EB%"

EยฏB ' K'!"L K L+ "L GX%' G L แ‚› &e+ G L แ‚› " L  KX' T'%' A A N ELS KAETUB G L แ‚› &e G L แ‚› " TU%"L G 'GA''' !\'+ !TU+ ('' %LM  T'N B GAB GX%!'LS KAE  TU%D ' 'T'GXBM Xแ‚š%LK'LM  %T'L &BB"B % EB EยฏB!'@ LS

ATUแ‚š TU  %T' #D %D &BB"B E  ยฏX G U@ LS KGXBM 'M%-!DB   Gm% &BB" A$L !%' !\'@ 'BM GX% $!''  TDU%D '  %  แ‚› TB ยฏXLS ). '%B   ad!&BB"B   NAM' ยฏN% (Whig) T' &BB"B !\&B  K' G B ( N ยฏX @ LS แ‚›AB   ). '%A ยฏN%!\' &BB"  ATU  BK'TU LLM !%'   แ‚– #D %D &BB" %%B   ABMG UATS K แ‚› G B !%( #D %D &BB"T'B !!%' L'T'+ LT'+ ! 'T' KKL 'JL ). '%A &NBM  แ‚’ DK'!'LS L'GXBM ยฏN%!\'  XN'&BGAB GX%LS K แ‚› G B   Gm% ยฏE# ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%L  แ‚ŸGB'B %' แ‚ŸK'BMN แ‚ŸGBGAB GX%LS ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%Lแ‚’ DB %' (!\') G B !TU G 'GA''+ ('' G 'GA''แ‚›L &BB"B  ' G h'T' GX% EยฏB!T  N@ LS ^D  G LK'B%   Gm% AEB'BT'L แ‚Ÿ K!N' ^D  G LK'B% !TU G h'T'  "%' G h' GXNB!แ‚–B !TU G h' GXNBแ‚“ D GX%L" H'  %' ' f K' GXNBAMLS !TU  %'G U!T  ^D  G LK'B%แ‚’ DN &BB" )~ A K ' GABL แ‚Ÿ K!N' !TU G h'  %' G h' GXNB แ‚ŸK'BM ALN ATL  'M@ 'B  G ! GAB GX%LS K แ‚› @ 'BM %'+ !\'G B GA'' "Jยœ' TUTU &BB" (ยฏKB   EยฏB @ L  N G UL'S K "Jยœ' TUTUL ''  TU  %T' GX% G 'B! Xแ‚š%L! @ แ‚“ D &BB"B EยฏB!'@ LS ATUแ‚š'  TU  %T'L %  $!%DT'  $ T'%' !\&BL  แ‚šLS Kแ‚› !\&BGAB  $ % G 'B!  %&BGXBM !B  LDแ‚–GAB H' #D %D GAA"  KA &B@ 'B ATUแ‚š ยฏX K' G @ LS Kแ‚š@ 'BM LDแ‚–  L ย‹  LM (''  %  !  BAB  M 'J'    ATUแ‚š !!' 'B!'@ LS KAETUB % 'J'L G L!KK"N  BL H' AT &NBM ! ' "X"AE 'J'NB %%แ‚› YDL 'LS #D %DL G h'T'  แ‚“BAT%' Lย‹&B GXN'GAB  G V'LS KG V'AT   ' HT'  GXLย‹ LM L!T' % K !'@ LS GA''  ATU  %%T'B ABMG U&B' L!T'  #D %D  ATU  %%B   แ‚šN&BLS K แ‚› @ 'BM  TU  %T'@ 'BM ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%LB G h' ATUแ‚š N&B'!L GXNB&BLM L!T' NGXBM #D %D  ATU  %%  KA LH ATUแ‚š แ‚ŸGBGAB G U@ ATS  TU  %T'L L แ‚› ' &BB" %%+  ATU  %%B     $ E  L' GX%LS  TU  %T' GX% &BB"  u" L'NB T'% %D '@ 'BM GX% $'  %T'  f Lยข\แ‚“ D GA'' ! GAA" @ 'BBT' GX%LM (''+ !TU+ ''B %L แ‚› @ 'BM  %T' GX% $!'GAB  &BB"&NBM !  u" L'NBT' !  % T' (Social Cleavages) H A$@ LS  TU  %T'&NBM !  % T' &BB"B  %GXBM EยฏB  GAB  &BB"  % T' (Political Cleavages) H A$LS  TU%D '  %T' GXBM &BB"B EยฏB  GAB&NBM % Bแ‚›  TU%D '   BM!แ‚–''  $!%D ATNB L! j GXBM  %  !แ‚–  NLS ยˆL! j N'+ ()) % ย'แ‚’ DT'&NBM  แ‚Ÿ     GAB+ (,) &BB" EDT' $ !\GABGXBM+ (j) G L แ‚› &e+ G L แ‚› "  !\GABGXBM ยฏ }    GABแ‚› GX%LS

#D

%D&NBM ^Hยฏ# !แ‚›Xแ‚š%L (Democracy and Plural Society)

K B   BG AM Mแ‚› !แ‚›Xแ‚š%L A+ &BB" AB   แ‚Ÿ K  !D'  TU  %T' N@ แ‚“ D &BB"B EยฏB  !T  N@ LS '   G h'T'L!L  $ E !T  N@ LS #D %D &BB" %%B   KG h'T'  GXNB %% T L! N'X GXBM &e'!" %'G UAB  MLM   % D NB #D %D (Consociational Democracy) HL   E ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%LT'B TBM"!'@ LS K#D %D &BB" %%  TU  %T' ATBATB@ '' !L 'B+ !TU T' ATBATB@ 'B' !L 'B+ ('' T' ATBATB@ 'B !L 'B+  G '' &BB" A$ NT' @ '' !L 'B+   T' L  &BGABTUN ' &B K%D"+ G V'T'GXBM+   %DNB #D %D  TBM"@ LS  G ' GA''' !TUT' KBLM &BB"T'B '#D %D TBM%Yแ‚Ÿแ‚Ÿ GX%LM "T'% &e  ATU GAB+ L%&e  !%'GAB" LN' G h'T' G !L% !"!'  N S %' ' TU' ยฏE#T' (Extreme Nationalism) ' K แ‚“ D ' "B BG L %L!" LDยข    &ยด' G U!'L K GX%!'LS ^D  G LK'B%B   !TU G h'T'  Gm% &BB" %% %% T GXNB&B%   NAM S ' " %'  TU' ยฏE#T' Gm% %%  &B'@ LS ^D  G LK'B% TU ' GABL #D %D &BGAB H( TU'ยฏE# &BGAB' GX%@ 'B ATUแ‚š DT' " @ LS %['! &BB"L!L G ' GA''' !TUแ‚’ D c TUK  L KBLM &BB"GX%LS %['!&BB"B   !TU@ 'BM GX% $!'LM G h'T'  GXNB     %DNB #D %D  %% T TBM"L  แ‚šLS Kแ‚š B (''' G '+ &BB" A$ G ' N' !Xแ‚š%L+ &BB"A  %L!" LDยข  %' LM"'B Y' &BB"T'B   %DNB #D %D %% T TBM"!T  N@ LS

#D

%D&NBM &BB" LDแ‚– (Democracy and Political Equality)

#D %D &BB" %%B  B &BB"''!" &BB" LDแ‚– NL' GX%LS ยฃ'B &BB" LDแ‚– LN' (L+ ยˆแ‚›  LLM %"T' LMแ‚› B'LL H' AT'   $ E !' !MLS

L'NBT' f u' XBMAT   (T BG !แ‚–B &BB" LDแ‚– LN' " ABMNB G '%D  ABMNแ‚“ D KG 'BL LD' XNL" H} GX%LS BAT'+ T'+ (''+ !TU+ &BB" "@ L AGA' N( &BB"B BM LD%'  EB 'Bแ‚Ÿ AB  M B GX%LS   BMAB  M N' G '&NBM XLDGAB GX% ! Mแ‚› KATU + แ‚“AGA'  N(  ABML!L &BB" LDแ‚–   NGX% !  LS ATUแ‚š' &BB"T'&NBM &BB" %%T'B   BAB  M NB LD' G '   N@ L H S BG L  ATU + L'+ %ยฏK+ ! '+ !' %LGXBM !\'AGA' '  %LM %%  TBM"@ LS Kแ‚›'  GAB  ! '  %% (Weighted Voting System) H A$LS ! '  %%  &BB" LDแ‚–  X''B&BL H S K ย€ BG AML แ‚› N' !YDATB%D !  ABM LDแ‚–T' GX%แ‚“ D &BB" LDแ‚– GX%% GA'' ! AT T'L!L EยฏB!T  NLS Y ' - ' T'  ABM! LDแ‚–+ !TU!  ABM! LDแ‚–แ‚› N ! LS K แ‚› ' LDแ‚–T' N% KG V'AT T'   B' ! แ‚› Xแ‚š%LB &BB" ! AT &NBM LD G U! @ LS แ‚›%Y &BB" G h' ATUแ‚šL LDแ‚–NGAB+ NGAB  GAL GBBA"'N' GX% $@ LS LMแ‚›' GAB LDแ‚– NL H} '  T G ' A A!N ELS !  u"D

(Social Scientist) T' LDแ‚– G h'&NBM  } " GXNB&B' GATU LLMAEBแ‚– &BL H@ 'B @ LS &BB" LDแ‚–L ATd'('' LDแ‚– Mแ‚› H( %A"%'&NBM }  BGAB@ 'BM GX%LS "!BL LD%' GX%L!'@ แ‚“ D !! 'T' GX%@ LS KN'L  %  Nแ‚“ D GBB} &B' 'T' GX%L" H   !!  @ L'%' ' ''M%aT  X' (Thomas Jefferson,1743-1826) 'AM ELS !BL LD%' X' GX%L!'GAB GX%' ABM! 'B '!" GX% ' 'A"LGX%แ‚“ D ATd'L ATUAT&B' LDแ‚–TU  #D %D  ATU  %%  'BKL X'&BL HATS #D %D %%B   ! แ‚› GAA" &BB" ABM B'& แ‚› NBM  ' AT T'ย€ LDแ‚– ' 'A"L GX%LS !B %D '&NBM GA'แ‚Ÿ  BB' LDแ‚–   'BKL X'  แ‚› H 'A"L #D %D f 'ยฏ H'M( #D %D  TBM"GAB G U' !แ‚›Xแ‚š%L BN &BB" %%  ยฏBยฏ L' LM GA'' ยT' 'ยฏ' GX%LS (@ 'BM ' #D %DL  ATU  %%'GX%แ‚“ D %D '&NBM ! แ‚› GA'แ‚Ÿ  BB' LDLDแ‚–   DD  HGAB@ 'BM GX%LS Y ''GXBM+ G Lแ‚› #D %D  TBM"' &BB"T'B !B แ‚Ÿ  BB' LDแ‚–  'A"  'BKL X' LM   Gm% ยฏE#&NBM % ' "T' N@ LS

#D

%D

TBMยฏT'

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EDT' &BB"B

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! vL'YG U DD (Social Contract Theory)

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%D %D ' DD (Economic Theory of Democracy)

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