15083849 Acca F7 Financial Reporting Solved Past Papers

Financial Reporting (International)

Time allowed Reading and planning: 15 minutes Writing: 3 hours ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted.

Do NOT open this paper until instructed by the supervisor. During reading and planning time only the question paper may be annotated. You must NOT write in your answer booklet until instructed by the supervisor.

Paper F7 (INT)

Fundamentals Pilot Paper – Skills module

This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall.

The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

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ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted

1 On 1 October 2005 Pumice acquired the following non-current investments: – 80% of the equity share capital of Silverton at a cost of $13.6 million – 50% of Silverton’s 10% loan notes at par – 1.6 million equity shares in Amok at a cost of $6.25 each.

The summarised draft balance sheets of the three companies at 31 March 2006 are:



Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Investments Current assets Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity Equity shares of $1 each Retained earnings Non-current liabilities 8% loan note 10% loan note

Pumice Silverton Amok $’000 $’000 $’000

Current liabilities Total equity and liabilities

20,000 26,000 46,000 15,000 61,000

8,500 nil 8,500 8,000 16,500

16,500 1,500

10,000 37,000 47,000

3,000 8,000 11,000

4,000 20,000

4,000 nil

nil 2,000

nil nil

10,000 61,000

3,500 16,500

5,000

18,000 11,000 29,000

24,000

29,000

The following information is relevant: (i) The fair values of Silverton’s assets were equal to their carrying amounts with the exception of land and plant. Silverton’s land had a fair value of $400,000 in excess of its carrying amount and plant had a fair value of $1.6 million in excess of its carrying amount. The plant had a remaining life of four years (straight-line depreciation) at the date of acquisition. (ii) In the post acquisition period Pumice sold goods to Silverton at a price of $6 million. These goods had cost Pumice $4 million. Half of these goods were still in the inventory of Silverton at 31 March 2006. Silverton had a balance of $1.5 million owing to Pumice at 31 March 2006 which agreed with Pumice’s records. (iii) The net profit after tax for the year ended 31 March 2006 was $2 million for Silverton and $8 million for Amok. Assume profits accrued evenly throughout the year. (iv) An impairment test at 31 March 2006 concluded that consolidated goodwill was impaired by $400,000 and the investment in Amok was impaired by $200,000. (v) No dividends were paid during the year by any of the companies. Required: (a) Discuss how the investments purchased by Pumice on 1 October 2005 should be treated in its consolidated financial statements. (5 marks) (b) Prepare the consolidated balance sheet for Pumice as at 31 March 2006.



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(20 marks) (25 marks)

2 The following trial balance relates to Kala, a publicly listed company, at 31 March 2006: $’000 Land and buildings at cost (note (i)) 270,000 Plant – at cost (note (i)) 156,000 Investment properties – valuation at 1 April 2005 (note (i)) 90,000 Purchases 78,200 Operating expenses 15,500 Loan interest paid 2,000 Rental of leased plant (note (ii)) 22,000 Dividends paid 15,000 Inventory at 1 April 2005 37,800 Trade receivables 53,200 Revenue Income from investment property Equity shares of $1 each fully paid Retained earnings at 1 April 2005 8% (actual and effective) loan note (note (iii)) Accumulated depreciation at 1 April 2005 – buildings – plant Trade payables Deferred tax Bank 739,700

$’000

278,400 4,500 150,000 119,500 50,000 60,000 26,000 33,400 12,500 5,400 739,700

The following notes are relevant: (i) The land and buildings were purchased on 1 April 1990. The cost of the land was $70 million. No land and buildings have been purchased by Kala since that date. On 1 April 2005 Kala had its land and buildings professionally valued at $80 million and $175 million respectively. The directors wish to incorporate these values into the financial statements. The estimated life of the buildings was originally 50 years and the remaining life has not changed as a result of the valuation.

Later, the valuers informed Kala that investment properties of the type Kala owned had increased in value by 7% in the year to 31 March 2006.



Plant, other than leased plant (see below), is depreciated at 15% per annum using the reducing balance method. Depreciation of buildings and plant is charged to cost of sales.

(ii) On 1 April 2005 Kala entered into a lease for an item of plant which had an estimated life of five years. The lease period is also five years with annual rentals of $22 million payable in advance from 1 April 2005. The plant is expected to have a nil residual value at the end of its life. If purchased this plant would have a cost of $92 million and be depreciated on a straight-line basis. The lessor includes a finance cost of 10% per annum when calculating annual rentals. (Note: you are not required to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payments.) (iii) The loan note was issued on 1 July 2005 with interest payable six monthly in arrears. (iv) The provision for income tax for the year to 31 March 2006 has been estimated at $28.3 million. The deferred tax provision at 31 March 2006 is to be adjusted to a credit balance of $14.1 million. (v) The inventory at 31 March 2006 was valued at $43.2 million. Required, prepare for Kala: (a) An income statement for the year ended 31 March 2006. (b) A statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 March 2006.

(10 marks) (4 marks)

(c) A balance sheet as at 31 March 2006.

(11 marks)



(25 marks)





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3 Reactive is a publicly listed company that assembles domestic electrical goods which it then sells to both wholesale and retail customers. Reactive’s management were disappointed in the company’s results for the year ended 31 March 2005. In an attempt to improve performance the following measures were taken early in the year ended 31 March 2006: – a national advertising campaign was undertaken, – rebates to all wholesale customers purchasing goods above set quantity levels were introduced, – the assembly of certain lines ceased and was replaced by bought in completed products. This allowed Reactive to dispose of surplus plant.

Reactive’s summarised financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2006 are set out below:

Income statement Revenue (25% cash sales) Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Profit on disposal of plant (note (i)) Finance charges Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for the period

$million 4,000 (3,450) 550 (370) 180 40 (20) 200 (50) 150

Balance sheet $million $million Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (note (i)) 550 Current assets Inventory 250 Trade receivables 360 Bank nil 610 Total assets 1,160 Equity and liabilities Equity shares of 25 cents each 100 Retained earnings 380 480 Non-current liabilities 8% loan notes 200 Current liabilities Bank overdraft 10 Trade payables 430 Current tax payable 40 Total equity and liabilities

480 1,160



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Below are ratios calculated for the year ended 31 March 2005.



Return on year end capital employed (profit before interest and tax over total assets less current liabilities) Net asset (equal to capital employed) turnover Gross profit margin Net profit (before tax) margin Current ratio Closing inventory holding period Trade receivables’ collection period Trade payables’ payment period Dividend yield Dividend cover



Notes:

28.1% 4 times 17% 6.3% 1.6:1 46 days 45 days 55 days 3.75% 2 times

(i) Reactive received $120 million from the sale of plant that had a carrying amount of $80 million at the date of its sale. (ii) the market price of Reactive’s shares throughout the year averaged $3.75 each. (iii) there were no issues or redemption of shares or loans during the year. (iv) dividends paid during the year ended 31 March 2006 amounted to $90 million, maintaining the same dividend paid in the year ended 31 March 2005. Required: (a) Calculate ratios for the year ended 31 March 2006 (showing your workings) for Reactive, equivalent to those provided above. (10 marks) (b) Analyse the financial performance and position of Reactive for the year ended 31 March 2006 compared to the previous year. (10 marks) (c) Explain in what ways your approach to performance appraisal would differ if you were asked to assess the performance of a not-for-profit organisation. (5 marks)

(25 marks)

4 (a) The qualitative characteristics of relevance, reliability and comparability identified in the IASB’s Framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements (Framework) are some of the attributes that make financial information useful to the various users of financial statements.

Required:



Explain what is meant by relevance, reliability and comparability and how they make financial information useful. (9 marks)



(b) During the year ended 31 March 2006, Porto experienced the following transactions or events: (i) entered into a finance lease to rent an asset for substantially the whole of its useful economic life. (ii) a decision was made by the Board to change the company’s accounting policy from one of expensing the finance costs on building new retail outlets to one of capitalising such costs. (iii) the company’s income statement prepared using historical costs showed a loss from operating its hotels, but the company is aware that the increase in the value of its properties during the period far outweighed the operating loss.



Required:



Explain how you would treat the items in (i) to (iii) above in Porto’s financial statements and indicate on which of the Framework’s qualitative characteristics your treatment is based. (6 marks)



(15 marks) 

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5 IAS 11 Construction contracts deals with accounting requirements for construction contracts whose durations usually span at least two accounting periods.

Required:



(a) Describe the issues of revenue and profit recognition relating to construction contracts.

(4 marks)

(b) Beetie is a construction company that prepares its financial statements to 31 March each year. During the year ended 31 March 2006 the company commenced two construction contracts that are expected to take more than one year to complete. The position of each contract at 31 March 2006 is as follows:

Contract Agreed contract price Estimated total cost of contract at commencement Estimated total cost at 31 March 2006 Agreed value of work completed at 31 March 2006 Progress billings invoiced and received at 31 March 2006 Contract costs incurred to 31 March 2006



The agreed value of the work completed at 31 March 2006 is considered to be equal to the revenue earned in the year ended 31 March 2006. The percentage of completion is calculated as the agreed value of work completed to the agreed contract price.



Required:



Calculate the amounts which should appear in the income statement and balance sheet of Beetie at 31 March 2006 in respect of the above contracts. (6 marks)



1 $’000 5,500 4,000 4,000 3,300 3,000 3,900

2 $’000 1,200 900 1,250 840 880 720



(10 marks)

End of Question Paper



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Answers



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Pilot Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International)

Answers

1 (a) As the investment in shares represents 80% of Silverton’s equity, it is likely to give Pumice control of that company. Control is the ability to direct the operating and financial policies of an entity. This would make Silverton a subsidiary of Pumice and require Pumice to prepare group financial statements which would require the consolidation of the results of Silverton from the date of acquisition (1 October 2005). Consolidated financial statements are prepared on the basis that the group is a single economic entity.

The investment of 50% ($1 million) of the 10% loan note in Silverton is effectively a loan from a parent to a subsidiary. On consolidation Pumice’s asset of the loan ($1 million) is cancelled out with $1 million of Silverton’s total loan note liability of $2 million. This would leave a net liability of $1 million in the consolidated balance sheet.



The investment in Amok of 1.6 million shares represents 40% of that company’s equity shares. This is generally regarded as not being sufficient to give Pumice control of Amok, but is likely to give it significant influence over Amok’s policy decisions (eg determining the level of dividends paid by Amok). Such investments are generally classified as associates and IAS 28 Investments in associates requires the investment to be included in the consolidated financial statements using equity accounting.

(b) Consolidated balance sheet of Pumice at 31 March 2006 Non-current assets: Plant, property and equipment (w (i)) Goodwill (4,000 (w (ii)) – 400 impairment) Investments – associate (w (iii)) – other ((26,000 – 13,600 – 10,000 – 1,000 intra-group loan note)) Current assets (15,000 + 8,000 – 1,000 (w (iv)) – 1,500 current account) Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent Equity shares of $1 each Reserves: Retained earnings (w (v)) Minority interest (w (vi)) Total equity Non-current liabilities 8% Loan note 4,000 10% Loan note (2,000 – 1,000 intra-group) 1,000 Current liabilities (10,000 + 3,500 – 1,500 current account) Workings in $’000 (i) Property, plant and equipment Pumice Silverton Fair value – land 400 – plant 1,600 Additional depreciation (see below)

$’000 30,300 3,600 11,400 1,400 46,700 20,500 67,200

10,000 37,640 47,640 2,560 50,200 5,000 12,000 67,200

20,000 8,500 2,000 (200) 30,300

The fair value adjustment to plant will create additional depreciation of $400,000 per annum (1,600/4 years) and in the post acquisition period of six months this will be $200,000.

(ii) Goodwill in Silverton: Investment at cost Less – equity shares of Silverton (3,000 x 80%) (2,400) – pre-acquisition reserves (7,000 x 80% (see below)) (5,600) – fair value adjustments (2,000 (w (i)) x 80%) (1,600) Goodwill on consolidation



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13,600 (9,600) 4,000

The pre-acquisition reserves are: At 31 March 2006 Post acquisition (2,000 x 6/12) (iii) Carrying amount of Amok at 31 March 2006 Cost (1,600 x $6.25) Share post acquisition profit (8,000 x 6/12 x 40%) Impairment loss per question

8,000 (1,000) 7,000

10,000 1,600 11,600 (200) 11,400

(iv) The unrealised profit (URP) in inventory is calculated as: Intra-group sales are $6 million of which Pumice made a profit of $2 million. Half of these are still in inventory, thus there is an unrealised profit of $1 million. (v) Consolidated reserves: Pumice’s reserves Silverton’s post acquisition (((2,000 x 6/12) - 200 depreciation) x 80%) Amok’s post acquisition profits (8,000 x 6/12 x 40%) URP in inventory (see (iv)) Impairment of goodwill – Silverton – Amok (vi) Minority interest Equity shares of Silverton (3,000 x 20%) Retained earnings ((8,000 – 200 depreciation) x 20%) Fair value adjustments (2,000 x 20%) 2 (a) Kala – Income statement – Year ended 31 March 2006 $’000 Revenue Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses Investment income – property rental 4,500 – valuation gain (90,000 x 7%) 6,300 Finance costs – loan (w (ii)) (3,000) – lease (w (iii)) (7,000) Profit before tax Income tax expense (28,300 + (14,100 – 12,500)) Profit for the period

(b) Kala – Statement of changes in equity – Year ended 31 March 2006

Equity Revaluation Retained shares reservr earnings $’000 $’000 $’000 At 1 April 2005 150,000 nil 119,500 Profit for period (see (a)) 118,100 Revaluation of property (w (iv)) 45,000 Equity dividends paid (15,000) At 31 March 2006 150,000 45,000 222,600

Total $’000 269,500 118,100 45,000 (15,000) 417,600



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37,000 640 1,600 (1,000) (400) (200) 37,640

600 1,560 400 2,560

$’000 278,400 (115,700) 162,700 (15,500) 147,200 10,800 (10,000) 148,000 (29,900) 118,100

(c) Kala – Balance sheet as at 31 March 2006 Non-current assets $’000 Property, plant and equipment (w (iv)) Investment property (90,000 + 6,300) Current assets Inventory 43,200 Trade receivables 53,200 Total assets

Equity and liabilities Equity (see (b) above) Equity shares of $1 each

Reserves: Revaluation 45,000 Retained earnings 222,600 Non-current liabilities 8% loan note 50,000 Deferred tax 14,100 Lease obligation (w (iii)) 55,000 Current liabilities Trade payables 33,400 Accrued loan interest (w (ii)) 1,000 Bank overdraft 5,400 Lease obligation (w (iii)) – accrued interest 7,000 – capital 15,000 Current tax payable 28,300 Total equity and liabilities Workings in brackets in $’000 (i) Cost of sales: Opening inventory Purchases Depreciation (w (iv)) – buildings – plant: owned – plant: leased Closing inventory

$’000 434,100 96,300 530,400 96,400 626,800

150,000

267,600 417,600

119,100

90,100 626,800

37,800 78,200 5,000 19,500 18,400 (43,200) 115,700

(ii) The loan has been in issue for nine months. The total finance cost for this period will be $3 million (50,000 x 8% x 9/12). Kala has paid six months interest of $2 million, thus accrued interest of $1 million should be provided for. (iii) Finance lease: Net obligation at inception of lease (92,000 – 22,000) Accrued interest 10% (current liability) Total outstanding at 31 March 2006

$’000 70,000 7,000 77,000

The second payment in the year to 31 March 2007 (made on 1 April 2006) of $22 million will be $7 million for the accrued interest (at 31 March 2006) and $15 million paid of the capital outstanding. Thus the amount outstanding as an obligation over one year is $55 million (77,000 – 22,000).

(iv) Non-current assets/depreciation: Land and buildings: At the date of the revaluation the land and buildings have a carrying amount of $210 million (270,000 – 60,000). With a valuation of $255 million this gives a revaluation surplus (to reserves) of $45 million. The accumulated depreciation of $60 million represents 15 years at $4 million per annum (200,000/50 years) and means the remaining life at the date of the revaluation is 35 years. The amount of the revalued building is $175 million, thus depreciation for the year to 31 March 2006 will be $5 million (175,000/35 years). The carrying amount of the land and buildings at 31 March 2006 is $250 million (255,000 – 5,000).

Plant: owned

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The carrying amount prior to the current year’s depreciation is $130 million (156,000 – 26,000). Depreciation at 15% on the reducing balance basis gives an annual charge of $19.5 million. This gives a carrying amount at 31 March 2006 of $110.5 million (130,000 – 19,500).



Plant: leased The fair value of the leased plant is $92 million. Depreciation on a straight-line basis over five years would give a depreciation charge of $18.4 million and a carrying amount of $73.6 million.

Summarising the carrying amounts: Land and buildings Plant (110,500 + 73,600) Property, plant and equipment

250,000 184,100 434,100

3 (a) Note: figures in the calculations are in $million Return on year end capital employed Net asset turnover Gross profit margin Net profit (before tax) margin Current ratio Closing inventory holding period Trade receivables’ collection period Trade payables’ payment period (based on cost of sales) Dividend yield Dividend cover

32.3 % 5.9 times 13.8 % 5.0 % 1.3 :1 26 days 44 days 45 days 6.0% 1.67 times

220/(1,160 – 480) x 100 4,000/680 (550/4,000) x 100 (200/4,000) x 100 610:480 250/3,450 x 365 360/(4,000 – 1,000) x 365 (430/3,450) x 365 (see below) 150/90

The dividend per share is 22.5 cents (90,000/(100,000 x 4 ie 25 cents shares). This is a yield of 6.0% on a share price of $3.75.

(b) Analysis of the comparative financial performance and position of Reactive for the year ended 31 March 2006



Profitability The measures taken by management appear to have been successful as the overall ROCE (considered as a primary measure of performance) has improved by 15% (32.3 -28.1)/28.1). Looking in more detail at the composition of the ROCE, the reason for the improved profitability is due to increased efficiency in the use of the company’s assets (asset turnover), increasing from 4 to 5.9 times (an improvement of 48%). The improvement in the asset turnover has been offset by lower profit margins at both the gross and net level. On the surface, this performance appears to be due both to the company’s strategy of offering rebates to wholesale customers if they achieve a set level of orders and also the beneficial impact on sales revenue of the advertising campaign. The rebate would explain the lower gross profit margin, and the cost of the advertising has reduced the net profit margin (presumably management expected an increase in sales volume as a compensating factor). The decision to buy complete products rather than assemble them in house has enabled the disposal of some plant which has reduced the asset base. Thus possible increased sales and a lower asset base are the cause of the improvement in the asset turnover which in turn, as stated above, is responsible for the improvement in the ROCE.



The effect of the disposal needs careful consideration. The profit (before tax) includes a profit of $40 million from the disposal. As this is a ‘one-off’ profit, recalculating the ROCE without its inclusion gives a figure of only 23.7% (180m/(1,160 - 480m + 80m (the 80m is the carrying amount of plant)) and the fall in the net profit percentage (before tax) would be down even more to only 4.0% (160m/4,000m). On this basis the current year performance is worse than that of the previous year and the reported figures tend to flatter the company’s underlying performance.



Liquidity The company’s liquidity position has deteriorated during the period. An acceptable current ratio of 1.6 has fallen to a worrying 1.3 (1.5 is usually considered as a safe minimum). With the trade receivables period at virtually a constant (45/44 days), the change in liquidity appears to be due to the levels of inventory and trade payables. These give a contradictory picture. The closing inventory holding period has decreased markedly (from 46 to 26 days) indicating more efficient inventory holding. This is perhaps due to short lead times when ordering bought in products. The change in this ratio has reduced the current ratio, however the trade payables payment period has decreased from 55 to 45 days which has increased the current ratio. This may be due to different terms offered by suppliers of bought in products.



Importantly, the effect of the plant disposal has generated a cash inflow of $120 million, and without this the company’s liquidity would look far worse.



Investment ratios The current year’s dividend yield of 6.0% looks impressive when compared with that of the previous year’s yield of 3.75%, but as the company has maintained the same dividend (and dividend per share as there is no change in share capital) , the ‘improvement’ in the yield is due to a falling share price. Last year the share price must have been $6.00 to give a yield of 3.75% on a dividend per share of 22.5 cents. It is worth noting that maintaining the dividend at $90 million from profits of $150 million gives a cover of only 1.67 times whereas on the same dividend last year the cover was 2 times (meaning last year’s profit (after tax) was $180 million).

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Conclusion Although superficially the company’s profitability seems to have improved as a result of the directors’ actions at the start of the current year, much, if not all, of the apparent improvement is due to the change in supply policy and the consequent beneficial effects of the disposal of plant. The company’s liquidity is now below acceptable levels and would have been even worse had the disposal not occurred. It appears that investors have understood the underlying deterioration in performance as there has been a marked fall in the company’s share price.

(c) It is generally assumed that the objective of stock market listed companies is to maximise the wealth of their shareholders. This in turn places an emphasis on profitability and other factors that influence a company’s share price. It is true that some companies have other (secondary) aims such as only engaging in ethical activities (eg not producing armaments) or have strong environmental considerations. Clearly by definition not-for-profit organisations are not motivated by the need to produce profits for shareholders, but that does not mean that they should be inefficient. Many areas of assessment of profit oriented companies are perfectly valid for not-for-profit organisations; efficient inventory holdings, tight budgetary constraints, use of key performance indicators, prevention of fraud etc.



There are a great variety of not-for-profit organisations; eg public sector health, education, policing and charities. It is difficult to be specific about how to assess the performance of a not-for-profit organisation without knowing what type of organisation it is. In general terms an assessment of performance must be made in the light of the stated objectives of the organisation. Thus for example in a public health service one could look at measures such as treatment waiting times, increasing life expectancy etc, and although such organisations don’t have a profit motive requiring efficient operation, they should nonetheless be accountable for the resources they use. Techniques such as ‘value for money’ and the three Es (economy, efficiency and effectiveness) have been developed and can help to assess the performance of such organisations.

4 (a) Relevance Information has the quality of relevance when it can influence, on a timely basis, users’ economic decisions. It helps to evaluate past, present and future events by confirming or perhaps correcting past evaluations of economic events. There are many ways of interpreting and applying the concept of relevance, for example, only material information is considered relevant as, by definition, information is material only if its omission or misstatement could influence users. Another common debate regarding relevance is whether current value information is more relevant than that based on historical cost. An interesting emphasis placed on relevance within the Framework is that relevant information assists in the predictive ability of financial statements. That is not to say the financial statements should be predictive in the sense of forecasts, but that (past) information should be presented in a manner that assists users to assess an entity’s ability to take advantage of opportunities and react to adverse situations. A good example of this is the separate presentation of discontinued operations in the income statement. From this users will be better able to assess the parts of the entity that will produce future profits (continuing operations) and users can judge the merits of the discontinuation ie has the entity sold a profitable part of the business (which would lead users to question why), or has the entity acted to curtail the adverse affect of a loss making operation.

Reliability The Framework states that for information to be useful it must be reliable. The quality of reliability is described as being free from material error (accurate) and a faithful representation of that which it purports to portray (i.e. the financial statements are a faithful representation of the entity’s underlying transactions). There can be occasions where the legal form of a transaction can be engineered to disguise the economic reality of the transaction. A cornerstone of faithful representation is that transactions must be accounted for according to their substance (i.e. commercial intent or economic reality) rather than their legal or contrived form. To be reliable, information must be neutral (free from bias). Biased information attempts to influence users (perhaps to come to a predetermined decision) by the manner in which it is presented. It is recognised that financial statements cannot be absolutely accurate due to inevitable uncertainties surrounding their preparation. A typical example would be estimating the useful economic lives of non-current assets. This is addressed by the use of prudence which is the exercise of a degree of caution in matters of uncertainty. However prudence cannot be used to deliberately understate profit or create excessive provisions (this would break the neutrality principle). Reliable information must also be complete, omitted information (that should be reported) will obviously mislead users.



Comparability Comparability is fundamental to assessing an entity’s performance. Users will compare an entity’s results over time and also with other similar entities. This is the principal reason why financial statements contain corresponding amounts for previous period(s). Comparability is enhanced by the use (and disclosure) of consistent accounting policies such that users can confirm that comparative information (for calculating trends) is comparable and the disclosure of accounting policies at least informs users if different entities use different policies. That said, comparability should not stand in the way of improved accounting practices (usually through new Standards); it is recognised that there are occasions where it is necessary to adopt new accounting policies if they would enhance relevance and reliability.



(b) (i) This item involves the characteristic of reliability and specifically reporting the substance of transactions. As the lease agreement is for substantially the whole of the asset’s useful economic life, Porto will experience the same risks and rewards as if it owned the asset. Although the legal form of this transaction is a rental, its substance is the equivalent to acquiring the asset and raising a loan. Thus, in order for the financial statements to be reliable (and comparable to those where an asset is bought from the proceeds of a loan), the transaction should be shown as an asset on Porto’s balance sheet with a corresponding liability for the future lease rental payments. The income statement should be charged with depreciation on the asset and a finance charge on the ‘loan’.

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(ii) This item involves the characteristic of comparability. Changes in accounting policies should generally be avoided in order to preserve comparability. Presumably the directors have good reason to be believe the new policy presents a more reliable and relevant view. In order to minimise the adverse effect a change in accounting policy has on comparability, the financial statements (including the corresponding amounts) should be prepared on the basis that the new policy had always been in place (retrospective application). Thus the assets (retail outlets) should include the previously expensed finance costs and income statements will no longer show a finance cost (in relation to these assets whilst under construction). Any finance costs relating to periods prior to the policy change (i.e. for two or more years ago) should be adjusted for by increasing retained earnings brought forward in the statement of changes in equity.



(iii) This item involves the characteristic of relevance. This situation questions whether historical cost accounting is more relevant to users than current value information. Porto’s current method of reporting these events using purely historical cost based information (i.e. showing an operating loss, but not reporting the increases in property values) is perfectly acceptable. However, the company could choose to revalue its hotel properties (which would subject it to other requirements). This option would still report an operating loss (probably an even larger loss than under historical cost if there are increased depreciation charges on the hotels), but the increases in value would also be reported (in equity) arguably giving a more complete picture of performance.

5 (a) The correct timing of when revenue (and profit) should be recognised is an important aspect of an income statement showing a faithful presentation. It is generally accepted that only realised profits should be included in the income statement. For most types of supply and sale of goods it is generally understood that a profit is realised when the goods have been manufactured (or obtained) by the supplier and satisfactorily delivered to the customer. The issue with construction contracts is that the process of completing the project takes a relatively long time and, in particular, will spread across at least one accounting period-end. If such contracts are treated like most sales of goods, it would mean that revenue and profit would not be recognised until the contract is completed (the “completed contracts” basis). This is often described as following the prudence concept. The problem with this approach is that it may not show a faithful presentation as all the profit on a contract is included in the period of completion, whereas in reality (a faithful representation), it is being earned, but not reported, throughout the duration of the contract. IAS 11 remedies this by recognising profit on uncompleted contracts in proportion to some measure of the percentage of completion applied to the estimated total contract profit. This is sometimes said to reflect the accruals concept, but it should only be applied where the outcome of the contract is reasonably foreseeable. In the event that a loss on a contract is foreseen, the whole of the loss must be recognised immediately, thereby ensuring the continuing application of prudence. (b) Beetie Income statement Contract 1 Contract 2 Total $’000 $’000 $’000 Revenue recognised 3,300 840 4,140 Contract expenses recognised (balancing figure contract 1) (2,400) (720) (3,120) Expected loss recognised (contract 2) (170) (170) Attributable profit/(loss) (see working) 900 (50) 850 Balance sheet Contact costs incurred 3,900 720 Recognised profit/(losses) 900 (50) 4,800 670 Progress billings (3,000) (880) Amounts due from customers 1,800 Amounts due to customers (210) Workings (in $’000) Estimated total profit: Agreed contract price Estimated contract cost Estimated total profit/(loss)

5,500 (4,000) 1,500

4,620 850 5,470 (3,880) 1,800 (210)

1,200 (1,250) (50)



Percentage complete: Agreed value of work completed at 31 March 2006 Contract price Percentage complete at 31 March 2006 (3,300/5,500 x 100)



Profit to 31 March 2006 (60% x 1,500)



At 31 March 2006 the increase in the expected total costs of contract 2 mean that a loss of $50,000 is expected on this contract. In these circumstances, regardless of the percentage completed, the whole of this loss should be recognised immediately.

3,300 5,500 60% 900

13

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Pilot Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International)

Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. 1 (a) 1 mark per relevant point

5

(b) Balance sheet: property, plant and equipment goodwill investments – associate – other current assets equity shares retained earnings minority interest 8% loan notes 10% loan notes profit and loss account Total for question

2½ 3½ 3 1 2 1 3 1½ ½ 1 1 20 25

2 (a) Income statement revenue cost of sales operating expenses investment income finance costs taxation

½ 4½ ½ 1½ 1½ 1½ 10

(b) Movement in share capital and reserves brought forward figures revaluation profit for period dividends paid

1 1 1 1 4

(c) Balance sheet land and buildings plant and equipment investment property inventory and trade receivables 8% loan deferred tax lease obligation: interest and capital one year capital over one year trade payables and overdraft accrued interest income tax provision Total for question

2 2 1 1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 ½ ½ 11 25

14

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3 (a) one mark per ratio

10

(b) 1 mark per valid point

(c) 1 mark per valid point



maximum

10

maximum Total for question

5 25

4 (a) 3 marks each for relevance, reliability and comparability (b) 2 marks for each transaction ((i) to (iii)) or event 5 (a) one mark per valid point to (b) revenue (½ mark for each contract) profit/loss (½ mark for each contract) amounts due from customers (contract 1) amounts due to customers (contract 2)

9 Total for question

6 15

maximum

4

Total for question

15

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1 1 2 2 6 10

(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 5 DECEMBER 2002

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

Hydrate is a public company operating in the industrial chemical sector. In order to achieve economies of scale, it has been advised to enter into business combinations with compatible partner companies. As a first step in this strategy Hydrate acquired all of the ordinary share capital of Sulphate by way of a share exchange on 1 April 2002. Hydrate issued five of its own shares for every four shares in Sulphate. The market value of Hydrate’s shares on 1 April 2002 was $6 each. The share issue has not yet been recorded in Hydrate’s books. The summarised financial statements of both companies for the year to 30 September 2002 are: Income statement – year to 30 September 2002: Hydrate $000 24,000 (16,600) ––––––– 7,400 (1,600) ––––––– 5,800 (2,000) ––––––– 3,800 –––––––

Sales revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Operating profit Taxation Profit after tax Balance Sheet – as at 30 September 2002 Non-current assets $000 Property, plant and equipment Investment Current Assets Inventory Accounts receivable Bank

$000 64,000 nil ––––––– 64,000

22,800 16,400 500 –––––––

39,700 ––––––– 103,700 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Ordinary shares of $1 each Reserves: Share premium Accumulated profits Non-current liabilities 8% Loan note Current liabilities Accounts payable Taxation

Sulphate $000 20,000 (11,800) ––––––– 8,200 (1,000) ––––––– 7,200 (3,000) ––––––– 4,200 ––––––– $000

23,600 24,200 200 –––––––

$000 35,000 12,800 ––––––– 47,800

48,000 ––––––– 95,800 –––––––

20,000 4,000 57,200 –––––––

61,200 ––––––– 81,200

12,000 2,400 42,700 –––––––

45,100 ––––––– 57,100

5,000 15,300 2,200 –––––––

17,500 ––––––– 103,700 –––––––

18,000 17,700 3,000 –––––––

20,700 ––––––– 95,800 –––––––

The following information is relevant: – The fair value of Sulphate’s investment was $5 million in excess of its book value at the date of acquisition. The fair values of Sulphate’s other net assets were equal to their book values. – Consolidated goodwill is deemed to have a five-year life, with time apportioned charges (treated as an operating expense) in the year of acquisition. – No dividends have been paid or proposed by either company.

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Required: (a) (i)

Prepare the consolidated income statment and balance sheet of Hydrate for the year to 30 September 2002 using the purchase method of accounting (acquisition accounting); and (13 marks)

(ii) Prepare a consolidated income statement and the consolidated SHAREHOLDERS FUNDS section of the balance sheet of Hydrate for the year to 30 September 2002 using the uniting of interests method of accounting (merger accounting). (7 marks) (b) Describe the distinguishing feature of a uniting of interests, and discuss whether the business combination in (a) should be accounted for as a uniting of interests. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The following figures have been extracted from the accounting records of Bloomsbury on 30 September 2002: $000 $000 Sales revenue (note (i)) 98,880 Cost of sales 56,000 Joint venture account (note (ii)) 1,200 Operating expenses 14,000 Loan interest paid 1,800 Investment income 700 Investment property at valuation 10,000 25-year leasehold factory at cost (note (iii)) 50,000 15-year leasehold factory at cost (note (iii)) 30,000 Plant and equipment at cost (note (iii)) 49,800 Depreciation 1 October 2001 – 25 year leasehold 10,000 Depreciation 1 October 2001 – 15 year leasehold 10,000 Depreciation 1 October 2001 – plant and equipment 19,800 Accounts receivable (note (i)) 16,700 Inventory – 30 September 2002 7,500 Cash and bank 500 Accounts payable 9,420 Deferred tax – 1 October 2001 (note (iv)) 2,100 Ordinary shares of 25 cents each 40,000 10% Redeemable (in 2005 at par) preference shares of $1 each 10,000 12% Loan note (issued in 2000) 30,000 Accumulated profits – 1 October 2001 6,100 Investment property revaluation reserve – 1 October 2001 2,000 Interim dividends (note (v)) 1,500 –––––––– –––––––– 239,000 239,000 –––––––– –––––––– The following notes are relevant: (i) On 1 January 2002, Bloomsbury agreed to act as a selling agent for an overseas company, Brandberg. The terms of the agency are that Bloomsbury receives a commission of 10% on all sales made on behalf of Brandberg. This is achieved by Bloomsbury remitting 90% of the cash received from Brandberg’s customers one month after Bloomsbury has collected it. Bloomsbury has included in its sales revenue $7·2 million of sales on behalf of Brandberg of which there is one month’s outstanding balances of $1·2 million included in Bloomsbury’s accounts receivable. The cash remitted to Brandberg during the year of $5·4 million (i.e. 90% of $6 million) in accordance with the terms of the agency, has been treated as the cost of the agency sales. (ii) The joint venture account represents the net balance of Bloomsbury’s transactions in a joint venture with Waterfront which commenced on 1 October 2001. Each venturer contributes their own assets and pays their own expenses. The revenues for the venture are shared equally. The joint venture is not a separate entity. Details of Bloomsbury’s joint venture transactions are: Plant and equipment at cost Share of joint venture sales revenues (50% of total sales revenues) Related cost of sales excluding depreciation Accounts receivable Accounts payable Net balance of joint venture account

$000 1,500 (800) 400 200 (100) –––––– 1,200 ––––––

Plant and equipment should be depreciated in accordance with the company’s policy in note (iii).

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(iii) On 1 October 2001 Bloomsbury had its two leasehold factories revalued (for the first time) by an independent surveyor as follows: 25 year leasehold $52 million 15 year leasehold $18 million Bloomsbury depreciates its leaseholds on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. The directors of Bloomsbury are disappointed in the value placed on the 15-year leasehold. The surveyor has said that the fall in its value is due mainly to its unfavourable location, but in time the surveyor expects its value to increase. The directors are committed to incorporating the revalued amount of the 25-year leasehold into the financial statements, but wish to retain the historic cost basis for the 15-year leasehold. Revaluation surpluses are transferred to accumulated realised profits in line with the realisation of the related assets. Prior to the current year, Bloomsbury had adopted a policy of carrying its investment property at fair value, with the surplus being credited to reserves. For the current year it will be applying the fair value method of accounting for investment properties in IAS 40 ‘Investment Property’. The value of the investment property had increased by a further $500,000 in the year to 30 September 2002. Plant and equipment is depreciated at 20% per annum on the reducing balance basis. (iv) A provision for income tax for the year to 30 September 2002 of $5 million is required. Temporary differences (related to the difference between the tax base of the plant and its balance sheet written down value) on 1 October 2001 were $7 million and on 30 September 2002 they had declined to $5 million. Assume a tax rate of 30%. Ignore deferred tax on the property revaluations. (v) The interim dividends paid include half of the full year’s preference dividend. On 25 September 2002 the directors declared a final ordinary dividend of 3 cents per share. Required: Prepare the financial statements for the year to 30 September 2002 for Bloomsbury in accordance with International Accounting Standards as far as the information permits. They should include: –

An Income Statement;

(9 marks)

–

A Statement of Changes in Equity; and

(3 marks)

–

A Balance Sheet.

(13 marks)

Notes to the financial statements are not required. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

3

The principle of recording the substance or economic reality of transactions rather than their legal form lies at the heart of the Framework for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements’ (Framework) and several International Accounting Standards. The development of this principle was partly in reaction to a minority of public interest companies entering into certain complex transactions. These transactions sometimes led to accusations that company directors were involved in ‘creative accounting’. Required: (a) (i)

Explain, with relevant examples, what is generally meant by the term ‘creative accounting’; (5 marks)

(ii) Explain why it is important to record the substance rather than the legal form of transactions and describe the features that may indicate that the substance of a transaction is different from its legal form. (5 marks) (b) (i)

Atkins’s operations involve selling cars to the public through a chain of retail car showrooms. It buys most of its new vehicles directly from the manufacturer on the following terms: –

Atkins will pay the manufacturer for the cars on the date they are sold to a customer or six months after they are delivered to its showrooms whichever is the sooner.

–

The price paid will be 80% of the retail list price as set by the manufacturer at the date that the goods are delivered.

–

Atkins will pay the manufacturer 1·5% per month (of the cost price to Atkins) as a ‘display charge’ until the goods are paid for.

–

Atkins may return the cars to the manufacturer any time up until the date the cars are due to be paid for. Atkins will incur the freight cost of any such returns. Atkins has never taken advantage of this right of return.

–

The manufacturer can recall the cars or request them to be transferred to another retailer any time up until the time they are paid for by Atkins.

Required: Discuss which party bears the risks and rewards in the above arrangement and come to a conclusion on how the transactions should be treated by each party. (6 marks) (ii) Atkins bought five identical plots of development land for $2 million in 1999. On 1 October 2001 Atkins sold three of the plots of land to an investment company, Landbank, for a total of $2·4 million. This price was based on 75% of the fair market value of $3·2 million as determined by an independent surveyor at the date of sale. The terms of the sale contained two clauses: –

Atkins can re-purchase the plots of land for the full fair value of $3·2 million (the value determined at the date of sale) any time until 30 September 2004; and

–

On 1 October 2004, Landbank has the option to require Atkins to re-purchase the properties for $3·2 million. You may assume that Landbank seeks a return on its investments of 10% per annum.

Required: Discuss the substance of the above transactions; and

(3 marks)

Prepare extracts of the income statement and balance sheet (ignore cash) of Atkins for the year to 30 September 2002: –

if the plots of land are considered as sold to Landbank; and

(2 marks)

–

reflecting the substance of the above transactions.

(4 marks) (25 marks)

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This is a blank page. Question 4 begins on page 8.

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[P.T.O.

4

The financial statements of Nedberg for the year to 30 September 2002, together with the comparative balance sheet for the year to 30 September 2001 are shown below: Income Statement – year to 30 September 2002: $m Sales revenue Cost of sales (note (1))

$m 3,820 (2,620) –––––– 1,200 (300) –––––– 900 (30) –––––– 870 (270) –––––– 600

Gross profit for period Operating expenses (note (1)) Interest – Loan note Profit before tax Taxation Net profit for the period Dividends: ordinary – Interim Dividends: ordinary – Final

(120) (280) –––––

(400) ––––– 200 ––––– 2002 $m 1,890 650 –––––– 2,540

Net profit for period Balance sheets as at 30 September: Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets (note (2)) Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Cash

$m

1,420 990 70 ––––––

2,480 –––––– 5,020 ––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Ordinary Shares of $1 each Reserves Share premium Revaluation Accumulated profits Less dividends paid and declared

2,010 (400) ––––––

Total equity and liabilities

940 680 nil ––––––

2001 $m 1,830 300 –––––– 2,130

1,620 –––––– 3,750 ––––––

750

500

350 140

100 nil

1,610 –––––– 2,850 870 1,300 –––––– 5,020 ––––––

Non-current liabilities (note (3)) Current liabilities (note (4))

$m

1,700 (300) ––––––

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1,400 –––––– 2,000 540 1,210 –––––– 3,750 ––––––

Notes to the financial statements: (1) Cost of sales includes depreciation of property, plant and equipment of $320 million and a loss on the sale of plant of $50 million. It also includes a credit for the amortisation of government grants. Operating expenses include a charge of $20 million for the amortisation of goodwill. (2) Intangible non-current assets:

Deferred development expenditure Goodwill

(3) Non-current liabilities: 10% loan note Government grants Deferred tax

(4) Current liabilities: Accounts payable Bank overdraft Accrued loan interest Declared dividends unpaid Taxation

2002 $m 470 180 –––– 650 ––––

2001 $m 100 200 –––– 300 ––––

300 260 310 –––– 870 ––––

100 300 140 –––– 540 ––––

875 nil 15 280 130 ––––– 1,300 –––––

730 115 5 200 160 ––––– 1,210 –––––

The following additional information is relevant: (i) Intangible fixed assets: The company successfully completed the development of a new product during the current year, capitalising a further $500 million before amortisation charges for the period. (ii) Property, plant and equipment/revaluation reserve: – The company revalued its buildings by $200 million on 1 October 2001. The surplus was credited to a revaluation reserve. – New plant was acquired during the year at a cost of $250 million and a government grant of $50 million was received for this plant. – On 1 October 2001 a bonus issue of 1 new share for every 10 held was made from the revaluation reserve. – $10 million has been transferred from the revaluation reserve to realised profits as a year-end adjustment in respect of the additional depreciation created by the revaluation. – The remaining movement on property, plant and equipment was due to the disposal of obsolete plant. (iii) Share issues: In addition to the bonus issue referred to above Nedberg made a further issue of ordinary shares for cash. Required: (a) A cash flow statement for Nedberg for the year to 30 September 2002 prepared in accordance with IAS 7 ‘Cash Flow Statements’. (20 marks) (b) Comment briefly on the financial position of Nedberg as portrayed by the information in your cash flow statement. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

5

You are a partner in a small audit and accounting practice. You have just completed the audit and finalised the financial statements of a small family owned company in discussion with its managing director Mrs Harper. After the meeting Mrs Harper has asked for your help. She has obtained the published financial statements of several quoted companies in which she is considering buying some shares as a personal investment. She presents you with the following information: (a) In the year to 30 September 2002, two companies, Gamma and Toga, reported identical profits before tax of $100 million. Information in the Chairmen’s reports said both companies also expected profits from their core activities (to be interpreted as from continuing operations) to grow by 10% in the following year. Mrs Harper has extracted information from the income statements and made the following summary: Gamma $ million 70 nil 30 ––– 100 –––

Operating profit: Continuing activities Acquisitions Discontinued activities

Toga $ million 90 50 (40) ––– 100 –––

A note to the financial statements of Toga said that both the discontinuation and acquisition occurred on 1 April 2002 and were part of an overall plan to focus on its traditional core activities after incurring large losses on a new foreign venture. Required: (i)

Briefly explain to Mrs Harper why information on discontinued operations is useful;

(3 marks)

(ii) Calculate the expected operating profit for both companies for the year to 30 September 2003 (assuming the Chairmen’s growth forecasts are correct): –

in the absence of information of the discontinued operations; and

–

based on the information provided above.

(4 marks)

(b) Taylor is another company about which Mrs Harper has obtained the following information from its published financial statements: Earnings per share: Year to 30 September Basic earnings per share

2002 25 cents

2001 20 cents

The earnings per share is based on attributable earnings of $50 million ($30 million in 2001) and 200 million ordinary shares in issue throughout the year (150 million weighted average number of ordinary shares in 2001). Balance sheet extracts: 8% Convertible loan stock

$ million 200

$ million 200

The loan stock is convertible to ordinary shares in 2004 on the basis of 70 new shares for each $100 of loan stock. Note to the financial statements: There are directors’ share options (in issue since 1999) that allow Taylor’s directors to subscribe for a total of 50 million new ordinary shares at a price of $1·50 each. (Assume the current rate of income tax for Taylor is 25% and the market price of its ordinary shares throughout the year has been $2·50) Mrs Harper has read that the trend of the earnings per share is a reliable measure of a company’s profit trend. She cannot understand why the increase in profits is 67% ($30 million to $50 million), but the increase in the earnings per share is only 25% (20 cents to 25 cents). She is also confused by the company also quoting a diluted earnings per share figure, which is lower than the basic earnings per share.

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Required: (i)

Explain why the trend of earnings per share may be different from the trend of the reported profit, and which is the more useful measure of performance; (3 marks)

(ii) Calculate the diluted earnings per share for Taylor based on the effect of the convertible loan stock and the directors’ share options for the year to 30 September 2002 (ignore comparatives); and (5 marks) (iii) Explain the relevance of the diluted earnings per share measure.

(4 marks)

(c) Mrs Harper has noticed that the tax charge for a company called Stepper is $5 million on profits before tax of $35 million. This is an effective rate of tax of 14·3%. Another company Jenni has an income tax charge of $10 million on profit before tax of $30 million. This is an effective rate of tax of 33·3% yet both companies state the rate of income tax applicable to them is 25%. Mrs Harper has also noticed that in the cash flow statements each company has paid the same amount of tax of $8 million. Required: Advise Mrs Harper of the possible reasons why the income tax charge in the financial statements as a percentage of the profit before tax may not be the same as the applicable income tax rate, and why the tax paid in the cash flow statement may not be the same as the tax charge in the income statement. (6 marks) (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

(i)

December 2002 Answers

Using the purchase (acquisition) method of accounting. Hydrate – Consolidated Income Statement – year to 30 September 2002 $000 34,000 (22,500) ––––––– 11,500 (5,100) ––––––– 6,400 (3,500) ––––––– 2,900 –––––––

Sales revenue (24,000 + (6/12 x 20,000)) Cost of sales (16,600 + (6/12 x 11,800)) Gross profit Operating expenses (1,600 + (6/12 x 1,000) + 3,000 goodwill depreciation (w (ii))) Taxation (2,000 + (6/12 x 3,000)) Profit for the year Consolidated balance sheet at 30 September 2002: Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (64,000 + 35,000) Investments (12,800 + 5,000 fair value adjustment) Goodwill (30,000 – 3,000 (w (ii))) Current Assets Inventory (22,800 + 23,600) Accounts receivable (16,400 + 24,200) Bank (500 + 200)

$000

46,400 40,600 700 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of $1 each (20,000 + 15,000 (w (ii))) Reserves: Share premium (4,000 + 75,000 (w (ii))) Accumulated profits (w (i))

$000 99,000 17,800 27,000 –––––––– 143,800

87,700 ––––––– 231,500 ––––––– 35,000

79,000 56,300 –––––––

135,300 –––––––– 170,300

Non-current liabilities 8% Loan notes (5,000 + 18,000)

23,000

Current liabilities Accounts payable (15,300 + 17,700) Taxation (2,200 + 3,000)

(ii)

33,000 5,200 –––––––

38,200 ––––––– 231,500 –––––––

Using the uniting of interest (merger) method of accounting. Hydrate – Consolidated Income Statement – year to 30 September 2002 Sales revenue (24,000 + 20,000) Cost of sales (16,600 + 11,800)

44,000 (28,400) ––––––– 15,600 (2,600) ––––––– 13,000 (5,000) ––––––– 8,000 –––––––

Gross profit Operating expenses (1,600 + 1,000) Taxation (2,000 + 3,000) Profit for the year Hydrate – Share capital and reserves as at 30 September 2002: $000 Ordinary shares of $1 each (20,000 + 15,000 (w (ii))) Reserves: Share premium Capital reserve (reclassification of Sulphate’s share premium) Accumulated profits (w (iii)))

4,000 2,400 96,900 –––––––

$000 35,000

103,300 –––––––– 138,300 ––––––––

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(b)

The distinguishing features of a uniting of interests are: – It is not possible to identify an acquirer. Instead of a dominant party, the shareholders of the joining entities unite in a substantially equal arrangement to share control over the combined entity. – All parties to the combination participate in the management of the combined business. – The sizes of the combining entities should be broadly similar leading to a substantially equal exchange of voting common shares. This should ensure that no one party is in a position to dominate the combined business due to its previous relative size. – There must not be a significant reduction in the rights attaching to the shares of one of the combining parties, as this would weaken the position of that party. The – – – –

above is generally evidenced by: The substantial majority of (if not all) of the voting shares of the combining parties are exchanged or pooled. The fair value of one entity is not significantly different from that of the other parties. The shareholders of each party maintain substantially the same voting rights and interests, relative to each other, in the combined entity. No party’s share of the equity of the combining entities should depend on the performance of their previous business. In effect, all parties must share fairly (i.e. in proportion to their previous holdings) in the future prosperity (or otherwise) of the whole of the combined business.

It is not possible to be absolutely certain from the limited information given in the question whether all of the above criteria for a uniting of interest have been satisfied, but it does appear likely. The following observations can be made: – Although Hydrate is acting on a strategy of acquisition to achieve economies of scale, the use of the phrase ‘compatible partner companies’ may be indicative of a uniting of interests rather than an acquisition approach. – The sizes of the companies are broadly similar (20,000 : 15,000 shares). There is no guidance in IAS 22 ‘Business Combinations’ of how the term ‘substantially equal’ should be interpreted. – The consideration is all in the form of equity and satisfies the share exchange criterion. – The composition of the new management and whether all shares rank equally would need to be determined from the details and terms of the combination agreement. Workings Acquisition accounting: (i) Consolidated accumulated profits: Hydrate’s reserves per question Sulphate’s post acquisition reserves (6/12 x 4,200) Goodwill amortisation (see below)

(ii)

$000s 57,200 2,100 (3,000) ––––––– 56,300 –––––––

Goodwill/Cost of control in Sulphate: Hydrate issued 5 shares for every 4 in Sulphate. Therefore Hydrate issued 15 million (12 million/4 x 5) shares at a value of $6 each to the shareholders of Sulphate. This would be recorded in Hydrate’s books as ordinary share capital of $15 million and share premium of $75 million. $000s Investment at cost (15 million x $6) Less – ordinary shares of Sulphate Less – share premium Less – pre-acquisition reserves (42,700 – 2,100 see (i)) Less – revaluation of investment

12,000 2,400 40,600 5,000 –––––––

Goodwill on consolidation

$000s 90,000

(60,000) ––––––– 30,000 –––––––

Amortisation of goodwill for the year to 30 September 2002 will be $30 million/5 years x 6/12 = $3 million (iii) Uniting of interests: A feature of a uniting of interests is that most, if not all, of the subsidiary’s reserves will be included as group reserves. For Hydrate the consolidated reserves will be: Hydrate’s reserves per question Sulphate’s reserve per question Adjustment re share capital (15,000 issued – 12,000 acquired) Accumulated profits at 30 September 2002

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$000 57,200 42,700 (3,000) ––––––– 96,900 –––––––

2

Bloomsbury Income Statement – Year to 30 September 2002 $000

$000 92,480 (61,700) ––––––– 30,780

Sales revenue (98,880 – 7,200 (w (i)) + 800 (w (ii))) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Other operating income: Agency commission (w (i)) Investment income – surplus on investment property (iii) Invement ince– other Operating expenses Loss on revaluation of property (w (iii)) Loan interest (1,800 + 1,800 accrued) Preference dividends (500 + 500 accrued (w (v)))

720 500 700 –––– (14,000) (2,000) (3,600) (1,000) –––––––

1,200

(20,600) ––––––– 12,100 (4,400) ––––––– 7,700 –––––––

Operating profit Taxation (5,000 – 600 deferred tax (w (iv))) Net profit for the period Bloomsbury – Statement of Changes in Equity – Year to 30 September 2002 Share capital Revaluation Investment reserve prop. revaln $000 $000 $000 Balance at 1 October 2001 40,000 nil 2,000 Surplus on revaluation of property (w (iii)) 12,000 Net profit for the period Ordinary dividends (w (v)) Transfer to realised profits (w (iii)) (600) (2,000) –––––– –––––– –––––– Balance at 30 September 2002 40,000 11,400 nil –––––– –––––– –––––– Bloomsbury – Balance Sheet as at 30 September 2002 Tangible non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (w (iii)) Investments – investment property (10,000 + 500 revaluation) Current Assets Inventory Accounts receivable (16,700 – 1,200 + 120 (w (i)) + 200 (w (ii))) Cash

$000

7,500 15,820 500 –––––––

Total Assets Equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of 25 cents each Reserves: Accumulated profits ((b) above) Revaluation reserve (12,000 – 600 (w (iii)))

Accumulated profits $000 6,100 7,700 (5,800) 2,600 –––––– 10,600 ––––––

$000 90,800 10,500 –––––––– 101,300

23,820 ––––––– 125,120 –––––––– 40,000

10,600 11,400 –––––––

Non-current liabilities (w (vii)) Current liabilities Trade and other payables (w (vi)) Taxation Proposed dividends (w (v))

11,820 5,000 4,800 ––––––

Total equity and liabilities

22,000 ––––––– 62,000 41,500

21,620 –––––––– 125,120 ––––––––

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Total $000 48,100 12,000 7,700 (5,800) nil –––––– 62,000 ––––––

Workings (i) Cost of sales: Per question Brandberg adjustment – see below Depreciation – leaseholds (w (iii)) Depreciation – plant and equipment (w (iii))

$000

4,400 6,300 ––––––

Joint venture expenses (see (ii))

$000 56,000 (5,400) 10,700 400 ––––––– 61,700 –––––––

The company’s treatment of the transactions in relation to the agreement with Brandberg is incorrect. Bloomsbury has treated the sales and expenses as if they were its own sales rather than acting as an agent and receiving commission. The entries required to correct the error are: Dr 7,200

Sales revenue Cost of sales Accounts receivable Commission receivable (10% x $7·2 million) Due from Brandberg (Accounts receivable)

(ii)

Cr 5,400 1,200 720

120 –––––– 7,320 ––––––

–––––– 7,320 ––––––

The joint venture with Waterfront qualifies to be treated under IAS 31 ‘Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures’ as a jointly controlled operation. The Standard requires that each party should account for its own assets, liabilities and results according to the terms of the agreement. Thus Bloomsbury transactions with the joint venture will be treated as if they were Bloomsbury’s own transactions and included in the appropriate line items together with other similar transactions e.g. sales revenues will include $800,000 in respect of the joint venture.

(iii) Tangible non-current assets – leaseholds Where a company chooses to revalue a non-current asset, it must revalue all the assets of the same class. Thus, in this case, Bloomsbury must recognise the fall in the value of the 15-year leasehold factory. 25-year leasehold – revaluation surplus is $12 million (52m – (50m – 10m)) 15-year leasehold – revaluation deficit is $2 million (18m – (30m – 10m) The revaluation loss must be charged to income; it cannot be offset against the surplus on the 25-year leasehold. A transfer from the revaluation reserve to retained profits must be made. This will represent the partial realisation of the surplus on the 25-year leasehold. It is realised at $600,000 per annum ($12 million/20 years) in line with the remaining life of the leasehold. The balance sheet values of the properties will be:

25-year leasehold 15-year leasehold

at revalued amount $000 52,000 18,000 ––––––– 70,000 –––––––

depreciation $000 2,600 1,800 –––––– 4,400 ––––––

NBV $000 49,400 16,200 ––––––– 65,600 –––––––

The accumulated depreciation on the 25-year leasehold of $10,000 represents five years’ depreciation, thus after its revaluation it would have a remaining life of 20 years. A similar exercise with the 15-year leasehold gives a remaining life of 10 years. These figures are used to calculate the depreciation charges, which are charged to cost of sales. Investment property Under IAS 40 movements in the fair value of investment properties must be taken to income. Also on the first adoption of the Standard any previous surplus on an investment property revaluation reserve is transferred to realised profits. Plant and equipment: The plant used as part of the joint venture is included with other plant: Plant at cost (49,800 + 1,500 joint venture) Accumulated depreciation 1 October 2001 Net book value before depreciation for year Depreciation for year (charged to cost of sales) (20% x 31,500) Net book value at 30 September 2002

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$000 51,300 (19,800) ––––––– 31,500 (6,300) ––––––– 25,200 –––––––

(iv) As the temporary differences have fallen by $2 million this will cause a reversal of deferred tax of $2 million x 30% = $600,000. This will reduce the tax charge for the year and the deferred tax balance will be $2,100,000 – $600,000 = $1,500,000. (v)

The interim dividends are half of the preference dividend of $500,000 (10% x $10 million x 6/12) and the balance must be an interim ordinary dividend of $1 million. The final proposed dividend is another $500,000 preference and $4·8 million ordinary (40 million x 4 x 3 cents). Under IAS 32 ‘Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation’ redeemable preference shares have the characteristics of debt and must be treated as such. The preference dividends will be treated as interest costs and the shares will appear under non-current liabilities, not equity.

(vi) Current liabilities Accounts payable per question Joint venture creditor Accrued loan interest Accrued preference dividend

9,420 100 1,800 500 ––––––– 11,820 –––––––

(vii) Non-current liabilities 12% Loan note 10% Redeemable preference shares (w (v)) Deferred tax (2,100 – 600 (w (iv)))

3

(a)

(i)

30,000 10,000 1,500 ––––––– 41,500 –––––––

Creative accounting is a term in general use to describe the practice of applying inappropriate accounting policies or entering into complex or ‘special purpose’ transactions with the objective of making a company’s financial statements appear to disclose a more favourable position, particularly in relation to the calculation of certain ‘key’ ratios, than would otherwise be the case. Most commentators believe creative accounting stops short of deliberate fraud, but is nonetheless undesirable as it is intended to mislead users of financial statements. Probably the most criticised area of creative accounting relates to off balance sheet financing. This occurs where a company has financial obligations that are not recorded on its balance sheet. There have been several examples of this in the past: – finance leases treated as operating leases – borrowings (usually convertible loan stock) being classified as equity – secured loans being treated as ‘sales’ (sale and repurchase agreements) – the non-consolidation of ‘special purpose vehicles’ (quasi subsidiaries) that have been used to raise finance – offsetting liabilities against assets (certain types of accounts receivable factoring) The other main area of creative accounting is that of increasing or smoothing profits. Examples of this are: – the use of inappropriate provisions (this reduces profit in good years and increases them in poor years) – not providing for liabilities, either at all or not in full, as they arise. This is often related to environmental provisions, decommissioning costs and constructive obligations. – restructuring costs not being charged to income (often related to a newly acquired subsidiary – the costs are effectively added to goodwill) It should be noted that recent International Accounting Standards have now prevented many of the above past abuses, however more recent examples of creative accounting are in use by some of the new Internet/Dot.com companies. Most of these companies do not (yet) make any profit so other performance criteria such as site ‘hits’, conversion rates (browsers turning into buyers), burn periods (the length of time cash resources are expected to last) and even sales revenues are massaged to give a more favourable impression.

(ii)

One of the primary characteristics of financial statements is reliability i.e. they must faithfully represent the transactions and other events that have occurred. It can be possible for the economic substance of a transaction (effectively its commercial intention) to be different from its strict legal position or ‘form’. Thus financial statements can only give a faithful representation of a company’s performance if the substance of its transactions is reported. It is worth stressing that there will be very few transactions where their substance is different from their legal form, but for those where it is, they are usually very important. This is because they are material in terms of their size or incidence, or because they may be intended to mislead.

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Common features which may indicate that the substance of a transaction (or series of connected transactions) is different from its legal form are: – Where the ownership of an asset does not rest with the party that is expected to experience the risks and reward relating to it (i.e. equivalent to control of the asset). – Where a transaction is linked with other related transactions. It is necessary to assess the substance of the series of connected transactions as a whole. – The use of options within contracts. It may be that options are either almost certain to be (or not to be) exercised. In such cases these are not really options at all and should be ignored in determining commercial substance. – Where assets are sold at values that differ from their fair values (either above or below fair values). Many complex transactions often contain several of the above features. Determining the true substance of transactions can be a difficult and sometimes subjective procedure. (b)

(i)

This is an example of consignment inventory. From Atkins’s point of view the main issue is whether or at what point in time the goods have been purchased and should therefore be recognised. As is often the case in these types of agreement there is conflicting evidence as to which party bears the risks and rewards relating to the vehicles. The manufacturer retains the legal right of ownership until the goods are paid for by Atkins. Consistent with this the manufacturer also has the right to have the goods returned or passed on to another supplier. The fact that Atkins may choose to return the goods to the manufacturer is also indicative that the manufacturer is exposed to the risk of obsolescence or falling values. These factors would seem to suggest that the vehicles have not been sold and should therefore remain in the inventory of the manufacturer and not be recognised in the accounting records of Atkins. There are, however, some contrary indications to this view. The price for the goods is fixed as of the date of transfer, not the date that they are deemed ‘sold’. This means that Atkins is protected from any price increases by the manufacturer. The 1·5% paid to the manufacturer appears to be in substance a finance charge, despite it being described as a ‘display charge’. A finance charge indicates that Atkins must have a liability to the manufacturer; in effect this liability is the account payable in respect of the cost of the vehicles. Although Atkins has a right of return, it cannot exercise this without a cost. There is an explicit freight cost, but this may not be the only cost. It could well be that Atkins may suffer poor future supplies from the manufacturer if it does return goods. The question says that Atkins has never taken advantage of this option, which would seem to suggest that it should be ignored. Conclusion: The substance of this transaction appears to suggest that the goods have been purchased by Atkins and the company is paying a finance cost. Therefore the vehicles should be recognised on Atkins’s balance sheet, together with the respective liability. It would seem logical that if Atkins considers the goods as purchased, then the manufacturer should consider them as sold. The problem is that prudence may prevent the manufacturer from recognising the profit on the sale, as the period for the right to return the goods has not expired. Therefore, either the sales are not recognised by the manufacturer (the goods would remain in its inventory), or if they are, a provision should be made in respect of the unrealised profits. This could lead to the unusual situation that the goods may appear on both companies’ balance sheets.

(ii)

Although the question says that Atkins has sold the land to Landbank and even though there will be a legal transfer of the land, the substance of this transaction is that of a secured loan. The two clauses in combination mean that in practice Atkins will repurchase the land on or before 1 October 2004. This is because if its value is above $3·2 million Atkins will exercise its option to purchase, conversely if the value is below $3·2 million Landbank plc will exercise its option to require a repurchase. Either way Atkins will repurchase the land. When this is understood it becomes clear that the difference between the ‘sale’ price of $2·4 million and the repurchase price of $3·2 million represents a finance charge on a secured loan. Assuming the land is sold: Income statement – year to 30 September 2002 Sales Cost of sales (3/5 x $2 million)

$

Profit on sale of land Balance sheet as at 30 September 2002 Non-current assets Development land ($2 million – $1·2 million above)

$ 2,400,000 1,200,000 –––––––––– 1,200,000

800,000

Assuming the arrangement is secured loan: Income statement – year to 30 September 2002 Interest on loan (10% of in substance loan of $2·4 million)

(240,000)

Balance sheet as at 30 September 2002 Non-current assets Development land at cost

2,000,000

Non-current liabilities Secured loan Accrued interest

2,400,000 240,000 –––––––––

(2,640,000)

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4

Cash Flow Statement of Nedberg for the Year to 30 September 2002: Cash flows from operating activities Net profit before interest and tax Adjustments for: Amortisation – development expenditure (w (i)) Amortisation – goodwill (200 – 180)

$m

130 20 –––

Depreciation – property, plant and equipment Amortisation of government grant (w (ii)) Loss on sale of plant Increase in inventory (1,420 – 940) Increase in accounts receivable (990 – 680) Increase in accounts payable (875 – 730)

$m 900

150 320 (90) 50 (480) (310) 145 –––– 685 (20) (130) –––– 535

Cash generated from operations Interest paid (30 – (15 – 5 accrual adjustments)) Income tax paid (w (iii)) Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase property, plant and equipment (w (iv)) Capitalised development costs (w (i)) Receipt of government grant Proceeds of sale of plant (w (iv)) Net cash from operating activities

(250) (500) 50 20 ––––

Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary shares (w (v)) Issue of loan notes (300 – 100) Dividends paid (200 final for 2001 + 120 interim for 2002)

(680)

450 200 (320) ––––

Net cash generated from financing activities

330 ––––

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

185 (115) –––– 70 ––––

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Workings (i) Development expenditure: Balance b/f Amount capitalised Amortisation – balancing figure

100 500 (130) –––– 470 ––––

Balance c/f (ii)

Government grant: Balance b/f Cash received Amortisation

300 50 (90) –––– 260 ––––

Balance c/f (iii) Income tax: Tax provision b/f Deferred tax b/f Charged to income statement Tax provision c/f Deferred tax c/f

160 140 270 (130) (310) –––– 130 ––––

Difference cash paid

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$m (iv) Property, plant and equipment: Balance b/f Revaluation surplus Plant acquired Depreciation Disposal at net book value – balancing figure

1,830 200 250 (320) (70) ––––– 1,890 –––––

Balance c/f Disposal of plant: Net book value from above Loss on sale (from question)

70 (50) ––– 20 –––

Difference is sale proceeds (v)

Share capital: Ordinary shares b/f Bonus issue 1 for 10 (from revaluation reserve) Ordinary shares c/f

(500) (50) 750 –––– 200 250 –––– 450 ––––

Difference issue for cash Plus increase in share premium (350 – 100) Total cash proceeds of issue of ordinary shares (vi) Reconciliation of reserve movements Revaluation reserve: Balance b/f Revaluation of buildings Bonus issue Transfer to realised profits

nil 200 (50) (10) –––– 140 ––––

Balance c/f Accumulated profits: Balance b/f Net profit for period Dividends – paid Dividends – declared

1,400 600 (120) (280) –––––

Transfer from revaluation reserve

(400) 10 –––––– 1,610 ––––––

Balance c/f (b)

$m

The cash flows generated from operations of $685 million are relatively healthy and more than adequate to pay the interest costs and taxation, but not as large as the equivalent profit figure. For most companies the operating cash flows tend to be higher than the profit before interest and tax due to the effects of depreciation/amortisation charges (which are not cash flows). In the case of Nedberg the depreciation/amortisation effect has been more than offset by a much higher investment in working capital of $645 million. Inventory has increased by over 50% and accounts receivable by 45%. This may be an indication of expanding activity, but it could also be an indication of poor inventory management policy and poor credit control, or even the presence of some obsolete inventory or unprovided bad accounts receivables. A cause of concern is the size of the dividends, at $400 million they represent 67% of the profit for the period and cash flows for dividends (last year’s final plus this year’s interim) are also high at $320 million. This is a very high distribution ratio, and it seems curious that the company is returning such large amounts to shareholders at the same time as they are raising finance. $450 million has been received from the issue of new shares and $200 million from a further issue of loan notes. The company has invested considerably in new plant ($250 million) and even more so in development expenditure ($500 million). If management has properly applied the capitalisation criteria in IAS 38 ‘Intangible Assets’, then this indicates that they expect good future returns from the investment in new products or processes. The net investment in non-current assets is $680 million which closely correlates to the proceeds from financing of $650 million. In general it is acceptable to finance increases in the capacity of non-current assets by raising additional finance, however operating cash flows should finance replacement of consumed fixed assets.

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5

(a)

(i)

The requirement in IAS 35 ‘Discontinuing Operations’ to provide an analysis between continuing and discontinuing operations is intended to improve the predictive usefulness of financial statements. In essence there can be no more important information when trying to assess the future performance of a company than to know which parts of it are continuing their operations and those which have ceased or been sold or are about to be in the near future. Only the results of continuing operations should be used in forecasting future results; profits or losses from discontinuing operations will not be repeated. Information on discontinued operations can also help to assess management’s strategy. One would expect loss-making activities to be sold or closed down, but selling a profitable activity may indicate that a company has liquidity or debt problems.

(ii)

If no information on continuing and discontinuing activities were available then the best estimate of the future profit of both companies would be $110 million (i.e. $100 million x 110%) Utilising the available information, a very different picture emerges: Gamma $ million 77

Forecast profit

Toga $ million 209

Gamma’s forecast is based on profit from continuing activities of $70 million increasing by 10% to $77 million. Toga’s forecast is also based on its continuing activities, but it is in two parts. The ‘existing’ activities that made profits of $90 million would be expected to produce profits of $99 million in 2003. Its newly acquired activities would be expected to produce profits of $110 million. The latter figure is based on the $50 million profit in 2002 being for only six months, a full year would have presumably yielded $100 million. In 2003 this would increase by 10% to $110 million. (b)

(i)

The trend shown by a comparison of a company’s profits over time is rather a ‘raw’ measure of performance and can be misleading without careful interpretation of all the events that the company has experienced. In the year to 30 September 2002, Taylor’s eps has increased by 25% (from 20 cents to 25 cents), whereas its profit has increased by a massive 67% (from $30 to $50 million). It is not possible to determine exactly what has caused the difference between the percentage increase in the eps and the percentage increase in the reported profit of Taylor, but a simpler example may illustrate a possible explanation. Assume company A acquired company B by way of a share exchange. Both companies had the same market value and the same profits. A comparison of A’s post combination profits with its pre-combination profits would be very misleading. They would have appeared to double. This is because the post combination figures incorporate both companies’ results, whereas the pre-combination profits would be those of company A alone (assuming it is not accounted for as a uniting of interest). The trend shown by the earnings per share goes some way to addressing such distortion. In the above the increase in post combination profit would also be accompanied by an increase in the issued share capital (due to the share exchange) thus the reported eps of company A would not be distorted by its acquisitive growth. It can therefore be argued that the trend of a company’s eps is a more reliable measure of its earnings performance than the trend shown by its reported profits.

(ii)

Both the convertible loan stock and the directors’ share options will give rise to dilution: 8% Loan stock – on conversion there will be 140 million new shares (200 million x 70/100) The interest saved, net of tax at 25%, will be $12 million ($200 million x 8% x 75%) The directors’ share options will yield income of $75 million (50 million x $1·50). At the market price of $2·50 this would be sufficient to purchase 30 million shares. As the options are for 50 million shares the dilutive effect of the options is 20 million shares. Diluted eps year to 30 September 2002: Earnings $62 million Number of shares 360 million Diluted eps 17·2 cents

(basic $50 million + $12 million re loan stock) (basic 200 million + 140 million re loan stock + 20 million re options)

(iii) The relevance of the diluted earnings per share measure is that it highlights the problem of relying too heavily on a company’s basic eps when trying to predict future performance. There can exist certain circumstances which may cause future eps to be lower than current levels irrespective of future profit performance. These are said to cause a dilution of the eps. Common examples of diluting circumstances are the existence of convertible loan stock or share options that may cause an increase in the future number of shares without being accompanied by a proportionate increase in earnings. It is important to realise that a diluted eps figure is not a prediction of what the future eps will be, but it is a ‘warning’ to shareholders that, based on the current level of earnings, the basic reported eps would be lower if the diluting circumstances had crystallised. Clearly future eps will be based on future profits and the number of shares in issue.

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(c)

There are two main reasons why the income tax charge in the financial statements is not at the same rate as the stated percentage. The first reason is that tax is payable on the taxable profits of a company, which may differ considerably from the accounting profit. Such differences may be because some items of income or expenditure included in the financial statements may be disallowable for tax purposes (or allowed in a different accounting period) and some taxation allowances (e.g. tax depreciation allowances) are not included in the accounting profit. These differences may be mitigated by deferred tax on temporary differences. The second reason for differences is that the income tax charge does not usually consist solely of the charge on the current year’s profit. Commonly the tax charge also includes an element of deferred tax (this may be a debit or credit) and possibly an adjustment to the previous year’s tax provision (due to it being settled at an amount different to the provision). Other more complex items such as withholding taxes on income and double (dual) taxation relief may also be included in the tax charge. The main reason why the income tax charge in the income statement differs to that in the cash flow statement is that the tax charge in the financial statements is a provision for tax that is normally settled in the following period. This means that the cash flow figure for tax actually paid is the amount needed to settle the previous year’s tax liability. Other differences may be due to items referred to above such as deferred tax movements that are not cash flows.

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) FInancial Reporting (International Stream)

December 2002 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one definitive solution. 1

(a)

(i)

Income statement: all line items 1 mark each except operating expenses Balance sheet: property, plant and equipment investments goodwill inventory and accounts receivable bank and loan note accounts payable and tax share capital share premium accumulated profits

marks 3 2

available maximum (ii)

Income statement: all line items 1/2 mark each profit b/f Hydrate and Sulphate, 1 mark each

2 2

Equity and reserves: share premium share premium of Sulphate now classed as a capital reserve accumulated profits – Hydrate plus Sulphate qccumulated profits – share capital adjustment available maximum (b)

1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 13

1 mark for each feature together with compliance comment Maximum for question

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1 1 1 1 8 7 5 25

marks 2

(a)

(b)

(c)

Income statement sales revenue cost of sales commission investment income plus operating expenses surplus on investment property (as income) loan interest preference dividend (as an expense) loss on revaluation of 15 year leasehold taxation available maximum

2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 9

available maximum

1 1 1 1 4 3

Changes in equity profit for period revaluation surplus of 25 year leasehold dividend transfers to realised profits

Balance sheet property, plant and equipment investment property inventory and cash accounts receivable trade and other payables income tax provision dividends deferred tax share capital revaluation reserves available maximum Maximum for question

3

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(b)

5 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 16 13 25

description of creative accounting examples of creative accounting maximum

2 3 5

maximum

2 3 5 6

importance of substance features indicating a difference between substance and legal form

(i)

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum

(ii)

1 mark per relevant point to a and 1 mark per correct figure in the financial statements to a

maximum maximum Maximum for question

3 6 25

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marks 4

5

(a)

net cash flows from operating activities 1 mark per item except – loan interest except – taxation capital expenditure – proceeds from the sale of the plant capital expenditure – other items,1 mark per component financing – equity shares financing – loan note equity dividends movement in cash and cash equivalents available maximum

8 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 23 20 5 25

(b)

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum Maximum for question

(a)

(i)

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum

3

(ii)

$110 for both companies if no information available applying the information available – $77 million for Gamma applying the information available – $209 million for Toga maximum

1 1 2 4

maximum

3

maximum

1 1 2 1 5

(iii) 1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum

4

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum Maximum for question

(b)

(c)

(i)

1 mark per relevant point to a

(ii)

number of shares re loan stock interest saved dilutive number of share re options calculation of diluted eps

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6 25

(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 5 JUNE 2003

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

In recent years Hillusion has acquired a reputation for buying modestly performing businesses and selling them at a substantial profit within a period of two to three years of their acquisition. On 1 July 2002 Hillusion acquired 80% of the ordinary share capital of Skeptik at a cost of $10,280,000. On the same date it also acquired 50% of Skeptik’s 10% loan notes at par. The summarised draft financial statements of both companies are: Income statements: Year to 31 March 2003 Hillusion $000 60,000 (42,000) ––––––– 18,000

Sales revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Loan interest received (paid)

(6,000) 75 ––––––– 12,075 (3,000) ––––––– 9,075 16,525 ––––––– 25,600 –––––––

Operating profit Taxation Profit after tax for the year Accumulated profit brought forward Accumulated profit per balance sheet

Tangible non-current Assets Investments Current Assets Total assets

Balance Sheets: as at 31 March 2003 19,320 11,280 ––––––– 30,600 15,000 ––––––– 45,600 –––––––

Equity and liabilities Ordinary shares of $1 each Accumulated profits Non-current liabilities 10% Loan notes Current liabilities Total equity and liabilities

Skeptik $000 24,000 (20,000) ––––––– 4,000 (200) (200) ––––––– 3,600 (600) ––––––– 3,000 5,400 ––––––– 8,400 ––––––– 8,000 nil ––––––– 8,000 8,000 ––––––– 16,000 –––––––

10,000 25,600 ––––––– 35,600

2,000 8,400 ––––––– 10,400

nil

2,000

10,000 ––––––– 45,600 –––––––

3,600 ––––––– 16,000 –––––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

The fair values of Skeptik’s assets were equal to their book values with the exception of its plant, which had a fair value of $3·2 million in excess of its book value at the date of acquisition. The remaining life of all of Skeptik’s plant at the date of its acquisition was four years and this period has not changed as a result of the acquisition. Depreciation of plant is on a straight-line basis and charged to cost of sales. Skeptik has not adjusted the value of its plant as a result of the fair value exercise.

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(ii) In the post acquisition period Hillusion sold goods to Skeptik at a price of $12 million. These goods had cost Hillusion $9 million. During the year Skeptik had sold $10 million (at cost to Skeptik) of these goods for $15 million. (iii) Hillusion bears almost all of the administration costs incurred on behalf of the group (invoicing, credit control etc.). It does not charge Skeptik for this service as to do so would not have a material effect on the group profit. (iv) Revenues and profits should be deemed to accrue evenly throughout the year. (v) The current accounts of the two companies were reconciled at the year-end with Skeptik owing Hillusion $750,000. (vi) Consolidated goodwill is to be written off as an operating expense over a three-year life. Time apportionment should be used in the year of acquisition. (vii) Hillusion uses the allowed alternative treatment in IAS 22 ‘Business Combinations’ for recording (and depreciating) the fair values of assets and liabilities in its consolidated financial statements. Required: (a) Prepare a consolidated income statement and balance sheet for Hillusion for the year to 31 March 2003 (20 marks) (b) Explain why it is necessary to eliminate unrealised profits when preparing group financial statements; and how reliance on the entity financial statements of Skeptik may mislead a potential purchaser of the company. (5 marks) (25 marks) Note: your answer should refer to the circumstances described in the question.

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The following trial balance relates to Allgone at 31 March 2003: $000 Sales revenue (note (i)) Purchases 127,850 Operating expenses 12,400 Loan interest paid 2,400 Preference dividend 1,000 Land and buildings – at valuation (note (ii)) 130,000 Plant and equipment – cost 84,300 Software – cost 1 April 2000 10,000 Stock market investments – valuation 1 April 2002 (note (iii)) 12,000 Depreciation 1 April 2002 – plant and equipment Depreciation 1 April 2002 – software Extraordinary item (note (iv)) 32,000 Trade receivables 23,000 Inventory – 1 April 2002 19,450 Bank Trade payables Ordinary shares of 25c each 10% Preference shares 12% Loan note (issued 1 July 2002) Deferred tax Revaluation reserve (relating to land and buildings and the investments) Accumulated profits – 1 April 2002 –––––––– 454,400 ––––––––

$000 236,200

24,300 6,000

350 15,200 60,000 20,000 40,000 3,000 45,000 4,350 –––––––– 454,400 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i) Sales include $8 million for goods sold in March 2003 for cash to Funders, a merchant bank. The cost of these goods was $6 million. Funders has the option to require Allgone to repurchase these goods within one month of the year-end at their original selling price plus a facilitating fee of $250,000. The inventory at 31 March 2003 was counted at a cost value of $8·5 million. This includes $500,000 of slow moving inventory that is expected to be sold for a net $300,000. (ii) Non-current assets: On 1 April 2002 Allgone revalued its land and buildings. The details are:

land building

cost 1 April 1997 $000 20,000 80,000

valuation 1 April 2002 $000 25,000 105,000

The building had an estimated life of 40 years when it was acquired and this has not changed as a result of the revaluation. Depreciation is on a straight-line basis. The surplus on the revaluation has been added to the revaluation reserve, but no other movements on the revaluation reserve have been recorded. Plant and equipment is depreciated at 20% per annum on the reducing balance basis. Software is depreciated by the sum of the digits method over a 5-year life. (iii) The investment represents 7·5% of the ordinary share capital of Wondaworld. Allgone has a policy of revaluing its investments at their market price at each year-end. Changes in value are taken to the revaluation reserve which at 1 April 2002 contained a surplus of $5 million for previous revaluations of the investments. The stock market price of Wondaworld’s ordinary shares was $2·50 each on 1 April 2002 and by 31 March 2003 this had fallen to $2·25.

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(iv) The extraordinary item is a loss incurred due to a fraud relating to the company’s investments. A senior employee of the company, who left in January 2002, had diverted investment funds into his private bank account. The fraud was discovered by the employee’s replacement in April 2002. It is unlikely that any of the funds will be recovered. Allgone has now implemented tighter procedures to prevent such a fraud recurring. The company has been advised that this loss will not qualify for any tax relief. (v) The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year to 31 March 2003 at $11·3 million. The deferred tax provision at 31 March 2003 is to be adjusted to reflect the tax base of the company’s net assets being $16 million less than their carrying values. The rate of income tax is 30%. The movement on deferred tax should be charged to the income statement. (vi) The directors declared a final ordinary dividend of 3c per share on 25 March 2003. Required: In accordance with International Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards as far as the information permits, prepare: (a) the Income Statement of Allgone for the year to 31 March 2003; and

(7 marks)

(b) the Statement of Changes in Equity for the year to 31 March 2003; and

(5 marks)

(c) a Balance Sheet as at 31 March 2003.

(13 marks)

Notes to the financial statements are not required. (25 marks)

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3

Revenue recognition is the process by which companies decide when and how much income should be included in the income statement. It is a topical area of great debate in the accounting profession. The IASB looks at revenue recognition from conceptual and substance points of view. There are occasions where a more traditional approach to revenue recognition does not entirely conform to the IASB guidance; indeed neither do some International Accounting Standards. Required: (a) Explain the implications that the IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (Framework) and the application of substance over form have on the recognition of income. Give examples of how this may conflict with traditional practice and some accounting standards. (6 marks) (b) Derringdo sells goods supplied by Gungho. The goods are classed as A grade (perfect quality) or B grade, having slight faults. Derringdo sells the A grade goods acting as an agent for Gungho at a fixed price calculated to yield a gross profit margin of 50%. Derringdo receives a commission of 12·5% of the sales it achieves for these goods. The arrangement for B grade goods is that they are sold by Gungho to Derringdo and Derringdo sells them at a gross profit margin of 25%. The following information has been obtained from Derringdo’s financial records: Inventory held on premises 1 April 2002

– – – – – –

Goods from Gungho year to 31 March 2003 Inventory held on premises 31 March 2003

A grade B grade A grade B grade A grade B grade

$000 2,400 1,000 18,000 8,800 2,000 1,250

Required: Prepare the income statement extracts for Derringdo for the year to 31 March 2003 reflecting the above information. (5 marks) (c) Derringdo acquired an item of plant at a gross cost of $800,000 on 1 October 2002. The plant has an estimated life of 10 years with a residual value equal to 15% of its gross cost. Derringdo uses straight-line depreciation on a time apportioned basis. The company received a government grant of 30% of its cost price at the time of its purchase. The terms of the grant are that if the company retains the asset for four years or more, then no repayment liability will be incurred. If the plant is sold within four years a repayment on a sliding scale would be applicable. The repayment is 75% if sold within the first year of purchase and this amount decreases by 25% per annum. Derringdo has no intention to sell the plant within the first four years. Derringdo’s accounting policy for capital based government grants is to treat them as deferred credits and release them to income over the life of the asset to which they relate. Required: (i)

Discuss whether the company’s policy for the treatment of government grants meets the definition of a liability in the IASB’s Framework; and (3 marks)

(ii) Prepare extracts of Derringdo’s financial statements for the year to 31 March 2003 in respect of the plant and the related grant: –

applying the company’s policy;

–

in compliance with the definition of a liability in the Framework. Your answer should consider whether the sliding scale repayment should be used in determining the deferred credit for the grant. (6 marks)

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(d) Derringdo sells carpets from several retail outlets. In previous years the company has undertaken responsibility for fitting the carpets in customers’ premises. Customers pay for the carpets at the time they are ordered. The average length of time from a customer ordering a carpet to its fitting is 14 days. In previous years, Derringdo had not recognised a sale in income until the carpet had been successfully fitted as the rectification costs of any fitting error would be expensive. From 1 April 2002 Derringdo changed its method of trading by sub-contracting the fitting to approved contractors. Under this policy the sub-contractors are paid by Derringdo and they (the subcontractors) are liable for any errors made in the fitting. Because of this Derringdo is proposing to recognise sales when customers order and pay for the goods, rather than when they have been fitted. Details of the relevant sales figures are:

Sales made in retail outlets for the year to 31 March 2003 Sales value of carpets fitted in the 14 days to 14 April 2002 Sales value of carpets fitted in the 14 days to 14 April 2003

$000 23,000 1,200 1,600

Note: the sales value of carpets fitted in the 14 days to 14 April 2002 are not included in the annual sales figure of $23 million, but those for the 14 days to 14 April 2003 are included. Required: Discuss whether the above represents a change of accounting policy, and, based on your discussion, calculate the amount that you would include in sales revenue for carpets in the year to 31 March 2003. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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4

Rytetrend is a retailer of electrical goods. Extracts from the company’s financial statements are set out below: Income statement for the year ended 31 March:

2003 $000

Sales revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Other operating expenses Operating profit Interest payable – loan notes Interest payable – overdraft

(260) (200) –––––

Profit before taxation Taxation Profit after taxation Dividends Net profit for the period Accumulated profits – brought forward Accumulated profits – carried forward

Balance Sheets as at 31 March Non-current assets (note (i))

Total assets

2,650 1,100 nil –––––

Equity and liabilities Ordinary capital ($1 shares) Share premium Accumulated profits Non-current liabilities 10% loan notes 6% loan notes Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade payables Proposed dividends (declared before the year end) Taxation Warranty provision (note (ii))

$000 31,800 (22,500) ––––––– 9,300 (5,440) ––––––– 3,860 (460) ––––––– 3,400 (1,000) ––––––– 2,400 (600) ––––––– 1,800 5,880 ––––––– 7,680 –––––––

$000

(500) ––––––– 2,400 (800) ––––––– 1,600 (400) ––––––– 1,200 4,680 ––––––– 5,880 –––––––

2002 $000 24,500

3,750 ––––––– 28,250 –––––––

$000

3,270 1,950 400 –––––––

$000 17,300

5,620 ––––––– 22,920 –––––––

11,500 1,500 7,680 ––––––– 20,680

10,000 nil 5,880 ––––––– 15,880

nil 2,000

4,000 nil

1,050 2,850

nil 1,980

450 720 500 –––––––

280 630 150 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities

$000 23,500 (16,000) ––––––– 7,500 (4,600) ––––––– 2,900

(500) nil –––––––

2003 $000

Current Assets Inventory Receivables Bank

2002

5,570 ––––––– 28,250 –––––––

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3,040 ––––––– 22,920 –––––––

Notes (i) The details of the non-current assets are:

At 31 March 2002 At 31 March 2003

Cost $000 27,500 37,250

Accumulated depreciation $000 10,200 12,750

Net book value $000 17,300 24,500

During the year there was a major refurbishment of display equipment. Old equipment that had cost $6 million in September 1998 was replaced with new equipment at a gross cost of $8 million. The equipment manufacturer had allowed Rytetrend a trade in allowance of $500,000 on the old display equipment. In addition to this Rytetrend used its own staff to install the new equipment. The value of staff time spent on the installation has been costed at $300,000, but this has not been included in the cost of the asset. All staff costs have been included in operating expenses. All display equipment held at the end of the financial year is depreciated at 20% on its cost. No equipment is more than five years old. (ii) Operating expenses contain a charge of $580,000 for the cost of warranties on the goods sold by Rytetrend. The company makes a warranty provision when it sells its products and cash payments for warranty claims are deducted from the provision as they are settled. Required: (a) Prepare a cash flow statement for Rytetrend for the year ended 31 March 2003.

(12 marks)

(b) Write a report briefly analysing the operating performance and financial position of Rytetrend for the years ended 31 March 2002 and 2003. (13 marks) Your report should be supported by appropriate ratios.

(25 marks)

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5

(a) Most companies prepare their financial statements under the historical cost convention. In times of rising prices it has been said that without modification such financial statements can be misleading. Required: (i)

Explain the problems that can be encountered when users rely on financial statements prepared under the historical cost convention for their information needs. (6 marks) Note: your answer should consider problems with the income statement and the balance sheet.

(ii) Update has been considering the effect of alternative methods of preparing their financial statements. As an example they picked an item of plant that they acquired from Suppliers on 1 April 2000 at a cost of $250,000. The following details have been obtained: – –

the company policy is to depreciate plant at 20% per annum on the reducing balance basis. the movement in the retail price index has been: 1 April 2000 1 April 2001 1 April 2002 31 March 2003

–

180 202 206 216

Suppliers’ price catalogue at 31 March 2003 shows an item of similar plant at a cost of $320,000. On reading the specification it appears that the new model can produce 480 units per hour whereas the model owned by Update can only produce 420 units per hour.

Required: Calculate for Update the depreciation charge for the plant for the year to 31 March 2003 (based on year end values) and its balance sheet carrying value on that date using: –

the historical cost basis;

–

a current purchasing power basis; and

–

a current cost basis.

(6 marks)

(b) Extracts of Niagara’s consolidated income statement for the year to 31 March 2003 are: $000 36,000 (21,000) –––––––– 15,000 (6,200) –––––––– 8,800 1,500 (800) (4,000) ––––––– 5,500 (2,800) ––––––– 2,700 (115) ––––––– 2,585 –––––––

Sales Cost of sales Gross profit Other operating expenses Operating profit Income from associated companies Interest payable Impairment of non-current assets Profit before tax Taxation Profit after tax Minority interest Profit for financial year

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The impairment of non-current assets attracted tax relief of $1 million which has been included in the tax charge. Niagara paid an interim ordinary dividend of 3c per share in June 2002 and declared a final dividend on 25 March 2003 of 6c per share. The issued share capital of Niagara on 1 April 2002 was: Ordinary shares of 25c each 8% Preference shares

$3 million $1 million

The preference shares are non-redeemable. The company also had in issue $2 million 7% convertible loan stock dated 2005. The loan stock will be redeemed at par in 2005 or converted to ordinary shares on the basis of 40 new shares for each $100 of loan stock at the option of the stockholders. Niagara’s income tax rate is 30%. There are also in existence directors’ share warrants (issued in 2001) which entitle the directors to receive 750,000 new shares in total in 2005 at no cost to the directors. The following share issues took place during the year to 31 March 2003: –

1 July 2002; a rights issue of 1 new share at $1·50 for every 5 shares held. The market price of Niagara’s shares the day before the rights was $2·40.

–

1 October 2002; an issue of $1 million 6% non-redeemable preference shares at par.

Both issues were fully subscribed. Niagara’s basic earnings per share in the year to 31 March 2002 was correctly disclosed as 24c. Required: Calculate for Niagara for the year to 31 March 2003: (i)

the dividend cover and explain its significance;

(ii) the basic earnings per share including the comparative;

(3 marks) (4 marks)

(iii) the fully diluted earnings per share (ignore comparative); and advise a prospective investor of the significance of the diluted earnings per share figure. (6 marks) (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

June 2003 Answers

Hillusion Consolidated income statement for the year to 31 March 2003 $000 Sales revenue (60,000 + (24,000 x 9/12) – 12,000 intra-group sales) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses (6,000 + (200 x 9/12) + 300 goodwill (w (ii)) Loan interest ((200 x 9/12) – 75 intra-group))

(6,450) (75) ––––––––

Taxation (3,000 + (600 x 9/12)) Profit after tax Minority interest (((3,000 x 9/12) – 600 depreciation adjustment) x 20%) Profit after tax and minority interest Accumulated profit b/f Accumulated profit c/f Consolidated balance sheet at 31 March 2003 Non-current assets Goodwill (w (ii) 1,200 – 300) Tangible non-current Assets (19,320 + 8,000 + 3,200 – 600 depreciation adjustment (w (i))) Current Assets (w (v)) Total assets Equity and liabilities Ordinary shares of $1 each Reserves: Accumulated profits (w (iii))

$000 66,000 (46,100) –––––––– 19,900 (6,525) –––––––– 13,375 (3,450) –––––––– 9,925 (330) –––––––– 9,595 16,525 –––––––– 26,120 ––––––––

900 29,920 –––––––– 30,820 21,750 –––––––– 52,570 –––––––– 10,000 26,120 –––––––– 36,120 2,600

Minority interest (w (iv)) Non-current liabilities 10% Loan notes (2,000 – 1,000 intra-group)

1,000

Current liabilities (w (v))

12,850 –––––––– 52,570 ––––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings in $000 (i)

Cost of sales Hillusion Skeptik (20,000 x 9/12) Intra-group sales URP in inventory Additional depreciation

42,000 15,000 (12,000) 500 600 –––––––– 46,100 ––––––––

The unrealised profit (URP) in inventory is calculated as: Intra-group sales are $12 million of which Skeptik has sold on $10 million leaving $2 million (1/6) still in inventory at the year-end. The cost of the sales made by Hillusion to Skeptik was $9 million giving Hillusion a profit of $3 million (12m – 9m). The unrealised element of this is $500,000 ($3 million x 1/6). The fair value adjustment to the tangible non-current assets is $3·2 million. At the date of acquisition they have a remaining life of four years. Additional depreciation would be $800,000 per annum which requires apportioning by 9/12 = $600,000.

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(ii)

Goodwill/Cost of control in Skeptik: Investment at cost (11,280 – 1,000) Less – ordinary shares of Skeptik (2,000 x 80%) – pre-acquisition reserves (6,150 x 80% (see below)) – fair value adjustments (3,200 x 80%)

10,280 (1,600) (4,920) (2,560) ––––––––

Goodwill on consolidation Goodwill amortisation will be $1,200/3 x 9/12 =

(10,080) –––––––– 1,200 –––––––– 300 ––––––––

The pre-acquisition reserves are: Brought forward 1 April 2002 To date of acquisition (3,000 x 3/12)

5,400 750 –––––––– 6,150 ––––––––

(iii) Consolidated reserves: Hillusion’s reserves 25,600 Skeptik’s post acquisition (((3,000 x 9/12) – 600 depreciation adjustment (w (i))) x 80%) 1,320 URP in inventory (see (i)) (500) Goodwill amortisation (w (ii) above) (300) –––––––– 26,120 –––––––– (iv) Minority interest Ordinary shares of Skeptik (2,000 x 20%) Fair value adjustments (3,200 x 20%) Accumulated profits ((8,400 – 600 depreciation adjustment (w (i))) x 20%)

(v)

Current assets and liabilities Current assets: Hillusion Skeptik URP in inventory Intra-group balance

400 640 1,560 –––––––– 2,600 ––––––––

15,000 8,000 (500) (750) –––––––– 21,750 ––––––––

Current liabilities Hillusion Skeptik Intra-group balance

10,000 3,600 (750) –––––––– 12,850 ––––––––

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(b)

The main reason why intra-group unrealised profits must be eliminated on consolidation is to achieve the main objective of group financial statements which is to show the position of the group as if it were a single economic entity. As such, a group cannot trade with itself, nor can it make a profit out of itself. In a similar way it cannot increase its sales or its net assets by transferring assets and liabilities between members of the group. As a simple illustrative example, but for the requirement to eliminate intra-group profits, a group could buy an item of inventory; sell it to another member of the group (at a profit), who in turn could sell it to another member of the group and so on. The result would be that each member of the group would make a profit which would then be combined to form a large group profit. This would be ‘balanced’ by an over inflated inventory value in the balance sheet (in practice this effect would be limited by the application of the lower of cost and net realisable value principle of valuing inventory). Such accounting would not show a true and fair view. The main problem with using Skeptik’s entity financial statements to assess its performance is that it is a related party of its parent, Hillusion. Related party transactions can distort the true economic performance and financial position of a company. In this case, the related party relationship extends to complete control of Skeptik by Hillusion. From the information in the question, it can be seen that most of Skeptik’s trading is from goods it buys from Hillusion. Sales of non-group sourced goods are only $9 million (out of $24 million). It may be that these have been transferred at a favourable price allowing Skeptik to achieve a higher level of sales and make a higher than normal profit. Ultimately this course of action is no real detriment to the group as a whole as most of Skeptik’s profits (and all of them if it were 100% owned) are consolidated into the group profit. In a similar manner the fact that Hillusion does not make any charge for Skeptik’s administration costs acts to increase Skeptik’s profit. If Skeptik was to be purchased by an external party, all these beneficial effects would cease and Skeptik’s profit would then be much lower. It could be observed that Hillusion may be ‘massaging’ Skeptik’s financial statements with a view to obtaining a favourable price on its future sale. Hillusion’s past record of success in selling previous businesses at a considerable profit after only a short period of ownership supports this view.

2

(a)

Allgone Income Statement – Year to 31 March 2003 $000 228,200 (150,000) ––––––––– 78,200 (12,400) ––––––––– 65,800 (3,850) ––––––––– 61,950 (13,100) ––––––––– 48,850 –––––––––

Sales revenue (236,200 – 8,000 (see below)) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses Profit from operations Financing cost (w (ii)) Profit before tax Taxation (w (iii)) Net profit from ordinary activities for the period

The sale of goods to Funders is an attempt to ‘window dress’ the balance sheet by improving its liquidity position. It is in substance a (short term) loan with a finance cost of $250,000. (b)

Allgone – Statement of Changes in Equity – Year to 31 March 2003 Ordinary Shares $000 Balance at 1 April 2002 60,000 Fundamental error (see below) ––––––– Restated balance 60,000 Surplus on revaluation of land and buildings (w (iv)) Transfer to realised profits re building (35,000/35 years) Deficit on value of investments Net profit for the period Dividends – Preference (1,000 + 1,000) – Final ordinary (60,000 x 4 x 3c) ––––––– Balance at 31 March 2003 60,000 –––––––

Revaluation reserve $000 5,000 ––––––– 5,000 40,000 (1,000) (1,200)

––––––– 42,800 –––––––

Accumulated profits $000 4,350 (32,000) –––––––– (27,650)

Total $000 69,350 (32,000) –––––––– 37,350 40,000

1,000 48,850 (2,000) (7,200) ––––––– 13,000 –––––––

(1,200) 48,850 (2,000) (7,200) –––––––– 115,800 ––––––––

The discovery of the major fraud is not an extraordinary item. As it occurred in previous years and is so fundamental, it should be treated as a prior period adjustment.

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(c)

Allgone – Balance Sheet as at 31 March 2003 Non-current assets Software (w (iv)) Property, plant and equipment (w (iv)) Investments (12,000 – 1,200 (w (iv))) Current Assets Inventory (w (i)) Trade receivables

$000

14,300 23,000 –––––––

Total assets Total equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of 25c each 10% Preference shares $1 each Reserves: Accumulated profits (see (b) above) Revaluation reserve (see (b) above)

37,300 –––––––– 225,100 –––––––– 60,000 20,000 –––––––– 80,000

13,000 42,800 –––––––

Non-current liabilities (w (v)) Current liabilities Trade payables Bank overdraft In substance loan from Funders Accrued finance costs (1,200 + 250 (w (ii))) Taxation Proposed dividends (1,000 + 7,200)

$000 2,000 175,000 10,800 –––––––– 187,800

15,200 350 8,000 1,450 11,300 8,200 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities

55,800 –––––––– 135,800 44,800

44,500 –––––––– 225,100 ––––––––

Workings (i) Cost of sales: Opening inventory Purchases Depreciation (w (iv)) – software – building – plant Closing inventory (8,500 – 200 + 6,000 see below)

$000 19,450 127,850 2,000 3,000 12,000 (14,300) –––––––– 150,000 ––––––––

The slow moving inventory requires a write down of $200,000 to its net realisable value of $300,000. The cost of the goods of the sale and repurchase agreement ($6 million) should be treated as inventory. (ii)

Finance costs: Per question Accrued loan interest (see below) Accrued facilitating fee for in substance loan (treated as a finance cost)

2,400 1,200 250 –––––––– 3,850 ––––––––

The loan has been in issue for nine months, but only six months interest has been paid. Accrued interest of $1,200,000 is required. (iii) Taxation: Provision for year Deferred tax (see below)

11,300 1,800 –––––––– 13,100 ––––––––

The difference between the tax base of the assets and their carrying value of $16 million would require a balance sheet provision for deferred tax of $4·8 million (at 30%). The opening provision is $3 million, thus an additional charge of $1·8 million is required.

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(iv) Non-current assets/depreciation/revaluation: The software was purchased on 1 April 2000 with a five-year life. The depreciation for the year to 31 March 2003 will be for the third year of its life. Using the sum of the digits method this will be 3/15 of the cost i.e. $2 million. This will give accumulated depreciation of $8 million ($6 million b/f + $2 million). Land and buildings

Buildings $000 80,000 (10,000) –––––––– 70,000 105,000 –––––––– 35,000 ––––––––

Cost 1 April 1997 Five years’ depreciation (80,000 x 5/40) Net book value prior to revaluation Valuation 1 April 2002 Revaluation surplus Depreciation year to 31 March 2003 (105,000/35 years)

Land and building (25 + 105) Plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment

12,000

cost/valuation $000 130,000 84,300 –––––––– 214,300 ––––––––

accumulated depreciation $000 3,000 36,300 –––––––– 39,300 ––––––––

Net book value $000 127,000 48,000 –––––––– 175,000 ––––––––

10,000 ––––––––

8,000 ––––––––

2,000 ––––––––

Software

Revaluation reserve: Per trial balance Loss of value of investments (12,000 – (12,000 x 2·25/2·50)) Transfer to realised profits re building (35,000/35 years) Balance at 31 March 2003 (v)

3

(a)

25,000 ––––––– 5,000 –––––––

3,000

Plant depreciation ((84,300 – 24,300) x 20%) Summarising:

Land $000 20,000

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax (3,000 + 1,800 (w (iii))) 12% Loan note

45,000 (1,200) (1,000) –––––––– 42,800 –––––––– 4,800 40,000 –––––––– 44,800 ––––––––

The Framework advocates that revenue recognition issues are resolved within the definition of assets (gains) and liabilities (losses). Gains include all forms of income and revenue as well as gains on non-revenue items. Gains and losses are defined as increases or decreases in net assets other than those resulting from transactions with owners. Thus in its Framework, the IASB takes a balance sheet approach to defining revenue. In effect a recognisable increase in an asset results in a gain. The more traditional view, which is largely the basis used in IAS 18 ‘Revenue’, is that (net) revenue recognition is part of a transactions based accruals or matching process with the balance sheet recording any residual assets or liabilities such as receivables and payables. The issue of revenue recognition arises out of the need to report company performance for specific periods. The Framework identifies three stages in the recognition of assets (and liabilities): initial recognition, when an item first meets the definition of an asset; subsequent remeasurement, which may involve changing the value (with a corresponding effect on income) of a recognised item; and possible derecognition, where an item no longer meets the definition of an asset. For many simple transactions both the Framework’s approach and the traditional approach (IAS 18) will result in the same profit (net income). If an item of inventory is bought for $100 and sold for $150, net assets have increased by $50 and the increase would be reported as a profit. The same figure would be reported under the traditional transactions based reporting (sales of $150 less cost of sales of $100). However, in more complex areas the two approaches can produce different results. An example of this would be deferred income. If a company received a fee for a 12 month tuition course in advance, IAS 18 would treat this as deferred income (on the balance sheet) and release it to income as the tuition is provided and matched with the cost of providing the tuition. Thus the profit would be spread (accrued) over the period of the course. If an asset/liability approach were taken, then the only liability the company would have after the receipt of the fee would be for the cost of providing the course. If only this liability is recognised in the balance sheet, the whole of the profit on the course would be recognised on receipt of the income. This is not a prudent approach and has led to criticism of the Framework for this very reason. Arguably the treatment of government grants under IAS 20 (as deferred income) does not comply with the Framework as deferred income does not meet the definition of a liability. Other standards that may be in conflict with the Framework are the use of the accretion approach in IAS 11 ‘Construction Contracts’ and a deferred tax liability in IAS 12 ‘Income Tax’ may not fully meet the Framework’s definition of a liability.

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The principle of substance over form should also be applied to revenue recognition. An example of where this can impact on reporting practice is on sale and repurchase agreements. Companies sometimes ‘sell’ assets to another company with the right to buy them back on predetermined terms that will almost certainly mean that they will be repurchased in the future. In substance this type of arrangement is a secured loan and the ‘sale’ should not be treated as revenue. A less controversial area of the application of substance in relation to revenue recognition is with agency sales. IAS 18 says, where a company sells goods acting as an agent, those sales should not be treated as sales of the agent, instead only the commission from the sales is income of the agent. Recently several Internet companies have been accused of boosting their revenue figures by treating agency sales as their own. (b)

Sales made by Derringdo of goods from Gungho must be treated under two separate categories. Sales of the A grade goods are made by Derringdo acting as an agent of Gungho. For these sales Derringdo must only record in income the amount of commission (12·5%) it is entitled to under the sales agreement. There may also be a receivable or payable for Gungho in the balance sheet. Sales of the B grade goods are made by Derringdo acting as a principal, not an agent. Thus they will be included in sales with their cost included in cost of sales. $000 16,000 (8,550) ––––––– 7,450

Sales revenue (4,600 (w (i)) + 11,400 w (ii)) Cost of sales (w (ii)) Gross profit Workings: (all figures in $000) (i) Opening inventory Transfers/purchases

A grade 2,400 18,000 ––––––– 20,400 (2,000) ––––––– 18,400 36,800 ––––––– 18,400

Closing inventory Cost of sales Selling price (to give 50% gross profit) Gross profit Commission (12·5% x 36,800) (ii)

4,600 B grade 1,000 8,800 ––––––– 9,800 (1,250) ––––––– 8,550

Opening inventory Transfers/purchases Closing inventory Cost of sales Selling price (8,550 x 4/3 see below)

11,400 –––––––

A gross profit margin of 25% is equivalent to a mark up on cost of 1/3. Thus if cost of sale is multiplied by 4/3 this will give the relevant selling price. (c)

(i)

The IASB’s Framework defines liabilities as obligations to transfer economic benefits as a result of past transactions. Such transfers of economic benefits are to third parties and normally as cash payments. Traditionally and in compliance with IAS 20 ’Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance’, capital based government grants are treated as deferred credits and spread over the life of the related assets. This is the application of the matching concept. A strict interpretation of the Framework would not normally allow deferred credits to be treated as liabilities as there is usually no obligation to transfer economic benefits. In this particular example the only liability that may occur in respect of the grant would be if Derringdo were to sell the related asset within four years of its purchase. A possible argument would be that the grant should be treated as a reducing liability (in relation to a potential repayment) over the four-year claw back period. On closer consideration this would not be appropriate. The repayment would only occur if the asset were sold, thus it is potentially a contingent liability. As Derringdo has no intention to sell the asset there is no reason to believe that the repayment will occur, thus it is not a reportable contingent liability. The implication of this is that the company’s policy for the government grant does not comply with the definition of a liability in the Framework. Applying the guidance in the Framework would require the whole of the grant to be included in income as it is ‘earned’ i.e. in the year of receipt.

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(ii)

Treatment under the company’s policy Income statement extract year to 31 March 2003 Depreciation – plant ((800,000 – 120,000 estimated residual value)/10 years x 6/12) Government grant ((800,000 x 30%)/10 years x 6/12) Balance sheet extracts as at 31 March 2003 Non-current assets: Plant at cost Accumulated depreciation

$ Dr 34,000 Cr 12,000

800,000 (34,000) –––––––– 766,000 ––––––––

Current liabilities: Government grant (240,000/10 years)

24,000

Non-current liabilities: Government grant (240,000 – 12,000 – 24,000) Treatment under the Framework Income statement extract year to 31 March 2003 Depreciation – plant ((800,000 – 120,000 estimated residual value)/10 years x 6/12) Government grant (whole amount) Balance sheet extracts as at 31 March 2003 Non-current assets: Plant at cost Accumulated depreciation

(d)

204,000

Dr 34,000 Cr 240,000

800,000 (34,000) –––––––– 766,000 ––––––––

On first impression, it appears that the company has changed its accounting policy from recognising carpet sales at the point of fitting to recognising them at the point when they are ordered and paid for. If this were the case then the new accounting policy should be applied as if it had always been in place and the income recognised in the year to 31 March 2003 would be $23 million. Without the change in policy, sales would have been $22·6 million (23m + 1·2m – 1·6m). Sales made from the retail premises during the current year, but not yet fitted ($1·6 million) will not be recognised until the following period. A corresponding adjustment is made recognising the equivalent figure ($1·2 million) from the previous year. The difference between the $23 million and $22·6 million would be a prior year adjustment (less the cost of sales relating to this amount). This analysis assumes that the figures are material. Despite first impressions, the above is not a change of accounting policy. This is because a change of accounting policy only occurs where the same circumstances are treated differently. In this case there are different circumstances. Derringdo has changed its method of trading; it is no longer responsible for any errors that may occur during the fitting of the carpets. An accounting policy that is applied to circumstances that differ from previous circumstances is not a change of accounting policy. Thus the amount to be recognised in income for the year to 31 March 2003 would be $24·2 million (23m + 1·2m). Whilst this appears to boost the current year’s income it would be mitigated by the payments to the sub-contractors for the carpet fitting.

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4

(a)

Rytetrend – Cash Flow Statement for the year to 31 March 2003: Cash flows from operating activities Note: figures in brackets are in $000 Operating profit per question Capitalisation of installation costs less depreciation (300 – 60) (w (i)) Adjustments for: depreciation of non-current assets (w (i)) loss on disposal of plant (w (i))

$000

240 7,410 700 ––––––

increase in warranty provision (500 – 150) decrease in inventory (3,270 – 2,650) decrease in receivables (1,950 – 1,100) increase in payables (2,850 – 1,980)

8,110 350 620 850 870 ––––––– 14,900 (460) (910) ––––––– 13,530 (15,550) ––––––– (2,020)

Cash generated from operations Interest paid Income taxes paid (w (ii)) Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities (w (i)) Cash flows from financing activity: Issue of ordinary shares (1,500 + 1,500) Issue of 6% loan note Repayment of 10% loan notes Ordinary dividends paid (280 + (600 – 450) interim)

3,000 2,000 (4,000) (430) –––––––

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Workings (i) Non-current assets – cost Balance b/f Disposal Balance c/f (37,250 + 300 re installation)

570 ––––––– (1,450) 400 ––––––– (1,050) –––––––

$000 27,500 (6,000) (37,550) ––––––– (16,050) 500 ––––––– (15,550) –––––––

Cost of assets acquired Trade in allowance Cash flow for acquisitions Depreciation Balance b/f Disposal (6,000 x 20% x 4 years) Balance c/f (12,750 + (300 x 20%))

(10,200) 4,800 12,810 ––––––– 7,410 –––––––

Difference – charge for year Disposal Cost Depreciation

6,000 (4,800) ––––––– 1,200 (500) ––––––– 700 –––––––

Net book value Trade in allowance Loss on sale (ii)

$000 3,860

Income tax paid: Provision b/f Income statement tax charge Provision c/f

(630) (1,000) 720 ––––––– (910) –––––––

Difference cash paid

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(b)

Report on the financial performance of Rytetrend for the year ended 31 March 2003 To: From: Date: Operating performance (i)

revenue up $8·3 million representing an increase of 35% on 2002 figures.

(ii)

costs of sales up by $6·5 million (40% increase on 2002)

Overall the increase in activity has led to an increase in gross profit of $1·8 million, however the gross profit margin has eased slightly from 31·9% in 2002 to 29·2% in 2003. Perhaps the slight reduction in margins gave a boost to sales. (iii) operating expenses have increased by $600,000 (($5,440,000 – $240,000) – $4,600,000), an increase of 13% on 2002 figures. (iv) interest costs reduced by $40,000. It is worth noting that the composition of them has changed. It appears that Rytetrend has taken advantage of a cyclic reduction in borrowing cost and redeemed its 10% loan notes and (partly) replaced these with lower cost 6% loan notes. From the interest cost figure, this appears to have taken place half way through the year. Although borrowing costs on long-term finance have decreased, other factors have led to a substantial overdraft which has led to further interest of $200,000. (v)

The accumulated effect is an increase in profit before tax of $1·24 million (up 51·7% on 2002) which is reflected by an increase in dividends of $200,000.

(vi) The company has invested heavily in acquiring new non-current assets (over $15 million – see cash flow statement). The refurbishment of the equipment may be responsible for the increase in the company’s sales and operating performance. Analysis of financial position (vii) Inventory and receivables have both decreased markedly. Inventory is now at 43 days from 75 days, this may be due to new arrangements with suppliers or that the different range of equipment that Rytetrend now sells may offer less choice requiring lower inventory. Receivables are only 13 days (from 30 days). This low figure is probably a reflection of a retailing business and the fall from the 2002 figure may mark a reduction in sales made by credit cards. (viii) Although trade payables have increased significantly, they still represent only 46 days (based on cost of sales) which is almost the same as in 2002. (ix) A very worrying factor is that the company has gone from net current assets of $2,580,000 to net current liabilities of $1,820,000. This is mainly due to a combination of the above mentioned items: decreased inventory and receivables and increased trade payables leading to a fall in cash balances of $1,450,000. That said, traditionally acceptable norms for liquidity ratios are not really appropriate to a mainly retailing business. (x)

Long-term borrowing has fallen by $2 million; this has lowered gearing from 20% (4,000,000/19,880,000) to only 9% (2,000,000/22,680,00). This is a very modest level of gearing.

The cash flow statement This indicates very healthy cash flows generated from operations of $14,900,000, more than sufficient to pay interest costs, taxation and dividends. The main reason why the overall cash balance has fallen is that new non-current assets (costing over $15 million) have largely been financed from operating cash flows (only $1 million net of new capital has been raised). If Rytetrend continues to generate operating cash flows in the order of the current year, its liquidity will soon get back to healthy levels. Note: The above analysis takes into account the net effect of capitalising the staff costs. 5

(a)

(i)

The most common problem associated with the use of historical cost financial statements is that they can be misleading and can distort comparisons with other companies’ financial statements. The problems relate to both the income statement and the balance sheet. In times of rising prices historical values in the balance sheet can quickly become irrelevant. Where current values are significantly higher than carrying values the following problems can be identified: (i)

The value of the net assets is equal to the capital employed of an entity. Many important accounting ratios are based on these figures e.g. the return on capital employed, asset utilisation ratios etc. The usefulness of such ratios is limited if the net assets/capital employed are understated.

(ii)

Due to the above, inter company comparison of performance can be invalidated. This point is not immediately obvious as many people may consider that as long as historical cost is compared with historical cost then the comparison is being made on a consistent basis. This is not the case. Historical cost can be thought of as ‘mixed’ values’ in that historical costs may represent out of date values (when particular assets were acquired many years ago), but in other cases they may represent current values (when assets have been acquired recently). Thus equivalent assets may be shown at considerably different values.

(iii) Understatement of asset values tends to overstate gearing (another important ratio), and leads to a low asset per share value and can make the company vulnerable to a take over.

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(iv) Where assets, particularly land and buildings, are being used as security to raise finance, it is the current value that lenders are interested in, not historical values. The problems historical costs cause in the income statement are mainly due to certain costs being understated in terms of their current cost. Most notable of these are depreciation charges being based on out of date values of their respective assets and the cost of sales figure may be understated as it does not include current values for bought in items or manufactured goods. The understatement of operating costs leads to an overstatement of profit. There is a possibility that this may lead to higher taxation, wage demands and dividend expectation (based on overstated earnings per share). The combination of these effects is that a company may overspend or over distribute its profits and not maintain its capital base. The above problems affect all users not just shareholders. Managers may not be allocating scarce resources in an optimal way, lenders can be misled (as above), arguably the government is not levying taxes on a fair basis, employees may not be aware of the wealth (or added value) that they are generating, and analysts and advisors encounter comparability problems. (ii)

Non-current assets as at 31 March 2003

Cost/valuation Accumulated depreciation Carrying value

historical cost $ 250,000 (122,000) –––––––– 128,000 ––––––––

Income statement extract year to 31 March 2003 Depreciation of plant 32,000

current purchasing power $ 300,000 (146,400) –––––––– 153,600 ––––––––

current cost $ 280,000 (136,640) –––––––– 143,360 ––––––––

38,400

35,840

Workings: Historical cost: Depreciation at 20% on $250,000 on the reducing balance method would give depreciation of $50,000 in the year to 31 March 2001; $40,000 ((250,000 – 50,000) x 20%) in the year to 31 March 2002; and $32,000 ((250,000 – 50,000 – 40,000) x 20%) in the year to 31 March 2003. The accumulated depreciation at 31 March 2003 is $122,000 (50,000 + 40,000 + 32,000). Current purchasing power: The historical cost of the asset will be remeasured using the increase in the RPI. Thus the CPP cost will be: $250,000 x 216/180 = $300,000 The remaining figures are calculated as per the historical cost method only using $300,000 as the cost. Current (replacement) cost: Although the list price of the new model is $320,000, the two are not directly comparable as the new model is more efficient than the old. A sensible approach would be to reduce the cost of the new model in proportion to its increased efficiency. Equivalent cost $320,000 x 420/480 = $280,000. The remaining figures are calculated on a similar basis to the historical cost figures. (b)

(i)

The ordinary dividends for the year to 31 March 2003 are: Interim (12 million (3 million x $1/25c) x 3c) Final (12 million x 1·2 x 6c)

Earnings attributable to ordinary shares (see (ii)) Dividend cover (2,475,000/1,224,000)

$ 360,000 864,000 –––––––––– 1,224,000 –––––––––– 2,475,000 2·02 times

The dividend cover is the number of times the current year’s ordinary dividends could have been paid out of the current year’s profit attributable to ordinary shareholders. It is an indication of the company’s dividend policy i.e. a company having a dividend cover of three has paid out one third of its profit as dividends. In terms of maintainable dividends, the dividend cover is a basic measure of risk, the higher the dividend cover the less is the risk that dividends would be reduced if profits suffer a downturn. Conversely, a low dividend cover means that future dividends are more vulnerable to a deterioration in profit. A dividend cover of less than one means the company has used previous years’ retained earnings to pay the current year’s dividend. This is not a good sign and is not sustainable in the long term.

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(ii)

All items in arriving at the profit for the financial year are included in the calculation of the earnings per share. Earnings attributable to the ordinary shares are after the payment of preference dividends: $ 80,000 30,000 ––––––––– 110,000 –––––––––

8% on $1 million for full year new issue 6% on $1 million for six months

Earnings attributable to ordinary shares (2,585,000 – 110,000) 2,475,000 Weighted average number of shares in issue: Calculation of theoretical ex-rights price: 100 shares at $2·40 would be worth 240 rights to 20 shares at $1·50 each costing 30 120 shares now worth 270 This gives a theoretical ex-rights value of $2·25 per share ($270/120) Weighted average calculation: 12,000,000 x $2·4/$2·25 x 3/12 3,200,000 14,400,000 (12 million x 1·2) x 9/12 10,800,000 ––––––––––– Weighted average number 14,000,000 ––––––––––– Earnings per share is 17·7c ($2,475,000/14,000,000 x 100) Restated earnings per share for the year to 31 March 2002 is 22·5c (24 x 2·25/2·40) (iii) Fully diluted earnings per share On conversion the loan stock would create an extra 800,000 new shares ($2 million x 40/$100) The effect on earnings would be a saving of interest of $140,000 ($2 million x 7%) before tax and $98,000 after tax (140,000 x (100% – 30%)) The directors’ warrants would create an additional 750,000 new shares without any effect on earnings. Fully diluted earnings per share is 16·5c ((2,475,000 + 98,000)/(14,000,000 + 800,000 + 750,000)) The basic earnings per share is a measure of past performance. The diluted earnings per share figure is more forward looking and is intended to act as a warning to existing and prospective shareholders. Although it is still based on past performance, it does give effect to potential ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Its disclosure is required where circumstances exist that would cause the eps to be lower if those circumstances had crystallised. It is not a prediction of the future earnings per share figures, as these will be based on the future profits and the number of shares in issue in the future. The diluted eps is more a ‘theoretical’ value, as it is unlikely that the profit in the period when the circumstances crystallise will be the same as the current year’s profit. The convertible loan stock in the question is a good example of diluting circumstance. On conversion the share entitlement will cause the number of shares in issue in the future to be greater than the present (assuming loan stockholders opt for conversion). There will be a compensating increase in profit as a result of the non-payment of interest but overall the expected conversion will cause a dilution.

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

June 2003 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. 1

2

(a)

Income statement: sales revenue cost of sales operating expenses including goodwill loan interest tax minority interest accumulated profit b/f Balance sheet: goodwill tangible non-current assets current assets accumulated profits minority interest 10% loan notes current liabilities

(b)

I mark per relevant point to

(a)

Income statement sales revenue cost of sales operating costs finance costs taxation

(b)

(c)

marks 2 3 2 1 1 1 1

available maximum

3 2 2 1 2 1 2 24 20

maximum Maximum for question

5 25

available maximum

1 3 1 2 2 9 7

maximum

2 1 2 5

Changes in equity unrealised gains and losses 1 each prior year adjustment dividends Balance sheet software property, plant and equipment investments inventory trade receivables and payables in substance loan share capital revaluation reserve accumulated profits non-current liabilities accrued finance costs income tax provision proposed dividends available maximum Maximum for question

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1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 17 13 25

3

(a)

one mark per valid point to max

(b)

A grade treated as agency sales; B grade as own sales cost of sales for A and B grade – 1 mark each commission from A sales sales figure for B grade

(c)

(i)

(ii)

(d)

4

(a)

(b)

marks 6

available maximum

2 2 1 1 6 5

maximum

1 1 1 3

available maximum

1 2 1 1 1 1 7 6

deferred credits not liabilities consider claw back as a contingent liability take grant to income in year of receipt

depreciation of plant government grant to income, 1 mark under each treatment non-current asset figure company policy: current liabilities non-current liabilities no liability under Framework

discussion on change of accounting policy sales figure if treated as a change of policy prior period adjustment not a change of policy sales figure should be $24·2 million available maximum Maximum for question

2 1 1 1 1 6 5 25

available maximum

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 14 12

operating profit depreciation adjustment loss on sale of plant warranty provision working capital changes interest paid tax paid purchase of non-current assets share issue; issue/redemption of loan ordinary dividends decrease in cash

relevant ratios appropriate comments

available available maximum Maximum for question

5 9 –– 14 13 25

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5

(a)

(b)

(i)

one mark per valid point to

(ii)

historic cost figures CPP figures CCA figures

(i)

(ii)

maximum

marks 6

maximum

1 2 3 6

available maximum

1 1 2 4 3

available maximum

1 1 1 1 1 5 4

calculation of ordinary dividends calculation of dividend cover significance

preference dividends deduction ex-rights price weighted number of shares calculation of eps restatement of comparative

(iii) shares on conversion option shares effect on earnings calculation comments on significance up to available maximum Maximum for question

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1 1 1 1 3 7 6 25

(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 4 DECEMBER 2003

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

Highmoor, a public listed company, acquired 80% of Slowmoor’s ordinary shares on 1 October 2002. Highmoor paid an immediate $2 per share in cash and agreed to pay a further $1·20 per share if Slowmoor made a profit within two years of its acquisition. Highmoor has not recorded the contingent consideration. The balance sheets of the two companies at 30 September 2003 are shown below:

Tangible non-current assets Investments (note (ii)) Software (note (iii))

Current assets Inventory Accounts receivable Tax asset Bank

Highmoor $ million $ million 585 225 nil –––– 810

185 195 1nil 120 –––

1,200 –––––– 1,010 ––––––

Total assets

Equity and liabilities Capital and reserves: Ordinary shares of $1 each Accumulated profits – 1 October 2002 Accumulated profits – profit/loss for year

Non-current liabilities 12% loan note 8% Inter company loan (note (ii)) Current liabilities Accounts payable Taxation Overdraft

Slowmoor $ million $ million 172 113 140 –––– 225

42 36 80 nil –––

1400 230 100 ––––

1330 –––– 730

1nil 1nil ––––

nil

210 170 1nil ––––

1,280 ––––– 1,010 –––––

Total equity and liabilities

158 –––– 383 ––––

100 150 (35) ––––

135 145 –––– 171 1nil 117 ––––

115 –––– 215

180

188 –––– 383 ––––

The following information is relevant: (i) At the date of acquisition the fair values of Slowmoor’s net assets were approximately equal to their book values. (ii) Included in Highmoor’s investments is a loan of $50 million made to Slowmoor. On 28 September 2003, Slowmoor paid $9 million to Highmoor. This represented interest of $4 million for the year and the balance was a capital repayment. Highmoor had not received nor accounted for the payment, but it had accrued for the loan interest receivable as part of its accounts receivable figure. There are no other intra group balances. (iii) The software was developed by Highmoor during 2002 at a total cost of $30 million. It was sold to Slowmoor for $50 million immediately after its acquisition. The software had an estimated life of five years and is being amortised by Slowmoor on a straight-line basis.

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(iv) Due to the losses of Slowmoor since its acquisition, the directors of Highmoor are not confident it will return to profitability in the short term. (v) For the purposes of realising any negative goodwill, in its acquisition plan, Highmoor had estimated at the date of acquisition that Slowmoor would make losses of $15 million (of which $12 million would be attributable to Highmoor) before returning to profitability. The remaining weighted average useful life at the date of acquisition of the acquired depreciable non-monetary assets can be taken as four years (straight-line basis). The group accounting policy for any positive goodwill is to write it off on a straight-line basis over a period of four years. (vi) Highmoor uses the allowed alternative treatment in IAS 22 ‘Business Combinations’ to account for the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities on acquisition. Required: (a) Prepare the consolidated balance sheet of Highmoor as at 30 September 2003, explaining your treatment of the contingent consideration. (20 marks) (b) Describe the circumstances in which negative goodwill may arise. Your answer should refer to the particular issues of the above acquisition. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The following extracted balances relate to Tourmalet at 30 September 2003: $000 Ordinary shares of 20 cents each Accumulated profits at 1 October 2002 Revaluation reserve at 1 October 2002 6% Redeemable preference shares 2005 Trade accounts payable Tax Land and buildings – at valuation (note (iii)) 150,000 Plant and equipment – cost (note (v)) 98,600 Investment property – valuation at 1 October 2002 (note (iv)) 10,000 Depreciation 1 October 2002 – land and buildings Depreciation 1 October 2002 – plant and equipment Trade accounts receivable 31,200 Inventory – 1 October 2002 26,550 Bank 3,700 Sales revenue (note (i)) Investment income (from properties) Purchases 158,450 Distribution expenses 26,400 Administration expenses 23,200 Interim preference dividend 900 Ordinary dividend paid 2,500 –––––––– 531,500 ––––––––

$000 50,000 47,800 18,500 30,000 35,300 2,100

9,000 24,600

313,000 1,200

–––––––– 531,500 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i) Sales revenue includes $50 million for an item of plant sold on 1 June 2003. The plant had a book value of $40 million at the date of its sale, which was charged to cost of sales. On the same date, Tourmalet entered into an agreement to lease back the plant for the next five years (being the estimated remaining life of the plant) at a cost of $14 million per annum payable annually in arrears. An arrangement of this type is deemed to have a financing cost of 12% per annum. No depreciation has been charged on the item of plant in the current year. (ii) The inventory at 30 September 2003 was valued at cost of $28·5 million. This includes $4·5 million of slow moving goods. Tourmalet is trying to sell these to another retailer but has not been successful in obtaining a reasonable offer. The best price it has been offered is $2 million. (iii) On 1 October 1999 Tourmalet had its land and buildings revalued by a firm of surveyors at $150 million, with $30 million of this attributed to the land. At that date the remaining life of the building was estimated to be 40 years. These figures were incorporated into the company’s books. There has been no significant change in property values since the revaluation. $500,000 of the revaluation reserve will be realised in the current year as a result of the depreciation of the buildings. (iv) Details of the investment property are: Value – 1 October 2002 Value – 30 September 2003

$10 million $9·8 million

The company adopts the fair value method in IAS 40 ‘Investment Property’ of valuing its investment property. (v) Plant and equipment (other than that referred to in note (i) above) is depreciated at 20% per annum on the reducing balance basis. All depreciation is to be charged to cost of sales.

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(vi) The above balances contain the results of Tourmalet’s car retailing operations which ceased on 31 December 2002 due to mounting losses. The results of the car retailing operation, which is to be treated as a discontinuing operation, for the year to 30 September 2003 are: $000 Sales 15,200 Cost of sales 16,000 Operating expenses 13,200 The operating expenses are included in administration expenses in the trial balance. Tourmalet is still paying rentals for the lease of its car showrooms. The rentals are included in operating expenses. Tourmalet is hoping to use the premises as an expansion of its administration offices. This is dependent on obtaining planning permission from the local authority for the change of use, however this is very difficult to obtain. Failing this, the best option would be early termination of the lease which will cost $1·5 million in penalties. This amount has not been provided for. (vii) The balance on the taxation account in the trial balance is the result of the settlement of the previous year’s tax charge. The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year to 30 September 2003 at $9·2 million. Required: (a) Comment on the substance of the sale of the plant and the directors’ treatment of it. (b) Prepare the Income Statement; and

(5 marks) (17 marks)

(c) A Statement of Changes in Equity for Tourmalet for the year to 30 September 2003 in accordance with current International Accounting Standards. (3 marks) Note: A balance sheet is NOT required. Disclosure notes are NOT required. (25 marks)

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3

IAS 37 ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’ was issued in 1998. The Standard sets out the principles of accounting for these items and clarifies when provisions should and should not be made. Prior to its issue, the inappropriate use of provisions had been an area where companies had been accused of manipulating the financial statements and of creative accounting. Required: (a) Describe the nature of provisions and the accounting requirements for them contained in IAS 37. (6 marks) (b) Explain why there is a need for an accounting standard in this area. Illustrate your answer with three practical examples of how the standard addresses controversial issues. (6 marks) (c) Bodyline sells sports goods and clothing through a chain of retail outlets. It offers customers a full refund facility for any goods returned within 28 days of their purchase provided they are unused and in their original packaging. In addition, all goods carry a warranty against manufacturing defects for 12 months from their date of purchase. For most goods the manufacturer underwrites this warranty such that Bodyline is credited with the cost of the goods that are returned as faulty. Goods purchased from one manufacturer, Header, are sold to Bodyline at a negotiated discount which is designed to compensate Bodyline for manufacturing defects. No refunds are given by Header, thus Bodyline has to bear the cost of any manufacturing faults of these goods. Bodyline makes a uniform mark up on cost of 25% on all goods it sells, except for those supplied from Header on which it makes a mark up on cost of 40%. Sales of goods manufactured by Header consistently account for 20% of all Bodyline’s sales. Sales in the last 28 days of the trading year to 30 September 2003 were $1,750,000. Past trends reliably indicate that 10% of all goods are returned under the 28-day return facility. These are not faulty goods. Of these 70% are later resold at the normal selling price and the remaining 30% are sold as ‘sale’ items at half the normal retail price. In addition to the above expected returns, an estimated $160,000 (at selling price) of the goods sold during the year will have manufacturing defects and have yet to be returned by customers. Goods returned as faulty have no resale value. Required: Describe the nature of the above warranty/return facilities and calculate the provision Bodyline is required to make at 30 September 2003: (i)

for goods subject to the 28 day returns policy; and

(ii) for goods that are likely to be faulty.

(8 marks)

(d) Rockbuster has recently purchased an item of earth moving plant at a total cost of $24 million. The plant has an estimated life of 10 years with no residual value, however its engine will need replacing after every 5,000 hours of use at an estimated cost of $7·5 million. The directors of Rockbuster intend to depreciate the plant at $2·4 million ($24 million/10 years) per annum and make a provision of $1,500 ($7·5 million/5,000 hours) per hour of use for the replacement of the engine. Required: Explain how the plant should be treated in accordance with International Accounting Standards and comment on the Directors’ proposed treatment. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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This is a blank page. Question 4 begins on page 8.

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[P.T.O.

4

Comparator assembles computer equipment from bought in components and distributes them to various wholesalers and retailers. It has recently subscribed to an interfirm comparison service. Members submit accounting ratios as specified by the operator of the service, and in return, members receive the average figures for each of the specified ratios taken from all of the companies in the same sector that subscribe to the service. The specified ratios and the average figures for Comparator’s sector are shown below. Ratios of companies reporting a full year’s results for periods ending between 1 July 2003 and 30 September 2003 Return on capital employed 22·1% Net assets turnover 1·8 times Gross profit margin 30% Net profit (before tax) margin 12·5% Current ratio 1·6:1 Quick ratio 0·9:1 Inventory holding period 46 days Accounts receivable collection period 45 days Accounts payable payment period 55 days Debt to equity 40% Dividend yield 6% Dividend cover 3 times Comparator’s financial statements for the year to 30 September 2003 are set out below: Income statement $000 Sales revenue 2,425 Cost of sales (1,870) –––––– Gross profit 555 Other operating expenses (215) ––––– Operating profit 340 Interest payable (34) Exceptional item (note (ii)) (120) ––––– Profit before taxation 186 Income tax (90) ––––– Profit after taxation 96 ––––– Extracts of changes in equity: Accumulated profits – 1 October 2002 179 Net profit for the period 96 Dividends paid (interim $60,000; final $30,000) (90) ––––– Accumulated profits – 30 September 2003 185 –––––

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Balance Sheet Non-current assets (note (i)) Current Assets Inventory Accounts receivable Bank

$000

$000 540

275 320 nil ––––

595 ––––– 1,135 –––––

Share Capital and Reserves Ordinary shares (25 cents each) Accumulated profits

150 185 ––––– 335

Non-current liabilities 8% loan notes Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade accounts payable Taxation

Notes (i) The details of the non-current assets are: Cost $000 At 30 September 2003 3,600

300 65 350 85 ––––

500 ––––– 1,135 –––––

Accumulated depreciation $000 3,060

Net book value $000 540

(ii) The exceptional item relates to losses on the sale of a batch of computers that had become worthless due to improvements in microchip design. (iii) The market price of Comparator’s shares throughout the year averaged $6·00 each. Required: (a) Explain the problems that are inherent when ratios are used to assess a company’s financial performance. Your answer should consider any additional problems that may be encountered when using interfirm comparison services such as that used by Comparator. (7 marks) (b) Calculate the ratios for Comparator equivalent to those provided by the interfirm comparison service. (6 marks) (c) Write a report analysing the financial performance of Comparator based on a comparison with the sector averages. (12 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

5

(a) (i)

IAS 12 ‘Income Tax’ was issued in 1996 and revised in 2000. It details the requirements relating to the accounting treatment of deferred tax.

Required: Explain why it is considered necessary to provide for deferred tax and briefly outline the principles of accounting for deferred tax contained in IAS 12 ‘Income Tax’. (5 marks) (ii) Bowtock purchased an item of plant for $2,000,000 on 1 October 2000. It had an estimated life of eight years and an estimated residual value of $400,000. The plant is depreciated on a straight-line basis. The tax authorities do not allow depreciation as a deductible expense. Instead a tax expense of 40% of the cost of this type of asset can be claimed against income tax in the year of purchase and 20% per annum (on a reducing balance basis) of its tax base thereafter. The rate of income tax can be taken as 25%. Required: In respect of the above item of plant, calculate the deferred tax charge/credit in Bowtock’s income statement for the year to 30 September 2003 and the deferred tax balance in the balance sheet at that date. (6 marks) Note: work to the nearest $000. (b) Bowtock has leased an item of plant under the following terms: Commencement of the lease was 1 January 2002 Term of lease 5 years Annual payments in advance $12,000 Cash price and fair value of the asset – $52,000 at 1 January 2002 Implicit interest rate within the lease (as supplied by the lessor) 8% per annum (to be apportioned on a time basis where relevant). The company’s depreciation policy for this type of plant is 20% per annum on cost (apportioned on a time basis where relevant). Required: Prepare extracts of the income statement and balance sheet for Bowtock for the year to 30 September 2003 for the above lease. (5 marks) (c) (i)

Explain why events occurring after the balance sheet date may be relevant to the financial statements of the previous period. (4 marks)

(ii) At 30 September 2003 Bowtock had included in its draft balance sheet inventory of $250,000 valued at cost. Up to 5 November 2003, Bowtock had sold $100,000 of this inventory for $150,000. On this date new government legislation (enacted after the year end) came into force which meant that the unsold inventory could no longer be marketed and was worthless. Bowtock is part way through the construction of a housing development. It has prepared its financial statements to 30 September 2003 in accordance with IAS 11 ‘Construction Contracts’ and included a proportionate amount of the total estimated profit on this contract. The same legislation referred to above (in force from 5 November 2003) now requires modifications to the way the houses within this development have to be built. The cost of these modifications will be $500,000 and will reduce the estimated total profit on the contract by that amount, although the contract is still expected to be profitable. Required: Assuming the amounts are material, state how the information above should be reflected in the financial statements of Bowtock for the year ended 30 September 2003. (5 marks) (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

December 2003 Answers

Consolidated Balance Sheet of Highmoor as at 30 September 2003: $ million Assets Non-current assets Tangible (585 + 172) Intangible Consolidated negative goodwill (40 – 19 (w (ii))) Software (w (v)) Investments (225 – 160 shares – 50 loan (w (iv)) + 13)

$ million

757 1(21) 124 128 –––– 1788

Current assets Inventory (85 + 42) Accounts receivable (95 – 4 in transit (w (iv)) + 36) Tax asset Bank (20 + 9 in transit (w (iv)))

127 127 180 129 ––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Capital and reserves: Ordinary shares $1 each Accumulated profits (w (i))

363 ––––– 1,151 –––––

400 305 –––– 705

Non-current liabilities 12% loan notes

1

35

Minority interest (w (iii))

1

43

Current liabilities Accounts payable (210 + 71) Overdraft Taxation

1281 1117 1170 ––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings (Note: all figures in $ million) (i) Unrealised profit (w (v)) Minority interest (20% x 115) Pre-acq profit (80% x 150) Post acq loss (80% x 35) Balance c/f

Accumulated profits Highmoor Slowmoor 116 123 120

B/f Post acq loss Realisation of negative goodwill (w (ii))

368 ––––– 1,151 –––––

Highmoor 330 1(28)

Slowmoor 115

119

(28) 305 –––– 321 ––––

(ii)

–––– 115 ––––

–––– 321 ––––

–––– 115 ––––

Cost of control Investments at cost (100 x 80% x $2)

Ordinary shares (80% x 100) Pre acq profit (w (i))

160

Negative goodwill

180 120

140 –––– –––– 200 200 –––– –––– The contingent consideration has not been included in the above calculation. IAS 22 ‘Business Combinations’ only requires contingent consideration to be included in the cost of an acquisition if it is probable that the amount will be paid and it can be measured reliably. The additional $96 million (i.e. $1·20 per share) is only payable if Slowmoor makes a profit within two years of acquisition. In the year since acquisition the company made a loss of $35 million, much higher than the $15 million in its acquisition plan, and the directors of Highmoor are now less confident of the future prospects of Slowmoor. This seems to indicate that it is unlikely that any further consideration will be paid and the above treatment is justified.

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The negative goodwill of $40 million will be realised as follows: Attributable to: Proportion realised year to 30 September 2003 expected losses attributable to Highmoor 12 100% non-monetary assets 28 25% (four year life) ––– Total negative goodwill 40 ––– (iii)

amount 12 17 ––– 19 –––

Minority interest Ordinary shares (20% x 100) Accumulated profits (w (i)) Balance c/f

43 ––– 43 –––

20 23 ––– 43 –––

(iv) Elimination of loan and accrued interest: The investments of Highmoor will show an unadjusted amount of $50 million as a loan to Slowmoor. The cash in transit of $9 million from Slowmoor should be applied $4 million to cancel the accrued interest receivable and the balance of $5 million to the investment (loan). When this adjustment is made the investment and the loan will cancel each other out. (v)

(b)

The net book value of the software in Slowmoor’s books is $40 million. If the software had been depreciated on its original cost of $30 million it would have a book value of $24 million ($30 less $6 million depreciation at 20% per annum). Thus there is an unrealised profit on the transfer of the software of $16 million ($40 million – $24 million).

Negative goodwill arises in bookkeeping where the consideration given for a business is less than the fair value of the net assets acquired. Intuitively it does not make sense for a vendor to sell net assets for less than they are worth. This view is reflected by the IASB as they appear rather sceptical about the existence of negative goodwill. They say where an acquisition appears to create negative goodwill, a careful check of the value of the assets acquired and whether any liabilities have been omitted is required. Negative goodwill may arise for several reasons; the most obvious is that there has been a bargain purchase. This may occur through the vendor being in a poor financial position and needing to realise assets quickly, or it may be due to good negotiating skills on the part of the acquirer, or the vendor may not realise how much the assets are really worth. A more controversial occasion where negative goodwill arises is where a company, in determining the amount of consideration it is willing to pay for a business, will take into account the cost of anticipated future losses and post acquisition reorganisation expenditure that it believes will be required. The effect of this is that it would reduce the consideration offered/paid. As these costs cannot generally be recognised as a liability at the date of purchase, this can lead to the consideration being lower than the recognisable net assets. In relation to the acquisition of Slowmoor the following are questionable issues: – Highmoor may be trying to deliberately create losses at Slowmoor to avoid paying the further consideration. An example of this may be the transfer price of the software. The additional consideration of $96 million, if payable, would change the negative goodwill into positive goodwill of $56 million. – The tax asset of Slowmoor may be questionable. Accounting standards are quite restrictive over the recognition of tax assets.

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2

(a)

The sale of the plant has been incorrectly treated on two counts. Firstly even if it were a genuine sale it should not have been included in sales and cost of sales, rather it should have been treated as the disposal of a non-current asset. Only the profit or loss on the disposal would be included in the income statement (requiring separate disclosure if material). However even this treatment would be incorrect. As Tourmalet will continue to use the plant for the remainder of its useful life, the substance of this transaction is a secured loan. Thus the receipt of $50 million for the ‘sale’ of the plant should be treated as a loan. The rentals, when they are eventually paid, will be applied partly as interest (at 12% per annum) and the remainder will be a capital repayment of the loan. In the income statement an accrual for loan interest of 12% per annum on $50 million for four months ($2 million) is required.

(b)

Tourmalet Income Statement – Year to 30 September 2003 continuing operations $000 247,800 (128,800) ––––––––– 119,000 (26,400) (20,000) ––––––––– 72,600 –––––––––

Sales revenues (313,000 – 50,000 (see above)) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit (loss) Distribution expenses Administration expenses (w (iii)) Profit (loss) on the ordinary activities before interest

discontinuing operations $000 15,200 (16,000) –––––––– (800) nil (4,700) –––––––– (5,500) ––––––––

Financing cost (w (iv)) Loss on investment properties ($10 million – $9·8 million) Investment income

Total $000 263,000 (144,800) ––––––––– 118,200 (26,400) (24,700) ––––––––– 67,100 (3,800) (200) 1,200 ––––––––– 64,300 (7,100) ––––––––– 57,200 –––––––––

Profit before tax Income tax (9,200 – 2,100) Profit for the period

Note: IAS 35 ‘Discontinuing Operations’ does not require a specific presentation of the results of a discontinued operation. The above is only one of several acceptable presentations. (c)

Tourmalet Statement of Changes in Equity – Year to 30 September 2003 Accumulated Revaluation Profits reserve $000 $000 At 1 October 2002 47,800 18,500 Profit for period 57,200 Transfer to realised profit 500 (500) Ordinary dividends paid (2,500) –––––––– –––––– At 30 September 2003 103,000 18,000 –––––––– ––––––

Ordinary shares $000 50,000

––––––– 50,000 –––––––

Total $000 116,300 57,200 (2,500) –––––––– 171,000 ––––––––

Note: IAS 32 ‘Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation’ says redeemable preference shares have the substance of debt and should be treated as non-current liabilities and not as equity. This also means that preference dividends are treated as a finance cost in the income statement. Workings (i) Cost of sales: Opening inventory Purchases Transfer to plant (see (a)) Depreciation (w (ii)) Closing inventory (28·5 million – 2·5 million see below)

$000 26,550 158,450 (40,000) 25,800 (26,000) –––––––– 144,800 ––––––––

The slow moving inventory should be written down to its estimated realisable value. Despite the optimism of the Directors, it would seem prudent to base the realisable value on the best offer so far received (i.e. $2 million).

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(ii)

Non-current asset depreciation: Buildings $120/40 years Plant – per trial balance ((98,600 – 24,600) x 20%) Plant – plant treated as sold (40,000/5 years)

$000 3,000 14,800 8,000 ––––––– 25,800 –––––––

Note: investment properties do not require depreciating under the fair value model in IAS 40. Instead they are revalued each year with the surplus or deficit being taken to income. For information only: in the balance sheet

cost/valuation $000 150,000 98,600 40,000

Land and buildings Plant – per trial balance Plant incorrectly treated as sold

accumulated depreciation $000 12,000 39,400 8,000

net book value $000 138,000 59,200 32,000 –––––––– 229,200 ––––––––

(iii) It would seem prudent to accrue for the penalty on the lease as it is uncertain that the permission for a change of use will be granted. In these circumstances, the payment of the penalty will be the lowest liability. This gives total administration expenses of $24,700 (23,200 + 1,500), of which $4,700 (3,200 + 1,500) is classed as discontinuing. (iv) Finance costs:

income statement $000 2,000 1,800 –––––– 3,800 ––––––

Accrued interest on in-substance loan (see (a)) Preference dividends (30,000 x 6%)

Note this balance sheet is provided for information only. It does not form part of the answer or marking scheme. Tourmalet – Balance Sheet as at 30 September 2003 $000 Non-current assets (w (ii)) Investment properties

Current Assets Inventory (w (i)) Trade accounts receivable Bank

26,000 31,200 3,700 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Capital and Reserves: Ordinary shares of 20c each Accumulated profits Revaluation reserve (see (c))

$000 229,200 9,800 –––––––– 239,000

60,900 –––––––– 299,900 ––––––––

50,000 103,000 18,000 ––––––––

Non-current liabilities 6% Redeemable preference shares $1 each In-substance loan (see (a))

30,000 50,000 ––––––––

Current liabilities Trade accounts payable Accrued penalty cost (w (iii)) Accrued finance costs (2,000 + 900) Taxation

35,300 1,500 2,900 9,200 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities

121,000 –––––––– 171,000

80,000

48,900 –––––––– 299,900 ––––––––

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3

(a)

IAS 37 ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’ only deals with those provisions that are regarded as liabilities. The term provision is also generally used to describe those amounts set aside to write down the value of assets such as depreciation charges and provisions for diminution in value (e.g. provision to write down the value of damaged or slow moving inventory). The definition of a provision in the Standard is quite simple; provisions are liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. If there is reasonable certainty over these two aspects the liability is a creditor. There is clearly an overlap between provisions and contingencies. Because of the ‘uncertainty’ aspects of the definition, it can be argued that to some extent all provisions have an element of contingency. The IASB distinguishes between the two by stating that a contingency is not recognised as a liability if it is either only possible and therefore yet to be confirmed as a liability, or where there is a liability but it cannot be measured with sufficient reliability. The IASB notes the latter should be rare. The IASB intends that only those liabilities that meet the characteristics of a liability in its Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements should be reported in the balance sheet. IAS – – –

37 summarises the above by requiring provisions to satisfy all of the following three recognition criteria: there is a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; the obligation can be estimated reliably.

A provision is triggered by an obligating event. This must have already occurred, future events cannot create current liabilities. The first of the criteria refers to legal or constructive obligations. A legal obligation is straightforward and uncontroversial, but constructive obligations are a relatively new concept. These arise where a company creates an expectation that it will meet certain obligations that it is not legally bound to meet. These may arise due to a published statement or even by a pattern of past practice. In reality constructive obligations are usually accepted because the alternative action is unattractive or may damage the reputation of the company. The most commonly quoted example of such is a commitment to pay for environmental damage caused by the company, even where there is no legal obligation to do so. To summarise: a company must provide for a liability where the three defining criteria of a provision are met, but conversely a company cannot provide for a liability where they are not met. The latter part of the above may seem obvious, but it is an area where there has been some past abuse of provisioning as is referred to in (b). (b)

The main need for an accounting standard in this area is to clarify and regulate when provisions should and should not be made. Many controversial areas including the possible abuse of provisioning are based on contravening aspects of the above definitions. One of the most controversial examples of provisioning is in relation to future restructuring or reorganisation costs (often as part of an acquisition). This is sometimes extended to providing for future operating losses. The attraction of providing for this type of expense/loss is that once the provision has been made, the future costs are then charged to the provision such that they bypass the income statement (of the period when they occur). Such provisions can be glossed over by management as ‘exceptional items’, which analysts are expected to disregard when assessing the company’s future prospects. If this type of provision were to be incorporated as a liability as part of a subsidiary’s net assets at the date of acquisition, the provision itself would not be charged to the income statement. IAS 37 now prevents this practice as future costs and operating losses (unless they are for an onerous contract) do not constitute past events. Another important change initiated by IAS 37 is the way in which environmental provisions must be treated. Practice in this area has differed considerably. Some companies did not provide for such costs and those that did often accrued for them on an annual basis. If say a company expected environmental site restoration cost of $10 million in 10 years time, it might argue that this is not a liability until the restoration is needed or it may accrue $1 million per annum for 10 years (ignoring discounting). Somewhat controversially this practice is no longer possible. IAS 37 requires that if the environmental costs are a liability (legal or constructive), then the whole of the costs must be provided for immediately. That has led to large liabilities appearing in some companies’ balance sheets. A third example of bad practice is the use of ‘big bath’ provisions and over provisioning. In its simplest form this occurs where a company makes a large provision, often for non-specific future expenses, or as part of an overall restructuring package. If the provision is deliberately overprovided, then its later release will improve future profits. Alternatively the company could charge to the provision a different cost than the one it was originally created for. IAS 37 addresses this practice in two ways: by not allowing provisions to be created if they do not meet the definition of an obligation; and specifically preventing a provision made for one expense to be used for a different expense. Under IAS 37 the original provision would have to be reversed and a new one would be created with appropriate disclosures. Whilst this treatment does not affect overall profits, it does enhance transparency. Note: other examples would be acceptable.

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(c)

Guarantees or warranties appear to have the attributes of contingent liabilities. If the goods are sold faulty or develop a fault within the guarantee period there will be a liability, if not there will be no liability. The IASB view this problem as two separate situations. Where there is a single item warranty, it is considered in isolation and often leads to a discloseable contingent liability unless the chances of a claim are thought to be negligible. Where there are a number of similar items, they should be considered as a whole. This may mean that whilst the chances of a claim arising on an individual item may be small, when taken as a whole, it should be possible to estimate the number of claims from past experience. Where this is the case, the estimated liability is not considered contingent and it must be provided for. (i)

Bodyline’s 28-day refund policy is a constructive obligation. The company probably has notices in its shops informing customers of this policy. This would create an expectation that the company will honour its policy. The liability that this creates is rather tricky. The company will expect to give customers refunds of $175,000 ($1,750,000 x 10%). This is not the liability. 70% of these will be resold at the normal selling price, so the effect of the refund policy for these goods is that the profit on their sale must be deferred. The easiest way to account for this is to make a provision for the unrealised profit. This has to be calculated for two different profit margins: Goods manufactured by Header (at a mark up of 40% on cost): $24,500 ($175,000 x 70% x 20%) x 40/140 = $7,000 Goods from other manufacturers (at a mark up of 25% on cost) $98,000 ($175,000 x 70% x 80%) x 25/125 = $19,600 The sale of the remaining 30% at half the normal selling price will create a loss. Again this must be calculated for both group of sales: Goods manufactured by Header were originally sold for $10,500 (175,000 x 30% x 20%). These will be resold (at a loss) for half this amount i.e. $5,250. Thus a provision of $5,250 is required. Goods manufactured by other manufacturers were originally sold for $42,000 (175,000 x 30% x 80%). These will be resold (at a loss) for half this amount i.e. $21,000. Thus a provision of $21,000 is required. The total provision in respect of the 28 day return facility will be $52,850 (7,000 + 19,600 + 5,250 + 21,000).

(ii)

Goods likely to be returned because they are faulty require a different treatment. These are effectively sales returns. Normally the manufacturer will reimburse the cost of the faulty goods. The effect of this is that Bodyline will not have made the profit originally recorded on their sale. This applies to all goods other than those supplied by Header. Thus these sales returns would be $128,000 (160,000 x 80%) and the credit due from the manufacturer would be $102,400 (128,000 x 100/125 removal of profit margin). The overall effect is that Bodyline would have to remove profits of $25,600 from its financial statements. For those goods supplied by Header, Bodyline must suffer the whole loss as this is reflected in the negotiated discount. Thus the provision required for these goods is $32,000 (160,000 x 20%), giving a total provision of $57,600 (25,600 + 32,000).

(d)

The Directors’ proposed treatment is incorrect. The replacement of the engine is an example of what has been described as cyclic repairs or replacement. Whilst it may seem logical and prudent to accrue for the cost of a replacement engine as the old one is being worn out, such practice leads to double counting. Under the Directors’ proposals the cost of the engine is being depreciated as part of the cost of the asset, albeit over an incorrect time period. The solution to this problem lies in IAS 16 ‘Property, Plant and Equipment’. The plant constitutes a ‘complex’ asset i.e. one that may be thought of as having separate components within a single asset. Thus part of the plant $16·5 million (total cost of $24 million less $7·5 assumed cost of the engine) should be depreciated at $1·65 million per annum over a 10-year life and the engine should be depreciated at $1,500 per hour of use (assuming machine hour depreciation is the most appropriate method). If a further provision of $1,500 per machine hour is made, there would be a double charge against profit for the cost of the engine. IAS 37 also refers to this type of provision and says that the future replacement of the engine is not a liability. The reasoning is that the replacement could be avoided if, for example, the company chose to sell the asset before replacement was due. If an item does not meet the definition of a liability it cannot be provided for.

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4

(a)

Ratios are used to assess the financial performance of a company by comparing the calculated figures to various other sources. This may be to previous years’ ratios of the same company, it may be to the ratios of a similar rival company, to accepted norms (say of liquidity ratios) or, as in this example, to industry averages. The problems inherent in these processes are several. Probably the most important aspect of using ratios is to realise that they do not give the answers to the assessment of how well a company has performed, they merely raise the questions and direct the analyst into trying to determine what has caused favourable or unfavourable indicators. In many ways it can be said that ratios are only as useful as the skills of the person using them. It is also true that any assessment should also consider other information that may be available including non-financial information. More specific problem areas are: – Accounting policies: if two companies have different accounting policies, it can invalidate any comparison between their ratios. For example return on capital employed is materially affected by revaluations of assets. Comparing this ratio for two companies where one has revalued its assets and the other carries them at depreciated historic cost would not be very meaningful. Similar examples may involve depreciation methods, inventory valuation policies etc. –

Accounting practices: this is similar to differing accounting policies in its effects. An example of this would be the use of debtor factoring. If one company collects its accounts receivable in the normal way, then the calculation of the accounts receivable collection period would be a reasonable indication of the efficiency of its credit control department. However if a company chose to factor its accounts receivable (i.e. ‘sell’ them to a finance company) then the calculation of its collection period would be meaningless. A more controversial example would be the engineering of a lease such that it fell to be treated as an operating lease rather than a finance lease.

–

Balance sheet averages: many ratios are based on comparing income statement items with balance sheet items. The ratio of accounts receivable collection period is a good example of this. For such ratios to have meaning, there is an assumption that the year-end balance sheet figures are representative of annual norms. Seasonal trading and other factors may invalidate this assumption. For example the level of accounts receivable and inventory of a toy manufacturer could vary largely due to the nature of its seasonal trading.

–

Inflation can distort comparisons over time.

–

The definition of an accounting ratio. If a ratio is calculated by two companies using different definitions, then there is an obvious problem. Common examples of this are gearing ratios (some use debt/equity, others may use debt/debt + equity). Also where a ratio is partly based on a profit figure, there can be differences as to what is included and what is excluded from the profit figure. Problems of this type include the treatment of extraordinary items and finance costs.

–

The use of norms can be misleading. A desirable range for the current ratio may be say between 1·5 and 2 : 1, but all businesses are different. This would be a very high ratio for a supermarket (with few accounts receivable), but a low figure for a construction company (with high levels of work in progress).

–

Looking at a single ratio in isolation is rarely useful. It is necessary to form a view when considering ratios in combination with other ratios.

A more controversial aspect of ratio analysis is that management have sometimes indulged in creative accounting techniques in order that the ratios calculated from published financial statements will show a more favourable picture than the true underlying position. Examples of this are sale and repurchase agreements, which manipulate liquidity figures, and off balance sheet finance which distorts return on capital employed. Inter firm comparisons: Of particular concern with this method of using ratios is: –

they are themselves averages and may incorporate large variations in their composition. Some inter firm comparison agencies produce the ratios analysed into quartiles to attempt to overcome this problem.

–

it may be that the sector in which a company is included may not be sufficiently similar to the exact type of trade of the specific company. The type of products or markets may be different.

–

companies of different sizes operate under different economies of scale, this may not be reflected in the industry average figures.

–

the year end accounting dates of the companies included in the averages are not going to be all the same. This highlights issues of balance sheet averages and seasonal trading referred to above. Some companies try to minimise this by grouping companies with approximately similar year-ends together as in the example of this question, but this is not a complete solution.

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(b)

Calculation of specified ratios: Comparator Return on capital employed (186 +34 loan interest/635) 34·6% Net assets turnover (2,425/635) 3·8 times Gross profit margin (555/2,425 x 100) 22·9% Net profit (excluding exceptionals) margin (306/2,425 x 100) 12·6% Net profit (before tax) margin (186/2,425 x 100) 7·7% Current ratio (595/500) 1·19 : 1 Quick ratio (320/500) 0·64 : 1 Inventory holding period (275/1,870 x 365) 54 days Accounts receivable collection period (320/2,425 x 365) 48 days Creditor payment period (350/1,870 x 365) (based on cost of sales) 68 days Debt to equity (300/335 x 100) 90% Dividend yield (see below) 2·5% Dividend cover (96/90) 1·07 times

Sector average 22·1% 1·8 times 30% not available 12·5% 1·6 : 1 0·9 : 1 46 days 45 days 55 days 40% 6% 3 times

The workings are in $000 (unless otherwise stated) and are for Comparator’s ratios. The dividend yield is calculated from a dividend per share figure of 15c ($90,000/150,000 x 4) and a share price of $6·00. Thus the yield is 2·5% (15c/$6·00 x 100%). (c)

Analysis of Comparator’s financial performance compared to sector average for the year to 30 September 2003: To: From: Date: Operating performance The return on capital employed of Comparator is impressive being more than 50% higher than the sector average. The components of the return on capital employed are the asset turnover and profit margins. In these areas Comparator’s asset turnover is much higher (nearly double) than the average, but the net profit margin after exceptionals is considerably below the sector average. However, if the exceptionals are treated as one off costs and excluded, Comparator’s margins are very similar to the sector average. This short analysis seems to imply that Comparator’s superior return on capital employed is due entirely to an efficient asset turnover i.e. Comparator is making its assets work twice as efficiently as its competitors. A closer inspection of the underlying figures may explain why its asset turnover is so high. It can be seen from the note to the balance sheet that Comparator’s non-current assets appear quite old. Their net book value is only 15% of their original cost. This has at least two implications; they will need replacing in the near future and the company is already struggling for funding; and their low net book value gives a high figure for asset turnover. Unless Comparator has underestimated the life of its assets in its depreciation calculations, its non-current assets will need replacing in the near future. When this occurs its asset turnover and return on capital employed figures will be much lower. This aspect of ratio analysis often causes problems and to counter this anomaly some companies calculate the asset turnover using the cost of non-current assets rather than their net book value as this gives a more reliable trend. It is also possible that Comparator is using assets that are not on its balance sheet. It may be leasing assets that do not meet the definition of finance leases and thus the assets and corresponding obligations are not recognised on the balance sheet. A further issue is which of the two calculated margins should be compared to the sector average (i.e. including or excluding the effects of the exceptionals). The gross profit margin of Comparator is much lower than the sector average. If the exceptional losses were taken in at trading account level, which they should be as they relate to obsolete inventory, Comparator’s gross margin would be even worse. As Comparator’s net margin is similar to the sector average, it would appear that Comparator has better control over its operating costs. This is especially true as the other element of the net profit calculation is finance costs and as Comparator has much higher gearing than the sector average, one would expect Comparator’s interest to be higher than the sector average. Liquidity Here Comparator shows real cause for concern. Its current and quick ratios are much worse than the sector average, and indeed far below expected norms. Current liquidity problems appear due to high levels of accounts payable and a high bank overdraft. The high levels of inventory contribute to the poor quick ratio and may be indicative of further obsolete inventory (the exceptional item is due to obsolete inventory). The accounts receivable collection figure is reasonable, but at 68 days, Comparator takes longer to pay its accounts payable than do its competitors. Whilst this is a source of ‘free’ finance, it can damage relations with suppliers and may lead to a curtailment of further credit. Gearing As referred to above, gearing (as measured by debt/equity) is more than twice the level of the sector average. Whilst this may be an uncomfortable level, it is currently beneficial for shareholders. The company is making an overall return of 34·6%, but only paying 8% interest on its loan notes. The gearing level may become a serious issue if Comparator becomes unable to maintain the finance costs. The company already has an overdraft and the ability to make further interest payments could be in doubt.

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Investment ratios Despite reasonable profitability figures, Comparator’s dividend yield is poor compared to the sector average. From the extracts of the changes in equity it can be seen that total dividends are $90,000 out of available profit for the year of only $96,000 (hence the very low dividend cover). It is worthy of note that the interim dividend was $60,000 and the final dividend only $30,000. Perhaps this indicates a worsening performance during the year, as normally final dividends are higher than interim dividends. Considering these factors it is surprising the company’s share price is holding up so well. Summary The company compares favourably with the sector average figures for profitability, however the company’s liquidity and gearing position is quite poor and gives cause for concern. If it is to replace its old assets in the near future, it will need to raise further finance. With already high levels of borrowing and poor dividend yields, this may be a serious problem for Comparator. Yours faithfully

5

(a)

(i)

An explanation of the origins of why deferred tax is provided for lies in understanding that accounting profit (as reported in a company’s financial statements) differs from the profit figure used by the tax authorities to calculate a company’s income tax liability for a given period. If deferred tax were ignored (flow through system), then a company’s tax charge for a particular period may bear very little resemblance to the reported profit. For example if a company makes a large profit in a particular period, but, perhaps because of high levels of capital expenditure, it is entitled to claim large tax allowances for that period, this would reduce the amount of tax it had to pay. The result of this would be that the company reported a large profit, but very little, if any, tax charge. This situation is usually ‘reversed’ in subsequent periods such that tax charges appear to be much higher than the reported profit would suggest that they should be. Many commentators feel that such a reporting system is misleading in that the profit after tax, which is used for calculating the company’s earnings per share, may bear very little resemblance to the pre tax profit. This can mean that a government’s fiscal policy may distort a company’s profit trends. Providing for deferred tax goes some way towards relieving this anomaly, but it can never be entirely corrected due to items that may be included in the income statement, but will never be allowed for tax purposes (referred to as permanent differences in some jurisdictions). Where tax depreciation is different from the related accounting depreciation charges this leads to the tax base of an asset being different to its carrying value on the balance sheet (these differences are called temporary differences) and a provision for deferred tax is made. This ‘balance sheet liability’ approach is the general principle on which IAS 12 bases the calculation of deferred tax. The effect of this is that it usually brings the total tax charge (i.e. the provision for the current year’s income tax plus the deferred tax) in proportion to the profit reported to shareholders. The main area of debate when providing for deferred tax is whether the provision meets the definition of a liability. If the provision is likely to crystallise, then it is a liability, however if it will not crystallise in the foreseeable future, then arguably, it is not a liability and should not be provided for. The IASB takes a prudent approach and IAS 12 does not accept the latter argument.

(ii)

IAS 12 requires deferred tax to be calculated using the ‘balance sheet liability method’. This method requires the temporary difference to be calculated and the rate of income tax applied to this difference to give the deferred tax asset or liability. Temporary differences are the differences between the carrying amount of an asset and its tax base. Carrying value at 30 September 2003 $000 Cost of plant Accumulated depreciation at 30 September 2003 (2,000 – 400)/8 years for 3 years Carrying value Tax base at 30 September 2003 Initial tax base (original cost) Tax depreciation Year to 30 September 2001 (2,000 x 40%) Year to 30 September 2002 (1,200 x 20%) Year to 30 September 2003 (960 x 20%)

$000 2,000 (600) –––––– 1,400 –––––– 2,000

800 240 192 ––––

Tax base 30 September 2003 Temporary differences at 30 September 2003 (1,400 – 768) Deferred tax liability at 30 September 2003 (632 x 25% tax rate) Income statement credit – year to 30 September 2003 ((200 – 192) x 25%)

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1,232 –––––– 768 –––––– 632 158 2

(b)

$ Income statement extracts year to 30 September 2003 Depreciation of leased asset (w (i)) Lease interest expense (w (ii))

10,400 2,672

Balance sheet extracts as at 30 September 2003 Leased asset at cost Accumulated depreciation (7,800 + 10,400 (w (i)))

52,000 18,200 ––––––– 33,800 –––––––

Net book value Current liabilities Accrued lease interest (w (ii)) Obligations under finance leases (w (ii))

1,872 9,504

Non-current liabilities Obligations under finance leases (w (ii))

21,696

Workings (i) Depreciation for the year ended 30 September 2002 would be $7,800 ($52,000 x 20% x 9/12) Depreciation for the year ended 30 September 2003 would be $10,400 ($52,000 x 20%) (ii)

The lease obligations are calculated as follows: Cash price/fair value Rental 1 January 2002

Interest to 30 September 2002 (40,000 x 8% x 9/12) Interest to 1 January 2003 (40,000 x 8% x 3/12)

Rental 1 January 2003 Capital outstanding 1 January 2003 Interest to 30 September 2003 (31,200 x 8% x 9/12) Interest to 1 January 2004 (31,200 x 8% x 3/12)

52,000 (12,000) –––––––– 40,000 2,400 800 ––––––– 43,200 (12,000) ––––––– 31,200 1,872 624 ––––––– 33,696

Interest expense for the year to 30 September 2003 is $2,672 (800 + 1,872 from above), of which $1,872 is a current liability. The total capital amount outstanding at 30 September 2003 is $31,200 (the same as at 1 January 2003 as no further payments have been made). This must be split between current and non-current liabilities. Next year’s payment will be $12,000 of which $2,496 (1,872 + 624) is interest. Therefore capital repaid in the next year will be $9,504 (12,000 – 2,496). This leaves capital of $21,696 (31,200 – 9,504) as a non-current liability. (c)

(i)

Most events occurring after the balance sheet date should be properly reflected in the following year’s financial statements. There are two circumstances where events occurring after the balance sheet date are relevant to the current year’s financial statements. The first category, known as adjusting events, provides additional evidence of conditions that existed at the balance sheet date. This usually means they help to determine the value of an item that may have been uncertain at the year-end. Common examples of this are post balance sheet receipts from accounts receivable and sales of inventory. These receipts help to confirm the bad debt and inventory write down provisions. The second category is non-adjusting events. As the name suggests these do not affect the amounts contained in the financial statements, but are considered of such importance that unless they are disclosed, users of financial statements would not be properly able to assess the financial position of the company. Common examples of these would be the loss of a major asset (say due to a fire) after the balance sheet date or the sale of an investment (often a subsidiary) after the balance sheet date.

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(ii)

Inventory Sales of goods after the balance sheet date are normally a reflection of circumstances that existed prior to the year end. They are usually interpreted as a confirmation of the value of inventory as it existed at the year end, and are thus adjusting events. In this case the sale of the goods after the year-end confirmed that the value of the inventory was correctly stated as it was sold at a profit. Goods remaining unsold at the date the new legislation was enacted are worthless. Whilst this may imply that they should be written off in preparing the financial statements to 30 September 2003, this is not the case. What it is important to realise is that the event that caused the inventory to become worthless did not exist at the year end and its consequent losses should be reflected in the following accounting period. Thus there should be no adjustment to the value of inventory in the draft financial statements, but given that it is material, it should be disclosed as a non-adjusting event. Construction contract On first appearance this new legislation appears similar to the previous example, but there is a major difference. Profits on an uncompleted long term construction contract are based on assessment of the overall eventual profit that the contract is expected to make. This new legislation will mean the overall profit is $500,000 less than originally thought. This information must be taken into account when calculating the profit at 30 September 2003. This is an adjusting event.

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

December 2003 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one definitive solution.

1

(a)

discussion of contingent consideration tangible non-current assets negative goodwill (2 for credit to realised profit) software investments inventory accounts receivable tax asset bank balance in hand ordinary shares accumulated profits provision minority interest accounts payable overdraft tax liability available maximum

2

(b)

1 mark per relevant point to

(a)

should not be treated as sales/cost of sales normally only the profit in income (may require disclosure) the substance of the transaction is a secured loan plant should be left on balance sheet ‘sale’ proceeds of $50 million shown as loan rentals are partly interest and partly capital repayments

(b)

(c)

maximum Maximum for question

Marks 2 2 4 2 2 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1 1 2 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 23 20 5 25

available maximum

1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5

available maximum

3 2 5 1 2 2 1 1 2 19 17

maximum Maximum for question

1 1 1 3 25

Income statement discontinuing operations figures sales cost of sales distribution expenses administration expenses finance costs (including 1 for preference dividends) loss on investment properties investment income taxation

Changes in equity profit for period dividends transfer to realised profits

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3

Marks 6

(a)

one mark per valid point to max

(b)

the need for the Standard and examples to a max of 2 each

6

(c)

28 day refund policy – constructive obligation calculation of provision for unrealised profits where goods resold at full price calculation of provision for loss on goods sold at half normal price the product warranties are treated collectively warranty cost can be estimated reliably therefore a liability, not a contingency faulty goods other than from Header – not a loss, but must remove profit made on them – quantified return of faulty goods manufactured by Header creates a loss quantification of loss

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8

available maximum (d)

directors’ treatment is incorrect this is an example of a complex asset depreciation is $1·65m per annum plus $1,500 per machine hour replacement does not meet the definition of a liability maximum Maximum for question

4

(a)

up to 1 mark for each limitation Note: a good answer must refer to inter firm comparison issues

maximum

7

(b)

1/ 2

maximum

6

(c)

format discussion discussion discussion discussion discussion discussion

mark for each relevant ratio

of: of: of: of: of: of:

profitability liquidity (and working capital ratios) gearing investment ratios other issues summary available maximum Maximum for question

5

1 1 2 1 5 25

(a)

(b)

(c)

(i)

one mark per valid point to

(ii)

carrying value and tax base at 30 September 2003 caculation of deferred tax at 30 September 2003 deferred tax credit in income statement

maximum

5

available maximum

3 2 2 7 6

available maximum

1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5

maximum

4

depreciation of leased asset lease interest expense net book value of leased asset current liabilities: accrued lease interest current liabilities: obligations under finance leases non-current liabilities: obligations under finance leases

(i)

one mark per valid point to

(ii)

discussion of value of inventory up to discussion of effect on construction contract up to

1 3 4 2 3 2 1 16 12 25

maximum Maximum for question

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3 2 5 25

(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 10 JUNE 2004

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

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4J_INTPA Paper 2.5INT 4J_INTAA Paper 2.5INT

Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

(a) Hapsburg, a public listed company, acquired the following investments: –

On 1 April 2003, 24 million shares in Sundial. This was by way of an immediate share exchange of two shares in Hapsburg for every three shares in Sundial plus a cash payment of $1 per Sundial share payable on 1 April 2006. The market price of Hapsburg’s shares on 1 April 2003 was $2 each.

–

On 1 October 2003, 6 million shares in Aspen paying an immediate $2·50 in cash for each share.

Based on Hapsburg’s cost of capital (taken as 10% per annum), $1 receivable in three years’ time can be taken to have a present value of $0·75. Hapsburg has not yet recorded the acquisition of Sundial but it has recorded the investment in Aspen. The summarised balance sheets at 31 March 2004 are: Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Investments

Current Assets Inventory Trade and other receivables Cash

Hapsburg $000 $000 41,000 15,000 ———– 56,000 9,900 13,600 1,200 ———–

Total assets Equity and liabilities Capital and reserves Ordinary shares $1 each Reserves: Share premium Accumulated profits

Total equity and liabilities

4,800 8,600 3,800 ———–

20,000 8,000 10,600 ———–

Non-current liabilities 10% loan note Current liabilities Trade and other payables Bank overdraft Taxation

24,700 ———– 80,700 ———–

Sundial $000 $000 34,800 3,000 ———– 37,800

18,600 ———– 38,600

26,100 ———– 80,700 ———–

7,900 14,400 nil ———–

30,000 2,000 8,500 ———–

16,000

16,500 nil 9,600 ———–

17,200 ———– 55,000 ———–

Aspen $000 $000 37,700 nil ———– 37,700

10,500 ——–– 40,500

20,000 nil 8,000 ———–

4,200

6,900 nil 3,400 ———–

10,300 ———– 55,000 ———–

22,300 ———– 60,000 ———–

8,000 ———– 28,000 12,000

13,600 4,500 1,900 ———–

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20,000 ———– 60,000 ———–

4J_INTAA Paper 2.5INT

The following information is relevant: (i)

Below is a summary of the results of a fair value exercise for Sundial carried out at the date of acquisition: Asset Carrying value Fair value at acquisition at acquisition Notes $000 $000 Plant 10,000 15,000 remaining life at acquisition four years Investments 3,000 4,500 no change in value since acquisition The book values of the net assets of Aspen at the date of acquisition were considered to be a reasonable approximation to their fair values

(ii) The profits of Sundial and Aspen for the year to 31 March 2004, as reported in their entity financial statements, were $4·5 million and $6 million respectively. No dividends have been paid by any of the companies during the year. All profits are deemed to accrue evenly throughout the year. (iii) In January 2004 Aspen sold goods to Hapsburg at a selling price of $4 million. These goods had cost Aspen $2·4 million. Hapsburg had $2·5 million (at cost to Hapsburg) of these goods still in inventory at 31 March 2004. (iv) Goodwill is to be written off over a five-year life with a proportionate charge in the year of acquisition. (v) All depreciation/amortisation is charged on a straight-line basis. (vi) Hapsburg uses the Allowed Alternative Treatment in IAS 22 ‘Business Combinations’ to record the fair value of assets and liabilities. Required: Prepare the Consolidated Balance Sheet of Hapsburg as at 31 March 2004.

(20 marks)

(b) Some commentators have criticised the use of equity accounting on the basis that it can be used as a form of off balance sheet financing. Required: Explain the reasoning behind the use of equity accounting and discuss the above comment.

(5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4J_INTPB Paper 2.5INT 4J_INTBA Paper 2.5INT

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

Reproduced below is the draft balance sheet of Tintagel, a public listed company, as at 31 March 2004. $000 $000 Non-current assets (note (i)) Freehold property 126,000 Plant 110,000 Investment property at 1 April 2003 (note (ii)) 15,000 ———— 251,000 Current Assets Inventory (note (iii)) 60,400 Trade receivables and prepayments 31,200 Bank 13,800 105,400 ———– ———— Total assets 356,400 ———— Equity and liabilities Capital and Reserves: Ordinary shares of 25c each

150,000

Reserves: Share premium Accumulated profits – 1 April 2003 Accumulated profits – Year to 31 March 2004

10,000 52,500 47,500 ———–

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax – at 1 April 2003 (note (v))

18,700

Current liabilities Trade payables (note (iii)) Provision for plant overhaul (note (iv)) Taxation

47,400 12,000 4,200 ———–

Suspense account (note (vi))

63,600 14,100 ———— 356,400 ————

Total equity and liabilities

(i)

110,000 ———— 260,000

The income statement has been charged with $3·2 million being the first of four equal annual rental payments for an item of excavating plant. This first payment was made on 1 April 2003. Tintagel has been advised that this is a finance lease with an implicit interest rate of 10% per annum. The plant had a fair value of $11·2 million at the inception of the lease. None of the non-current assets have been depreciated for the current year. The freehold property should be depreciated at 2% on its cost of $130 million, the leased plant is depreciated at 25% per annum on a straightline basis and the non-leased plant is depreciated at 20% on the reducing balance basis.

(ii) Tintagel adopts the fair value model for its investment property. Its value at 31 March 2004 has been assessed by a qualified surveyor at $12·4 million. (iii) During an inventory count on 31 March 2004 items that had cost $6 million were identified as being either damaged or slow moving. It is estimated that they will only realise $4 million in total, on which sales commission of 10% will be payable. An invoice for materials delivered on 12 March 2004 for $500,000 has been discovered. It has not been recorded in Tintagel’s bookkeeping system, although the materials were included in the inventory count. 4 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

4J_INTBA Paper 2.5INT

(iv) Tintagel operates some heavy excavating plant which requires a major overhaul every three years. The overhaul is estimated to cost $18 million and is due to be carried out in April 2005. The provision of $12 million represents two annual amounts of $6 million made in the years to 31 March 2003 and 2004. (v) The deferred tax provision required at 31 March 2004 has been calculated at $22·5 million. (vi) The suspense account contains the credit entry relating to the issue on 1 October 2003 of a $15 million 8% loan note. It was issued at a discount of 5% and incurred direct issue costs of $150,000. It is redeemable after four years at a premium of 10%. Interest is payable six months in arrears. The first payment of interest has not been accrued and is due on 1 April 2004. Apportionment of issue costs, discounts and premiums can be made on a straight-line basis. Required: (a) Commencing with the accumulated profit figures in the above balance sheet ($52·5 million and $47·5 million), prepare a schedule of adjustments required to these figures taking into account any adjustments required by notes (i) to (vi) above. (11 marks) (b) Redraft the balance sheet of Tintagel as at 31 March 2004 taking into account the adjustments required in notes (i) to (vi) above. (14 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4J_INTBB Paper 2.5INT

3

(a) During the last decade it has not been unusual for the premium paid to acquire control of a business to be greater than the fair value of its tangible net assets. This increase in the relative balance sheet proportions of intangible assets has made the accounting practices for them all the more important. During the same period many companies have spent a great deal of money internally developing new intangible assets such as software and brands. IAS 38 ‘Intangible Assets’ was issued in September 1998 and prescribes the accounting treatment for intangible assets. Required: In accordance with IAS 38, discuss whether intangible assets should be recognised, and if so how they should be initially recorded and subsequently amortised in the following circumstances: – when they are purchased separately from other assets; – when they are obtained as part of acquiring the whole of a business; and – when they are developed internally. Note: your answer should consider goodwill separately from other intangibles.

(10 marks)

(b) Dexterity is a public listed company. It has been considering the accounting treatment of its intangible assets and has asked for your opinion on how the matters below should be treated in its financial statements for the year to 31 March 2004. (i)

On 1 October 2003 Dexterity acquired Temerity, a small company that specialises in pharmaceutical drug research and development. The purchase consideration was by way of a share exchange and valued at $35 million. The fair value of Temerity’s net assets was $15 million (excluding any items referred to below). Temerity owns a patent for an established successful drug that has a remaining life of 8 years. A firm of specialist advisors, Leadbrand, has estimated the current value of this patent to be $10 million, however the company is awaiting the outcome of clinical trials where the drug has been tested to treat a different illness. If the trials are successful, the value of the drug is then estimated to be $15 million. Also included in the company’s balance sheet is $2 million for medical research that has been conducted on behalf of a client. (4 marks)

(ii) Dexterity has developed and patented a new drug which has been approved for clinical use. The costs of developing the drug were $12 million. Based on early assessments of its sales success, Leadbrand have estimated its market value at $20 million. (3 marks) (iii) Dexterity’s manufacturing facilities have recently received a favourable inspection by government medical scientists. As a result of this the company has been granted an exclusive five-year licence to manufacture and distribute a new vaccine. Although the licence had no direct cost to Dexterity, its directors feel its granting is a reflection of the company’s standing and have asked Leadbrand to value the licence. Accordingly they have placed a value of $10 million on it. (3 marks) (iv) In the current accounting period, Dexterity has spent $3 million sending its staff on specialist training courses. Whilst these courses have been expensive, they have led to a marked improvement in production quality and staff now need less supervision. This in turn has led to an increase in revenue and cost reductions. The directors of Dexterity believe these benefits will continue for at least three years and wish to treat the training costs as an asset. (2 marks) (v) In December 2003, Dexterity paid $5 million for a television advertising campaign for its products that will run for 6 months from 1 January 2004 to 30 June 2004. The directors believe that increased sales as a result of the publicity will continue for two years from the start of the advertisements. (3 marks) Required: Explain how the directors of Dexterity should treat the above items in the financial statements for the year to 31 March 2004. (15 marks as indicated) Note: The values given by Leadbrand can be taken as being reliable measurements. You are not required to consider depreciation aspects. (25 marks) 6 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

This is a blank page. Question 4 begins on page 8.

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[P.T.O.

4J_INTBC Paper 2.5INT

4

The following information relates to Planter, a small private company. It consists of an opening balance sheet as at 1 April 2003 and a listing of the company’s ledger accounts at 31 March 2004 after the draft operating profit before interest and taxation (of $17,900) had been calculated. Planter – Balance sheet as at

1 April 2003 $ $

Non-current assets Land and buildings (at valuation $49,200 less accumulated depreciation of $5,000) Plant (at cost of $70,000 less accumulated depreciation of $22,500) Investments at cost

Current Assets Inventory Trade receivables Bank

57,400 28,600 1,200 ———

Total assets Equity and liabilities Capital and Reserves: Ordinary shares of $1 each Reserves: Share premium Revaluation reserve Accumulated profits

44,200 47,500 16,900 ———— 108,600

87,200 ———— 195,800 ————

25,000 5,000 12,000 70,300 ———–

Non-current liabilities 8% Loan notes

87,300 ———— 112,300 43,200

Current liabilities Trade payables Taxation

31,400 8,900 ———–

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40,300 ———— 195,800 ————

4J_INTBC Paper 2.5INT

Ledger account listings at 31 March 2004

Dr $

Ordinary shares of $1 each Share premium Accumulated profits – 1 April 2003 Profit before interest and tax – year to 31 March 2004 Revaluation reserve 8% Loan notes Trade payables Accrued loan interest Taxation Land and buildings at valuation Plant at cost Buildings – accumulated depreciation 31 March 2004 Plant – accumulated depreciation 31 March 2004 Investments at cost Trade receivables Inventory – 31 March 2004 Bank Investment income Loan interest Ordinary dividend

Cr $ 50,000 8,000 70,300 17,900 18,000 39,800 26,700 300

1,100 62,300 84,600 6,800 37,600 8,200 50,400 43,300 1,900 400 1,700 26,100 ———— 277,700 ————

———— 277,700 ————

Notes (i) There were no disposals of land and buildings during the year. The increase in the revaluation reserve was entirely due to the revaluation of the company’s land. (ii) Plant with a net book value of $12,000 (cost $23,500) was sold during the year for $7,800. The loss on sale has been included in the profit before interest and tax. (iii) Investments with a cost of $8,700 were sold during the year for $11,000. The profit has been included in the profit before interest and tax. There were no further purchases of investments. (iv) On 10 October 2003 a bonus issue of 1 for 10 ordinary shares was made utilising the share premium account. The remainder of the increase in ordinary shares was due to an issue for cash on 30 October 2003. (v) The balance on the taxation account is after settlement of the provision made for the year to 31 March 2003. A provision for the current year has not yet been made. Required: From the above information, prepare a cash flow statement using the indirect method for Planter in accordance with IAS 7 ‘Cash Flow Statements’ for the year to 31 March 2004. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4J_INTBD Paper 2.5INT

5

(a) (i)

Linnet is a large public listed company involved in the construction industry. Accounting standards normally require construction contracts to be accounted for using the percentage (stage) of completion basis. However under certain circumstances they should be accounted for using the completed contracts basis.

Required: Discuss the principles that underlie each of the two methods and describe the circumstances in which their use is appropriate. (5 marks) (ii) Linnet is part way through a contract to build a new football stadium at a contracted price of $300 million. Details of the progress of this contract at 1 April 2003 are shown below: Cumulative sales revenue invoiced Cumulative cost of sales to date Profit to date

$ million 150 112 38

The following information has been extracted from the accounting records at 31 March 2004: Total progress payment received for work certified at 29 February 2004 Total costs incurred to date (excluding rectification costs below) Rectification costs

$ million 180 195 17

Linnet has received progress payments of 90% of the work certified at 29 February 2004. Linnet’s surveyor has estimated the sales value of the further work completed during March 2004 was $20 million. At 31 March 2004 the estimated remaining costs to complete the contract were $45 million. The rectification costs are the costs incurred in widening access roads to the stadium. This was the result of an error by Linnet’s architect when he made his initial drawings. Linnet calculates the percentage of completion of its contracts as the proportion of sales value earned to date compared to the contract price. All estimates can be taken as being reliable. Required: Prepare extracts of the financial statements for Linnet for the above contract for the year to 31 March 2004. (8 marks)

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4J_INTBD Paper 2.5INT

(b) (i)

Large companies often conduct their operations across many different industrial and geographical areas. IAS 14 ‘Segment Reporting’ is based on the principle that, without supplementary information, the ‘aggregated’ financial statements of such companies are of little use to analysts and other users of financial statements.

Required: Describe how the provision of segment information is intended to assist users of financial statements, and identify the main problems of providing segment information. (6 marks) (ii) The Bilberry group is a large public company that operates in a single geographical market. Its directors have identified three distinguishable business segments; food processing, paint manufacturing and retailing of motor vehicles. The following information is available regarding its operations for the year to 31 March 2004: – Segment sales revenue of the group (including inter-segment sales of $25 million) is $825 million made up of $270 million from food processing; $315 million from paint manufacturing and the remainder from motor vehicle retailing. The motor vehicle division sold cars at a gross profit of 20% to the other two divisions. – The segment operating profit (before interest, tax and associated company income) is $187 million (including the profit from inter-segment sales). Food processing made a profit of $70 million and paint manufacturing made a profit of $65 million. – The segment operating profit does not include $50 million of administration overheads which cannot be apportioned on a reasonable basis, nor $3 million interest received and $12 million finance costs. – The group’s share of the results of its equity accounted associated company (see below) is $30 million. – The group’s total assets are $890 million. These are attributable to $250 million to food processing; $270 million to paint manufacturing; $200 million to motor vehicle retailing and $140 million carrying value of the associated company investment. The associate operates entirely within the food processing sector. The remainder of the total assets are long-term investments in corporate bonds. Note: you may assume that the assets and related depreciation charges have been adjusted for the unrealised profits in the motor vehicles. – The group’s total liabilities are $120 million. These are attributable to $50 million to food processing; $45 million to paint manufacturing; and $25 million to motor vehicle retailing. Required: Prepare a segment report for Bilberry for the year ended 31 March 2004 incorporating the above information in accordance with IAS 14. (6 marks) (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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4J–INTIX Paper 2.5INT 4J–INTAA Paper 2.5INT

Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

June 2004 Answers

Consolidated Balance Sheet of Hapsburg as at 31 March 2004: $000 Non current assets Goodwill (16,000 – 3,200 (w (i))) Property, plant and equipment (41,000 + 34,800 + 3,750 (w (i))) Investments: – in associate (w (iv)) – ordinary (3,000 + 1,500 (fair value increase)

Current Assets Inventory (9,900 + 4,800 – 300 (w (v))) Trade receivables (13,600 + 8,600) Cash (1,200 + 3,800)

12,800 79,550 15,150 4,500 ———

14,400 22,200 5,000 ———

Total assets Equity and liabilities Ordinary share capital (20,000 + 16,000 (w (i))) Reserves: Share premium (8,000 + 16,000 (w (i))) Accumulated profits (w (ii))

$000

19,650 ———— 112,000

41,600 ———— 153,600 ———— 36,000

24,000 8,050 ———–

Minority interests (w (iii)) Non-current liabilities 10% Loan note (16,000 + 4,200) Deferred consideration (18,000 + 1,800 (w (vi)))

20,200 19,800 ———–

Current liabilities: Trade payables (16,500 + 6,900) Taxation (9,600 + 3,400)

23,400 13,000 ———–

Total equity and liabilities

32,050 ———– 68,050 9,150

40,000

36,400 ———— 153,600 ————

Workings – Note: all working figures in $000. The 80% (24m/30m shares) holding in Sundial is likely to give Hapsburg control and means it is a subsidiary and should be consolidated. The 30% (6m/20m shares) holding in Aspen is likely to give Hapsburg influence rather than control and thus it should be equity accounted. (i) Investments at cost (see below)

50,000

Cost of control Ordinary shares (30,000 × 80%) Share premium (2,000 × 80%) Pre acq profit (w (ii)) Fair value adjustments (see below) Goodwill

———– 50,000 ———–

24,000 1,600 3,200 5,200 16,000 ———– 50,000 ———–

The purchase consideration for Sundial is $50 million. This is made up of an issue of 16 million shares (24/3 × 2) at $2 each totalling $32 million and deferred consideration of $24 million ($1 per share) which should be discounted to $18 million (24 million × $0·75). The share issue should be recorded as $16 million share capital and $16 million share premium. The goodwill will be depreciated over five years at $3·2 million per annum.

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4J–INTAA Paper 2.5INT

Fair value adjustments: The Allowed Alternative treatment in IAS 22 requires the full fair value adjustment to be recorded with the minority being allocated their share. Fair value adjustment: Property, plant and equipment Investments

Total 5,000 1,500 ——— 6,500 ———

group share (80%) 4,000 1,200 ——— 5,200 ———

minority (20%) 1,000 300 ——— 1,300 ———

The fair value adjustment of $5 million to plant will be realised evenly over the next four years in the form of additional depreciation at $1·25 million per annum. In the year to 31 March 2004 the effect of this is $1·25 million charged to Sundial’s profits (as additional depreciation); and a net of $3·75 million added to the carrying value of the plant. Goodwill on acquisition of Aspen: Purchase consideration (6 million × $2·50) Share capital Profits up to acquisition (8,000 – (6,000 × 6/12)) Net assets at date of acquisition

15,000 20,000 5,000 ———– 25,000 × 30%

Difference – goodwill

(7,500) ——— 7,500 ———

Goodwill of $7·5 million depreciated over a five-year life would give a charge of $750,000 (i.e. six months only) for the year to 31 March 2004. (ii) Hapsburg Additional depreciation (w (i)) URP in inventory (w (v)) 300 Unwinding of interest (w (vi)) 1,800 Minority interest ((8,500 – 1,250) × 20%) Pre-acq profit ((8,500 – 4,500) × 80%) Post acq profit ((4,500 – 1,250) × 80%) Amortisation of goodwill: Sundial (w (i)) Aspen (w (i)) Balance c/f

3,200 750 8,050 ———– 14,100 ———–

(iii)

Accumulated profits Sundial 1,250 Per question Post acq profit Share of Aspen’s profit 1,450 (6,000 × 6/12 × 30%) 3,200 2,600

Hapsburg 10,600 2,600

——— 8,500 ———

Sundial 8,500

900

———– 14,100 ———–

——— 8,500 ———

Minority interest

Balance c/f

Ordinary shares (30,000 × 20%) Share premium (2,000 × 20%) Accumulated profits (w (ii)) Fair value adjustments (w (i))

9,150 ——— 9,150 ———

(iv) Investment in associate: Investment at cost Share of post acquisition profit (w (ii)) Less goodwill amortisation (w (i))

15,000 900 (750) ———– 15,150 ———–

Alternative calculation: Share of net assets at 31 March 2004 (28,000 × 30%) Goodwill (7,500 – 750)

8,400 6,750 ———— 15,150

———–

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6,000 400 1,450 1,300 ——— 9,150 ———

4J–INTAA Paper 2.5INT

(v)

Unrealised profit in inventory As the transaction is with an associate, only the group share of unrealised profits must be eliminated: $1·6 million × 2·5 million/4 million × 30% = $300,000

(vi) The deferred consideration of $24 million has been discounted to $18 million. The discounted amount will be ‘unwound’ at 10% per annum. In the year to 31 March 2004 this will give an accrued finance cost of 10% (added to the carrying value of the deferred consideration). (b)

In recent years many companies have increasingly conducted large parts of their business by acquiring substantial minority interests in other companies. There are broadly three levels of investment. Below 20% of the equity shares of an investee would normally be classed as an ordinary investment and shown at cost (it is permissible to revalue them to market value) with only the dividends paid by the investee being included in the income of the investor. A holding of above 50% normally gives control and would create subsidiary company status and consolidation is required. Between these two, in the range of over 20% up to 50%, the investment would normally be deemed to be an associate (note, the level of shareholding is not the only determining criterion). The relevance of this level of shareholding is that it is presumed to give significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee (but this presumption can be rebutted). If such an investment were treated as an ordinary investment, the investing company would have the opportunity to manipulate its profit. The most obvious example of this would be by exercising influence over the size of the dividend the associated company paid. This would directly affect the reported profit of the investing company. Also, as companies tend not to distribute all of their earnings as dividends, over time the cost of the investment in the balance sheet may give very little indication of its underlying value. Equity accounting for associated companies is an attempt to remedy these problems. In the income statement any dividends received from an associate are replaced by the investor’s share of the associate’s results. In the balance sheet the investment is initially recorded at cost and subsequently increased by the investor’s share of the retained profits of the associate (any other gains such as the revaluation of the associate’s assets would also be included in this process). This treatment means that the investor would show the same profit irrespective of the size of the dividend paid by the associate and the balance sheet more closely reflects the worth of the investment.

4J–INTBA Paper 2.5INT

The problem of off balance sheet finance relates to the fact that it is the net assets that are shown in the investor’s balance sheet. Any share of the associate’s liabilities is effectively hidden because they have been offset against the associate’s assets. As a simple example, say a holding company owned 100% of another company that had assets of $100 million and debt of $80 million, both the assets and the debt would appear on the consolidated balance sheet. Whereas if this single investment was replaced by owning 50% each of two companies that had the same balance sheets (i.e. $100 million assets and $80 million debt), then under equity accounting only $20 million ((100 – 80) × 50% × 2) of net assets would appear on the balance sheet thus hiding the $80 million of debt. Because of this problem, it has been suggested that proportionate consolidation is a better method of accounting for associated companies, as both assets and debts would be included in the investor’s balance sheet. IAS 28 ‘Accounting for Investments in Associates’ does not permit the use of proportionate consolidation of associates, however IAS 31 ‘Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures’ sets as its benchmark proportionate consolidation for jointly controlled entities (equity accounting is the allowed alternative). 2

(a)

Tintagel: Accumulated profits at 1 April 2003 Reversal of provision plant overhaul (w (iv))

Profit for the year to 31 March 2004 Lease rental charge added back (w (i)) Lease interest (w (i)) Depreciation (w (ii)) – building Depreciation (w (ii)) – owned plant Depreciation (w (ii)) – leased plant

$000

$000 52,500 6,000 ———– 58,500

47,500 3,200 (800) 2,600 22,000 2,800 ———–

Loss on investment property (15,000 – 12,400) Write down of inventory (w (iii)) Unrecorded trade payable Reversal of provision for plant overhaul (w (iv)) Increase in deferred tax (22·5 – 18·7) Loan note interest (0·6 + 0·3 (w (v))) Accumulated profits at 31 March 2004

(27,400) (2,600) (2,400) (500) 6,000 (3,800) (900) ———–

18,300 ———– 76,800 ———–

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4J–INTBA Paper 2.5INT

(b)

Tintagel – Balance sheet as at 31 March 2004: Tangible Non-current assets Freehold property (126,000 – 2,600 (w (ii))) Plant – owned (110,000 – 22,000 (w (ii))) – leased (11,200 – 2,800 (w (ii)) Investment property

$000

Current Assets Inventory (60,400 – 2,400 (w (iii))) Trade receivables and prepayments Bank

58,000 31,200 13,800 ———–

Total assets Equity and liabilities Capital and Reserves: Ordinary shares of 25c each

$000 123,400 88,000 8,400 12,400 ———— 232,200

103,000 ———— 335,200 ————

150,000

Reserves: Share premium Accumulated profits – 31 March 2004 (part (a))

10,000 76,800 –––––––

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax Finance lease obligations (w (i)) 8% Loan note (14,100 + 300 (w (v)))

22,500 5,600 14,400 ———–

Current liabilities Trade payables (47,400 + 500) Accrued lease finance interest (w (i)) Accrued loan interest (w (v)) Finance lease obligation (w (i)) Taxation

47,900 800 600 2,400 4,200 ———–

Total equity and liabilities

86,800 ———— 236,800

42,500

55,900 ———— 335,200 ————

Workings (i) Finance lease: The lease has been incorrectly treated as an operating lease. Treating it as a finance lease gives the following figures: $000 Cash price/recorded cost 11,200 First instalment (reversed in income statement) (3,200) ———– Capital outstanding at 1 April 2003 8,000 Interest at 10% p.a. to 31 March 2004 (current liability) 800 The capital outstanding of $8 million must be split between current and non-current liabilities. The second instalment payable on 1 April 2004 will contain $800,000 of interest (8,000 × 10%), therefore the capital element in this payment will be $2·4 million and this is a current liability. This leaves $5·6 million (8,000 – 2,400) as a non-current liability. (ii)

Non-current assets depreciation: Buildings (130 × 2%) Non-leased plant (110 × 20%) Leased plant (11,200 × 25%)

$000 2,600 22,000 2,800

(iii) The damaged and slow moving inventory should be written down to its estimated realisable value. This is $3·6 million ($4 million less sales commission at 10%). Therefore the required write down is $2·4 million ($6 million – $3·6 million). (iv) A provision for a future major overhaul does not meet the definition of a liability in IAS 37 ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’ and must be reversed; this will increase the current year’s profit and the previous year’s profit by $6 million each.

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4J–INTBA Paper 2.5INT

(v)

International accounting standards require issue costs, discounts on issue and premiums on redemptions of loan instruments to be included as part of the finance costs: $000 $000 Issue proceeds (15,000 × 95%) 14,250 Issue costs (150) ———– Initial carrying value (as per suspense account) 14,100 Less Payable on redemption (15,000 × 110%) 16,500 Total interest payments (15,000 × 8% × 4 years) 4,800 (21,300) ———– ———— Total finance costs (7,200) ———— The question says these may be apportioned on a straight-line basis at $1·8 million pa. The loan stock was issued on 1 October 2003 therefore an interest charge of $900,000 is required for the current year. Of this $600,000 is represented by the accrual to be paid on 1 April 2004 and the remainder is also accrued, but added to the carrying value of the loan stock on the balance sheet.

4J–INTBB Paper 2.5INT

3

(a)

Goodwill: International Accounting Standards state that goodwill is the difference between the purchase consideration and the fair value of the acquired business’s identifiable (separable) net assets. Identifiable assets and liabilities are those that are capable of being sold or settled separately, i.e. without selling the business as a whole. Purchased goodwill should be recognised on the balance sheet at this value and amortised over its estimated useful economic life. The useful economic life is the period of time over which an asset is expected to be used by the enterprise. There is a rebuttable presumption that the life should not exceed 20 years. However, in the rare cases where there is persuasive evidence where it can be demonstrated that the life is more than 20 years, then it should be amortised over the best estimate of its useful life. Where this occurs the estimated recoverable amount must be estimated at least annually and written down if it is impaired. IAS 38 specifically states that internally generated goodwill (but not necessarily other intangibles) cannot be capitalised. Other intangibles: Where an intangible asset other than goodwill is acquired as a separate transaction, the treatment is relatively straightforward. It should be capitalised at cost and amortised over its estimated useful economic life (similar rules apply to the lives of other intangible assets as apply to goodwill as referred to above). The fair value of the purchase consideration paid to acquire an intangible is deemed to be its cost. Intangibles purchased as part of the acquisition of a business should be recognised separately to goodwill if they can be measured reliably. Reliable measurement does not have to be at market value, techniques such as valuations based on multiples of turnover or notional royalties are acceptable. This test is not meant to be overly restrictive and is likely to be met in valuing intangibles such as brands, publishing titles, patents etc. The amount of intangibles that may be recognised is restricted such that their recognition cannot create negative goodwill (as a balancing figure). Any intangible not capable of reliable measurement will be subsumed within goodwill. Recognition of internally developed intangibles is much more restrictive. IAS 38 states that internally generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles, customer lists and similar items should not be recognised as intangible assets as these items cannot be distinguished from the cost of developing the business as a whole. The Standard does require development costs to be capitalised if they meet detailed recognition criteria.

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4J–INTBB Paper 2.5INT

(b)

(i)

The purchase consideration of $35 million should be allocated as: Net tangible assets Work in progress Patent Goodwill

$m 15 2 10 8 —– 35 —–

The difficulty here is the potential value of the patent if the trials are successful. In effect this is a contingent asset and on an acquisition contingencies have to be valued at their fair value. There is insufficient information to make a judgment of the fair value of the contingent asset and in these circumstances it would be prudent to value the patent at $10 million. The additional $5 million is an example of where an intangible cannot be measured reliably and thus it should be subsumed within goodwill. The other issue is that although research cannot normally be treated as an asset, in this case the research is being done for another company and is in fact work in progress and should be recognised as such. (ii)

This is an example of an internally developed intangible asset and although the circumstances of its valuation are similar to the patent acquired above it cannot be recognised at Leadbrand’s valuation. Internally generated intangibles can only be recognised if they meet the definition of development costs in IAS 38. Internally generated intangibles are permitted to be carried at a revalued amount (under the allowed alternative treatment) but only where there is an active market of homogeneous assets with prices that are available to the public. By their very nature drug patents are unique (even for similar types of drugs) therefore they cannot be part of a homogeneous population. Therefore the drug would be recorded at its development cost of $12 million.

(iii) This is an example of a ‘granted’ asset. It is neither an internally developed asset nor a purchased asset. In one sense it is recognition of the standing of the company that is part of the company’s goodwill. IAS 38’s general requirement requires intangible assets to be initially recorded at cost and specifically mentions granted assets. IAS 38 also refers to IAS 20 ‘Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance’ in this situation. This standard says that both the asset and the grant can be recognised at fair value initially (in this case they would be at the same amount). If fair values are not used for the asset it should be valued at the amount of any directly attributable expenditure (in this case this is zero). It is unclear whether IAS 38’s general restrictive requirements on the revaluation of intangibles as referred to in (a) above (i.e. the allowed alternative treatment) are intended to cover granted assets under IAS 20. (iv) There is no doubt that a skilled workforce is of great benefit to a company. In this case there is an enhancement of revenues and a reduction in costs and if resources had been spent on a tangible non-current asset that resulted in similar benefits they would be eligible for capitalisation. However the Standard specifically excludes this type of expenditure from being recognised as an intangible asset and it describes highly trained staff as ‘pseudo-assets’. The main reason is the issue of control (through custody or legal rights). Part of the definition of any asset is the ability to control it. In the case of employees (or, as in this case, training costs of employees) the company cannot claim to control them, as it is quite possible that employees may leave the company and work elsewhere. (v)

The benefits of effective advertising are often given as an example of goodwill (or an enhancement of it). If this view is accepted then such expenditures are really internally generated goodwill which cannot be recognised. In this particular case it would be reasonable to treat the unexpired element of the expenditure as a prepayment (in current assets) this would amount to 3/6 of $5 million i.e. $2·5 million. This represents the cost of the advertising that has been paid for, but not yet taken place. In the past some companies have treated anticipated continued benefits as deferred revenue expenditure, but this is no longer permitted as it does not meet the Standard’s recognition criteria for an asset.

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4J–INTBC Paper 2.5INT

4

Cash Flows From Operating Activities – Planter for the Year to 31 March 2004: Reconciliation of operating profit to net cash inflow from operating activities $ Net profit before interest and tax (per question) Adjustments for: depreciation – buildings (w (i)) 1,800 depreciation – plant (w (i)) 26,600 ———– loss on sale of plant (w (i)) profit on sale of investments (11,000 – 8,700) decrease in inventory (57,400 – 43,300) increase in receivables (50,400 – 28,600) decrease in payables (31,400 – 26,700) Cash generated from operations Interest paid (1,700 – 300 accrued) Income tax paid (8,900 + 1,100)

$ 17,900

28,400 4,200 (2,300) 14,100 (21,800) (4,700) ———– 35,800 (1,400) (10,000) ———– 24,400

Net cash flow from operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities Purchase of plant (w (i)) Purchase of land and buildings (w (i)) Investment income Sale of plant (w (i)) Sale of investments

(38,100) (7,100) 400 7,800 11,000 ————

Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary shares (w (ii)) Redemption of 8% loan notes Ordinary dividend paid

28,000 (3,400) (26,100) ————

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at 1 April 2003 Cash and cash equivalents at 31 March 2004

(26,000)

(1,500) ———– (3,100) 1,200 ———– (1,900) ———–

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4J–INTBC Paper 2.5INT

Workings (i) Non-current assets: Land and buildings Valuation b/f Revaluation surplus (18,000 – 12,000) Acquisitions – balancing figure

49,200 6,000 7,100 ———– 62,300 ———–

Valuation c/f Depreciation b/f Charge for year – balancing figure

5,000 1,800 ———– 6,800 ———–

Depreciation c/f Plant Cost b/f Disposals at cost Acquisitions – balancing figure

70,000 (23,500) 38,100 ———– 84,600 ———–

Cost c/f Depreciation b/f Disposals Charge for year – balancing figure

22,500 (11,500) 26,600 ———– 37,600 ———–

Depreciation c/f Disposal of plant: Net book value Proceeds from question

12,000 (7,800) ———– 4,200 ———–

Loss on sale (ii)

Share capital and share premium: Ordinary shares b/f Bonus issue 1 for 10 (from share premium) Ordinary shares c/f

25,000 2,500 (50,000) –——— 22,500 –———

Difference issue for cash Share premium b/f Bonus issue Share premium c/f

5,000 (2,500) (8,000) ———– 5,500 ———–

Increase is premium on cash issue Total proceeds of issue is (22,500 + 5,500)

28,000 ———–

(iii) Reconciliation of revaluation reserve Balance b/f Difference revaluation of land

12,000 6,000 ———– 18,000 ———–

Balance c/f

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4J–INTBD Paper 2.5INT

5

(a)

(i)

Long-term construction contracts span more than one accounting year-end. This leads to the problem of determining how the uncompleted transactions should be dealt with over the life of the contract. Normal sales are not recognised until the production and sales cycle is complete. Prudence is the most obvious concept that is being applied in these circumstances, and this is the principle that underlies the completed contract basis. Where the outcome of a long-term contract cannot be reasonably foreseen due to inherent uncertainty, the completed contracts basis should be applied. The effect of this is that sales revenue earned to date is matched to the cost of sales and no profit is taken. The problem with the above is that for say a three year contract it can lead to a situation where no profits are recognised, possibly for two years, and in the year of completion the whole of the profit is recognised (assuming the contract is profitable). This seems consistent with the principle that only realised profits should be recognised in the income statement. The problem is that the overriding requirement is for financial statements to show a true and fair view which implies that financial statements should reflect economic reality. In the above case it can be argued that the company has been involved in a profitable contract for a three-year period, but its financial statements over the three years show a profit in only one period. This also leads to volatility of profits which many companies feel is undesirable and not favoured by analysts. An alternative approach is to apply the matching/accruals concept which underlies the percentage of completion method. This approach requires the percentage of completion of a contract to be assessed (there are several methods of doing this) and then recognising in the income statement that percentage of the total estimated profit on the contract. This method has the advantage of more stable profit recognition and can be argued shows a more true and fair view than the completed contract method. A contrary view is that this method can be criticised as being a form of profit smoothing which, in other circumstances, is considered to be an (undesirable) example of creative accounting. Accounting standards require the use of the percentage of completion method where the outcome of the contract is reasonably foreseeable. It should also be noted that where a contract is expected to produce a loss, the whole of the loss must be recognised as soon as it is anticipated.

(ii)

Linnet – income statement extract – year to 31 March 2004 (see working below): $ million 70 (81) —— (11) ——

Sales revenue Cost of sales (64 +17) Loss for period

Linnet – balance sheet extracts – as at 31 March 2004 Current assets Gross amounts due from customers for contract work (w (iii))

59

Workings:

Sales Cost of sales Rectification costs Profit(loss)

cumulative 1 April 2003 $ million 150 (112) nil ––– 38 –––

cumulative 31 March 2004 $ million (w (i)) 220 (w (ii)) (176) (17) ––– (w (ii)) 27 –––

amounts for year $ million 70 (64) (17) ––– (11) –––

(i)

progress payments received are $180 million. This is 90% of the work certified (at 29 February 2004), therefore the work certified at that date was $200 million. The value of the further work completed in March 2004 is given as $20 million, giving a total value of contract sales at 31 March 2004 of $220 million.

(ii)

the total estimated profit (excluding rectification costs) is $60 million: $ million contract price 300 cost to date (195) estimated cost to complete (45) —— estimated total profit 60 —— The degree of completion (by the method given in the question) is 220/300 Therefore the profit to date (before rectification costs) is $44 million ($60 million × 220/300). Rectification costs must be charged to the period they were incurred and not spread over the remainder of the contract life. Therefore after rectification costs of $17 million the total reported contract profit to 31 March 2004 would be $27 million. With contract revenue of $220 million and profit to date of $44 million, this means contract costs (excluding rectification costs) would be $176 million. The difference between this figure and total cost incurred of $195 million is part of the $59 million of the amount due from customers shown in the balance sheet.

(iii) The gross amounts due from customers is cost to date ($195 million + $17 million) plus cumulative profit ($27 million) less progress billings ($180 million) = $59 million.

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4J–GBRBD Paper 2.5INT

(b)

(i)

The financial statements of large diversified companies are an aggregation of all their separate activities. Their results are a composite of their individual segments. Each of the separate segments may have different results. The segments may have wide ranges of profitability, cash flows, growth, future prospects and risks. Without information on these separate segments, these differences would be concealed and it would be impossible for users of financial statements to properly assess past performance and future prospects. IAS 14 ‘Segment Reporting’ requires primary and secondary reporting formats which are based on business and geographical segments. Providing information on sales revenues, results (profit) and net assets of each segment goes some way to resolving the difficulties outlined above. The main problems with the provision of segmental information are: – defining what is a reportable segment. Although accounting standards give guidance on this, ultimately it is a matter for the directors to determine. This means that comparability between different companies can be impaired as they may be using different interpretations of what constitute reportable segments. IAS 14 has both primary and secondary reporting formats (by product group and geographically or vice versa). Similar companies may choose different primary formats to each other. – apportionment between the segments of some costs on a reasonable basis can be difficult. This could be true for many common costs such as central administration. The Standard says where a reasonable basis of apportionment cannot be found they should be shown as a deduction from the aggregated profit and not apportioned. However it is possible that companies may use the apportionment of such costs to manipulate the relative profitabilities of their different segments. – similar to the above there are some assets and liabilities that cannot be attributed to individual segments. Interest bearing assets are an example of this, as too are some forms of borrowing. Again the Standard says that such assets and liabilities should not be allocated to segments. Related interest receivable and finance costs are also examples of common items as referred to above.

(ii)

Bilberry – Segment report Year to 31 March 2004

Revenue External sales Inter-segment sales Total revenue Results Segment profit Unallocated corporate expenses Operating profit Interest expense Interest income Group share of associate

Food $ million

Paint $ million

Motors $ million

Total $ million

270 nil —— 270 ——

315 nil —— 315 ——

215 25 —— 240 ——

800 25 —— 825 ——

70

65

47

(w (i)) 182 (50) —— 132 (12) 3 30 —— 153 ——

250 140

270

200

(50)

(45)

(25)

720 140 30 —— 890 (120) —— 770 ——

30

Group profit before tax Other information Segment assets Investment in associate Unallocated corporate assets Consolidated total assets Segment liabilities Total net assets

Working (i) The profit before tax of $187 million given in the question needs to be adjusted for $5 million profit (deducted) made on inter-segment sales ($25 million × 20%).

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4J–GBRMS Paper 2.5INT

Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

June 2004 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. 1

(a)

Balance sheet: goodwill (four for total figure, one for depreciation) land and buildings plant investment in associate other investments inventory trade receivables and cash current liabilities 10% loan notes deferred consideration minority interest share capital and share premium accumulated profits available maximum

(b)

2

(a)

(b)

reasoning behind equity accounting discussion of off balance sheet financing

Marks 5 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 25 20

maximum Maximum for question

3 2 5 25

available maximum

2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 11

available maximum Maximum for question

1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 17 14 25

accumulated profits reversal of cyclic repair provision depreciation charges add back lease rental lease interest loan interest loss on investment property inventory write down unrecorded creditor deferred tax

Balance sheet freehold plant investment property inventory receivables and prepayments and bank trade receivables accrued lease interest accrued loan interest lease obligation (current liability) taxation lease obligation (non-current liability) 8% loan note deferred tax ordinary shares and share premium

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4J–GBRMS Paper 2.5INT

3

(a)

discussion of goodwill other intangibles – separate transactions other intangibles – part of an acquisition other intangibles – internally developed available maximum

(b)

(i)

One mark for each item in balance sheet

4

(ii)

does it qualify as development expenditure the need for an active market drugs are unique, not homogeneous

1 1 1

(iii) neither an acquired asset nor internally generated really recognition of goodwill can recognise both the asset and the grant at fair value or at cost – granted asset has zero cost

1 1 1 1

(iv) in reality a valuable asset, in accounting a pseudo-asset cannot control workforce does not meet recognition criteria

1 1 1

(v)

4

Marks 3 2 3 3 11 10

effective advertising really part of goodwill cannot be recognised as a non-current asset prepayment of $2·5 million cannot spread over two years available maximum Maximum for question

1 1 1 1 18 15 25

available Maximum for question

8 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 26 25

reconciliation of operating profit to operating cash flows, one per item interest paid investment income taxation purchase of plant purchase of land and buildings sale of plant sale of investments ordinary dividend issue of ordinary shares redemption of loan notes decrease in cash

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4J–GBRMS Paper 2.5INT

5

(a)

(b)

(i)

one mark per valid point to

(ii)

sales revenues cost of sales gross amounts due from customers

(i)

one mark per valid point to

(ii)

total sales less inter-segment profit before tax common costs and net interest share of associate segment assets share of associate’s net assets unallocated assets segment liabilities

maximum

Marks 5

available maximum

3 4 2 9 8

maximum

6

available maximum Maximum for question

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 6 25

(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 9 DECEMBER 2004

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

Do not open this paper until instructed by the supervisor This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

Holdrite purchased 75% of the issued share capital of Staybrite and 40% of the issued share capital of Allbrite on 1 April 2004. Details of the purchase consideration given at the date of purchase are: Staybrite: a share exchange of 2 shares in Holdrite for every 3 shares in Staybrite plus an issue to the shareholders of Staybrite 8% loan notes redeemable at par on 30 June 2006 on the basis of $100 loan note for every 250 shares held in Staybrite. Allbrite: a share exchange of 3 shares in Holdrite for every 4 shares in Allbrite plus $1 per share acquired in cash. The market price of Holdrite’s shares at 1 April 2004 was $6 per share. The summarised income statements for the three companies for the year to 30 September 2004 are:

Revenue Cost of Sales Gross Profit Operating expenses Operating Profit Interest expense Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for period

Holdrite $000 75,000 (47,400) –––––––– 27,600 (10,480) –––––––– 17,120 (170) –––––––– 16,950 (4,800) –––––––– 12,150 ––––––––

Staybrite $000 40,700 (19,700) –––––––– 21,000 (9,000) –––––––– 12,000

Allbrite $000 31,000 (15,300) –––––––– 15,700 (9,700) –––––––– 6,000

–––––––– 12,000 (3,000) –––––––– 9,000 ––––––––

–––––––– 6,000 (2,000) –––––––– 4,000 ––––––––

The following information is relevant: (i) A fair value exercise was carried out for Staybrite at the date of its acquisition with the following results: Book Value Fair Value $000 $000 Land 20,000 23,000 Plant 25,000 30,000 The fair values have not been reflected in Staybrite’s financial statements. The increase in the fair value of the plant would create additional depreciation of $500,000 in the post acquisition period in the consolidated financial statements to 30 September 2004. Depreciation on plant is charged to cost of sales. (ii) The details of each company’s share capital and reserves at 1 October 2003 are: Holdrite Staybrite $000 $000 Equity shares of $1 each 20,000 10,000 Share premium 5,000 4,000 Retained profits 18,000 7,500

Allbrite $000 5,000 2,000 6,000

(iii) In the post acquisition period Holdrite sold goods to Staybrite for $10 million. Holdrite made a profit of $4 million on these sales. One-quarter of these goods were still in the inventory of Staybrite at 30 September 2004. (iv) Impairment tests on the goodwill of Staybrite and Allbrite at 30 September 2004 resulted in the need to write down Staybrite’s goodwill by $750,000. Allbrite’s goodwill was not impaired. (v) Holdrite paid a dividend of $5 million on 20 September 2004.

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Required: (a) Calculate the goodwill arising on the purchase of the shares in both Staybrite and Allbrite at 1 April 2004. (8 marks) (b) Prepare a consolidated income statement for the Holdrite Group for the year to 30 September 2004. (15 marks) (c) Show the movement on the consolidated retained profits attributable to Holdrite for the year to 30 September 2004. (2 marks) (25 marks)

Note: The additional disclosures in IFRS 3 ‘Business Combinations’ relating to a newly acquired subsidary are not required.

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The following trial balance relates to Chamberlain, a publicly listed company, at 30 September 2004: $000 Ordinary share capital Retained profits at 1 October 2003 6% Loan note (issued in 2002) Deferred tax (note (v)) Land and buildings at cost (land element $163 million (note (i))) Plant and equipment at cost (note (i)) Plant on lease to customer at cost (note (ii)) Accumulated depreciation 1 October 2003 – buildings Accumulated of depreciation 1 October 20 – plant and equipment Trade receivables Inventory – 1 October 2003 Bank Trade payables Revenue Purchases Construction contract balance (note (iii)) Operating expenses Loan interest paid Interim dividend Rental income from plant (note (ii)) Research and development expenditure (note (iv))

$000 200,000 162,000 50,000 17,500

403,000 124,000 56,000 60,000 44,000 48,000 35,500 12,500 45,000 246,500 78,500 5,000 29,000 1,500 8,000 16,000 40,000 –––––––– 841,000 ––––––––

–––––––– 841,000 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i)

The building had an estimated life of 40 years when it was acquired and is being depreciated on a straight-line basis. Plant and equipment, other than the leased plant, is depreciated at 12·5% per annum using the reducing balance basis. Depreciation of buildings and plant and equipment is charged to cost of sales.

(ii) On 1 October 2003 Chamberlain purchased an item of plant for $56 million which it leased to a customer on the same date. The lease period is four years with annual rentals of $16 million in advance. The plant is expected to have a nil residual value at the end of the four years. Chamberlain has been advised that this is a finance lease with an interest rate of 10% per annum. (iii) The construction contract balance represents costs incurred to date of $35 million less progress billings received of $30 million on a two year construction contract that commenced on 1 October 2003. The total contract price has been agreed at $125 million and Chamberlain expects the total contract cost to be $75 million. The company policy is to accrue for profit on uncompleted contracts by applying the percentage of completion to the total estimated profit. The percentage of completion is determined by the proportion of the contract costs to date compared to the total estimated contract costs. At 30 September 2004, $5 million of the $35 million costs incurred to date related to unused inventory of materials on site. Other inventory at 30 September 2004 amounted to $38·5 million at cost (iv) The research and development expenditure is made up of $25 million of research, the remainder being development expenditure. The directors are confident of the success of this project which is likely to be completed in March 2005. (v) The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year to 30 September 2004 at $22 million. The deferred tax provision at 30 September 2004 is to be adjusted to a credit balance of $14 million.

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Required: Prepare for Chamberlain: (a) An income statement for the year to 30 September 2004; and

(11 marks)

(b) A balance sheet as at 30 September 2004 in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as far as the information permits. (14 marks) Note: A Statement of Changes in Equity is NOT required. Disclosure notes are ONLY required for the leased plant in item (ii) above. (25 marks)

3

Historically financial reporting throughout the world has differed widely. The International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF) is committed to developing, in the public interest, a single set of high quality, understandable and enforceable global accounting standards that require transparent and comparable information in general purpose financial statements. The various pronouncements of the IASCF are sometimes collectively referred to as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) GAAP. Required: (a) Describe the functions of the various internal bodies of the IASCF, and how the IASCF interrelates with other national standard setters. (10 marks) (b) Describe the IASCF’s standard setting process including how standards are produced, enforced and occasionally supplemented. (10 marks) (c) Comment on whether you feel the move to date towards global accounting standards has been successful. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4

Bigwood, a public company, is a high street retailer that sells clothing and food. The managing director is very disappointed with the current year’s results. The company expanded its operations and commissioned a famous designer to restyle its clothing products. This has led to increased sales in both retail lines, yet overall profits are down. Details of the financial statements for the two years to 30 September 2004 are shown below. Income statements: Revenue – clothing Sale s – food Cost of sales – clothing Cost of sales – food Gross profit Other operating expenses Operating profit Interest expense Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for period Summarised Changes in Equity: Retained profit b/f Profit for the period Dividends paid Retained profit c/f

year to 30 September 2004 $000 $000 16,000 7,000 23,000 ––––––– 14,500 4,750 (19,250) ––––––– ––––––– 3,750 (2,750) ––––––– 1,000 (300) ––––––– 700 (250) ––––––– 450 –––––––

year to 30 September 2003 $000 $000 15,600 4,000 19,600 ––––––– 12,700 3,000 (15,700) ––––––– ––––––– 3,900 (1,900) ––––––– 2,000 (80) ––––––– 1,920 (520) ––––––– 1,400 –––––––

year to 30 September 2004 $000 1,900 450 (600) ––––––– 1,750 –––––––

year to 30 September 2003 $000 1,100 1,400 (600) ––––––– 1,900 –––––––

Balance sheets as at: Property, plant and equipment at cost Accumulated depreciation Current Assets Inventory – clothing Inventory – food Trade receivables Bank

30 September 2004 $000 $000 17,000 (5,000) ––––––– 12,000 2,700 200 100 nil ––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Issued ordinary capital ($1 shares) Share premium Retained profits Non-current liabilities Long-term loans Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade payables Current tax payable

3,000 ––––––– 15,000 –––––––

30 September 2003 $000 $000 9,500 (3,000) ––––––– 6,500 1,360 140 50 450 –––––-

2,000 ––––––– 8,500 –––––––

5,000 1,000 1,750 ––––––– 7,750

3,000 nil 1,900 ––––––– 4,900

3,000

1,000

930 3,100 220 –––––––

nil 2,150 450 –––––––

4,250 2,600 ––––––– ––––––– 15,000 8,500 ––––––– ––––––– Note: the directors have signalled their intention to maintain annual dividends at $600,000 for the foreseeable future. 6 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

The following information is relevant: (i) The increase in property, plant and equipment was due to the acquisition of five new stores and the refurbishment of some existing stores during the year. The carrying value of fixtures scrapped at the refurbished stores was $1.2 million; they had originally cost $3 million. Bigwood received no scrap proceeds from the fixtures, but did incur costs of $50,000 to remove and dispose of them. The losses on the refurbishment have been charged to operating expenses. Depreciation is charged to cost of sales apportioned in relation to floor area (see below). (ii) The floor sales areas (in square metres) were: Clothing Food

30 September 2004 48,000 16,000 ––––––– 54,000 –––––––

30 September 2003 35,000 15,000 ––––––– 40,000 –––––––

(iii) The share price of Bigwood averaged $6·00 during the year to 30 September 2003, but was only $3·00 at 30 September 2004. (iv) The following ratios have been calculated: Return on capital employed Net assets turnover Gross profit margin – clothing – food Net profit (after tax) margin Current ratio Inventory holding period – clothing – food Accounts payable period Gearing Interest cover

2004 9·3% 2·1 times

2003 33·9% 3·3 times

9·4% 32·1% 2·0% 0·71:1

18·6% 25% 7·1% 0·77:1

68 days 15 days 59 days 28% 3·3 times

39 days 17 days 50 days 17% 25 times

Required: (a) Prepare, using the indirect method, a cash flow statement for Bigwood for the year to 30 September 2004 (12 marks) (b) Write a report analysing the financial performance and financial position of Bigwood for the two years ended 30 September 2004. (13 marks) Your report should utilise the above ratios and the information in your cash flow statement. It should refer to the relative performance of the clothing and food sales and be supported by any further ratios you consider appropriate. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

5

(a) Derwent, a publicly listed company, made the following share capital transactions on 1 October 2003. (i)

the purchase and immediate cancellation of five million of its own ordinary shares. Derwent paid $1·75 per share in an open market purchase. These shares had originally been issued at par. Derwent is registered in a country that permits a company to purchase and immediately cancel its own share capital. In order to protect creditors the nominal value of the redeemed share capital must be replaced by a new issue of shares or by a transfer from accumulated profits to a capital reserve. Any premium paid on the redemption of shares must be charged to retained profits.

(ii) an issue of one million 5% preference shares of $1 each at par. This issue was made in order to help finance the above purchase. Derwent’s share capital and reserves at 30 September 2003 were: $000 Ordinary shares of 25c each fully paid 25,000 Retained profits 55,000 ––––––– 80,000 ––––––– On 1 January 2004 Derwent paid an interim dividend of 3c per share and on 1 June 2004 it paid a further dividend of 5c per share. Derwent’s profit after tax for the year to 30 September 2004 was $12 million. Required: (i)

Prepare extracts from Derwent’s balance sheet for share capital and 30 September 2004; calculate the dividends paid for the year to 30 September 2004.

reserves at (8 marks)

(ii) State the advantages of companies being able to purchase and then cancel their own shares. (4 marks)

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(b) Advent is a publicly listed company. Details of Advent’s non-current assets at 1 October 2003 were: Land and building

Plant

$m 280 1(40) –––– 240 ––––

$m 150 (105) –––– 45 ––––

Cost/valuation Accumulated depreciation/amortisation Net book value

Telecommunications license $m 300 1(30) –––– 270 ––––

Total $m 730 (175) –––– 555 ––––

The following information is relevant: (i) The land and building were revalued on 1 October 1998 with $80 million attributable to the land and $200 million to the building. At that date the estimated remaining life of the building was 25 years. A further revaluation was not needed until 1 October 2003 when the land and building were valued at $85 million and $180 million respectively. The remaining estimated life of the building at this date was 20 years. (ii) Plant is depreciated at 20% per annum on cost with time apportionment where appropriate. On 1 April 2004 new plant costing $45 million was acquired. In addition, this plant cost $5 million to install and commission. No plant is more than four years old. (iii) The telecommunications license was bought from the government on 1 October 2002 and has a 10 year life. It is amortised on a straight line basis. In September 2004, a review of the sales of the products related to the license showed them to be very disappointing. As a result of this review the estimated recoverable amount of the license at 30 September 2004 was estimated at only $100 million. There were no disposals of non-current assets during the year to 30 September 2004 Required: (i)

Prepare balance sheet extracts of Advent’s non-current assets as at 30 September 2004 (including comparative figures), together with any disclosures required (other than those of the accounting policies) under current International Financial Reporting Standards. (9 marks)

(ii) Explain the usefulness of the above disclosures to the users of the financial statements.

(4 marks) (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

December 2004 Answers

Cost of control in Staybrite: Consideration Shares (10,000 x 75% x 2/3 x $6) 8% loan notes (10,000 x 75% x $100/250)

$000

Less Equity shares Share premium Pre acq reserves (see below) Fair value adjustment (5,000 + 3,000)

10,000 4,000 12,000 8,000 ––––––– 34,000

$000 30,000 3,000 ––––––– 33,000

x 75%

Goodwill The pre acquisition reserves are: At 1 October 2003 To 1 April 2004 (9,000 x 6/12)

7,500 4,500 ––––––– 12,000 –––––––

Goodwill on the purchase of Allbrite: Consideration Shares (5,000 x 40% x 3/4 x $6) Cash (5,000 x 40% x $1)

9,000 2,000 ––––––– 11,000

Less Equity shares Share premium Pre acq reserves (6,000 + (4,000 x 6/12))

5,000 2,000 8,000 ––––––– 15,000

Goodwill (b)

(25,500) ––––––– 7,500 –––––––

Holdrite Group Consolidated income statement for the year ended 30 September 2004 $000 Revenue (75,000 + (40,700 x 6/12) – 10,000) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses (w (ii)) Profit from operations Income from associate (w (iii)) Interest expense Profit before tax Income tax expense – Group (4,800 + (3,000 x 6/12)) Income tax expense – Associate (w (iii)) Profit for the period Attributable to: Equity holders of the parent Minority interest (w (iv))

(6,300) (400) ––––––

x 40%

(6,000) ––––––– 5,000 –––––––

$000 85,350 (48,750) –––––––– 36,600 (15,730) –––––––– 20,870 1,200 –––––––– 22,070 (170) –––––––– 21,900 (6,700) –––––––– 15,200 –––––––– 14,200 1,000 –––––––– 15,200 ––––––––

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(c)

$000 14,200 (5,000) –––––––– 9,200 18,000 –––––––– 27,200 –––––––– $000

Net profit for period Dividend paid Retained profit b/f (Holdrite only) Retained profits c/f Workings ($000) (i) Cost of sales Holdrite Staybrite (19,700 x 6/12) Additional depreciation of plant Intra group purchases Unrealised profit in inventory (4,000 x 25%)

(ii)

47,400 9,850 500 (10,000) 1,000 –––––––– 48,750 ––––––––

Operating expenses Holdrite Staybrite (9,000 x 6/12) Impairment of Staybrite’s goodwill

10,480 4,500 750 –––––––– 15,730 ––––––––

(iii) Associated company Profit for the year (6,000 x 6/12 x 40%) Taxation (2,000 x 6/12 x 40%)

1,200 400

(iv) Minority Interest 9,000 x 6/12 less additional depreciation

4,500 (500) –––––––– 4,000 –––––––– 1,000 ––––––––

x 25%

2

(a)

Chamberlain – Income statement – Year to 30 September 2004 $000 296,500 (146,500) ––––––––– 150,000 (29,000) ––––––––– 121,000 4,000 (3,000) ––––––––– 122,000 (18,500) ––––––––– 103,500 –––––––––

Revenue (246,500 + 50,000 (w (i))) Cost of sales (w (ii)) Gross profit Operating expenses Profit before interest and tax Investment income (w (iii)) Interest expense (1,500 + 1,500 accrued) Profit before tax Income tax (22,000 – (17,500 – 14,000)) Profit for the period

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(b)

Chamberlain – Balance Sheet as at 30 September 2004 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (w (iv)) Development costs (40,000 – 25,000) Current assets Inventory Amounts due from construction contracts (w (i)) Trade receivables Net investment in finance lease – Note 1 (w (iii)) Accrued finance lease income (w (iii)) Bank

$000

38,500 25,000 48,000 40,000 4,000 12,500 ––––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Capital and reserves: Ordinary share capital Retained profits – 1 October 2003 Accumulated pr – Year to 30 September 2004 Accumulated pr less dividends paid

$000 407,000 15,000 –––––––– 422,000

168,000 –––––––– 590,000 ––––––––

200,000 162,000 103,500 (8,000) ––––––––

Non-current liabilities (w (v))

257,500 –––––––– 457,500 64,000

Current liabilities Trade payables Accrued finance costs Taxation

45,000 1,500 22,000 ––––––––

Total equity and liabilities Note 1 Net investment in finance lease: Amount receivable within one year Amount receivable after more than one year

68,500 –––––––– 590,000 ––––––––

12,000 28,000 –––––––– 40,000 ––––––––

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Workings (all figures in $000) (i) Construction contract: Contract price Estimated cost

$000 125,000 (75,000) –––––––– 50,000 ––––––––

Estimated total profit

Contract cost for year (35,000 – 5,000 inventory on site) Estimated cost Percentage complete (30,000/75,000) Year to 30 September 2004 Contract revenue – included in sales (125,000 x 40%) Contract costs – included in cost of sales (35,000 – 5,000) Amounts due from customers: Cost to date plus profit taken (35,000 + 20,000) Less progress billings received

(ii)

Cost of sales: Opening inventory Purchases Contract costs (w (i)) Research costs Depreciation (w (iv)) – buildings Depreciation (w (iv)) – plant Closing inventory

30,000 75,000 40%

50,000 (30,000) 55,000 (30,000) –––––––– 25,000 –––––––– 35,500 78,500 30,000 25,000 6,000 10,000 (38,500) –––––––– 146,500 ––––––––

(iii) Finance lease: Net investment at inception of lease First rental payment – 1 October 2003

56,000 (16,000) –––––––– 40,000 4,000

Investment outstanding to 30 September 2004 Accrued interest 10% (current asset)

In the year to 30 September 2005 the second rental payment of $16,000 will be received, of this $4000 is for the accrued interest for the previous year, thus $12,000 will be a capital receipt. Therefore the analysis of the investment outstanding at 30 September 2004 of $40,000 is that $12,000 will be receivable within one year and $28,000 after more than one year. (iv) Non-current assets/depreciation: Buildings: A cost of $240,000 (403,000 – 163,000 for the land) over a 40 year life gives annual depreciation of $6,000 per annum. This gives accumulated depreciation at 30 September 2004 of $66,000 (60,000 + 6,000) and a net book value of $337,000 (403,000 – 66,000). Plant: The carrying value prior to the current year’s depreciation is $80,000 (124,000 – 44,000). Depreciation at 12·5% on the reducing balance basis gives an annual charge of $10,000. This gives a carrying value at 30 September 2004 of $70,000 (80,000 – 10,000). Therefore the carrying value of property, plant and equipment at 30 September 2004 is $407,000 (337,000 + 70,000). (v)

Non-current liabilities 6% loan note Deferred tax

50,000 14,000 ––––––– 64,000 –––––––

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3

Note: The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has decided that their standards will be called International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and that this term should be taken to encompass both Standards and Interpretations issued by the IASB (IFRS and IFRIC), and the International Accounting Standards (IAS) and Standing Interpretations Committee Interpretations (SIC) issued by its predecessor standard setter, the IASC Board. References in this answer to IFRS should be taken to have the same meaning as that used by the IASB. (a)

In recognition of the increasing importance of international accounting standards, in 1999 the Board of the IASB recommended and subsequently adopted a new constitution and structure. After a two year process a new supervisory body, The International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation, was incorporated in the USA in February 2001 as an independent not-for-profit organisation. It is governed by 19 IASC Foundation Trustees who must have an understanding of international issues relevant to accounting standards for use in the world’s capital markets. The main objectives of the IASC Foundation are: to develop a single set of global accounting standards that require high quality, transparent and comparable information in financial statements to help users in making economic decisions; to promote the use and application of these standards; and to bring about convergence of national accounting standards and international accounting standards The subsidiary bodies of the IASC Foundation are the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (based in London UK), the Standards Advisory Council (SAC) and the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC). The International Accounting Standards Board The result of a restructuring process saw the IASB assume the responsibility for setting accounting standards from its predecessor body, the International Accounting Standards Committee. The Trustees appoint the members of all of the above bodies. They also set the agenda of and raise finance for the IASB; however the IASB has sole responsibility for setting accounting standards, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), following rigorous and open due process. The Standards Advisory Council provides a forum for experts from different countries and different business sectors with an interest in international financial reporting to offer advice when drawing up new standards. Its main objectives are to give advice to the Trustees and IASB on agenda decisions and work priorities and on the major standard-setting projects. The International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee has taken over the work of the previous Standing Interpretations Committee. It is really a compliance body whose role is to provide rapid guidance on the application and interpretation of international accounting standards where contentious or divergent interpretations of international accounting standards have arisen. It operates an open due process in accordance with its approved procedures. Its pronouncements (interpretations – SICs and IFRICs) are important because financial statements cannot be described as complying with IFRSs unless they also comply with the interpretations. Other Bodies The prominence of the IASB has been enhanced even further by its relationship with the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). IOSCO is an influential organisation of the world’s security commissions (stock exchanges). In 1995 the IASC agreed to develop a core set of standards which, when endorsed by IOSCO, would be used as an acceptable basis for cross-border listings. In May 2000 this was achieved. Thus it can be said that international accounting standards may be the first tentative steps towards global accounting harmonisation. As part of its harmonisation process the European Union will require listed companies in all member states to prepare their financial statements using IFRSs by 2005. National standard setters such as the UK’s Accounting Standards Committee and the USA’s Financial Accounting Standards Board have a role to play in the formulation of international accounting standards. Seven of the leading national standard setters are members of the IASB. The IASB see this as a ‘partnership’ between IASB and these national bodies as they work together to achieve the convergence of accounting standards world wide. Often the IASB will ask members of national standard setting bodies to work on particular projects in which those countries have greater experience or expertise. Many countries that are committed to closer integration with IFRSs will publish domestic standards equivalent (sometimes identical) to IFRSs on a concurrent timetable.

(b)

The International Accounting Standard Setting Process As referred to above the IASB is ultimately responsible for setting international accounting standards. The Board (advised by the SAC) identifies a subject and appoints an Advisory Committee to advise on the issues relevant to the given topic. Depending on the complexity and importance of the subject matter the IASB may develop and publish Discussion Documents for public comment. Following the receipt and review of comments the IASB then develops and publishes an Exposure Draft for public comment. The usual comment period for both of these is ninety days. Finally, and again after a review of any further comments, an International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) is issued. The IASB also publishes a Basis for Conclusions which explains how it reached its conclusions and gives information to help users to apply the Standard in practice. In addition to the above the IASB will sometimes conduct Public Hearings where proposed standards are openly discussed and occasionally Field Tests are conducted to ensure that proposals are practical and workable around the world. The authority of international accounting standards is a rather difficult area. The IASB has no power to enforce international accounting standards within those countries/enterprises that choose to adopt them. This means that the enforcement of international accounting standards is in the hands of the regulatory systems of the individual adopting countries. There is no doubt the regulatory systems in different parts of the world differ from each other considerably in their effectiveness. For example in the UK the Financial Reporting Review Panel (FRRP) is a body that investigates departures from the UK’s regulatory system (which will soon include the use of international accounting standards for listed companies). The FRRP has wide and effective powers of enforcement, but not all countries have equivalent bodies, thus it can be argued that international

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accounting standards are not enforced in a consistent manner throughout the world. Complementary to international accounting standards, there also exist international auditing standards and part of the rigour and transparency that the use of international accounting standards brings is due to the fact that those companies adopting international accounting standards should also be audited in accordance with international auditing standards. This auditing aspect is part of IOSCO’s requirements for financial statements to be used for cross-border listing purposes. Where it becomes apparent (often through press reports) that there is widespread inconsistency in the interpretation of an international accounting standard, or where it is perceived that a standard is not clear enough in a particular area, the IFRIC may act to remedy/clarify the position thus supplementing the body of international standards. However where it becomes apparent (perhaps through a modified audit report) that a company has departed from IFRSs there is little that the IASB can do directly to enforce them. (c)

The success of the process Any measure of success is really a matter of opinion. There is no doubt that the growing acceptance of IFRSs through IOSCO’s endorsement, the European Union requirement for their use by listed companies and the ever increasing number of countries that are either adopting international accounting standards outright or basing their domestic standards very closely on IFRSs is a measure of the success of the IASB. Equally there is widespread recognition that in recent years the quality of international accounting standards has improved enormously due to the improvements project and subsequent continuing improvements. However the IASB is not without criticism. Some countries that have developed sophisticated regulatory systems feel that IFRSs are not as rigorous as the local standards and this may give cross-border listing companies an advantage over domestic companies. Some requirements of international accounting standards are regarded as quite controversial, e.g. deferred tax (part of IAS 12), financial instruments and derivatives (IAS 32 and 39) and accounting for retirement benefits (IAS 26). Many IFRSs are complex and the benefits of applying them to smaller enterprises may be outweighed by the costs. Also some securities exchanges that are part of IOSCO require non-domestic companies that are listing by filing financial statements prepared under IFRSs to produce a reconciliation to local GAAP. This involves reconciling the IFRS income statement and balance sheet assets, liabilities and equity, to what they would be if local GAAP had been used. The USA is an important example of this requirement. Critics argue that this requirement negates many of the benefits of being able to use a single set of financial statements to list on different security exchanges. This is because to produce reconciliation to local GAAP is almost as much work and expense as preparing financial statements in the local GAAP which was usually the previous requirement. Despite these criticisms there is no doubt that the work of IASB has already led, and in the future will lead, to further improvement in financial reporting throughout the world.

4

(a)

Bigwood – Cash Flow Statement for the year to 30 September 2004: Note: figures in brackets are in $000 Net profit before tax Adjustments for: depreciation – non-current assets (w (i)) loss on disposal of fixtures (w (i)) interest expense

$000

3,800 1,250 300 –––––––

Operating profit before working capital changes increase in inventory (2,900 – 1,500) increase in trade receivables (100 – 50) increase in trade payables (3,100 – 2,150) Cash generated from operations Interest paid Income tax paid (w (ii)) Net cash from operating activities Cash flow from investing activities Purchase of Property, plant and equipment (w (i)) Disposal costs of fixtures (w (i))

(10,500) (50) –––––––

Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary shares (2,000 + 1,000) Long term loans (3,000 – 1,000) Equity dividend paid

3,000 2,000 (600) –––––––

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

$000 700

5,350 ––––––– 6,050 (1,400) (50) 950 ––––––– 5,550 (300) (480) ––––––– 4,770

(10,550) ––––––– (5,780)

4,400 ––––––– (1,380) 450 ––––––– (930) –––––––

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Workings (all figures in $000) (i) Property, plant and equipment – cost Balance b/f Disposal Balance c/f

9,500 (3,000) (17,000) ––––––– (10,500) –––––––

Difference cash purchase Depreciation Balance b/f Disposal (3,000 – 1,200) Balance c/f

(3,000) 1,800 5,000 ––––––– 3,800 –––––––

Difference charge for year Disposal Cost Depreciation

3,000 (1,800) ––––––– 1,200 50 ––––––– (1,250) –––––––

Net book value Cost of disposal Total loss on disposal

(ii)

Income tax paid: Provision b/f Income statement tax charge Provision c/f

(450) (250) 220 ––––––– (480) –––––––

Difference cash paid

(b)

Report on the financial performance of Bigwood for the year ended 30 September 2004 To: From: Date: Operating performance: Bigwood’s overall performance as measured by the return on capital employed has deteriorated markedly. This ratio is effectively a composite of the company’s profit margins and its asset utilisation. The expansion represented by the acquisition of the five new stores has considerably increased investment in net assets. The asset turnover (a measure of asset utilisation) has fallen from 3·3 times to just 2·1 times. This is a relatively large fall and is partly responsible for the deteriorating performance. However, it should be borne in mind that it often takes some time before new investment generates the same level of sales as existing capacity so it may be that the situation will improve in future years. Of more concern in the current year is the deteriorating gross profit margin of the company’s clothing sales. This has fallen from 18·6% to 9·4%. The effect of this is all the more marked because sales of clothing (in the current year) represents nearly 70% of turnover. It should also be noted that the inventory holding period of clothing has also increased significantly from 39 days in 2003 to 68 days in the current year. This may be a reflection of a company policy to increase inventory levels in order to attract more sales, but it may also be an indication that there is some slow-moving or obsolete inventory. The clothing industry is notoriously susceptible to fashion changes, the new designs may not have gone down well with the buying public. By contrast the profit margin on food sales has increased substantially (from 25% to 32·1%) as indeed have the sales themselves (up 75% on last year). These improvements have helped to offset the weaker performance of clothing sales. A more detailed analysis shown by the ratios in the appendix confirms the position. The expansion has created a 35% increase in the sales floor area, but the proportionate increase in turnover is only 17·3%. Breaking this down between the two sectors shows that the clothing sector is responsible for this deterioration; an increase in capacity of 37% has led to an increase in sales of only 2·6%, whereas a more modest increase of 20% in the food floor area has led to a remarkable increase of 75% in food sales. In the current year food retailing has generated sales of $1,167,000 per square metre, whereas clothing sales per square metre has fallen from $446,000 to $333,000. When the relative profit margins of clothing and food are considered it can be seen that food retailing has been far more profitable than clothing retailing and this gap in margins has increased during the current year. This deterioration in trading margins has continued through to net profit margins (falling from 7·1% to only 2·0%). It can be observed that operating expenses have increased considerably, but this is to be expected and is probably in line with the increase in the number of stores.

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In summary, the increase in capacity has focused on clothing rather than food retailing. On reflection this seems misguided as the performance of food retailing was superior to that of clothing (in 2003) and this has continued (even more so) during the current year. Liquidity/solvency The increase in the investment in new stores and the refurbishment of existing stores has been largely financed by increasing long term loans by $2 million and issuing $3 million of equity. The effect of this is an increase in gearing from 17% to 28%. Although the level of gearing is still modest, the interest cover has fallen from a very healthy 25 times to a worrying low 3·3 times. The investment has also taken its toll on the bank balance falling from $450,000 in hand to an overdraft of $930,000. This probably explains why the company has stretched its payment of accounts payable to 59 days in 2004 from 50 days in 2003. The company’s current liquidity position has deteriorated slightly from 0·77 : 1 to 0·71 : 1. No quick ratios have been given, nor would they be useful. Liquidity ratios are difficult to assess for retailing companies. Most of the sales generated by such companies are for cash (thus there will be few trade receivables) and normal liquidity benchmarks are not appropriate. The cash flow statement reveals cash flows generated from operating activities of $5,550,000. This is a far more reliable indicator of the company’s liquidity position. The $5,550,000 is more than adequate to service the tax and the dividend payments. Indeed the operating cash flows have contributed significantly to the financing of the expansion programme. Share price and dividends: Bigwood’s share price has halved from $6·00 to $3·00 during the current year. The dilution effect of the share issue at $1·50 per share (2 million shares for $3million) would account for some of this fall (to approximately $4·20), but the further fall probably represents the market’s expectations of the company’s performance. It is worth noting that the company has maintained its dividends at $600,000 despite an after tax profit of only $450,000. Whilst this dividend policy cannot be maintained indefinitely (at the current level of profits), the directors may be trying to convey to the market a feeling of confidence in the future profitability of the company. It may also be a reaction designed to support the share price. It should also be noted that although the total dividend has been maintained, the dividend per share will have decreased due to the share issue during the year. Summary The above analysis of performance seems to give mixed messages, the company has invested heavily in new and upgraded stores, but operating performance has deteriorated and the expansion may have been mis-focused. This appears to have affected the share price adversely. Alternatively, it may be that the expansion will take a little time to bear fruit and the deterioration may be a reflection of the current state of the economy. Cash generation remains sound and if this continues, the poor current liquidity position will soon be reversed. Signed A N Other Appendix The following additional ratios can be calculated: Increase in sales area Increase in turnover

clothing (13,000/35,000) 37% (400/15,600) 2·6%

Overall Clothing Food

food (1,000/5,000) 20% (3,000/4,000) 75%

overall (14,000/40,000) 35% (3,400/19,600) 17·3%

sales per sq mtr 2004 $000 (23,000/54) 426 (16,000/48) 333 (7,000/6) 1,167

sales per sq mtr 2003 $000 (19,600/40) 490 (15,600/35) 446 (4,000/5) 800

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5

(a)

(i)

Derwent share capital and reserves at 30 September 2004: $000 95 million ordinary shares of 25c each fully paid ((100 million – 5 million) x 25c) One million 5% preference shares of $1 each Capital reserve (w (ii)) 250 Retained profits (w (ii)) 51,600 –––––––

Dividends – year to 30 September 2004 Preference dividend ($1 million x 5%) Ordinary dividends January 2004 ((100 million – 5 million) x 3c) June 2004 (95 million x 5c)

$000 23,750 1,000 51,850 ––––––– 76,600 –––––––

50 2,850 4,750 –––––––

7,600

Workings (i) The premium on redemption is $7·5 million (5 million x (175c – 25c)) and this must be charged to accumulated profits. (ii)

$000 Retained profits b/f profit after tax for the year (from question) preference dividend (from above) ordinary dividends (from above) premium on redemption (w (i)) transfer to capital reserve (see below)

$000 55,000

12,000 (50) (7,600) (7,500) (250) –––––––

(3,400) ––––––– 51,600 –––––––

The transfer to the capital reserve is the nominal value of share capital redeemed of $1·25 million (5 million x 25c) less the proceeds of the new issue of $1 million.

(b)

(ii)

Advantages of purchasing (then cancelling) own shares: – it is a method of returning excess cash/capital surpluses to shareholders (without paying dividends) – if a company believes its shares are undervalued on the stock market, it may be able to improve its share price (and p/e ratio) by buying shares in the open market. The demand created by the purchase may cause an increase in price and, if these shares are cancelled (as they often are), this means the remaining shareholders own a greater proportion of the company. – private companies (whose shares have no active market) can take advantage of the company being able to purchase shares. This may be used to buy out shares held by employees (say on retirement) who have received them as part of a profit sharing scheme. Companies may buy out dissenting shareholders, or buy shares from the estate of a deceased shareholder. Companies normally purchase shares in these circumstances when the other shareholders do not wish to purchase any more of the company’s shares.

(i)

Non-current assets

30 September 2004 $million 316 100

30 September 2003 $million 285 270

Land and building $million

Plant $million

Total $million

280 1(15) –––– 265 ––––

150 150 1nil –––– 200 ––––

430 150 1(15) –––– 465 ––––

140 119 1(40) –––– 119 –––– 256 ––––

105 135 1nil –––– 140 –––– 160 ––––

145 144 1(40) –––– 149 –––– 316 ––––

Property, plant and equipment (note 1) Intangible assets (note 2) Note 1 Property, plant and equipment Cost or valuation: At 1 October 2003 Additions Revaluation (5 – 20) At 30 September 2004 Accumulated depreciation: At 1 October 2003 Charge for year Revaluation At 30 September 2004 Carrying value 30 September 2004

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The land and buildings were revalued by an appropriately qualified valuer on an existing use basis on 1 October 2003. They are being depreciated on a straight-line basis over a 25 year life. Plant is depreciated at 20% per annum on cost. Note 2 Intangible fixed assets: Telecommunications license $million Cost at 1 October 2003 300 –––– And at 30 September 2004 300 –––– Accumulated amortisation 1 October 2003 130 Amortisation charge for year 30 Impairment charge for year 140 –––– At 30 September 2004 200 –––– Carrying value 30 September 2004 100 ––––

Total $million 300 –––– 300 –––– 130 30 140 –––– 200 –––– 100 ––––

After the impairment charge the license will be amortised over its remaining life of eight years on a straight-line basis. (ii)

The usefulness of the above disclosures is: – users can determine which type of non-current assets a business owns. There is a great deal of difference between owning say land and buildings compared with intangibles. The above figures give an illustration of this; the property has increased in value whereas the licence has fallen dramatically. Another factor relevant to this distinction is that it is usually easier to raise finance using property as security, whereas it can be difficult to raise finance on intangibles due to the volatility of their values. – it is useful to know whether non-current assets are carried at historical cost or at revalued amount. If a company is using historical cost, it may be that balance sheet values are seriously understated with a consequential effect on depreciation charges. – information on accumulated depreciation gives a broad indication of the age of the relevant assets. In the case of Advent above, other than the plant acquired during the year, plant is almost fully depreciated. The implication of this, assuming the depreciation policy is appropriate, is that further acquisitions will be required in the near future. This in turn has future cash flow implications. – it can also be noted that no disposals of plant have occurred, thus the acquisition of plant represents an increase in capacity. This may be an indication of growth. – the disclosure of the impairment charge as part of the accumulated depreciation disclosures is self-evident. Users can determine that the acquisition of the license appears to have been a financial disaster. Where a non-current asset is carried at historical cost, as in this case, the impairment is included as part of the depreciation rather than as a write down (revaluation) of the cost of the asset.

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

December 2004 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution.

Marks 1

(a)

Goodwill of Staybrite: value of shares exchanged 8% loan notes issued equity shares and share premium pre acquisition reserves fair value adjustments Goodwill of Allbrite: value of shares exchanged cash paid equity shares and share premium pre acquisition reserves

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ––– 9 ––– 8 –––

available maximum (b)

Income statement: revenue cost of sales operating expenses interest expense income from associate income tax minority interest

2 4 2 1 2 2 3 ––– 16 ––– 15 –––

available maximum (c)

dividends retained profits b/f and c/f

1 1 ––– 2 ––– 25 –––

maximum Maximum for question

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Marks 2

(a)

Income statement revenue cost of sales operating costs investment income interest expense taxation

2 6 1 1 2 2 ––– 14 ––– 11 –––

available maximum (b)

Balance sheet development costs property, plant and equipment amounts due from construction contract customers inventory and accounts receivable investment in finance leases (one for figure 1 for disclosure note) accrued finance income bank and trade creditors accrued finance costs income tax provision non-current liabilities share capital and reserves (including 1 mark for dividend paid) available maximum Maximum for question

3

(a) (b) (c)

1 mark per relevant point to a maximum 1 mark per relevant point to a maximum 1 mark per relevant point to a maximum

1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 ––– 16 ––– 14 ––– 25 –––

10 10 5 ––– 25 –––

Maximum for question

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4

(a)

Marks 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ––– 14 ––– 12 –––

net profit before tax depreciation loss on disposal working capital items interest paid income tax paid capital expenditure disposal proceeds equity dividends financing – equity shares financing – loans decrease in cash available maximum

(b)

up to 3 marks for additional ratios 1 mark per relevant point including 1 mark for format

3 10 ––– 13 ––– 25 –––

maximum Maximum for question

5

(a)

(i)

ordinary shares preference shares capital reserve retained profits preference dividend ordinary dividends

1 1 2 2 1 2 ––– 9 ––– 8 –––

available maximum

(b)

(ii)

1 mark per relevant point to a maximum

4

(i)

property, plant and equipment cost and accumulated depreciation at 1 October 2003 additions revaluation depreciation charges total columns license stays at cost of $300 million charge for year carrying value at 30 September 2004 disclosure note available maximum

(ii)

1 mark per relevant point to a maximum

2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 ––– 11 ––– 9 ––– 4 ––– 25 –––

Maximum for question

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(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 9 JUNE 2005

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

Do not open this paper until instructed by the supervisor This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

Highveldt, a public listed company, acquired 75% of Samson’s ordinary shares on 1 April 2004. Highveldt paid an immediate $3·50 per share in cash and agreed to pay a further amount of $108 million on 1 April 2005. Highveldt’s cost of capital is 8% per annum. Highveldt has only recorded the cash consideration of $3·50 per share. The summarised balance sheets of the two companies at 31 March 2005 are shown below:

Tangible non-current assets (note (i)) Development costs (note (iv)) Investments (note (ii)) Current assets Total assets Equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of $1 each Reserves: Share premium Revaluation reserve Retained earnings – 1 April 2004 – year to 31 March 2005

Highveldt $million $million 420 nil 300 –––– 720 133 –––– 853 ––––

160 190 ––––

Non-current liabilities 10% inter company loan (note (ii)) Current liabilities Total equity and liabilities

Samson $million $million 320 40 20 –––– 380 91 –––– 471 ––––

270

80

80 45

40 nil

350 –––– 745

134 76 ––––

210 –––– 330

nil

60

108 –––– 853 ––––

81 –––– 471 ––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

Highveldt has a policy of revaluing land and buildings to fair value. At the date of acquisition Samson’s land and buildings had a fair value $20 million higher than their book value and at 31 March 2005 this had increased by a further $4 million (ignore any additional depreciation).

(ii) Included in Highveldt’s investments is a loan of $60 million made to Samson at the date of acquisition. Interest is payable annually in arrears. Samson paid the interest due for the year on 31 March 2005, but Highveldt did not receive this until after the year end. Highveldt has not accounted for the accrued interest from Samson. (iii) Samson had established a line of products under the brand name of Titanware. Acting on behalf of Highveldt, a firm of specialists, had valued the brand name at a value of $40 million with an estimated life of 10 years as at 1 April 2004. The brand is not included in Samson’s balance sheet. (iv) Samson’s development project was completed on 30 September 2004 at a cost of $50 million. $10 million of this had been amortised by 31 March 2005. Development costs capitalised by Samson at the date of acquisition were $18 million. Highveldt’s directors are of the opinion that Samson’s development costs do not meet the criteria in IAS 38 ‘Intangible Assets’ for recognition as an asset. (v) Samson sold goods to Highveldt during the year at a profit of $6 million, one-third of these goods were still in the inventory of Highveldt at 31 March 2005. (vi) An impairment test at 31 March 2005 on the consolidated goodwill concluded that it should be written down by $22 million. No other assets were impaired.

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Required: (a) Calculate the following figures as they would appear in the consolidated balance sheet of Highveldt at 31 March 2005: (i) goodwill; (8 marks) (ii) minority interest; (4 marks) (iii) the following consolidated reserves: share premium, revaluation reserve and retained earnings. (8 marks) Note: show your workings (b) Explain why consolidated financial statements are useful to the users of financial statements (as opposed to just the parent company’s separate (entity) financial statements). (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

Reproduced below are the draft financial statements of Harrington, a public company, for the year to 31 March 2005: Income statement – Year to 31 March 2005 Sales revenue (note (i)) Cost of sales (note (ii))

$000 13,700 (9,200) _______

Gross profit Operating expenses Loan note interest paid (refer to balance sheet)

4,500 (2,400) (25) ––––––– 2,075 (55) ––––––– 2,020 –––––––

Profit before tax Income tax expense (note (vi)) Profit for the period Balance Sheet as at 31 March 2005 $000 Property, plant and equipment (note (iii)) Investments (note (iv)) Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Bank

1,750 2,450 350 ––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of 25c each (note (v)) Reserves: Share premium Retained earnings – 1 April 2004 – Year to 31 March 2005 – dividends paid

$000 6,270 1,200 ––––––– 7,470

4,550 ––––––– 12,020 ––––––– 2,000 600

2,990 2,020 (500) ––––––

Non-current liabilities 10% loan note (issued 2002) Deferred tax (note (vi))

4,510 ––––––– 7,110

500 280 ––––––

Current liabilities Trade payables

780

4,130 ––––––– 12,020 –––––––

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The company policy for ALL depreciation is that it is charged to cost of sales and a full year’s charge is made in the year of acquisition or completion and none in the year of disposal. The following matters are relevant: (i)

Included in sales revenue is $300,000 being the sale proceeds of an item of plant that was sold in January 2005. The plant had originally cost $900,000 and had been depreciated by $630,000 at the date of its sale. Other than recording the proceeds in sales and cash, no other accounting entries for the disposal of the plant have been made. All plant is depreciated at 25% per annum on the reducing balance basis.

(ii) On 31 December 2004 the company completed the construction of a new warehouse. The construction was achieved using the company’s own resources as follows: $000 150 800 65 20

purchased materials direct labour supervision design and planning costs

Included in the above figures are $10,000 for materials and $25,000 for labour costs that were effectively lost due to the foundations being too close to a neighbouring property. All the above costs are included in cost of sales. The building was brought into immediate use on completion and has an estimated life of 20 years (straightline depreciation). (iii) Details of the other property, plant and equipment at 31 March 2005 are: $000 Land at cost Buildings at cost 4,000 Less accumulated depreciation at 31 March 2004 (800) –––––– Plant at cost 5,200 Less accumulated depreciation at 31 March 2004 (3,130) ––––––

$000 1,000 3,200 2,070 –––––– 6,270 ––––––

At the beginning of the current year (1 April 2004), Harrington had an open market basis valuation of its properties (excluding the warehouse in note (ii) above). Land was valued at $1·2 million and the property at $4·8 million. The directors wish these values to be incorporated into the financial statements. The properties had an estimated remaining life of 20 years at the date of the valuation (straight-line depreciation is used). Harrington makes a transfer to realised profits in respect of the excess depreciation on revalued assets. Note: depreciation for the year to 31 March 2005 has not yet been accounted for in the draft financial statements. (iv) The investments are in quoted companies that are carried at their stock market values with any gains and losses recorded in the income statement. The value shown in the balance sheet is that at 31 March 2004 and during the year to 31 March 2005 the investments have risen in value by an average of 10%. Harrington has not reflected this increase in its financial statements. (v) On 1 October 2004 there had been a fully subscribed rights issue of 1 for 4 at 60c. This has been recorded in the above balance sheet. (vi) Income tax on the profits for the year to 31 March 2005 is estimated at $260,000. The figure in the income statement is the underprovision for income tax for the year to 31 March 2004. The carrying value of Harrington’s net assets is $1·4 million more than their tax base at 31 March 2005. The income tax rate is 25%. Required: (a) Prepare a restated income statement for the year to 31 March 2005 reflecting the information in notes (i) to (vi) above. (9 marks) (b) Prepare a statement of changes in equity for the year to 31 March 2005.

(6 marks)

(c) Prepare a restated balance sheet at 31 March 2005 reflecting the information in notes (i) to (vi) above. (10 marks) (25 marks) 5 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

[P.T.O.

3

(a) IFRS 1 ‘First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards’ was issued in June 2003. Its main objectives are to ensure high quality information that is transparent and comparable over all periods presented and to provide a starting point for subsequent accounting under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) within the framework of a cost benefit exercise. Required: (i) Describe the circumstances where the presentation of an entity’s financial statements is deemed to be the first-time adoption of IFRSs and explain the main financial reporting implementation issues to be addressed in the transition to IFRSs. (7 marks) (ii) Describe IFRS 1’s accounting requirements where an entity’s previous accounting policies for assets and liabilities do not comply with the recognition and measurement requirements of IFRSs. (8 marks) (b) Transit, a publicly listed holding company, has a reporting date of 31 December each year. Its financial statements include one year’s comparatives. Transit currently applies local GAAP accounting rules, but is intending to apply IFRSs for the first time in its financial statements (including comparatives) for the year ending 31 December 2005. Its summarised consolidated balance sheet (under local GAAP) at 1 January 2004 is: $000 Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Development costs Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Bank

$000 1,000 450 400 –––––– 1,850

150 250 20 –––––– 420 (320) ––––––

Current liabilities Net current assets

100 –––––– 1,950

Non-current liabilities Restructuring provision Deferred tax

(250) (300) ––––––

Issued share capital Retained earnings

(550) –––––– 1,400 –––––– 500 900 –––––– 1,400 ––––––

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Additional information: (i)

Transit’s depreciation policy for its property, plant and equipment has been based on tax rules set by its government. If depreciation had been based on the most appropriate method under IFRSs, the carrying value of the property, plant and equipment at 1 January 2004 would have been $800,000.

(ii) The development costs originate from an acquired subsidiary of Transit. They do not qualify for recognition under IFRSs. They have a tax base of nil and the deferred tax related to these costs is $100,000. (iii) The inventory has been valued at prime cost. Under IFRSs it would include an additional $30,000 of overheads. (iv) The restructuring provision does not qualify for recognition under IFRSs. (v) Based on IFRSs, the deferred tax provision required at 1 January 2004, including the effects of the development expenditure, is $360,000. Required: Prepare a summarised balance sheet for Transit at the date of transition to IFRSs (1 January 2004) applying the requirements of IFRS 1 to the above items. Note: a reconciliation to previous GAAP is not required.

(10 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4

(a) Casino is a publicly listed company. Details of its balance sheets as at 31 March 2005 and 2004 are shown below together with other relevant information: Balance Sheet as at Non-current Assets (note (i)) Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets

31 March 2005 $m $m 880 400 –––––– 1,280

Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Interest receivable Short term deposits Bank

350 808 5 32 15 ––––––

Total assets Share Capital and Reserves Ordinary Shares of $1 each Reserves Share premium Revaluation reserve Retained earnings

1,210 –––––– 2,490 ––––––

31 March 2004 $m $m 760 510 –––––– 1,270 420 372 3 120 75 ––––––

300 60 112 1,098 ––––––

Non-current liabilities 12% loan note 8% variable rate loan note Deferred tax

nil 160 90 ––––––

Current liabilities Trade payables Bank overdraft Taxation

530 125 15 ––––––

Total equity and liabilities

1,270 –––––– 1,570

250

670 –––––– 2,490 ––––––

990 –––––– 2,260 –––––– 200

nil 45 1,165 ––––––

150 nil 75 ––––––

515 nil 110 ––––––

1,210 –––––– 1,410

225

625 –––––– 2,260 ––––––

The following supporting information is available: (i)

Details relating to the non-current assets are:

Property, plant and equipment at: 31 March 2005

Land and buildings Plant

Cost/Valuation $m 600 440

31 March 2004 Carrying Carrying Depreciation value Cost/Valuation Depreciation value $m $m $m $m $m 12 588 500 80 420 148 292 445 105 340 –––– –––– 880 760 –––– ––––

Casino revalued the carrying value of its land and buildings by an increase of $70 million on 1 April 2004. On 31 March 2005 Casino transferred $3 million from the revaluation reserve to retained earnings representing the realisation of the revaluation reserve due to the depreciation of buildings. During the year Casino acquired new plant at a cost of $60 million and sold some old plant for $15 million at a loss of $12 million. There were no acquisitions or disposals of intangible assets. 8 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

(ii) The following extract is from the draft income statement for the year to 31 March 2005: $m $m Operating loss (32) Interest receivable 12 Finance costs (24) –––– Loss before tax (44) Income tax repayment claim 14 Deferred tax charge (15) (1) –––– –––– Loss for the period (45) –––– The finance costs are made up of: Interest expenses Penalty cost for early redemption of fixed rate loan Issue costs of variable rate loan

(16) (6) (2) –––– (24) ––––

(iii) The short term deposits meet the definition of cash equivalents. (iv) Dividends of $25 million were paid during the year. Required: As far as the information permits, prepare a cash flow statement for Casino for the year to 31 March 2005 in accordance with IAS 7 ‘Cash Flow Statements’. (20 marks) (b) In recent years many analysts have commented on a growing disillusionment with the usefulness and reliability of the information contained in some companies’ income statements. Required: Discuss the extent to which a company’s cash flow statement may be more useful and reliable than its income statement. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

5

Triangle, a public listed company, is in the process of preparing its draft financial statements for the year to 31 March 2005. The following matters have been brought to your attention: (i)

On 1 April 2004 the company brought into use a new processing plant that had cost $15 million to construct and had an estimated life of ten years. The plant uses hazardous chemicals which are put in containers and shipped abroad for safe disposal after processing. The chemicals have also contaminated the plant itself which occurred as soon as the plant was used. It is a legal requirement that the plant is decontaminated at the end of its life. The estimated present value of this decontamination, using a discount rate of 8% per annum, is $5 million. The financial statements have been charged with $1·5 million ($15 million/10 years) for plant depreciation and a provision of $500,000 ($5 million/10 years) has been made towards the cost of the decontamination. (8 marks)

(ii) On 15 May 2005 the company’s auditors discovered a fraud in the material requisitions department. A senior member of staff who took up employment with Triangle in August 2004 had been authorising payments for goods that had never been received. The payments were made to a fictitious company that cannot be traced. The member of staff was immediately dismissed. Calculations show that the total amount of the fraud to the date of its discovery was $240,000 of which $210,000 related to the year to 31 March 2005. (Assume the fraud is material). (5 marks) (iii) The company has contacted its insurers in respect of the above fraud. Triangle is insured for theft, but the insurance company maintains that this is a commercial fraud and is not covered by the theft clause in the insurance policy. Triangle has not yet had an opinion from its lawyers. (4 marks) (iv) On 1 April 2004 Triangle sold maturing inventory that had a carrying value of $3 million (at cost) to Factorall, a finance house, for $5 million. Its estimated market value at this date was in excess of $5 million. The inventory will not be ready for sale until 31 March 2008 and will remain on Triangle’s premises until this date. The sale contract includes a clause allowing Triangle to repurchase the inventory at any time up to 31 March 2008 at a price of $5 million plus interest at 10% per annum compounded from 1 April 2004. The inventory will incur storage costs until maturity. The cost of storage for the current year of $300,000 has been included in trade receivables (in the name of Factorall). If Triangle chooses not to repurchase the inventory, Factorall will pay the accumulated storage costs on 31 March 2008. The proceeds of the sale have been debited to the bank and the sale has been included in Triangle’s sales revenue. (8 marks) Required: Explain how the items in (i) to (iv) above should be treated in Triangle’s financial statements for the year to 31 March 2005 in accordance with current international accounting standards. Your answer should quantify the amounts where possible. The mark allocation is shown against each of the four matters above. (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

(i)

June 2005 Answers

Goodwill calculation Investments at cost Cash consideration (80 x 75% x $3·50) Deferred consideration (see below)

$m

$m 210 100 –––– 310

Less Ordinary shares (75% x 80) Share premium (75% x 40) Pre acq profit (see working) Fair value adjustments: brand (75% x 40) land and buildings (75% x 20)

60 30 87 30 15 ––––

Goodwill on acquisition Impairment at 31 March 2005 (from question) Goodwill at 31 March 2005

(222) –––– 88 (22) –––– 66 ––––

The deferred consideration of $108 million must be discounted for one year at a cost of capital of 8% to $100 million (108/1·08). The $8 million difference is the finance charge in the year to 31 March 2005 (see (iii)). Although the internally generated brand cannot be recognised in Samson’s entity financial statements, it should be recognised in the consolidated balance sheet on the acquisition of Samson. This is because the method given in the question is an acceptable method of valuation and thus the brand can be ‘reliably measured’. The fair value adjustment for Samson’s land and buildings on acquisition is $20 million. The subsequent increase in value of $4 million in the year to 31 March 2005 is treated as a revaluation. The minority interest in the fair value adjustments and revaluation is $16 million (25% of (24 + 40)) see below. (ii)

Minority interest Ordinary shares (25% x 80) Share premium (25% x 40) Retained earnings (see working) Fair values (see (i) above)

$m

(iii) Consolidated reserves: Share premium: Highveldt only

$m 20 10 41 16 –––– 87 –––– 80

Revaluation reserve: (45 + (75% x 4))

48

Retained earnings Highveldt – from question Post acq profit of Samson (see working) Interest receivable (see below)

350 36 6 –––– 392

Finance cost on deferred consideration (see (i) above) Impairment of goodwill

8 22 ––––

Retained earnings in consolidated balance sheet

(30) –––– 362 ––––

The intra group interest has not been recorded by Highveldt. To do so it would credit interest receivable (which increases the profit for the year) and debit cash (in transit). Working (Note: all figures in $million) The pre and post acquisition profits of Samson are calculated as follows: Pre Post Per question 134 76 Apportionment of development costs (18) (22) URP in inventory (6/3) (2) Amortisation of brand (40/10 years) (4) –––– –––– 116 48 –––– –––– Therefore minority interest is 25% x 164 = 41 Pre acquisition earnings are 75% x 116 = 87 Post acquisition earnings are 75% x 48 = 36

at 31 March 2005

164 ––––

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(b)

The objective of consolidated financial statements is to show the financial performance and position of the group as if it was a single economic entity. There is a view that, as the entity financial statements of the parent company contain the investments in subsidiaries as non-current assets, they reflect the assets of the group as a whole. The more traditional view is that entity financial statements do not provide users with sufficient information about subsidiaries for them to make a reliable assessment of the performance of the group as a whole. The following illustrates benefits of consolidated financial statements: – they identify the nature and classification of the subsidiary’s assets. For example, the investment in a subsidiary may be almost entirely in intangible assets or conversely they may be substantially land and buildings. Such a distinction is of obvious importance to users. – the amount of the subsidiary’s debt could not be assessed from the parent’s entity financial statements. In effect the subsidiary’s assets and liabilities are netted off when it is shown as an investment. This means group liquidity and gearing cannot be properly assessed. – the cost of the investment does not reflect the size of a company. For example a parent company may show an investment in a subsidiary at a cost of $10 million. This may represent the purchase of a subsidiary that has $10 million of assets and no liabilities. Alternatively this could be a subsidiary that has $100 million in assets and $90 million of liabilities. Clearly the latter subsidiary would be a much larger company than the former. – the cost of the investment may be a fair representation of its value at the date of purchase, but with the passage of time (assuming the subsidiary is profitable), its value will increase. This increase would not be reflected in the original cost, but it would be reflected in the consolidated net assets of the subsidiary (and the increase in group reserves). – the cost of the investment might represent all of the ownership of the subsidiary or only just over half of it i.e. there would be no indication of the minority interest. To summarise, in the absence of a consolidated balance sheet, users would have no information on the current value of a subsidiary, its size, the composition of its net assets and how much of it was owned by the group.

2

(a)

Harrington: Restated income statement – Year to 31 March 2005 Sales revenues (13,700 – 300 plant sale proceeds) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses Investment income (1,320 – 1,200) Loan interest (25 + 25) Profit before tax Income tax expense (55 + 260 + (350 – 280) deferred tax) Profit for the period

(b)

Statement of Changes in Equity – Year to 31 March 2005 Retained Revaluation Profits reserve $000 $000 At 1 April 2004 2,990 nil Rights issue (see below) Profit for period (see (a)) 1,775 Revaluation of property (w (ii)) 1,800 Transfer to realised profit 80 (80) Ordinary dividends paid (500) –––––– –––––– At 31 March 2005 4,345 1,720 –––––– ––––––

$000 13,400 (8,910) ––––––– 4,490 (2,400) 120 (50) –––––– 2,160 (385) –––––– 1,775 –––––– Ordinary shares $000 1,600 400

Share premium $000 40 560

–––––– 2,000 ––––––

–––––– 600 ––––––

Total $000 4,630 960 1,775 1,800 nil (500) –––––– 8,665 ––––––

The number of 25c ordinary shares at the year end is 8 million ($2 million x 4). This is after a rights issue of 1 for 4. Thus the number of shares prior to the issue would be 6·4 million (8 million x 4/5) and the rights issue would have been for 1·6 million shares. The rights issue price is 60c each which would be recorded as an increase in share capital of $400,000 (1·6 million x 25c) and an increase in share premium of $560,000 (1·6 million x 35c).

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(c)

Balance Sheet as at 31 March 2005 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (6,710 + 1,350 (w (ii))) Investments (1,200 x 110%)

$000

Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Bank

1,750 2,450 350 ––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of 25c each Reserves (see (b)): Share premium Revaluation reserve (w (ii)) Retained earnings (from (b))

4,550 ––––––– 13,930 ––––––– 2,000

600 1,720 4,345 ––––––

Non-current liabilities 10% loan note (issued 2002) Deferred tax (1,400 x 25%)

6,665 ––––––– 8,665

500 350 ––––––

Current liabilities Trade payables Accrued loan interest ((500 x 10%) – 25 paid) Current tax payable

4,130 25 260 ––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings (all figures in $000): (i) Cost of sales: per question profit on sale of plant ((900 – 630) – 300) depreciation – plant (w (iii)) – buildings (w (ii)) capitalised expenses net of error (w (ii))

(ii)

$000 8,060 1,320 ––––––– 9,380

850

4,415 ––––––– 13,930 –––––––

9,200 (30) 450 290 (1,000) –––––– 8,910 ––––––

Land and buildings: Self constructed (see below) Revalued

cost/revaluation 1,000 6,000 –––––– 7,000 ––––––

depreciation 50 (20 year life) 240 (see below) ––––– 290 –––––

The carrying value of the land and buildings at 31 March 2005 is $6,710,000 (7,000 – 290). Depreciation on the building element will be $240 (4,800/20 years). The revaluation of the land and buildings will create a revaluation reserve initially of $1,800 (6,000 – (1,000 + (4,000 – 800)), however a transfer of $80 (1,600/20 building element of the revaluation) to realised profit is required. Self constructed asset: purchased materials direct labour supervision design and planning costs error in construction (10 + 25)

150 800 65 20 (35) –––––– 1,000 ––––––

Note: the cost of the error cannot be capitalised; it must therefore be written off.

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(iii) Plant

cost

per balance sheet disposal

depreciation 31 March 2004 3,130 (630) –––––– 2,500

5,200 (900) –––––– 4,300

carrying value

1,800

Depreciation for the current year will be $450,000 (25% reducing balance), giving a net book value at 31 March 2005 of $1,350,000.

3

(a)

(i)

It is important to determine which financial statements constitute the first-time adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) because IFRS 1 only applies to those financial statements. It does not apply to subsequent financial statements that are prepared under IFRSs as these must be prepared under the whole body of IFRSs (including IASs). A first time adopter is an entity that makes an explicit and unreserved statement that its financial statements comply with (all) IFRSs. Compliance with some, but not all, IFRSs is insufficient as is compliance with all IFRSs without the inclusion of an explicit statement of compliance. The main issues to be addressed in the transition to IFRSs are: – deciding the date of transition. – selecting accounting policies that comply with IFRSs. – preparing (but not presenting) an opening balance sheet at the date of transition to IFRSs as a basis for subsequent accounting. The date of transition to IFRSs is the beginning of the earliest comparative period. If the company’s reporting date for its first IFRS financial statements is say 31 December 2005 and it intends to disclose one year’s comparatives, then the date of transition is 1 January 2004. – determining estimates of values for both the opening IFRS balance sheet and all other presented comparative balance sheets; and finally – presenting IFRS financial statements (including the required disclosures relating to the transition). Note: some credit would be given for references to practical issues such as required changes to information systems and the recruitment of personnel with IFRS experience.

(ii)

When a company adopts IFRSs for the first time it must use the IFRSs that are in force at the reporting date. These IFRSs should be applied throughout all of the periods presented – normally two years. This means that comparative financial statements must comply with the IFRSs in force at the reporting date even if they were not in issue at the date of the comparatives (or different from those that were in issue). The general principle is that the adoption of IFRSs should be applied retrospectively i.e. as if the entity had always applied each IFRS. This is contrary to the specific transitional requirements contained in some individual IFRSs (they often allow prospective application). More specifically an entity must: – recognise all assets and liabilities that fall to be recognised by IFRSs (e.g. IFRSs require deferred tax to be recognised on a ‘full’ provision basis) – not recognise assets and liabilities if IFRSs do not permit their recognition (e.g. IFRSs do not permit ‘general’ provisions to be made and some proposed dividends are not treated as liabilities) – reclassify certain items under IFRSs (e.g. convertible debt must be split between its equity and debt components under IFRSs, but in some jurisdictions it may have been classed entirely as debt) – apply IFRS rules to measure the value of all recognised assets and liabilities. This may mean for example using a nondiscounted value to measure an item whereas under previous GAAP it may have been discounted – give specified reconciliations for equity and reported profits between previous GAAP and IFRSs, together with details of any recognition or reversals of impairments when implementing first time reporting. The resulting adjustments arising from the above must be recognised directly in equity at the date of transition. The Standard contains some specific exemptions and exceptions to the above in the areas of values of property, plant and equipment, employee benefits, translation differences for net investments in foreign operations and derivative instruments. In essence the exemptions and exceptions allow the use of alternative value measures in limited circumstances and where the cost or effort required in determining the value measurements under IFRSs would be excessive. The exemptions are permitted but not required and can be applied in full or individually, whereas exceptions (to retrospective application) are mandatory. A particularly important exemption is that the IFRS rules governing business combinations are not applied retrospectively. However any intangible that was recognised under previous GAAP that cannot be recognised under IFRSs should be reclassified as goodwill and the entity must test for impairment of goodwill at the date of transition.

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(b)

As Transit intends first-time adoption for the year ended 31 December 2005 and to disclose one year’s comparatives, the date of transition to IFRSs is 1 January 2004. Transit – summarised balance sheet at 1 January 2004 $000 Property, plant and equipment (w (i)) Goodwill (450 + 300 (w (ii))) Development costs (w (ii)) Current assets Inventory (150 + 30 (w (i))) Receivables Bank

180 250 20 ––––––

Total assets Issued share capital Retained earnings (w (v))

$000 800 750 nil –––––– 1,550

450 –––––– 2,000 –––––– 500 820 –––––– 1,320

Current liabilities Trade and other payables

320

Non-current liabilities Restructuring provision (w (iii)) Deferred tax (w (iv))

nil 360 –––––– 2,000 ––––––

Total equity and liabilities

In addition the goodwill will be tested for impairment and if there is any indication of impairment to the other identifiable assets, they too must be tested for impairment. Workings (all figures in $000) (i) Property, plant and equipment and inventory are restated to their IFRS base valuations of $800,000 and $180,000 respectively. (ii) Acquired intangible assets that do not qualify for recognition under IFRSs must be reclassified as goodwill after allowing for the effect of deferred tax. Thus an amount of $300 (400 – 100 re deferred tax) is transferred to goodwill and $100 debited to deferred tax. (iii) The restructuring provision does not qualify for recognition under IFRSs. (iv) Summarising the effect on deferred tax: per question 300 re development costs (100) –––– 200 required balance (360) –––– charge to retained earnings (160) –––– (v)

Summarising the effect on retained earnings: per question 900 property, plant and equipment (200) inventory 30 elimination of restructuring provision 250 deferred tax (160) –––– 820 ––––

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4

(a)

Cash Flow Statement of Casino for the Year to 31 March 2005: $m Cash inflows from operating activities Operating loss Adjustments for: Depreciation – buildings (w (i)) – plant (w (ii)) – intangibles (510 – 400) Loss on disposal of plant (from question)

$m (32)

12 81 110 12 –––––

215 ––––– 183 70 (436) 15 ––––– (168) (16) (81) ––––– (265)

Operating profit before working capital changes Decrease in inventory (420 – 350) Increase in trade receivables (808 – 372) Increase in trade payables (530 – 515) Cash generated from operations Interest paid Income tax paid (w (iii)) Net cash outflow from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of – land and buildings (w (i)) – plant (w (ii)) Sale of plant (w (ii)) Interest received (12 – 5 + 3)

(110) (60) 15 10 –––––

Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary shares (100 + 60) Issue of 8% variable rate loan (160 – 2 issue costs) Repayments of 12% loan (150 + 6 penalty) Dividends paid

(145)

160 158 (156) (25) –––––

137 ––––– Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (273) Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (120 + 75) 195 ––––– Cash and cash equivalents at end of period (125 – (32 +15)) (78) ––––– Interest and dividends received and paid may be shown as operating cash flows or as investing or financing activities as appropriate. Workings (in $ million) (i) Land and buildings net book value b/f revaluation gains depreciation for year net book value c/f

420 70 (12) (588) ––––– (110) –––––

difference is cash purchases (ii)

Plant: cost b/f additions from question balance c/f difference is cost of disposal loss on disposal proceeds difference accumulated depreciation of plant disposed of depreciation b/f less – disposal (above) depreciation c/f

445 60 (440) ––––– 65 (12) (15) ––––– 38 ––––– 105 (38) (148) ––––– (81) –––––

charge for year

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(iii) Taxation: tax provision b/f deferred tax b/f income statement net charge tax provision c/f deferred tax c/f

(110) (75) (1) 15 90 ––––– (81) –––––

difference is cash paid (iv) Revaluation reserve: balance b/f revaluation gains transfer to retained earnings

45 70 (3) ––––– 112 –––––

balance c/f (v)

Retained earnings: balance b/f loss for period dividends paid transfer from revaluation reserve

1,165 (45) (25) 3 ––––– 1,098 –––––

balance c/f (b)

The accruals/matching concept applied in preparing an income statement has the effect of smoothing cash flows for reporting purposes. This practice arose because interpreting ‘raw’ cash flows can be very difficult and the accruals process has the advantage of helping users to understand the underlying performance of a company. For example if an item of plant with an estimated life of five years is purchased for $100,000, then in the cash flow statement for the five year period there would be an outflow in year 1 of the full $100,000 and no further outflows for the next four years. Contrast this with the income statement where by applying the accruals principle, depreciation of the plant would give a charge of $20,000 per annum (assuming straight-line depreciation). Many would see this example as an advantage of an income statement, however it is important to realise that profit is affected by many subjective items. This has led to accusations of profit manipulation or creative accounting, hence the disillusionment of the usefulness of the income statement. Another example of the difficulty in interpreting cash flows is that counterintuitively a decrease in overall cash flows is not always a bad thing (it may represent an investment in increasing capacity which would bode well for the future), nor is an increase in cash flows necessarily a good thing (this may be from the sale of non-current assets because of the need to raise cash urgently). The advantages of cash flows are: – it is difficult to manipulate cash flows, they are real and possess the qualitative characteristic of objectivity (as opposed to subjective profits). – cash flows are an easy concept for users to understand, indeed many users misinterpret income statement items as being cash flows. – cash flows help to assess a company’s liquidity, solvency and financial adaptability. Healthy liquidity is vital to a company’s going concern. – many business investment decisions and company valuations are based on projected cash flows. – the ‘quality’ of a company’s operating profit is said to be confirmed by closely correlated cash flows. Some analysts take the view that if a company shows a healthy operating profit, but has low or negative operating cash flows, there is a suspicion of profit manipulation or creative accounting.

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5

(i)

Future decontamination costs must be provided for in full at the time they become unavoidable. Where they are based on future values, they should be discounted to their present value (as has been done in this example). Rather than being immediately written off to the income statement, the decontamination costs are added to the cost of the related asset and amortised over the expected life of the asset. The current treatment of these costs by Triangle is incorrect. The depreciation charge must be based on the full cost of the plant which must include the decontamination costs. Also an imputed finance cost must be applied to the provision (often referred to as unwinding). Applying this, the extracts of the financial statements of Triangle at 31 March 2005 would be: Non-current assets Plant at cost ($15 million + $5 million) Depreciation at 10% per annum

$million 20·0 (2·0) ––––– 18·0 –––––

Non-current liabilities Provision Accrued finance costs

5·0 0·4 ––––– 5·4 –––––

Income statement Depreciation Accrued finance costs ($5 million x 8%) (ii)

2·0 0·4

This is an example of an adjusting event after the balance sheet date. To some extent the figures in the draft financial statements already reflect the effects of the fraud (up to the amount at the year end i.e. $210,000) in that presumably the cost of the materials paid for are included in cost of sales. However, the financial statements are incorrect in their presentation. As the fraud is considered material, $210,000 should be removed from the cost of sales and included as an income statement operating expense (perhaps with separate disclosure). This will affect the gross profit and other ratios, though it will not affect the net profit. The further costs beyond the year end of $30,000 should be noted as a non-adjusting event (if material in their own right).

(iii) Triangle is of the opinion that the cost of the fraud may be covered by an insurance claim. However the insurance company is disputing the claim. This appears to be a contingent asset. If a contingent asset is probable it should be noted in the financial statements. However if it is only possible, it should be ignored. As this claim is at an early stage and the company has not yet sought a legal opinion, it would be premature to consider the claim probable. In these circumstances the contingent asset should be ignored and the financial statements will be unaffected. (iv) Although this transaction has been treated as a sale, this is probably not its substance. The clause allowing Triangle to repurchase the inventory makes this a sale and repurchase agreement. Assuming Triangle acts rationally it will repurchase the inventory if its retail value at 31 March 2008 is more than $7,320,500 ($5 million plus compound interest at 10% for four years) plus the accumulated storage costs (as these can be recovered from Factorall in the event that the inventory is not repurchased). There is no indication in the question as to what the inventory is likely to be worth on 31 March 2008. However it is unlikely that a finance company will really want to acquire this inventory (it is not its normal line of business) and thus it would not have entered into the contract unless it believed Triangle would repurchase the inventory. If the above is correct the substance of the transaction is that it is a secured loan rather than a sale. The required adjustments would therefore be: – Remove $5 million from sales (debit) and treat this as a long term (4 year) loan. – Remove $3 million from cost of sales and treat this as inventory. – The receivable for the storage cost should be removed from trade receivables and added to the cost of the inventory. – Accrued interest of $500,000 ($5 million x 10%) should be charged to the income statement and added to the carrying value of the loan.

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5 (INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

June 2005 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. 1

(a)

(i)

(ii)

goodwill – consideration given – share capital and premium – pre acq profit – fair value adjustments – goodwill impairment maximum

Marks 2 1 2 2 1 ––– 8

maximum

1 2 1 ––– 4

minority interest – share capital and premium – retained earnings – fair value adjustment

(iii) consolidated reserves – share premium – revaluation reserve retained earnings – post acq profit – interest receivable – finance cost – goodwill impairment

2

(b)

1 mark per relevant point to

(a)

Restated income statement sales revenue cost of sales operating expenses investment income loan interest income tax

(b)

1 2

maximum

2 1 1 1 ––– 8

maximum Maximum for question

5 25

available maximum

1 5 1 1 1 2 11 9

available maximum

1 1 1 2 1 1 7 6

statement of changes in equity brought forward figures rights issue (restated) profit for the financial year surplus on land and buildings transfer to realised profits dividend paid

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Marks (c)

Balance sheet land and buildings plant investments inventory and trade receivables bank and trade payables accrued loan interest current tax 10% loan note deferred tax share capital and premium revaluation reserve retained earnings available maximum Maximum for question

3

4

(a)

(i) (ii)

(b)

Property, plant and equipment development costs/goodwill inventory retained earnings restructuring provision eliminated deferred tax

(a)

(b)

one mark per valid point to max one mark per valid point to max

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 10 25

7 8

available maximum Maximum for question

1 3 1 3 1 2 11 10 25

available maximum

1 4 3 1 2 7 4 1 23 20

maximum Maximum for question

5 25

cash flows from operating activities operating loss depreciation and loss on sale adjustments working capital items interest paid income tax investing activities financing 1 mark per item cash and cash equivalents b/f and c/f

1 mark per relevant point to

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5

(i)

explanation of treatment of provision cost of plant at $20 million revised depreciation provision initially at $5 million increase by finance cost income statement charges 1 each maximum

(ii)

an example of an adjusting event no overall effect on profit, but presentation incorrect remove from cost of sales and show as an expense $30,000 is a non-adjusting event if material disclose as a note to the financial statements

Marks 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

maximum

1 1 1 1 1 5

maximum

1 1 2 4

(iv) identify it as a sale and repurchase agreement (or financing arrangement) substance is not likely to be a sale will repurchase if value is more than $7,320,500 plus storage costs business of Factorall is financing therefore terms likely to favour repurchase adjustments to – sales/loan; cost of sales/inventory; – trade receivables/inventory (re storage costs); accrued finance costs/loan available maximum

1 1 2 1 2 2 9 8

(iii) due to the dispute this is an example of a contingent asset describe the treatment of contingent assets not probable therefore ignore, financial statements unchanged

Maximum for question

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25

(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 8 DECEMBER 2005

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

Do not open this paper until instructed by the supervisor This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

Hedra, a public listed company, acquired the following investments: (i)

On 1 October 2004, 72 million shares in Salvador for an immediate cash payment of $195 million. Hedra agreed to pay further consideration on 30 September 2005 of $49 million if the post acquisition profits of Salvador exceeded an agreed figure at that date. Hedra has not accounted for this deferred payment as it did not believe it would be payable, however Salvador’s profits have now exceeded the agreed amount (ignore discounting). Salvador also accepted a $50 million 8% loan from Hedra at the date of its acquisition.

(ii) On 1 April 2005, 40 million shares in Aragon by way of a share exchange of two shares in Hedra for each acquired share in Aragon. The stock market value of Hedra’s shares at the date of this share exchange was $2·50. Hedra has not yet recorded the acquisition of the investment in Aragon. The summarised balance sheets of the three companies as at 30 September 2005 are: Hedra Salvador Aragon Non-current Assets $m $m $m $m $m $m Property, plant and equipment 358 240 270 Investments – in Salvador 245 nil nil – other 45 nil nil –––– –––– –––– 648 240 270 Current Assets Inventories Trade receivables Cash and bank

130 142 nil ––––

272 –––– 920 ––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Ordinary share capital ($1 each) Reserves: Share premium Revaluation Retained earnings Non-current liabilities 8% loan note Deferred tax Current liabilities Trade payables Bank overdraft Current tax payable

80 97 4 ––––

400 40 15 240 ––––

295 –––– 695

nil 45 ––––

45

118 12 50 ––––

180 –––– 920 ––––

Total equity and liabilities

181 –––– 421 ––––

110 70 20 ––––

120 50 nil 60 ––––

50 nil –––– 141 nil nil ––––

110 –––– 230

50

141 –––– 421 ––––

200 –––– 470 –––– 100

nil nil 300 ––––

nil nil –––– 40 nil 30 ––––

300 –––– 400

nil

70 –––– 470 ––––

The following information is relevant: (a) Fair value adjustments and revaluations: (i)

Hedra’s accounting policy for land and buildings is that they should be carried at their fair values. The fair value of Salvador’s land at the date of acquisition was $20 million in excess of its carrying value. By 30 September 2005 this excess had increased by a further $5 million. Salvador’s buildings did not require any fair value adjustments. The fair value of Hedra’s own land and buildings at 30 September 2005 was $12 million in excess of its carrying value in the above balance sheet. (ii) The fair value of some of Salvador’s plant at the date of acquisition was $20 million in excess of its carrying value and had a remaining life of four years (straight-line depreciation is used).

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(iii) At the date of acquisition Salvador had unrelieved tax losses of $40 million from previous years. Salvador had not accounted for these as a deferred tax asset as its directors did not believe the company would be sufficiently profitable in the near future. However, the directors of Hedra were confident that these losses would be utilised and accordingly they should be recognised as a deferred tax asset. By 30 September 2005 the group had not yet utilised any of these losses. The income tax rate is 25%. (b) The retained earnings of Salvador and Aragon at 1 October 2004, as reported in their separate financial statements, were $20 million and $200 million respectively. All profits are deemed to accrue evenly throughout the year. (c) An impairment test on 30 September 2005 showed that consolidated goodwill should be written down by $20 million. Hedra has applied IFRS 3 Business combinations since the acquisition of Salvador. (d) The investment in Aragon has not suffered any impairment. Required: Prepare the consolidated balance sheet of Hedra as at 30 September 2005. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The following trial balance relates to Petra, a public listed company, at 30 September 2005: $’000 Revenue (note (i)) Cost of sales (note (i)) 114,000 Distribution costs 17,000 Administration expenses 18,000 Loan interest paid 1,500 Ordinary shares of 25 cents each fully paid Share premium Retained earnings 1 October 2004 6% Redeemable loan note (issued in 2003) Land and buildings at cost ((land element $40 million) note (ii)) 100,000 Plant and equipment at cost (note (iii)) 66,000 Deferred development expenditure (note (iv)) 40,000 Accumulated depreciation at 1 October 2004 – buildings – plant and equipment Accumulated amortisation of development expenditure at 1 October 2004 Income tax (note (v)) 1,000 Deferred tax (note (v)) Trade receivables 24,000 Inventories – 30 September 2005 21,300 Cash and bank 11,000 Trade payables –––––––– 413,800 ––––––––

$’000 197,800

40,000 12,000 34,000 50,000

16,000 26,000 8,000 15,000

15,000 –––––––– 413,800 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i)

Included in revenue is $12 million for receipts that the company’s auditors have advised are commission sales. The costs of these sales, paid for by Petra, were $8 million. $3 million of the profit of $4 million was attributable to and remitted to Sharma (the auditors have advised that Sharma is the principal for these transactions). Both the $8 million cost of sales and the $3 million paid to Sharma have been included in cost of sales.

(ii) The buildings had an estimated life of 30 years when they were acquired and are being depreciated on the straight-line basis. (iii) Included in the trial balance figures for plant and equipment is plant that had cost $16 million and had accumulated depreciation of $6 million. Following a review of the company’s operations this plant was made available for sale during the year. Negotiations with a broker have concluded that a realistic selling price of this plant will be $7·5 million and the broker will charge a commission of 8% of the selling price. The plant had not been sold by the year end. Plant is depreciated at 20% per annum using the reducing balance method. Depreciation of buildings and plant is charged to cost of sales. (iv) The development expenditure relates to the capitalised cost of developing a product called the Topaz. It had an original estimated life of five years. Production and sales of the Topaz started in October 2003. A review of the sales of the Topaz in late September 2005, showed them to be below forecast and an impairment test concluded that the fair value of the development costs at 30 September 2005 was only $18 million and the expected period of future sales (from this date) was only a further two years. (v) The balance on the income tax account in the trial balance is the under-provision in respect of the income tax liability for the year ended 30 September 2004. The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year ended 30 September 2005 to be $4 million and the required balance sheet provision for deferred tax at 30 September 2005 is $17·6 million.

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Required: Prepare for Petra: (a) An income statement for the year ended 30 September 2005; and

(10 marks)

(b) A balance sheet as at 30 September 2005.

(10 marks)

Note: A statement of changes in equity is NOT required. Disclosure notes are NOT required. (c) The directors hold options to purchase 24 million shares for a total of $7·2 million. The options were granted two years ago and have been correctly accounted for. The options do not affect your answer to (a) and (b) above. The average stock market value of Petra’s shares for the year ended 30 September 2005 can be taken as 90 cents per share. Required: A calculation of the basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended 30 September 2005 (comparatives are not required). (5 marks) (25 marks)

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3

(a) IAS 36 Impairment of assets was issued in June 1998 and subsequently amended in March 2004. Its main objective is to prescribe the procedures that should ensure that an entity’s assets are included in its balance sheet at no more than their recoverable amounts. Where an asset is carried at an amount in excess of its recoverable amount, it is said to be impaired and IAS 36 requires an impairment loss to be recognised. Required: (i)

Define an impairment loss explaining the relevance of fair value less costs to sell and value in use; and state how frequently assets should be tested for impairment; (6 marks) Note: your answer should NOT describe the possible indicators of an impairment.

(ii) Explain how an impairment loss is accounted for after it has been calculated.

(5 marks)

(b) The assistant financial controller of the Wilderness group, a public listed company, has identified the matters below which she believes may indicate an impairment to one or more assets: (i)

Wilderness owns and operates an item of plant that cost $640,000 and had accumulated depreciation of $400,000 at 1 October 2004. It is being depreciated at 121/2% on cost. On 1 April 2005 (exactly half way through the year) the plant was damaged when a factory vehicle collided into it. Due to the unavailability of replacement parts, it is not possible to repair the plant, but it still operates, albeit at a reduced capacity. Also it is expected that as a result of the damage the remaining life of the plant from the date of the damage will be only two years. Based on its reduced capacity, the estimated present value of the plant in use is $150,000. The plant has a current disposal value of $20,000 (which will be nil in two years’ time), but Wilderness has been offered a trade-in value of $180,000 against a replacement machine which has a cost of $1 million (there would be no disposal costs for the replaced plant). Wilderness is reluctant to replace the plant as it is worried about the long-term demand for the product produced by the plant. The trade-in value is only available if the plant is replaced. Required: Prepare extracts from the balance sheet and income statement of Wilderness in respect of the plant for the year ended 30 September 2005. Your answer should explain how you arrived at your figures. (7 marks)

(ii) On 1 April 2004 Wilderness acquired 100% of the share capital of Mossel, whose only activity is the extraction and sale of spa water. Mossel had been profitable since its acquisition, but bad publicity resulting from several consumers becoming ill due to a contamination of the spa water supply in April 2005 has led to unexpected losses in the last six months. The carrying amounts of Mossel’s assets at 30 September 2005 are: Brand (Quencher – see below) Land containing spa Purifying and bottling plant Inventories

$’000 7,000 12,000 8,000 5,000 ––––––– 32,000 –––––––

The source of the contamination was found and it has now ceased. The company originally sold the bottled water under the brand name of ‘Quencher’, but because of the contamination it has rebranded its bottled water as ‘Phoenix’. After a large advertising campaign, sales are now starting to recover and are approaching previous levels. The value of the brand in the balance sheet is the depreciated amount of the original brand name of ‘Quencher’. The directors have acknowledged that $1·5 million will have to be spent in the first three months of the next accounting period to upgrade the purifying and bottling plant. Inventories contain some old ‘Quencher’ bottled water at a cost of $2 million; the remaining inventories are labelled with the new brand ‘Phoenix’. Samples of all the bottled water have been tested by the health authority and have been passed as fit to sell. The old bottled water will have to be relabelled at a cost of $250,000, but is then expected to be sold at the normal selling price of (normal) cost plus 50%. 6 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

Based on the estimated future cash flows, the directors have estimated that the value in use of Mossel at 30 September 2005, calculated according to the guidance in IAS 36, is $20 million. There is no reliable estimate of the fair value less costs to sell of Mossel. Required: Calculate the amounts at which the assets of Mossel should appear in the consolidated balance sheet of Wilderness at 30 September 2005. Your answer should explain how you arrived at your figures. (7 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4

The following draft financial statements relate to Tabba, a private company. Balance sheets as at: Tangible non-current assets (note (ii)) Current assets Inventories Trade receivables Insurance claim (note (iii)) Cash and bank

30 September 2005 $’000 $’000 10,600 2,550 3,100 1,500 850 ––––––

8,000 ––––––– 18,600 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Share capital ($1 each) Reserves: Revaluation (note (ii)) Retained earnings

Non-current liabilities Finance lease obligations (note (ii)) 6% loan notes 10% loan notes Deferred tax Government grants (note (ii)) Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade payables Government grants (note (ii)) Finance lease obligations (note (ii)) Current tax payable

30 September 2004 $’000 $’000 15,800 1,850 2,600 1,200 nil ––––––

5,650 ––––––– 21,450 –––––––

6,000 nil 2,550 ––––––

2,550 ––––––– 8,550

2,000 800 nil 200 1,400 ––––––

4,400

nil 4,050 600 900 100 ––––––

5,650 ––––––– 18,600 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities

6,000 1,600 850 ––––––

2,450 ––––––– 8,450

1,700 nil 4,000 500 900 –––––– 550 2,950 400 800 1,200 ––––––

7,100

5,900 ––––––– 21,450 –––––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

Income statement extract for the year ended 30 September 2005: $’000 Operating profit before interest and tax 270 Interest expense (260) Interest receivable 40 –––– Profit before tax 50 Net income tax credit 50 –––– Profit for the period 100 –––– Note: the interest expense includes finance lease interest.

(ii) The details of the tangible non-current assets are: Cost Accumulated depreciation Carrying value $’000 $000 $’000 At 30 September 2004 20,200 4,400 15,800 At 30 September 2005 16,000 5,400 10,600

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During the year Tabba sold its factory for its fair value $12 million and agreed to rent it back, under an operating lease, for a period of five years at $1 million per annum. At the date of sale it had a carrying value of $7·4 million based on a previous revaluation of $8·6 million less depreciation of $1·2 million since the revaluation. The profit on the sale of the factory has been included in operating profit. The surplus on the revaluation reserve related entirely to the factory. No other disposals of non-current assets were made during the year. Plant acquired under finance leases during the year was $1·5 million. Other purchases of plant during the year qualified for government grants of $950,000. Amortisation of government grants has been credited to cost of sales. (iii) The insurance claim relates to flood damage to the company’s inventories which occurred in September 2004. The original estimate has been revised during the year after negotiations with the insurance company. The claim is expected to be settled in the near future. Required: (a) Prepare a cash flow statement using the indirect method for Tabba in accordance with IAS 7 Cash flow statements for the year ended 30 September 2005. (17 marks) (b) Using the information in the question and your cash flow statement, comment on the change in the financial position of Tabba during the year ended 30 September 2005. (8 marks) Note: you are not required to calculate any ratios. (25 marks)

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5

(a) Elite Leisure is a private limited liability company that operates a single cruise ship. The ship was acquired on 1 October 1996. Details of the cost of the ship’s components and their estimated useful lives are: component original cost ($million) ship’s fabric (hull, decks etc) 300 cabins and entertainment area fittings 150 propulsion system 100

depreciation basis 25 years straight-line 12 years straight-line useful life of 40,000 hours

At 30 September 2004 no further capital expenditure had been incurred on the ship. In the year ended 30 September 2004 the ship had experienced a high level of engine trouble which had cost the company considerable lost revenue and compensation costs. The measured expired life of the propulsion system at 30 September 2004 was 30,000 hours. Due to the unreliability of the engines, a decision was taken in early October 2004 to replace the whole of the propulsion system at a cost of $140 million. The expected life of the new propulsion system was 50,000 hours and in the year ended 30 September 2005 the ship had used its engines for 5,000 hours. At the same time as the propulsion system replacement, the company took the opportunity to do a limited upgrade to the cabin and entertainment facilities at a cost of $60 million and repaint the ship’s fabric at a cost of $20 million. After the upgrade of the cabin and entertainment area fittings it was estimated that their remaining life was five years (from the date of the upgrade). For the purpose of calculating depreciation, all the work on the ship can be assumed to have been completed on 1 October 2004. All residual values can be taken as nil. Required: Calculate the carrying amount of Elite Leisure’s cruise ship at 30 September 2005 and its related expenditure in the income statement for the year ended 30 September 2005. Your answer should explain the treatment of each item. (12 marks) (b) Related party relationships are a common feature of commercial life. The objective of IAS 24 Related party disclosures is to ensure that financial statements contain the necessary disclosures to make users aware of the possibility that financial statements may have been affected by the existence of related parties. Required: (i)

Describe the main circumstances that give rise to related parties.

(4 marks)

(ii) Explain why the disclosure of related party relationships and transactions may be important. (3 marks) (iii) Hideaway is a public listed company that owns two subsidiary company investments. It owns 100% of the equity shares of Benedict and 55% of the equity shares of Depret. During the year ended 30 September 2005 Depret made several sales of goods to Benedict. These sales totalled $15 million and had cost Depret $14 million to manufacture. Depret made these sales on the instruction of the Board of Hideaway. It is known that one of the directors of Depret, who is not a director of Hideaway, is unhappy with the parent company’s instruction as he believes the goods could have been sold to other companies outside the group at the far higher price of $20 million. All directors within the group benefit from a profit sharing scheme. Required: Describe the financial effect that Hideaway’s instruction may have on the financial statements of the companies within the group and the implications this may have for other interested parties. (6 marks) (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

December 2005 Answers

Consolidated balance sheet of Hedra as at 30 September 2005: $m Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (358 + 240 + 12 + 20 + 5 +15 (w (iv))) Goodwill (100 – 20 (w (i))) Investment in associate (w (v)) Other investments Current Assets Inventories (130 + 80) Trade receivables (142 + 97) Cash and bank

210 239 4 ––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity attributable to the parent Ordinary share capital (400 + 80 (w (v))) Reserves: Share premium (40 + 120 (w (v))) Revaluation (15 + 12 + (5 x 60%) (w (iv))) Retained earnings (w (ii))

$m 650 80 220 45 –––––– 995

453 –––––– 1,448 ––––––

480 160 30 261 ––––

Minority interest (w (iii))

451 –––––– 931 112 –––––– 1,043

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax (45 – 10)

35

Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade payables (118 + 141) Deferred consideration (w (i)) Current tax payable

12 259 49 50 ––––

Total equity and liabilities

370 –––––– 1,448 ––––––

Workings – Note: all working figures in $million. The investment in Salvador represents 60% (72/120) of its equity and is likely to give Hedra control thus Salvador should be consolidated as a subsidiary. The investment in Aragon represents 40% (40/100) of its equity. Normally this would give Hedra significant influence and Aragon would be classed as an associate that should be equity accounted. (i)

Cost of control Investment at cost – immediate – deferred

195 49

Ordinary shares Share premium (50 x 60%) Pre acq profit (w (ii)) Fair value adjustments (w (iv)) Goodwill

–––– 244 ––––

72 30 12 30 100 –––– 244 ––––

The deferred contingent consideration has now become payable and has to be accounted for. (ii) Additional depreciation (w (iv)) Minority interest ((60 – 5) x 40%) Pre-acq profit (20 x 60%) Post acq profit ((55 – 20) x 60%) Impairment of goodwill Balance c/f

Retained earnings Hedra Salvador 5 22 12 21 20 261 –––– ––– 281 60 –––– –––

Per balance sheet Post acq profit Share of Aragon’s profit ((300 – 200) x 6/12 x 40%)

Hedra 240 21

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Salvador 60

20 –––– 281 ––––

––– 60 –––

(iii)

Minority interest

Balance c/f

Ordinary shares (120 x 40%) Share premium (50 x 40%) Retained earnings (w (ii)) Fair value adjustments (w (iv)) Post acq revaluation (5 x 40% (w (iv)))

112 –––– 112 ––––

(iv) Fair value adjustments/revaluation Land and buildings Plant Deferred tax asset (40 x 25%)

Group share (60%) Minority share (40%)

48 20 22 20 2 –––– 112 ––––

20 20 10 ––– 50 ––– 30 20

The increase in the fair value of the land at the date of acquisition is accounted for as a fair value adjustment. The increase of a further $5 million in the year ended 30 September 2005 is a revaluation increase (accounted for as 60% to the group revaluation reserve and 40% to minority interest). The fair value adjustment of $20 million to plant will be realised evenly over the next four years in the form of additional depreciation at $5 million per annum. In the year ended 30 September 2005 the effect on the consolidated financial statements is that $5 million will be charged to Salvador’s profit (as additional depreciation); and a net $15 million added to the carrying value of the plant. (v)

Investment in associate: Investment at cost (100 x 40% x 2 x $2·50) Share of post acquisition profit (100 x 6/12 x 40%)

200 20 –––– 220 ––––

The purchase consideration by way of a share exchange (80 million in Hedra for 40 million in Aragon) would be recorded as an increase in share capital of $80 million ($1 nominal value) and an increase in share premium of $120 million (80 x $1·50).

2

(a)

Petra – Income statement for the year ended 30 September 2005 Revenue (197,800 – 12,000 (w (i))) Cost of sales (w (ii)) Gross profit Other income – commission received (w (i)) Distribution costs Administration expenses Interest expense (1,500 + 1,500) Profit before tax Income tax expense (4,000 +1,000 + (17,600 – 15,000)) Profit for the period

$’000 185,800 (128,100) –––––––– 57,700 1,000 –––––––– 58,700 (17,000) (18,000) (3,000) –––––––– 20,700 (7,600) –––––––– 13,100 ––––––––

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(b)

Petra – Balance sheet as at 30 September 2005 Non-current assets (w (iii)) Property, plant and equipment Development costs

cost $’000 150,000 40,000 –––––––– 190,000 ––––––––

Current assets Inventories Trade receivables Bank Held for sale assets – plant (w (iii))

acc depn $’000 44,000 22,000 ––––––– 66,000 ––––––– 21,300 24,000 11,000 6,900 ––––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of 25c each Reserves: Share premium Retained earnings (34,000+ 13,100)

63,200 –––––––– 187,200 –––––––– 40,000

12,000 47,100 –––––––

Non-current liabilities 6% loan note Deferred tax

50,000 17,600 –––––––

Current liabilities Trade payables Accrued interest Current tax payable

15,000 1,500 4,000 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities (c)

carrying amount $’000 106,000 18,000 –––––––– 124,000

59,100 –––––––– 99,100

67,600

20,500 –––––––– 187,200 ––––––––

Basic EPS: A nominal value of 25c per share would mean that the $40 million share capital represented 160 million shares. The basic EPS would thus be 8·2 cents ($13·1 million /160 million shares) Diluted EPS: The existence of the directors’ share options requires the disclosure of a diluted EPS. The dilution effect of the options is: Proceeds from options when exercised $7·2 million. This is equivalent to buying 8 million shares at full market value (7·2 million/90c). Thus the dilutive number of shares is 16 million (24 million – 8 million). Diluted EPS is 7·4 cents ($13·1 million /(160 + 16 million shares)) Workings (figures in brackets are $’000) (i) Agency sales: Petra has treated the sales it made on behalf of Sharma as its own sales. The advice from the auditors is that these are agency sales. Thus $12 million should be removed from revenue and the cost of the sales of $8 million and the $3 million ‘share’ of profit to Sharma should also be removed from cost of sales. Petra should only recognise the commission of $1 million as income. The answer has included this as other income, but it would also be acceptable to include the commission in revenue. (ii)

Cost of sales: Cost of sales (114,000 – (8,000 – 3,000) (w (i))) Depreciation (w (iii)) – buildings – plant Amortisation (w (iii)) – development expenditure Impairment of development expenditure (w (iii)) Impairment of plant held for sale (w (iii))

$’000 103,000 2,000 6,000 8,000 6,000 3,100 –––––––– 128,100 ––––––––

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(iii) Non-current assets/depreciation: The buildings will have a depreciation charge of $2 million (100,000 – 40,000)/30 years) giving accumulated depreciation at 30 September 2005 of $18 million (16,000 + 2,000). IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations requires plant whose carrying amount will be recovered principally through sale (rather than use) to be classified as ‘held for sale’. It must be shown separately in the balance sheet and carried at the lower of its carrying amount (when classified as for continuing use) and its fair value less estimated costs to sell. Assets classified as held for sale should not be depreciated. Applying this: cost depn at 1 Oct 2004 carrying value $’000 $’000 $’000 Plant and equipment per trial balance 66,000 26,000 40,000 Plant held for sale (16,000) (6,000) (10,000) –––––––– ––––––– –––––––– Plant held for continuing use 50,000 20,000 30,000 Land and buildings 100,000 16,000 84,000 –––––––– ––––––– –––––––– Property, plant and equipment 150,000 36,000 114,000 –––––––– ––––––– –––––––– The continuing use plant will have a depreciation charge of $6 million ((50,000 – 20,000) x 20%) giving accumulated depreciation at 30 September 2005 of $26 million. The total accumulated depreciation for property, plant and equipment at 30 September 2005 will be $44 million (18,000 + 26,000). Plant held for sale must be valued at $6·9 million (7,500 selling price less commission of 600 (7,500 x 8%)) as this is lower than its carrying amount of $10 million. Thus an impairment charge of $3·1 million is required for the plant held for sale. Development expenditure: This has suffered an impairment as a result of disappointing sales. The impairment loss should be calculated after charging amortisation of $8 million (40,000/5 years) for the current year. Thus the impairment charge will be $6 million ((40,000 – 16,000) – 18,000). The carrying amount of $18 million will then be written off over the next two years.

3

(a)

(i)

An impairment loss arises where the carrying amount of an asset is higher than its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of an asset is defined in IAS 36 Impairment of assets as the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value in use (fair value less cost to sell was previously referred to as net selling price). Thus an impairment loss is simply the difference between the carrying amount of an asset and the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. Fair value: The fair value could be based on the amount of a binding sale agreement or the market price where there is an active market. However many (used) assets do not have active markets and in these circumstances the fair value is based on a ‘best estimate’ approach to an arm’s length transaction. It would not normally be based on the value of a forced sale. In each case the costs to sell would be the incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of the asset. Value in use: The value in use of an asset is the estimated future net cash flows expected to be derived from the asset discounted to a present value. The estimates should allow for variations in the amount, timing and inherent risk of the cash flows. A major problem with this approach in practice is that most assets do not produce independent cash flows i.e. cash flows are usually produced in conjunction with other assets. For this reason IAS 36 introduces the concept of a cashgenerating unit (CGU) which is the smallest identifiable group of assets, which may include goodwill, that generates (largely) independent cash flows. Frequency of testing for impairment: Goodwill and any intangible asset that is deemed to have an indefinite useful life should be tested for impairment at least annually, as too should any intangible asset that has not yet been brought into use. In addition, at each balance sheet date an entity must consider if there has been any indication that other assets may have become impaired and, if so, an impairment test should be done. If there are no indications of impairment, testing is not required.

(b)

(ii)

Once an impairment loss for an individual asset has been identified and calculated it is applied to reduce the carrying amount of the asset, which will then be the base for future depreciation charges. The impairment loss should be charged to income immediately. However, if the asset has previously been revalued upwards, the impairment loss should first be charged to the revaluation surplus. The application of impairment losses to a CGU is more complex. They should first be applied to eliminate any goodwill and then to the other assets on a pro rata basis to their carrying amounts. However, an entity should not reduce the carrying amount of an asset (other than goodwill) to below the higher of its fair value less costs to sell and its value in use if these are determinable.

(i)

The plant had a carrying amount of $240,000 on 1 October 2004. The accident that may have caused an impairment occurred on 1 April 2005 and an impairment test would be done at this date. The depreciation on the plant from 1 October 2004 to 1 April 2005 would be $40,000 (640,000 x 121/2% x 6/12) giving a carrying amount of $200,000 at the date of impairment. An impairment test requires the plant’s carrying amount to be compared with its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of the plant is the higher of its value in use of $150,000 or its fair value less costs to sell. If Wilderness trades in the plant it would receive $180,000 by way of a part exchange, but this is conditional on buying new plant which Wilderness is reluctant to do. A more realistic amount of the fair value of the plant is its current

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disposal value of only $20,000. Thus the recoverable amount would be its value in use of $150,000 giving an impairment loss of $50,000 ($200,000 – $150,000). The remaining effect on income would be that a depreciation charge for the last six months of the year would be required. As the damage has reduced the remaining life to only two years (from the date of the impairment) the remaining depreciation would be $37,500 ($150,000/ 2 years x 6/12).Thus extracts from the financial statements for the year ended 30 September 2005 would be: Balance sheet Non-current assets Plant (150,000 – 37,500) Income statement Plant depreciation (40,000 + 37,500) Plant impairment loss (ii)

$ 112,500 77,500 50,000

There are a number of issues relating to the carrying amount of the assets of Mossel that have to be considered. It appears the value of the brand is based on the original purchase of the ‘Quencher’ brand. The company no longer uses this brand name; it has been renamed ‘Phoenix’. Thus it would appear the purchased brand of ‘Quencher’ is now worthless. Mossel cannot transfer the value of the old brand to the new brand, because this would be the recognition of an internally developed intangible asset and the brand of ‘Phoenix’ does not appear to meet the recognition criteria in IAS 38. Thus prior to the allocation of the impairment loss the value of the brand should be written off as it no longer exists. The inventories are valued at cost and contain $2 million worth of old bottled water (Quencher) that can be sold, but will have to be relabelled at a cost of $250,000. However, as the expected selling price of these bottles will be $3 million ($2 million x 150%), their net realisable value is $2,750,000. Thus it is correct to carry them at cost i.e. they are not impaired. The future expenditure on the plant is a matter for the following year’s financial statements. Applying this, the revised carrying amount of the net assets of Mossel’s cash-generating unit (CGU) would be $25 million ($32 million – $7 million re the brand). The CGU has a recoverable amount of $20 million, thus there is an impairment loss of $5 million. This would be applied first to goodwill (of which there is none) then to the remaining assets pro rata. However under IAS2 the inventories should not be reduced as their net realisable value is in excess of their cost. This would give revised carrying amounts at 30 September 2005 of: Brand Land containing spa (12,000 – (12,000/20,000 x 5,000)) Purifying and bottling plant (8,000 – (8,000/20,000 x 5,000)) Inventories

$’000 nil 9,000 6,000 5,000 ––––––– 20,000 –––––––

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4

(a)

Cash flow statement of Tabba for the year ended 30 September 2005: Cash flows from operating activities Profit before tax Adjustments for: Depreciation (w (i)) Amortisation of government grant (w (iii)) Profit on sale of factory (w (i)) Increase in insurance claim provision (1,500 – 1,200) Interest receivable Interest expense

$’000 50

$’000

2,200 (250) (4,600) (300) (40) 260 –––––– (2,680)

Working capital adjustments: Increase in inventories (2,550 – 1,850) Increase in trade receivables (3,100 – 2,600) Increase in trade payables (4,050 – 2,950)

(700) (500) 1,100 –––––– (2,780) (260) (1,350) ––––––

Cash outflow from operations Interest paid Income taxes paid (w (iv)) Net cash outflow from operating activities

(4,390)

Cash flows from investing activities Sale of factory Purchase of non-current assets (w (i)) Receipt of government grant (from question) Interest received

12,000 (2,900) 950 40 ––––––

Net cash from investing activities

10,090

Cash flows from financing activities Issue of 6% loan notes Redemption of 10% loan notes Repayment of finance leases (w (ii))

800 (4,000) (1,100) ––––––

Net cash from financing activities

(4,300) –––––––

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

1,400 (550) ––––––– 850 –––––––

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

Note: interest paid may also be presented as a financing activity and interest received as an operating cash flow. Workings ($’000) (i) Non-current assets: Cost/valuation b/f New finance leases (from question) Disposals Acquisitions – balancing figure

20,200 1,500 (8,600) 2,900 ––––––– 16,000 –––––––

Cost/valuation c/f Depreciation b/f Disposal Depreciation c/f

4,400 (1,200) (5,400) ––––––– (2,200) –––––––

Charge for year – balancing figure Sale of factory: Net book value Proceeds (from question)

7,400 (12,000) ––––––– (4,600) –––––––

Profit on sale (ii)

Finance lease obligations Balance b/f – current – over 1 year New leases (from question) Balance c/f – current – over 1 year

800 1,700 1,500 (900) (2,000) –––––– 1,100 ––––––

Cash repayments – balancing figure

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(iii) Government grant: Balance b/f – current – over 1 year Grants received in year (from question) Balance c/f – current – over 1 year Difference – amortisation credited to income statement (iv) Taxation: Current provision b/f Deferred tax b/f Tax credit in income statement Current provision c/f Deferred tax c/f

1,200 500 (50) (100) (200) –––––– 1,350 ––––––

Tax paid – balancing figure (v)

Reconciliation of retained earnings Balance b/f Transfer from revaluation reserve Profit for period

850 1,600 100 –––––– 2,550 ––––––

Balance c/f (b)

400 900 950 (600) (1,400) –––––– 250 ––––––

Consideration of the cash flow statement reveals some important information in assessing the change in the financial position of Tabba in the year ended 30 September 2005. There is a huge net cash outflow from operating activities of $4,390,000 despite Tabba reporting a modest operating profit of $270,000. More detailed analysis of this difference reveals some worrying concerns for the future. Many companies experience higher operating cash flows than the underlying operating profit mainly due to depreciation charges being added back to profits to arrive at the cash flows. This is certainly true in Tabba’s case, where operating profits have been ‘improved’ by $2·2 million during the year in terms of the underlying cash flows. However, the major reconciling difference is the profit on the sale of Tabba’s factory of $4·6 million. This amount has been credited in the income statement and has dramatically distorted the operating profit. If the sale and lease back of the factory had not taken place, Tabba’s operating profits would be in a sorry state showing losses of $4·33 million (ignoring any possible tax effects). When Tabba publishes its financial statements this profit will almost certainly require separate disclosure which should make the effects of the transaction more transparent to the users of the financial statements. A further indication of poor operating profits is that they have been boosted by $300,000 due to an increase in the insurance claim provision (again this is not a cash flow) and $250,000 amortisation of government grants. Many commentators believe that the net cash flow from operating activities is the most important figure in the cash flow statement. This is because it is a measure of expected or maintainable future cash flows. In Tabba’s case this highlights a very important point; although Tabba has increased its cash position during the year by $1·4 million, $12 million has come from the sale of its factory. Clearly this is a one off transaction that cannot be repeated in future years. If the drain on the operating cash flows continues at the current rates, the company will not survive for very long. The tax position is worthy of comment. There is a small tax credit in the income statement, perhaps due to current year trading losses, whereas the cash flow statement shows that tax of $1·35 million has been paid during the year. This payment of tax is on what must have been a substantial profit for the previous year. This seems to confirm the deteriorating position of the company. Another relevant point is that there has been a very small increase in working capital of $100,000. However, underlying this is the fact that both inventories and trade receivables are showing substantial increases (despite the profit deterioration), which may indicate the presence of bad debts or obsolete inventories, and trade payables have also increased substantially (by $1·1 million) which may be a symptom of liquidity problems prior to the sale of the factory. On the positive side there has been substantial investment in non-current assets (after allowing for the sale of the factory), but even this is partly due to leasing assets of $1·5 million (companies often lease assets when they do not have the resources to purchase them outright) and finance from a government grant of $950,000. The company appears to have taken advantage of the proceeds from the sale of the factory to redeem the expensive 10% $4 million loan note (this has partly been replaced by a less expensive 6% $800,000 loan note). In conclusion the cash flow statement reveals some interesting and worrying issues that may indicate a bleak future for Tabba and serves as an illustration of the importance of a cash flow statement to the users of financial statements.

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5

(a)

The cruise ship is an example of what can be called a complex asset. This is a single asset that should be treated as if it was a collection of separate assets, each of which may require a different depreciation method/life. In this case the question identifies three components to the cruise ship. The carrying amount of the asset at 30 September 2004 (eight years after acquisition) would be: component cost depreciation carrying value $m $m $m ship’s fabric 300 96 (300/25 x 8) 204 cabins and entertainment area fittings 150 100 (150/12 x 8) 50 propulsion system 100 75 (100/40,000 x 30,000) 25 –––– –––– –––– 550 271 279 –––– –––– –––– Ship’s fabric This is the most straightforward component. It is being depreciated over a 25 year life and depreciation of $12 million (300/25 years) would be required in the year ended 30 September 2005. The repainting of the ship’s fabric does not meet the recognition criteria of an asset and should be treated as repairs and maintenance. Cabins and entertainment area and fittings During the year these have had a limited upgrade at a cost of $60 million. This has extended the remaining useful life from four to five years. The costs of the upgrade meet the criteria for recognition as an asset. The original fittings have not been replaced thus the additional $60 million would be added to the cost of the fittings and the new carrying amount of $110 million will be depreciated over the remaining life of five years to give a charge for the year of $22 million. Propulsion system This has been replaced by a new system so the carrying value of the system ($25 million) must be written off and depreciation of the new system for the year ended 30 September 2005 (based on use) would be $14 million (140 million/50,000 x 5,000). Elite Leisure – income statement extract – year ended 30 September 2005: $m Depreciation – ship’s fabric 12 – cabin and entertainment fittings 22 – propulsion system 14 Disposal loss – propulsion system 25 Repainting ship’s fabric 20 ––– 93 ––– Elite Leisure – balance sheet extract – as at 30 September 2005 Non-current assets Cruise ship (see working) 406 Workings (in $ million): component ship’s fabric cabins and entertainment area fittings propulsion system

(b)

cost $m 300 210 140 –––– 650 ––––

depreciation $m 108 (300/25 x 9) 122 (110/5 + 100) 14 (140/50,000 x 5,000) –––– 244 ––––

carrying value $m 192 88 126 –––– 406 ––––

(i)

IAS 24 Related party disclosures says that a party is related to an entity if: – the party, directly or indirectly, controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the entity (e.g. parent/subsidiary or subsidiaries of the same group) – one party has an interest in another entity that gives it significant influence over the entity (e.g. an associate) or has joint control over the entity (e.g. joint venturers are related parties) In addition members of key management and close family members of related parties are also themselves related parties.

(ii)

In the absence of related party disclosures, users of financial statements would assume that an entity has acted independently and in its own best interests. Principally within this assumption is that all transactions have been entered into willingly and at arm’s length (i.e. on normal commercial terms at fair value). Where related party relationships and transactions exist, this assumption may not be justified. These relationships and transactions lead to the danger that financial statements may have been distorted or manipulated, both favourably and unfavourably. The most obvious example of this type of transaction would be the sale of goods or rendering of services from one party to another on noncommercial terms (this may relate to the price charged or the credit terms given). Other examples of disclosable transactions are agency, licensing and leasing arrangements, transfer of research and development and the provision of finance, guarantees and collateral. Collectively this would mean there is hardly an area of financial reporting that could not be affected by related party transactions. It is a common misapprehension that related party transactions need only be disclosed if they are not at arm’s length. This is not the case. For example, a parent may instruct all members of its group to buy certain products or services (on

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commercial terms) from one of its subsidiaries. In the absence of the related party relationships, these transactions may not have occurred. If the parent were to sell the subsidiary, it would be important for the prospective buyer to be aware that the related party transactions would probably not occur in the future. Indeed even where there are no related party transactions, the disclosure of the related party relationship is still important as a subsidiary may obtain custom, receive favourable credit ratings, and benefit from a superior management team simply by being a part of a well respected group. (iii) The subsidiaries of Hideaway are related parties to each other and to Hideaway itself as they are under common control. One of the important aspects of related party relationships is that one of the parties may have its interests subordinated i.e. it may not be able to act in its own best interest. This appears to be the case in this situation. Depret (or at least one of its directors) believes that the price it is charging Benedict is less than it could have achieved by selling the goods to non-connected parties. In effect these sales have not been made at an arm’s length fair value. The obvious implication of this is that the transactions have moved profits from Depret to Benedict. If the director’s figures are accurate Depret would have made a profit on these transactions of $6 million (20 – 14) rather than the $1 million it has actually made. The transactions will also affect reported revenue and cost of sales and working capital in the individual financial statements of Benedict and Depret. Some might argue that as the profit remains within the group, there is no real overall effect as, in the consolidated financial statements, intra-group transactions are eliminated. This is not entirely true. The implications of these related party sales are serious: – Depret has a minority interest of 45% and they have been deprived of their share of the $5 million transferred profit. This could be construed as oppression of the minority and is probably illegal. – there is a similar effect on the profit share that the directors of Depret might be entitled to under the group profit sharing scheme as Depret’s profits are effectively $5 million lower than they should be. – shareholders, independent analysts or even the (independent) managers of Depret would find it difficult to appraise the true performance of Depret. The related party transaction gives the impression that Depret is under-performing. This may lead to the minority selling their shares for a low price (because of poor returns) or calls for the company’s closure or some form of rationalisation which may not be necessary. – the tax authorities may wish to investigate the transactions under transfer pricing rules. The profit may have been moved to Benedict’s financial statements to avoid paying tax in Depret’s tax jurisdiction which may have high levels of taxation. – in the same way as Depret’s results appear poorer due to the effect of the related party transactions, Benedict’s results would look better. This may have been done deliberately. Hideaway may intend to dispose of Benedict in the near future and thus its more favourable results may allow Hideaway to obtain a higher sale price for Benedict.

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

December 2005 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution.

1

goodwill goodwill impairment property, plant and equipment investment in associate other investments inventories and trade receivables cash and bank share capital and premium revaluation reserve retained earnings minority interest deferred consideration deferred tax elimination of 8% loan note trade payables and tax overdraft available Maximum for question

2

(a)

(b)

(c)

income statement revenue cost of sales 1 mark per each item commission distribution and administration interest expense income tax

Marks 5 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 30 25

available maximum

1 6 1 1 1 2 12 10

available maximum

1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 10

maximum Maximum for question

2 3 5 25

maximum

balance sheet development costs property, plant and equipment (held for continuing use) plant held for sale (1 mark for separate presentation) inventories trade receivables and cash and bank ordinary shares and share premium retained earnings 6% loan note deferred tax trade payables current tax

basic eps diluted eps

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3

(a)

(b)

Marks 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9 6

(i)

impaired where carrying amounts higher than recoverable amounts discussion of fair value discussion of value in use discussion of CGU goodwill/intangibles with indefinite life tested annually review for indicators of impairment each balance sheet date only test if there is an indication of impairment available maximum

(ii)

impairment loss – individual asset: impairment loss applied to carrying value of asset and charged to any previous revaluation surplus then income CGU: Applied to goodwill then pro rata to other assets other assets not reduced below fair value/value in use available maximum

1 1 1 6 5

(i)

depreciation/carrying value 1 April 2004 fair value less costs to sell is disposal value of $20,000, not trade-in value recoverable is therefore $150,000 impairment loss is $50,000 depreciation six months to 30 September 2004 carrying value $112,500 available maximum

2 2 1 1 1 1 8 7

(ii)

old brand written off, cannot recognise new brand inventories correct at cost improvement to plant not relevant impairment loss is $5 million land reduced to $9 million plant reduced to $6 million available maximum Maximum for question

1 2

2 2 1 1 1 1 8 7 25

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4

(a)

profit before tax depreciation amortisation of government grant profit on sale of factory increase in insurance claim working capital items 1 mark each adjustment for interest receivable/payable interest paid income tax paid sale of factory purchase of non-current assets receipt of government grant interest received redemption of 10% loan issue of 6% loan repayment of finance lease cash b/f and c/f available maximum

5

(b)

1 mark per relevant point to a

(a)

principle that each component is treated separately explanation of treatment of each component 1 mark each charges to income statement, 1 each carrying value at 30 September 2005 ship’s fabric cabins etc propulsion system

(b)

maximum Maximum for question

Marks 1/ 2 1 1 1 1 3 1/ 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 20 17 8 25

1 3 5

available maximum

1 2 2 14 12

(i)

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum

4

(ii)

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum

3

(iii) effect of related party transaction is to subordinate Depret’s interest profit of $5 million has moved from Depret to Benedict also effect sales/cost of sales working capital in consolidated financial statements most transactions eliminated implication for users, 1 mark per point up to available maximum Maximum for question

1 1 1 1 4 8 6 25

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(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 8 JUNE 2006

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

Do not open this paper until instructed by the supervisor This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

On 1 October 2005 Hydan, a publicly listed company, acquired a 60% controlling interest in Systan paying $9 per share in cash. Prior to the acquisition Hydan had been experiencing difficulties with the supply of components that it used in its manufacturing process. Systan is one of Hydan’s main suppliers and the acquisition was motivated by the need to secure supplies. In order to finance an increase in the production capacity of Systan, Hydan made a non-dated loan at the date of acquisition of $4 million to Systan that carried an actual and effective interest rate of 10% per annum. The interest to 31 March 2006 on this loan has been paid by Systan and accounted for by both companies. The summarised draft financial statements of the companies are: Income statements for the year ended 31 March 2006 Hydan

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Interest income Finance costs Profit/(loss) before tax Income tax (expense)/relief Profit/(loss) for the period

$’000 98,000 (76,000) ––––––– 22,000 (11,800) 350 (420) ––––––– 10,130 (4,200) ––––––– 5,930 –––––––

Systan pre-acquisition post-acquisition $’000 $’000 24,000 35,200 (18,000) (31,000) ––––––– ––––––– 6,000 4,200 (1,200) (8,000) nil nil nil (200) ––––––– ––––––– 4,800 (4,000) (1,200) 1,000 ––––––– ––––––– 3,600 (3,000) ––––––– –––––––

Balance sheets as at 31 March 2006

Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Investments (including loan to Systan) Current assets Total assets Equity and liabilities Ordinary shares of $1 each Share premium Retained earnings Non-current liabilities 7% Bank loan 10% loan from Hydan Current liabilities Total equity and liabilities

Hydan $’000

Systan $’000

18,400 16,000 ––––––– 34,400 18,000 ––––––– 52,400 –––––––

9,500 nil ––––––– 9,500 7,200 ––––––– 16,700 –––––––

10,000 5,000 20,000 ––––––– 35,000

2,000 500 6,300 ––––––– 8,800

6,000 nil

nil 4,000

11,400 ––––––– 52,400 –––––––

3,900 ––––––– 16,700 –––––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

At the date of acquisition, the fair values of Systan’s property, plant and equipment were $1·2 million in excess of their carrying amounts. This will have the effect of creating an additional depreciation charge (to cost of sales) of $300,000 in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2006. Systan has not adjusted its assets to fair value.

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(ii) In the post acquisition period Systan’s sales to Hydan were $30 million on which Systan had made a consistent profit of 5% of the selling price. Of these goods, $4 million (at selling price to Hydan) were still in the inventory of Hydan at 31 March 2006. Prior to its acquisition Systan made all its sales at a uniform gross profit margin. (iii) Included in Hydan’s current liabilities is $1 million owing to Systan. This agreed with Systan’s receivables ledger balance for Hydan at the year end. (iv) An impairment review of the consolidated goodwill at 31 March 2006 revealed that its current value was 12·5% less than its carrying amount. (v) Neither company paid a dividend in the year to 31 March 2006. Required: (a) Prepare the consolidated income statement for the year ended 31 March 2006 and the consolidated balance sheet at that date. (20 marks) (b) Discuss the effect that the acquisition of Systan appears to have had on Systan’s operating performance. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The following trial balance relates to Darius at 31 March 2006: $’000 Revenue Cost of sales Closing inventories – 31 March 2006 (note (i)) Operating expenses Rental income from investment property Finance costs (note (ii)) Land and building – at valuation (note (iii)) Plant and equipment – cost (note (iii)) Investment property – valuation 1 April 2005 (note (iii)) Accumulated depreciation 1 April 2005 – plant and equipment Joint venture (note (iv)) Trade receivables Bank Trade payables Ordinary shares of 25c each 10% Redeemable preference shares of $1 each Deferred tax (note (v)) Revaluation reserve (note (iii)) Retained earnings – 1 April 2005

$’000 213,800

143,800 10,500 22,400 1,200 5,000 63,000 36,000 16,000 16,800 8,000 13,500

–––––––– 318,200 ––––––––

900 11,800 20,000 10,000 5,200 21,000 17,500 –––––––– 318,200 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i)

An inventory count at 31 March 2006 listed goods with a cost of $10·5 million. This includes some damaged goods that had cost $800,000. These would require remedial work costing $450,000 before they could be sold for an estimated $950,000.

(ii) Finance costs include overdraft charges, the full year’s preference dividend and an ordinary dividend of 4c per share that was paid in September 2005. (iii) Non-current assets: Land and building The land and building were revalued at $15 million and $48 million respectively on 1 April 2005 creating a $21 million revaluation reserve. At this date the building had a remaining life of 15 years. Depreciation is on a straight-line basis. Darius does not make a transfer to realised profits in respect of excess depreciation. Plant All plant, including that of the joint venture (note (iv)), is depreciated at 12·5% on the reducing balance basis. Depreciation on both the building and the plant should be charged to cost of sales. Investment property On 31 March 2006 a qualified surveyor valued the investment property at $13·5 million. Darius uses the fair value model in IAS 40 Investment property to value its investment property.

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(iv) On 1 April 2005 Darius entered into a joint venture with two other entities. Each venturer contributes their own assets and is responsible for their own expenses including depreciation on joint venture assets. Darius is entitled to 40% of the joint venture’s total revenues. The joint venture is not a separate entity. Details of Darius’s joint venture transactions are: Plant and equipment at cost Share of joint venture revenue (40% of total sales revenue) Related joint venture cost of sales excluding depreciation Trade receivables Trade payables Net balance included in the above list of balances

$’000 12,000 (8,000) 5,000 1,500 (2,500) –––––– 8,000 ––––––

(v) The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year ended 31 March 2006 at $8 million. The deferred tax provision at 31 March 2006 is to be adjusted (through the income statement) to reflect that the tax base of the company’s net assets is $12 million less than their carrying amounts. The rate of income tax is 30%. Required: (a) Prepare the income statement for Darius for the year ended 31 March 2006.

(10 marks)

(b) Prepare the statement of recognised income and expense for Darius for the year ended 31 March 2006. (2 marks) (c) Prepare the balance sheet for Darius as at 31 March 2006.

(13 marks)

Notes to the financial statements are not required. (25 marks)

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This is a blank page. Question 3 begins on page 7.

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3

(a) The IASB’s Framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements (Framework) sets out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial statements that external users are likely to rely on when making economic decisions about an enterprise. Required: Explain the purpose and authoritative status of the Framework.

(5 marks)

(b) Of particular importance within the Framework are the definitions and recognition criteria for assets and liabilities. Required: Define assets and liabilities and explain the important aspects of their definitions. Explain why these definitions are of particular importance to the preparation of an entity’s balance sheet and income statement. (8 marks) (c) Peterlee is preparing its financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2006. The following items have been brought to your attention: (i)

Peterlee acquired the entire share capital of Trantor during the year. The acquisition was achieved through a share exchange. The terms of the exchange were based on the relative values of the two companies obtained by capitalising the companies’ estimated future cash flows. When the fair value of Trantor’s identifiable net assets was deducted from the value of the company as a whole, its goodwill was calculated at $2·5 million. A similar exercise valued the goodwill of Peterlee at $4 million. The directors wish to incorporate both the goodwill values in the companies’ consolidated financial statements. (4 marks)

(ii) During the year Peterlee acquired an iron ore mine at a cost of $6 million. In addition, when all the ore has been extracted (estimated in 10 years time) the company will face estimated costs for landscaping the area affected by the mining that have a present value of $2 million. These costs would still have to be incurred even if no further ore was extracted. The directors have proposed that an accrual of $200,000 per year for the next ten years should be made for the landscaping. (4 marks) (iii) On 1 April 2005 Peterlee issued an 8% $5 million convertible loan at par. The loan is convertible in three years time to ordinary shares or redeemable at par in cash. The directors decided to issue a convertible loan because a non-convertible loan would have required an interest rate of 10%. The directors intend to show the loan at $5 million under non-current liabilities. The following discount rates are available: Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

8% 0·93 0·86 0·79

10% 0·91 0·83 0·75

(4 marks)

Required: Describe (and quantify where possible) how Peterlee should treat the items in (i) to (iii) in its financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2006 commenting on the directors’ views where appropriate. The mark allocation is shown against each of the three items above. (25 marks)

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4

Shown below are the summarised financial statements for Boston, a publicly listed company, for the years ended 31 March 2005 and 2006, together with some segment information analysed by class of business for the year ended 31 March 2006 only: Income statements:

Revenue Cost of sales (note (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses Segment result

Carpeting $m 90 (30) ––– 60 (25) ––– 35 –––

Hotels $m 130 (95) ––– 35 (15) ––– 20 –––

Carpeting $m 40 40 ––– 80

Hotels $m 140 40 –––– 180

Total Total House building 31 March 2006 31 March 2005 $m $m $m 280 500 450 (168) (293) (260) –––– –––– –––– 112 207 190 (32) (72) (60) –––– –––– –––– 80 135 130 –––– (60) (50) –––– –––– 75 80 (10) (5) –––– –––– 65 75 (25) (30) –––– –––– 40 45 –––– ––––

Unallocated corporate expenses Profit from operations Finance costs Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for the period Balance sheets:

Tangible non-current assets Current assets Segment assets Unallocated bank balance

Total Total House building 31 March 2006 31 March 2005 $m $m $m 200 380 332 75 155 130 –––– –––– –––– 275 535 462 15 nil –––– –––– 550 462 –––– ––––

Consolidated total assets Ordinary share capital Share premium Retained earnings Segment current liabilities – tax – other Unallocated loans Unallocated bank overdraft

4 4

9 51

12 53

Consolidated equity and total liabilities

100 20 232 –––– 352 25 108 65 nil –––– 550 ––––

80 nil 192 –––– 272 30 115 40 5 –––– 462 ––––

The following notes are relevant (i)

Depreciation for the year to 31 March 2006 was $35 million. During the year a hotel with a carrying amount of $40 million was sold at a loss of $12 million. Depreciation and the loss on the sale of non-current assets are charged to cost of sales. There were no other non-current asset disposals. As part of the company’s overall acquisition of new non-current assets, the hotel segment acquired $104 million of new hotels during the year.

(ii) The above figures are based on historical cost values. The fair values of the segment net assets are:

at 31 March 2005 at 31 March 2006

Carpeting $m 80 97

Hotels $m 150 240

House building $m 250 265

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(iii) The following ratios (which can be taken to be correct) have been calculated based on the overall group results: Year ended: Return on capital employed Gross profit margin Operating profit margin Net assets turnover Current ratio Gearing

31 March 2006 18·0% 41·4% 15% 1·2 times 1·3:1 15·6%

31 March 2005 25·6% 42·2% 17·8% 1·4 times 0·9:1 12·8%

(iv) The following segment ratios (which can be taken to be correct) have been calculated for the year ended 31 March 2006 only: Carpeting Hotels House building Segment return on net assets 48·6% 16·7% 38·1% Segment asset turnover (times) 1·3 1·1 1·3 Gross profit margin 66·7% 26·9% 40% Net profit margin 38·9% 15·4% 28·6% Current ratio (excluding bank) 5:1 0·7:1 1·2:1 Required: (a) Prepare a cash flow statement for Boston for the year ended 31 March 2006.

(10 marks)

Note: you are not required to show separate segmental cash flows or any disclosure notes. (b) Using the ratios provided, write a report to the Board of Boston analysing the company’s financial performance and position for the year ended 31 March 2006. (15 marks) Your answer should make reference to your cash flow statement and the segmental information and consider the implication of the fair value information. (25 marks)

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5

(a) Torrent is a large publicly listed company whose main activity involves construction contracts. Details of three of its contracts for the year ended 31 March 2006 are: Contract Date commenced Estimated duration

Alfa 1 April 2004 3 years $m 20 15

Fixed contract price Estimated costs at start of contract Cost to date: at 31 March 2005 at 31 March 2006 Estimated costs at 31 March 2006 to complete Progress payments received at 31 March 2005 (note (i)) Progress payments received at 31 March 2006 (note (i))

5 12·5 (note (ii)) 3·5

Beta 1 October 2005 18 months

Ceta 1 October 2005 2 years

$m 6 7·5 (note (iii))

$m 12 10

nil 2 5·5 (note (iii))

nil 4 6

5·4

nil

nil

12·6

1·8

nil

Notes (i)

The company’s normal policy for determining the percentage completion of contracts is based on the value of work invoiced to date compared to the contract price. Progress payments received represent 90% of the work invoiced. However, no progress payments will be invoiced or received from contract Ceta until it is completed, so the percentage completion of this contract is to be based on the cost to date compared to the estimated total contract costs.

(ii) The cost to date of $12·5 million at 31 March 2006 for contract Alfa includes $1 million relating to unplanned rectification costs incurred during the current year (ended 31 March 2006) due to subsidence occurring on site. (iii) Since negotiating the price of contract Beta, Torrent has discovered the land that it purchased for the project is contaminated by toxic pollutants. The estimated cost at the start of the contract and the estimated costs to complete the contract include the unexpected costs of decontaminating the site before construction could commence. Required: Prepare extracts of the income statement and balance sheet for Torrent in respect of the above construction contracts for the year ended 31 March 2006 (12 marks) (b) (i)

The issued share capital of Savoir, a publicly listed company, at 31 March 2003 was $10 million. Its shares are denominated at 25 cents each. Savoir’s earnings attributable to its ordinary shareholders for the year ended 31 March 2003 were also $10 million, giving an earnings per share of 25 cents. Year ended 31 March 2004 On 1 July 2003 Savoir issued eight million ordinary shares at full market value. On 1 January 2004 a bonus issue of one new ordinary share for every four ordinary shares held was made. Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders for the year ended 31 March 2004 were $13,800,000. Year ended 31 March 2005 On 1 October 2004 Savoir made a rights issue of shares of two new ordinary shares at a price of $1·00 each for every five ordinary shares held. The offer was fully subscribed. The market price of Savoir’s ordinary shares immediately prior to the offer was $2·40 each. Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders for the year ended 31 March 2005 were $19,500,000. Required: Calculate Savoir’s earnings per share for the years ended 31 March 2004 and 2005 including comparative figures. (9 marks)

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(ii) On 1 April 2005 Savoir issued $20 million 8% convertible loan stock at par. The terms of conversion (on 1 April 2008) are that for every $100 of loan stock, 50 ordinary shares will be issued at the option of loan stockholders. Alternatively the loan stock will be redeemed at par for cash. Also on 1 April 2005 the directors of Savoir were awarded share options on 12 million ordinary shares exercisable from 1 April 2008 at $1·50 per share. The average market value of Savoir’s ordinary shares for the year ended 31 March 2006 was $2·50 each. The income tax rate is 25%. Earnings attributable to ordinary shareholders for the year ended 31 March 2006 were $25,200,000. The share options have been correctly recorded in the income statement. Required: Calculate Savoir’s basic and diluted earnings per share for the year ended 31 March 2006 (comparative figures are not required). You may assume that both the convertible loan stock and the directors’ options are dilutive.

(4 marks) (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

June 2006 Answers

Hydan Consolidated income statement year ended 31 March 2006 $’000 Revenue (98,000 + 35,200 – 30,000 intra-group sales) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses (11,800 + 8,000 + 375 goodwill (w (ii))) Interest receivable (350 – 200 intra-group (4,000 x 10% x 6/12)) Finance costs Income tax expense (4,200 – 1,000 tax relief) Profit for the period Attributable to: Equity holders of the parent Minority interest (w (iv))

$’000 103,200 (77,500) –––––––– 25,700 (20,175) 150 (420) –––––––– 5,255 (3,200) –––––––– 2,055 –––––––– 3,455 (1,400) –––––––– 2,055 ––––––––

Consolidated balance sheet as at 31 March 2006 Non-current assets: Property, plant and equipment (18,400 + 9,500 + 1,200 – 300 depreciation adjustment) Goodwill (3,000 – 375 (w (ii))) Investment (16,000 – 10,800 – 4,000 loan) Current assets (w (v)) Total assets Equity attributable to holders of the parent Ordinary shares of $1 each Share premium Retained earnings (w (iii))

10,000 5,000 17,525 ––––––– 32,525 3,800 ––––––– 36,325

Minority interest (w (iv)) Total equity Non-current liabilities 7% bank loan

6,000

Current liabilities (w (v))

14,300 ––––––– 56,625 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings in $’000 (i) Cost of sales Hydan Systan Intra-group sales URP in inventories Additional depreciation re fair values

(ii)

28,800 2,625 1,200 ––––––– 32,625 24,000 ––––––– 56,625 –––––––

76,000 31,000 (30,000) 200 300 ––––––– 77,500 –––––––

Goodwill/Cost of control in Systan: Investment at cost (2,000 x 60% x $9) Less – ordinary shares of Systan – share premium – pre-acquisition reserves (6,300 + 3,000 post acq loss) – fair value adjustment

10,800 2,000 500 9,300 1,200 ––––––– 13,000 x 60%

Goodwill on consolidation

(7,800) –––––– 3,000 ––––––

Goodwill is impaired by 12·5% of its carrying amount =

375 ––––––

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(iii) Consolidated reserves: Hydan’s reserves Systan’s post acquisition losses (see below) (3,500 x 60%) Goodwill impairment (w (ii))

The adjusted profits of Systan are: Per question Adjustments – URP in inventories (4,000 x 5%) – additional depreciation

6,300 (200) (300) –––––

(iv) Minority interest in income statement Systan’s post acquisition loss after tax Adjustments from (w (iii))

Minority interest in balance sheet Ordinary shares and premium of Systan Adjusted profits (w (iii)) Fair value adjustments

2,500 5,800 1,200 –––––– 9,500 x 40% = 3,800

Current assets and liabilities Current assets: Hydan Systan URP in inventories Intra-group balance

18,000 7,200 (200) (1,000) ––––––– 24,000 –––––––

Current liabilities: Hydan Systan Intra-group balance

(b)

(500) ––––––– 5,800 ––––––– 3,000 500 –––––– 3,500 x 40% = 1,400

Adjusted losses

(v)

20,000 (2,100) (375) ––––––– 17,525 –––––––

11,400 3,900 (1,000) ––––––– 14,300 –––––––

Although Systan’s revenue has increased since its acquisition by Hydan, its operating performance appears to have deteriorated markedly. Its gross profit margin has fallen from 25% (6m/24m) in the six months prior to the acquisition to only 11·9% (4·2m/35·2m) in the post-acquisition period. The decline in gross profit is worsened by a huge increase in operating expenses in the post-acquisition period. These have gone from $1·2 million pre-acquisition to $8 million post-acquisition. Taking into account the effects of interest and tax a $3·6 million first half profit (pre-acquisition) has turned into a $3 million second half loss (post-acquisition). Whilst it is possible that some of the worsening performance may be due to market conditions, the major cause is probably due to the effects of the acquisition. As the question states Hydan has acquired a controlling interest in Systan and thus the two companies are related parties. Since the acquisition most of Systan’s sales have been to Hydan. This is not surprising as Systan was acquired to secure supplies to Hydan. The terms under which the sales are made are now determined by the management of Hydan, whereas they were previously determined by the management of Systan. The question says sales to Hydan yield a consistent gross profit of only 5%. This is very low and much lower than the profit margin on sales to Hydan prior to the acquisition and also much lower than the few sales that were made to third parties in the post acquisition period. It may also be that Hydan has shifted the burden of some of the group operating expenses to Systan – this may explain the large increase in Systan’s post acquisition operating expenses. The effect of these (transfer pricing) actions would move profits from Systan’s books into those of Hydan. The implications of this are quite significant. Initially there may be a tendency to think the effect is not important as on consolidation both companies’ results are added together, but other parties are affected by these actions. The most obvious is the significant (40%) minority interest, they are effectively having some of their share of Systan’s profit and balance sheet value taken from them. It may also be that the management and staff of Systan may be losing out on profit related bonuses. Finally, any party using Systan’s entity financial statements, for whatever purpose, would be basing any decisions they make on potentially misleading information.

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2

(a)

Darius income statement for the year ended 31 March 2006 $’000 Revenue (w (i)) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses Investment income Loss on investment property (16,000 – 13,500 w (ii)) Financing cost (5,000 – 3,200 ordinary dividend (w (v)) Profit before tax Income tax expense (w (iii)) Profit for the period

(b)

Statement of recognised income and expense for the year ended 31 March 2006 Unrealised surplus on land and building Profit for the period Total recognised income and expense for the period

(c)

Darius balance sheet as at 31 March 2006 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (w (iv)) Investment property (w (ii))

$’000 221,800 (156,200) ––––––––– 65,600 (22,400) 1,200 (2,500) (1,800) ––––––––– 40,100 (6,400) ––––––––– 33,700 –––––––––

21,000 33,700 ––––––– 54,700 –––––––

87,100 13,500 –––––––– 100,600

Current assets Inventories (10,500 – 300 (w (i))) Trade receivables (13,500 + 1,500 JV)

10,200 15,000 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities: Ordinary shares of 25c each Reserves: Revaluation Retained earnings (w (v))

25,200 –––––––– 125,800 –––––––– 20,000

21,000 48,000 –––––––

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax (w (iii)) Redeemable preference shares of $1 each

3,600 10,000 –––––––

Current liabilities Trade payables (11,800 + 2,500 JV) Bank overdraft Current tax payable

14,300 900 8,000 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings in $’000 (i) Revenue Per question Joint venture revenue

69,000 –––––––– 89,000

13,600

23,200 –––––––– 125,800 ––––––––

213,800 8,000 –––––––– 221,800 ––––––––

Cost of sales: Per question Closing inventories adjustment (see below) Joint venture costs Depreciation (w (iv)) – building – plant

143,800 300 5,000 3,200 3,900 –––––––– 156,200 ––––––––

The damaged inventories will require expenditure of $450,000 to repair them and then have an expected selling price of $950,000. This gives a net realisable value of $500,000, as their cost was $800,000, a write down of $300,000 is required.

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(ii)

The fair value model in IAS 40 Investment property requires investment properties to be included in the balance sheet at their fair value (in this case taken to be the open market value). Any surplus or deficit is recorded in income.

(iii) Taxation: Provision for year Deferred tax (see below)

8,000 (1,600) –––––– 6,400 ––––––

Taxable temporary differences are $12 million. At a rate of 30% this would require a balance sheet provision for deferred tax of $3·6 million. The opening provision is $5·2 million, thus a credit of $1·6 million will be made in the income statement. (iv) Non-current assets Land and building Depreciation of the building for the year ended 31 March 2006 will be (48,000/15 years)

3,200 –––––––

Plant and equipment Per trial balance Joint venture plant Accumulated depreciation 1 April 2005 Carrying amount prior to charge for year Depreciation year ended 31 March 2006 at 12·5% Carrying amount at 31 March 2006 Summarising: Land and building Plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment (v)

3

(a)

cost/valuation 63,000 48,000 –––––––– 111,000 ––––––––

36,000 12,000 ––––––– 48,000 (16,800) ––––––– 31,200 (3,900) ––––––– 27,300 ––––––– accumulated depreciation carrying amount 3,200 59,800 20,700 27,300 ––––––– ––––––– 23,900 87,100 ––––––– –––––––

Retained earnings Balance b/f Profit for period Ordinary dividends paid (20,000 x 4 x 4c)

17,500 33,700 (3,200) ––––––– 48,000 –––––––

The purpose of the Framework is to assist the various bodies and users that may be interested in the financial statements of an entity. It is there to assist the IASB itself, other standard setters, preparers, auditors and users of financial statements and any other party interested in the work of the IASB. More specifically: –

– –

– –

to assist the Board in the development of new and the review of existing standards. It is also believed that the Framework will assist in promoting harmonisation of the preparation of financial statements and also reduce the number of alternative accounting treatments permitted by IFRSs national standard setters that have expressed a desire for local standards to be compliant with IFRS will be assisted by the Framework the Framework will help preparers to apply IFRS more effectively if they understand the concepts underlying the Standards, additionally the Framework should help in dealing with new or emerging issues which are, as yet, not covered by an IFRS the above is also true of the work of the auditor, in particular the Framework can assist the auditor in determining whether the financial statements conform to IFRS users should be assisted by the Framework in interpreting the performance of entities that have complied with IFRS.

It is important to realise that the Framework is not itself an accounting standard and thus cannot override a requirement of a specific standard. Indeed, the Board recognises that there may be (rare) occasions where a particular IFRS is in conflict with the Framework. In these cases the requirements of the standard should prevail. The Board believes that such conflicts will diminish over time as the development of new and (revised) existing standards will be guided by the Framework and the Framework itself may be revised based on the experience of working with it.

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(b)

Definitions – assets: The IASB’s Framework defines assets as ‘a resource controlled by an entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity’. The first part of the definition puts the emphasis on control rather than ownership. This is done so that the balance sheet reflects the substance of transactions rather than their legal form. This means that assets that are not legally owned by an entity, but over which the entity has the rights that are normally conveyed by ownership, are recognised as assets of the entity. Common examples of this would be finance leased assets and other contractual rights such as aircraft landing rights. An important aspect of control of assets is that it allows the entity to restrict the access of others to them. The reference to past events prevents assets that may arise in future from being recognised early. – liabilities: The IASB’s Framework defines liabilities as ‘a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits’. Many aspects of this definition are complementary (as a mirror image) to the definition of assets, however the IASB stresses that the essential characteristic of a liability is that the entity has a present obligation. Such obligations are usually legally enforceable (by a binding contract or by statute), but obligations also arise where there is an expectation (by a third party) of an entity assuming responsibility for costs where there is no legal requirement to do so. Such obligations are referred to as constructive (by IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets). An example of this would be repairing or replacing faulty goods (beyond any warranty period) or incurring environmental costs (e.g. landscaping the site of a previous quarry) where there is no legal obligation to do so. Where entities do incur constructive obligations it is usually to maintain the goodwill and reputation of the entity. One area of difficulty is where entities cannot be sure whether an obligation exists or not, it may depend upon a future uncertain event. These are more generally known as contingent liabilities. Importance of the definitions of assets and liabilities: The definitions of assets and liabilities are fundamental to the Framework. Apart from forming the obvious basis for the preparation of a balance sheet, they are also the two elements of financial statements that are used to derive the equity interest (ownership) which is the residue of assets less liabilities. Assets and liabilities also have a part to play in determining when income (which includes gains) and expenses (which include losses) should be recognised. Income is recognised (in the income statement) when there is an increase in future economic benefits relating to increases in assets or decreases in liabilities, provided they can be measured reliably. Expenses are the opposite of this. Changes in assets and liabilities arising from contributions from, and distributions to, the owners are excluded from the definitions of income and expenses. Currently there is a great deal of concern over ‘off balance sheet finance’. This is an aspect of what is commonly referred to as creative accounting. Many recent company failure scandals have been in part due to companies having often massive liabilities that have not been included on the balance sheet. Robust definitions, based on substance, of assets and liabilities in particular should ensure that only real assets are included on the balance sheet and all liabilities are also included. In contradiction to the above point, there have also been occasions where companies have included liabilities on their balance sheets where they do not meet the definition of liabilities in the Framework. Common examples of this are general provisions and accounting for future costs and losses (usually as part of the acquisition of a subsidiary). Companies have used these general provisions to smooth profits i.e. creating a provision when the company has a good year (in terms of profit) and releasing them to boost profits in a bad year. Providing for future costs and losses during an acquisition may effectively allow them to bypass the income statement as they would become part of the goodwill figure.

(c)

(i)

Whilst it is acceptable to value the goodwill of $2·5 million of Trantor (the subsidiary) on the basis described in the question and include it in the consolidated balance sheet, the same treatment cannot be afforded to Peterlee’s own goodwill. The calculation may indeed give a realistic value of $4 million for Peterlee’s goodwill, and there may be no difference in nature between the goodwill of the two companies, but it must be realised that the goodwill of Peterlee is internal goodwill and IFRSs prohibit such goodwill appearing in the financial statements. The main basis of this conclusion is one of reliable measurement. The value of acquired (purchased) goodwill can be evidenced by the method described in the question (there are also other acceptable methods), but this method of valuation is not acceptable as a basis for recognising internal goodwill.

(ii)

Accruing for future costs such as this landscaping on an annual basis may seem appropriate and was common practice until recently. However, it is no longer possible to account for this type of future cost in this manner, therefore the directors’ suggestion is unacceptable. IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets requires such costs to be accounted for in full as soon as they become unavoidable. The Standard says that the estimate of the future cost should be discounted to a present value (as in this example at $2 million). The accounting treatment is rather controversial; the cost should be included in the balance sheet as a provision (a credit entry/balance), but the debit is to the cost of the asset to give an initial carrying amount of $8 million. This has the effect of ‘grossing up’ the balance sheet by including the landscaping costs as both an asset and a liability. As the asset is depreciated on a systematic basis ($800,000 per annum assuming straight-line depreciation), the landscaping costs are charged to the income statement over the life of the asset. As the discount is ‘unwound’ (and charged as a finance cost) this is added to the balance sheet provision such that, at the date when the liability is due to be settled, the provision is equal to the amount due (assuming estimates prove to be accurate).

(iii) The directors’ suggestion that the convertible loan should be recorded as a liability of the full $5 million is incorrect. The reason why a similar loan without the option to convert to equity shares (such that it must be redeemed by cash only) carries a higher interest rate is because of the value of the equity option that is contained within the issue proceeds of the $5 million. If the company performs well over the period of the loan, the value of its equity shares should rise and

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thus it would (probably) be beneficial for the loan note holders to opt for the equity share alternative. IAS 32 and 39 dealing with financial instruments require the value of the option is to be treated as equity rather than debt. The calculation of value of the equity is as follows: Year 1 400 x 0·91 Year 2 400 x 0·83 Year 3 5,400 x 0·75 Present value of the cash flows Proceeds of issue Difference is value of equity

$’000 364 332 4,050 –––––– 4,746 (5,000) –––––– 254 ––––––

Initially the loan would be shown at $4,746,000. The Income statement would show: Loan interest paid ($5m x 8%) Accrued finance costs (balance)

$’000 400 75 ––––

$’000 475 (i.e. $4·746m x 10%)

At 31 March 2006 the loan would have a carrying amount of $4,821,000 ($4,746,000 + $75,000)

4

(a)

Boston – Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 31 March 2006: Cash flows from operating activities Note: figures in brackets are in $’000 Profit before tax Adjustments for: depreciation of non-current assets loss on sale of hotel interest expense

$’000 65

$’000

35 12 10 –––– 122 (25) (7) –––– 90 (10) (30) ––––

increase in current assets (155 – 130) decrease in other current liabilities (115 – 108) Cash generated from operations Interest paid (see note) Income taxes paid Net cash flow from operating activities

50

Cash flows from investing activities: purchase of non-current assets (see below) sale of non-current assets (40 – 12)

(123) 28 ––––

Net cash used in investing activities

(95)

Cash flows from financing activities Issue of ordinary shares (20 + 20) Issue of loans (65 – 40)

40 25 ––––

Net cash from financing activities

65 ––– 20 (5) ––– 15 –––

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period Workings Non-current assets – carrying amount Balance b/f Disposal Depreciation for year Balance c/f

$’000 332 (40) (35) (380) ––––– (123) –––––

Cost of assets acquired

Note: interest paid may also be presented as a cash flow from financing activities.

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(b)

Report on the financial performance of Boston for the year ended 31 March 2006 To: The Board of Boston From: A N Other Date: Profitability (note figures are rounded to 1 decimal place) The most striking feature of the current year’s performance is the deterioration in the ROCE, down from 25·6% to only 18·0%. This represents an overall fall in profitability of 30% ((25·6 – 18·0)/25·6 x 100). An examination of the other ratios provided shows that this is due to a decline in both profit margins and asset utilisation. A closer look at the profit margins shows that the decline in gross margin is relatively small (42·2% down to 41·4%), whereas the fall in the operating profit margin is down by 2·8%, this represents a 15·7% decline in profitability (i.e. 2·8% on 17·8%). This has been caused by increases in operating expenses of $12m and unallocated corporate expenses of $10m. These increases represent more than half of the net profit for the period and further investigation into the cause of these increases should be made. The company is generating only $1·20 of sales per $1 of net balance sheet assets this year compared to a figure of $1·40 in the previous year. This decline in asset utilisation represents a fall of 14·3% ((1·4 – 1.2)/1·4 x 100). Liquidity/solvency From the limited information provided a poor current ratio of 0·9:1 in 2005 has improved to 1·3:1 in the current year. Despite the improvement, it is still below the accepted norm. At the same time gearing has increased from 12·8% to 15·6%. Information from the cash flow statement shows the company has raised $65 million in new capital ($40m in equity and $25m in loans). The disproportionate increase in the loans is the cause of the increase in gearing, however, at 15·6% this is still not a highly geared company. The increase in finance has been used mainly to purchase new non-current assets, but it has also improved liquidity, mainly by reversing an overdraft of $5 million to a bank balance in hand of $15 million. A common feature of new investment is that there is often a delay between making the investment and benefiting from the returns. This may be the case with Boston, and it may be that in future years the increased investment will be rewarded with higher returns. Another aspect of the investment that may have caused the lower return on assets is that the investment is likely to have occurred part way through the year (maybe even near the year end). This means that the income statement may not include returns for a full year, whereas in future years it will. Segment issues Segment information is intended to help the users to better assess the performance of an enterprise by looking at the detailed contribution made by the differing activities that comprise the enterprise as a whole. Referring to the segment ratios it appears that the carpeting segment is giving the greatest contribution to overall profitability achieving a 48·6% return on its segment assets, whereas the equivalent return for house building is 38·1% and for hotels it is only 16·7%. The main reason for the better return from carpeting is due to its higher segment net profit margin of 38·9% compared to hotels at 15·4% and house building at 28·6%. Carpeting’s higher segment net profit is in turn a reflection of its underlying very high gross margin (66·7%). The segment net asset turnover of the hotels (1·1 times) is also very much lower than the other two segments (1·3 times). It seems that the hotel segment is also responsible for the group’s fairly poor liquidity ratios (ignoring the bank balances) the segment current liabilities are 50% greater than its current assets ($60m compared to $40m); the opposite of this would be a more acceptable current ratio. These figures are based on historical values. Most commentators argue that the use of fair values is more consistent and thus provides more reliable information on which to base assessments (they are less misleading than the use of historical values). If fair values are used all segments understandably show lower returns and poorer performance (as fair values are higher than historical values), but the figures for the hotels are proportionately much worse, falling by a half of the historic values (as the fair values of the hotel segment are exactly double the historical values). Fair value adjusted figures may even lead one to question the future of the hotel activities. However, before jumping to any conclusions an important issue should be considered. Although the reported profit of the hotels is poor, the market values of its segment assets have increased by a net $90 million. New net investment in hotel capital expenditure is $64 million ($104m – $40m disposal); this leaves an increase in value of $26 million. The majority of this appears to be from market value increases (this would be confirmed if the statement of recognised income and expense was available). Whilst this is not a realised profit, it is nevertheless a significant and valuable gain (equivalent to 65% of the group reported net profit). Conclusion Although the company’s overall performance has deteriorated in the current year, it is clear that at least some areas of the business have had considerable new investment which may take some time to bear fruit. This applies to the hotel segment in particular and may explain its poor performance, which is also partly offset by the strong increase in the market value of its assets. Yours A N other Appendix Further segment ratios Return on net assets at fair values (35/97 x 100) Asset turnover on fair values (times) (90/97)

Carpeting 36·1% 0·9

Hotels 8·3% 0·5

House building 30·2% 1·1

Note: workings have been shown for the figures for the carpeting segment only, the other segments’ figures are based on equivalent calculations.

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5

(a)

Income statement for the year ended 31 March 2006 Alfa $m 8 (7) ––––– 1 –––––

Revenue Cost of sales Profit/(loss) Balance sheet as at 31 March 2006 Gross amounts due from customers (see below) Gross amounts due to customers (see below) Gross amounts from and to customers: Contract cost incurred Recognised profits less (losses) Provision for losses to date Payments received

2·4

Ceta $m 4·8 (4·0) –––– 0·8 ––––

(12·6) ––––– 2·4 –––––

Due to customers (contract liability)

3·5 (1·5) (1·5) (1·8) ––––

Total $m 14·8 (14·5) ––––– 0·3 –––––

4·8

7·2 (1·3)

4·0 0·8

20·0 1·8 (1·5) (14·4) ––––– 7·2

(1·3) 12·5 2·5

Due from customers

Beta $m 2·0 (3·5) –––– (1·5) ––––

(nil) –––– 4·8 ––––

(1·3) ––––

(1·3) –––––

Workings (in $m): Alfa Work invoiced (5·4/90%) Cost of sales (balancing figure)

at 31 March 2005 at 31 March 2006 Year ended 31 March 2006 6·0 (12·6/90%) 14·0 8 (4·5) (11·5) (7) –––– ––––– –– Profit (see below) 1·5 2·5 1 –––– ––––– –– Percentage complete (6/20 x 100) 30% (14/20 x 100) 70% Attributable profit ($5m x 30%) 1·5 (($5m x 70%) – $1m rectification) 2·5 Prior to the rectification costs (which must be charged to the year in which they are incurred), the estimated total profit on the contract is $5 million ($20m – $15m). Beta Due to the increase in the estimated cost Beta is a loss-making contract and the whole of the loss must be provided for as soon as it is can be anticipated. The loss is expected to be $1·5 million ($7·5m – $6m). The sales value of the contract at 31 March 2006 is $2 million ($1·8/90%), thus the cost of sales must be recorded as $3·5 million. As costs to date are $2 million, this means a provision of $1·5 million is required. Ceta Based on the costs to date at 31 March 2006 of $4 million and the total estimated costs of $10 million, this contract is 40% complete. The estimated profit is $2 million ($12m – $10m); therefore the profit at 31 March 2006 is $0·8 million ($2m x 40%). This gives an imputed sales (and receivable) value of $4·8 million. (b)

(i)

Savoir – EPS year ended 31 March 2004: The issue on 1 July 2003 at full market value needs to be weighted: New shares

40m x 3/12 = 8m –––– 48m x 9/12 =

10m 36m –––– 46m ––––

Without the bonus issue this would give an EPS of 30c ($13·8m/46m x 100). The bonus issue of one for four would result in 12 million new shares giving a total number of ordinary shares of 60 million. The dilutive effect of the bonus issue would reduce the EPS to 24c (30c x 48m/60m). The comparative EPS (for 2003) would be restated at 20c (25c x 48m/60m).

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EPS year ended 31 March 2005: The rights issue of two for five on 1 October 2004 is half way through the year. The theoretical ex rights value can be calculated as: Holder of Subscribes for Now holds

100 shares worth $2·40 = 40 shares at $1 each = ––– 140 worth (in theory) –––

$240 $40 ––––– $280 –––––

i.e. $2 each.

Weighting: Rights issue (2 for 5) New total

60m x 6/12 x 2·40/2·00 = 24m –––– 84m x 6/12 =

Weighted average

36 million 42 million –– 78 million ––

EPS is therefore 25c ($19·5m/78m x 100). The comparative (for 2004) would be restated at 20c (24c x 2·00/2·40). (ii)

The basic EPS for the year ended 31 March 2006 is 30c ($25·2m/84m x 100). Dilution Convertible loan stock On conversion loan interest of $1·2 million after tax would be saved ($20 million x 8% x (100% – 25%)) and a further 10 million shares would be issued ($20m/$100 x 50). Directors’ options Options for 12 million shares at $1·50 each would yield proceeds of $18 million. At the average market price of $2·50 per share this would purchase 7·2 million shares ($18m/$2·50). Therefore the ‘bonus’ element of the options is 4·8 million shares (12m – 7·2m). Using the above figures the diluted EPS for the year ended 31 March 2006 is 26·7c ($25·2m + $1·2m)/(84m + 10m + 4·8m)).

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

June 2006 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one definitive solution. Marks 1

(a)

Income statement: revenue cost of sales operating expenses including 1 mark for goodwill interest receivable/payable income tax minority interest Balance sheet: goodwill tangible non-current assets investments current assets/current liabilities 7% bank loan elimination of 10% intra group loan minority interest share capital and share premium retained earnings

2 3 2 1 1 2

( b ) 1 mark per relevant point to

2

(a)

(b)

(c)

available maximum

3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 25 20

maximum Maximum for question

5 25

available maximum

1 4 1 1 1 2 2 12 10

maximum

1 1 2

available maximum Maximum for question

4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 16 13 25

Income statement revenue cost of sales operating costs investment income loss on investment finance costs income tax

Statement of recognised income and expense surplus on land and buildings profit for period

Balance sheet property, plant and equipment investment property inventories trade receivables share capital revaluation reserve retained earnings (1 for dividend deduction) overdraft trade payables current tax payable deferred tax preference shares (shown as a liability)

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3

Marks 5

(a)

one mark per valid point to max

(b)

one mark per valid point to max

8

(c)

(i)

available maximum

1 1 1 1 1 5 4

maximum

1 1 1 1 4

available maximum Maximum for question

1 1 1 1 1 5 4 25

available maximum

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 10

Maximum for question

15 25

(ii)

acceptable method to value goodwill of subsidiary although no difference in nature of goodwill; cannot use this method to value goodwill of parent IFRS specifically prohibits recognition of internal goodwill main issue is reliable measurement

IAS 37 requires immediate recognition (as a provision) of such costs future costs discounted to present value added to cost of the asset (increases depreciation) unwinding of discount is a finance cost

(iii) directors’ suggestion is incorrect, part of proceeds is equity IFRS require equity component to be calculated (residual equity method) Debt is $4,746,000; equity is $254,000 Income statement charge is $475,000 Non-current liability at 31 March 2006 $4,821,000

4

(a)

(b)

profit before tax depreciation loss on sale of hotel increase in current assets decrease in current liabilities interest paid income taxes paid purchase of non-current assets sale of non-current assets share issue issue of loan cash and cash equivalents b/f and c/f

one mark per valid point to max

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Marks 5

(a)

(b)

Income statement revenue cost of sales/profit balance sheet gross amounts due from customers provision

(i)

(ii)

EPS – – – –

year year year year

ended ended ended ended

31 31 31 31

March March March March

4 4

available maximum

4 1 13 12

available maximum

4 1 4 1 10 9

maximum Maximum for question

1 1 1 1 4 25

2004 2004 comparative 2005 2005 comparative

EPS year ended 31 March 2006 – basic EPS – dilution effect of options – effect of convertible loan stock – calculation

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(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 7 DECEMBER 2006

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

Do not open this paper until instructed by the supervisor This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

Hosterling purchased the following equity investments: On 1 October 2005: 80% of the issued share capital of Sunlee. The acquisition was through a share exchange of three shares in Hosterling for every five shares in Sunlee. The market price of Hosterling’s shares at 1 October 2005 was $5 per share. On 1 July 2006: 6 million shares in Amber paying $3 per share in cash and issuing to Amber’s shareholders 6% (actual and effective rate) loan notes on the basis of $100 loan note for every 100 shares acquired. The summarised income statements for the three companies for the year ended 30 September 2006 are:

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit/(loss) Other income (note (i)) Distribution costs Administrative expenses Finance costs Profit/(loss) before tax Income tax (expense)/credit Profit/(loss) for the period

Hosterling $’000 105,000 (68,000) –––––––– 37,000 400 (4,000) (7,500) (1,200) –––––––– 24,700 (8,700) –––––––– 16,000 ––––––––

Sunlee $’000 62,000 (36,500) –––––––– 25,500 nil (2,000) (7,000) (900) –––––––– 15,600 (2,600) –––––––– 13,000 ––––––––

Amber $’000 50,000 (61,000) –––––––– (11,000) nil (4,500) (8,500) nil –––––––– (24,000) 4,000 –––––––– (20,000) ––––––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

The other income is a dividend received from Sunlee on 31 March 2006.

(ii) The details of Sunlee’s and Amber’s share capital and reserves at 1 October 2005 were:

Equity shares of $1 each Retained earnings

Sunlee $’000 20,000 18,000

Amber $’000 15,000 35,000

(iii) A fair value exercise was carried out at the date of acquisition of Sunlee with the following results:

Intellectual property Land Plant

carrying amount $’000 18,000 17,000 30,000

fair value $’000 22,000 20,000 35,000

remaining life (straight line)

still in development not applicable five years

The fair values have not been reflected in Sunlee’s financial statements. Plant depreciation is included in cost of sales. No fair value adjustments were required on the acquisition of Amber. (iv) In the year ended 30 September 2006 Hosterling sold goods to Sunlee at a selling price of $18 million. Hosterling made a profit of cost plus 25% on these sales. $7·5 million (at cost to Sunlee) of these goods were still in the inventories of Sunlee at 30 September 2006. (v) Impairment tests for both Sunlee and Amber were conducted on 30 September 2006. They concluded that the goodwill of Sunlee should be written down by $1·6 million and, due to its losses since acquisition, the investment in Amber was worth $21·5 million. (vi) All trading profits and losses are deemed to accrue evenly throughout the year.

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Required: (a) Calculate the goodwill arising on the acquisition of Sunlee at 1 October 2005.

(5 marks)

(b) Calculate the carrying amount of the investment in Amber at 30 September 2006 under the equity method prior to the impairment test. (4 marks) (c) Prepare the consolidated income statement for the Hosterling Group for the year ended 30 September 2006. (16 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The following trial balance relates to Tadeon, a publicly listed company, at 30 September 2006: $’000 Revenue Cost of sales Operating expenses Loan interest paid (note (i)) Rental of vehicles (note (ii)) Investment income 25 year leasehold property at cost (note (iii)) Plant and equipment at cost Investments at amortised cost Accumulated depreciation at 1 October 2005 – leasehold property – plant and equipment Equity shares of 20 cents each fully paid Retained earnings at 1 October 2005 2% Loan note (note (i)) Deferred tax balance 1 October 2005 (note (iv)) Trade receivables Inventories at 30 September 2006 Bank Trade payables Suspense account (note (v))

$’000 277,800

118,000 40,000 1,000 6,200 2,000 225,000 181,000 42,000 36,000 85,000 150,000 18,600 50,000 12,000 53,500 33,300

–––––––– 700,000 ––––––––

1,900 18,700 48,000 –––––––– 700,000 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i)

The loan note was issued on 1 October 2005. It is redeemable on 30 September 2010 at a large premium (in order to compensate for the low nominal interest rate). The finance department has calculated that the effective interest rate on the loan is 5·5% per annum.

(ii) The rental of the vehicles relates to two separate contracts. These have been scrutinised by the finance department and they have come to the conclusion that $5 million of the rentals relate to a finance lease. The finance lease was entered into on 1 October 2005 (the date the $5 million was paid) for a four year period. The vehicles had a fair value of $20 million (straight-line depreciation should be used) at 1 October 2005 and the lease agreement requires three further annual payments of $6 million each on the anniversary of the lease. The interest rate implicit in the lease is to be taken as 10% per annum. (Note: you are not required to calculate the present value of the minimum lease payments.) The other contract is an operating lease and should be charged to operating expenses. Other plant and equipment is depreciated at 121/2% per annum on the reducing balance basis. All depreciation of property, plant and equipment is charged to cost of sales. (iii) On 30 September 2006 the leasehold property was revalued to $200 million. The directors wish to incorporate this valuation into the financial statements. (iv) The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year ended 30 September 2006 at $38 million. At 30 September 2006 there were $74 million of taxable temporary differences, of which $20 million related to the revaluation of the leasehold property (see (iii) above). The income tax rate is 20%. (v) The suspense account balance can be reconciled from the following transactions: The payment of a dividend in October 2005. This was calculated to give a 5% yield on the company’s share price of 80 cents as at 30 September 2005. The net receipt in March 2006 of a fully subscribed rights issue of one new share for every three held at a price of 32 cents each. The expenses of the share issue were $2 million and should be charged to share premium. Note: the cash entries for these transactions have been correctly accounted for. 4 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

Required: Prepare for Tadeon: (a) An income statement for the year ended 30 September 2006; and (b) A balance sheet as at 30 September 2006.

(8 marks) (17 marks)

Note: A statement of changes in equity is not required. Disclosure notes are not required. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

3

(a) Recording the substance of transactions, rather than their legal form, is an important principle in financial accounting. Abuse of this principle can lead to profit manipulation, non-recognition of assets and substantial debt not being recorded on the balance sheet. Required: Describe how the use of off balance sheet financing can mislead users of financial statements. Note: your answer should refer to specific user groups and include examples where recording the legal form of transactions may mislead them. (9 marks) (b) Angelino has entered into the following transactions during the year ended 30 September 2006: (i)

In September 2006 Angelino sold (factored) some of its trade receivables to Omar, a finance house. On selected account balances Omar paid Angelino 80% of their book value. The agreement was that Omar would administer the collection of the receivables and remit a residual amount to Angelino depending upon how quickly individual customers paid. Any balance uncollected by Omar after six months will be refunded to Omar by Angelino. (5 marks)

(ii) On 1 October 2005 Angelino owned a freehold building that had a carrying amount of $7·5 million and had an estimated remaining life of 20 years. On this date it sold the building to Finaid for a price of $12 million and entered into an agreement with Finaid to rent back the building for an annual rental of $1·3 million for a period of five years. The auditors of Angelino have commented that in their opinion the building had a market value of only $10 million at the date of its sale and to rent an equivalent building under similar terms to the agreement between Angelino and Finaid would only cost $800,000 per annum. Assume any finance costs are 10% per annum. (6 marks) (iii) Angelino is a motor car dealer selling vehicles to the public. Most of its new vehicles are supplied on consignment by two manufacturers, Monza and Capri, who trade on different terms. Monza supplies cars on terms that allow Angelino to display the vehicles for a period of three months from the date of delivery or when Angelino sells the cars on to a retail customer if this is less than three months. Within this period Angelino can return the cars to Monza or can be asked by Monza to transfer the cars to another dealership (both at no cost to Angelino). Angelino pays the manufacturer’s list price at the end of the three month period (or at the date of sale if sooner). In recent years Angelino has returned several cars to Monza that were not selling very well and has also been required to transfer cars to other dealerships at Monza’s request. Capri’s terms of supply are that Angelino pays 10% of the manufacturer’s price at the date of delivery and 1% of the outstanding balance per month as a display charge. After six months (or sooner if Angelino chooses), Angelino must pay the balance of the purchase price or return the cars to Capri. If the cars are returned to the manufacturer, Angelino has to pay for the transportation costs and forfeits the 10% deposit. Because of this Angelino has only returned vehicles to Capri once in the last three years. (5 marks) Required: Describe how the above transactions and events should be treated in the financial statements of Angelino for the year ended 30 September 2006. Your answer should explain, where relevant, the difference between the legal form of the transactions and their substance. Note: The mark allocation is shown against each of the three transactions above. (25 marks)

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This is a blank page. Question 4 begins on page 8.

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[P.T.O.

4

Minster is a publicly listed company. Details of its financial statements for the year ended 30 September 2006, together with a comparative balance sheet, are: Balance Sheet at

30 September 2006 $000 $000

30 September 2005 $000 $000

1,280 135 150 –––––– 1,565

940 nil 125 –––––– 1,065

Non-current assets (note (i)) Property, plant and equipment Software Investments at fair value through profit and loss Current assets Inventories Trade receivables Amounts due from construction contracts Bank

480 270 80 nil ––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of 25 cents each Reserves Share premium (note (ii)) Revaluation reserve Retained earnings

830 –––––– 2,395 ––––––

510 380 55 35 ––––

500 150 60 950 ––––

Non-current liabilities 9% loan note Environmental provision Deferred tax

120 162 18 ––––

Current liabilities Trade payables Bank overdraft Current tax payable

350 25 60 ––––

Total equity and liabilities

1,160 –––––– 1,660

300

435 –––––– 2,395 ––––––

980 –––––– 2,045 –––––– 300

85 25 965 ––––

nil nil 25 –––– 555 40 50 ––––

Income statement for the year ended 30 September 2006 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Finance costs (note (i)) Investment income and gain on investments Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for the year

1,075 –––––– 1,375

25

645 –––––– 2,045 –––––– 1,397 (1,110) –––––– 287 (125) –––––– 162 (40) 20 –––––– 142 (57) –––––– 85 ––––––

The following supporting information is available: (i)

Included in property, plant and equipment is a coal mine and related plant that Minster purchased on 1 October 2005. Legislation requires that in ten years’ time (the estimated life of the mine) Minster will have to landscape the area affected by the mining. The future cost of this has been estimated and discounted at a rate of 8% to a

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present value of $150,000. This cost has been included in the carrying amount of the mine and, together with the unwinding of the discount, has also been treated as a provision. The unwinding of the discount is included within finance costs in the income statement. Other land was revalued (upward) by $35,000 during the year. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment for the year was $255,000. There were no disposals of property, plant and equipment during the year. The software was purchased on 1 April 2006 for $180,000. The market value of the investments had increased during the year by $15,000. There have been no sales of these investments during the year. (ii) On 1 April 2006 there was a bonus (scrip) issue of equity shares of one for every four held utilising the share premium reserve. A further cash share issue was made on 1 June 2006. No shares were redeemed during the year. (iii) A dividend of 5 cents per share was paid on 1 July 2006. Required: (a) Prepare a cash flow statement for Minster for the year to 30 September 2006 in accordance with IAS 7 Cash flow statements. (15 marks) (b) Comment on the financial performance and position of Minster as revealed by the above financial statements and your cash flow statement. (10 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

5

(a) (i)

State the definition of both non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations and explain the usefulness of information for discontinued operations. (4 marks)

Partway is in the process of preparing its financial statements for the year ended 31 October 2006. The company’s main activity is in the travel industry mainly selling package holidays (flights and accommodation) to the general public through the Internet and retail travel agencies. During the current year the number of holidays sold by travel agencies declined dramatically and the directors decided at a board meeting on 15 October 2006 to cease marketing holidays through its chain of travel agents and sell off the related high-street premises. Immediately after the meeting the travel agencies’ staff and suppliers were notified of the situation and an announcement was made in the press. The directors wish to show the travel agencies’ results as a discontinued operation in the financial statements to 31 October 2006. Due to the declining business of the travel agents, on 1 August 2006 (three months before the year end) Partway expanded its Internet operations to offer car hire facilities to purchasers of its Internet holidays. The following are Partway’s summarised income statement results – years ended:

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit/(loss) Operating expenses Profit/(loss) before tax

31 October 2006 Internet travel agencies car hire $’000 $’000 $’000 23,000 14,000 2,000 (18,000) (16,500) (1,500) –––––––– ––––––– ––––––– 5,000 (2,500) 500 (1,000) (1,500) (100) –––––––– ––––––– ––––––– 4,000 (4,000) 400 –––––––– ––––––– –––––––

31 October 2005 total total $’000 $’000 39,000 40,000 (36,000) (32,000) –––––––– –––––––– 3,000 8,000 (2,600) (2,000) –––––––– –––––––– 400 6,000 –––––––– ––––––––

The results for the travel agencies for the year ended 31 October 2005 were: revenue $18 million, cost of sales $15 million and operating expenses of $1·5 million. Required: (ii) Discuss whether the directors’ wish to show the travel agencies’ results as a discontinued operation is justifiable. (4 marks) (iii) Assuming the closure of the travel agencies is a discontinued operation, prepare the (summarised) income statement of Partway for the year ended 31 October 2006 together with its comparatives. Note: Partway discloses the analysis of its discontinued operations on the face of its income statement. (6 marks) (b) (i)

Describe the circumstances in which an entity may change its accounting policies and how a change should be applied. (5 marks)

The terms under which Partway sells its holidays are that a 10% deposit is required on booking and the balance of the holiday must be paid six weeks before the travel date. In previous years Partway has recognised revenue (and profit) from the sale of its holidays at the date the holiday is actually taken. From the beginning of November 2005, Partway has made it a condition of booking that all customers must have holiday cancellation insurance and as a result it is unlikely that the outstanding balance of any holidays will be unpaid due to cancellation. In preparing its financial statements to 31 October 2006, the directors are proposing to change to recognising revenue (and related estimated costs) at the date when a booking is made. The directors also feel that this change will help to negate the adverse effect of comparison with last year’s results (year ended 31 October 2005) which were better than the current year’s. Required: (ii) Comment on whether Partway’s proposal to change the timing of its recognition of its revenue is acceptable and whether this would be a change of accounting policy. (6 marks) (25 marks) End of Question Paper 10 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

(a)

Cost of control in Sunlee: Consideration Shares (20,000 x 80% x 3/5 x $5) Less Equity shares Pre acq reserves Fair value adjustments (4,000 + 3,000 + 5,000)

December 2006 Answers

$’000

20,000 18,000 12,000 ––––––– 50,000 x 80%

Goodwill (b)

Carrying amount of Amber 30 September 2006 (prior to impairment loss): At cost Cash (6,000 x $3) 6% loan notes (6,000 x $100/100) Less Post acquisition losses (20,000 x 40% x 3/12)

(c)

$’000 48,000

(40,000) ––––––– 8,000 –––––––

$’000 18,000 6,000 ––––––– 24,000 (2,000) ––––––– 22,000 –––––––

Hosterling Group Consolidated income statement for the year ended 30 September 2006 $’000 149,000 (89,000) –––––––– 60,000 (6,000) (14,500) (2,100)

Revenue (105,000 + 62,000 – 18,000 intra group) Cost of sales (see working) Gross profit Distribution costs (4,000 + 2,000) Administrative expenses (7,500 + 7,000) Finance costs (1,200 + 900) Impairment losses: Goodwill Investment in associate (22,000 – 21,500) Share of loss from associate (20,000 x 40% x 3/12)

(1,600) (500) (2,000) –––––––– 33,300 (11,300) –––––––– 22,000 ––––––––

Profit before tax Income tax expense (8,700 + 2,600) Profit for the period Attributable to: Equity holders of the parent Minority Interest ((13,000 – 1,000 depreciation adjustment) x 20%)

19,600 2,400 –––––––– 22,000 ––––––––

Note: the dividend from Sunlee is eliminated on consolidation. Working Cost of sales Hosterling Sunlee Intra group purchases Additional depreciation of plant (5,000/5 years) Unrealised profit in inventories (7,500 x 25%/125%)

$’000 68,000 36,500 (18,000) 1,000 1,500 –––––––– 89,000 ––––––––

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2

(a)

Tadeon – Income statement – Year to 30 September 2006 $’000 Revenue Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Operating expenses (40,000 + 1,200 (w (ii))) Investment income Finance costs – finance lease (w (ii)) – loan (w (iii))

(1,500) (2,750) –––––––

Profit before tax Income tax expense (w (iv)) Profit for the period (b)

$’000 277,800 (144,000) ––––––––– 133,800 (41,200) 2,000 (4,250) ––––––––– 90,350 (36,800) ––––––––– 53,550 –––––––––

Tadeon – Balance Sheet as at 30 September 2006 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (w (v)) Investments at amortised cost Current assets Inventories Trade receivables

$’000

33,300 53,500 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Capital and reserves: Equity shares of 20 cents each fully paid (w (vi)) Reserves Share premium (w (vi)) Revaluation reserve (w (v)) Retained earnings (w (vii))

Non-current liabilities 2% Loan note (w (iii)) Deferred tax (w (iv)) Finance lease obligation (w (ii)) Current liabilities Trade payables Accrued lease finance costs (w (ii)) Finance lease obligation (w (ii)) Bank overdraft Income tax payable (w (iv))

$’000 299,000 42,000 ––––––––– 341,000

86,800 ––––––––– 427,800 –––––––––

200,000 28,000 16,000 42,150 –––––––

51,750 14,800 10,500 ––––––– 18,700 1,500 4,500 1,900 38,000 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities

86,150 ––––––––– 286,150

77,050

64,600 ––––––––– 427,800 –––––––––

Workings (note figures in brackets are in $’000) (i)

Cost of sales: Per trial balance Depreciation (12,000 + 5,000 + 9,000 w (v))

$’000 118,000 26,000 –––––––– 144,000 ––––––––

(ii)

Vehicle rentals/finance lease: The total amount of vehicle rentals is $6·2 million of which $1·2 million are operating lease rentals and $5 million is identified as finance lease rentals. The operating rentals have been included in operating expenses. Finance lease Fair value of vehicles First rental payment – 1 October 2005

$’000 20,000 (5,000) ––––––– 15,000 1,500 ––––––– 16,500 –––––––

Capital outstanding to 30 September 2006 Accrued interest 10% (current liability) Total outstanding 30 September 2006

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In the year to 30 September 2007 (i.e. on 1 October 2006) the second rental payment of $6 million will be made, of this $1·5 million is for the accrued interest for the previous year, thus $4·5 million will be a capital repayment. The remaining $10·5 million (16,500 – (4,500 + 1,500)) will be shown as a non-current liability. (iii) Although the loan has a nominal (coupon) rate of only 2%, amortisation of the large premium on redemption, gives an effective interest rate of 5·5% (from question). This means the finance charge to the income statement will be a total of $2·75 million (50,000 x 5·5%). As the actual interest paid is $1 million an accrual of $1·75 million is required. This amount is added to the carrying amount of the loan in the balance sheet. (iv) Income tax and deferred tax The income statement charge is made up as follows: Current year’s provision Deferred tax (see below)

$'000 38,000 (1,200) ––––––– 36,800 –––––––

There are $74 million of taxable temporary differences at 30 September 2006. With an income tax rate of 20%, this would require a deferred tax liability of $14·8 million (74,000 x 20%). $4 million ($20m x 20%) is transferred to deferred tax in respect of the revaluation of the leasehold property (and debited to the revaluation reserve), thus the effect of deferred tax on the income statement is a credit of $1·2 million (14,800 – 4,000 – 12,000 b/f). (v)

Non-current assets/depreciation: Non-leased plant This has a carrying amount of $96 million (181,000 – 85,000) prior to depreciation of $12 million at 121/2% reducing balance to give a carrying amount of $84 million at 30 September 2006. The leased vehicles will be included in non-current assets at their fair value of $20 million and depreciated by $5 million (four years straight-line) for the year ended 30 September 2006 giving a carrying amount of $15 million at that date. The 25 year leasehold property is being depreciated at $9 million per annum (225,000/25 years). Prior to its revaluation on 30 September 2006 there would be a further year’s depreciation charge of $9 million giving a carrying amount of $180 million (225,000 – (36,000 + 9,000)) prior to its revaluation to $200 million. Thus $20 million would be transferred to a revaluation reserve. The question says the revaluation gives rise to $20 million of the deductible temporary differences, at a tax rate of 20%, this would give a credit to deferred tax of $4 million which is debited to the revaluation reserve to give a net balance of $16 million. Summarising:

25 year leasehold property Non-leased plant Leased vehicles

cost/valuation $,000 200,000 181,000 20,000 –––––––– 401,000 ––––––––

accumulated depreciation $,000 nil 97,000 5,000 –––––––– 102,000 ––––––––

carrying amount $,000 200,000 84,000 15,000 –––––––– 299,000 ––––––––

(vi) Suspense account The called up share capital of $150 million in the trial balance represents 750 million shares (150m/0·2) which have a market value at 1 October 2005 of $600 million (750m x 80 cents). A yield of 5% on this amount would require a $30 million dividend to be paid. A fully subscribed rights issue of one new share for every three shares held at a price of 32c each would lead to an issue of 250 million (150m/0·2 x 1/3). This would yield a gross amount of $80 million, and after issue costs of $2 million, would give a net receipt of $78 million. This should be accounted for as $50 million (250m x 20 cents) to equity share capital and the balance of $28 million to share premium. The receipt from the share issue of $78 million less the payment of dividends of $30 million reconciles the suspense account balance of $48 million. (vii) Retained earnings At 1 October 2005 Year to 30 September 2006 less dividends paid (w (vi))

3

(a)

$,000 18,600 53,550 (30,000) ––––––– 42,150 –––––––

Most forms of off balance sheet financing have the effect of what is, in substance, debt finance either not appearing on the balance sheet at all or being netted off against related assets such that it is not classified as debt. Common examples would be structuring a lease such that it fell to be treated as an operating lease when it has the characteristics of a finance lease, complex financial instruments classified as equity when they may have, at least in part, the substance of debt and ‘controlled’ entities having large borrowings (used to benefit the group as a whole), that are not consolidated because the financial structure avoids the entities meeting the definition of a subsidiary.

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The main problem of off balance sheet finance is that it results in financial statements that do not faithfully represent the transactions and events that have taken place. Faithful representation is an important qualitative characteristic of useful information (as described in the Framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements). Financial statements that do not faithfully represent that which they purport to lack reliability. A lack of reliability may mean that any decisions made on the basis of the information contained in financial statements are likely to be incorrect or, at best, suboptimal. The level of debt on a balance sheet is a direct contributor to the calculation of an entity’s balance sheet gearing, which is considered as one of the most important financial ratios. It should be understood that, to a point, the use of debt financing is perfectly acceptable. Where balance sheet gearing is considered low, borrowing is relatively inexpensive, often tax efficient and can lead to higher returns to shareholders. However, when the level of borrowings becomes high, it increases risk in many ways. Off balance sheet financing may lead to a breach of loan covenants (a serious situation) if such debt were to be recognised on the balance sheet in accordance with its substance. High gearing is a particular issue to equity investors. Equity (ordinary shares) is sometimes described as residual return capital. This description identifies the dangers (to equity holders) when an entity has high gearing. The dividend that the equity shareholders might expect is often based on the level of reported profits. The finance cost of debt acts as a reduction of the profits available for dividends. As the level of debt increases, higher interest rates are also usually payable to reflect the additional risk borne by the lender, thus the higher the debt the greater the finance charges and the lower the profit. Many off balance sheet finance schemes also disguise or hide the true finance cost which makes it difficult for equity investors to assess the amount of profits that will be needed to finance the debt and consequently how much profit will be available to equity investors. Furthermore, if the market believes or suspects an entity is involved in ‘creative accounting’ (and off balance sheet finance is a common example of this) it may adversely affect the entity’s share price. An entity’s level of gearing will also influence any decision to provide further debt finance (loans) to the entity. Lenders will consider the nature and value of the assets that an entity owns which may be provided as security for the borrowings. The presence of existing debt will generally increase the risk of default of interest and capital repayments (on further borrowings) and existing lenders may have a prior charge on assets available as security. In simple terms if an entity has high borrowings, additional borrowing is more risky and consequently more expensive. A prospective lender to an entity that already has high borrowings, but which do not appear on the balance sheet is likely to make the wrong decision. If the correct level of borrowings were apparent, either the lender would not make the loan at all (too high a lending risk) or, if it did make the loan, it would be on substantially different terms (e.g. charge a higher interest rate) so as to reflect the real risk of the loan. Some forms of off balance sheet financing may specifically mislead suppliers that offer credit. It is a natural precaution that a prospective supplier will consider the balance sheet strength and liquidity ratios of the prospective customer. The existence of consignment inventories may be particularly relevant to trade suppliers. Sometimes consignment inventories and their related current liabilities are not recorded on the balance sheet as the wording of the purchase agreement may be such that the legal ownership of the goods remains with the supplier until specified events occur (often the onward sale of the goods). This means that other suppliers cannot accurately assess an entity’s true level of trade payables and consequently the average payment period to suppliers, both of which are important determinants in deciding whether to grant credit. (b)

(i)

Debt factoring is a common method of entities releasing the liquidity of their trade receivables. The accounting issue that needs to be decided is whether the trade receivables have been sold, or whether the income from the finance house for their ‘sale’ should be treated as a short term loan. The main substance issue with this type of transaction is to identify which party bears the risks (i.e. of slow and non-payment by the customer) relating to the asset. If the risk lies with the finance house (Omar), the trade receivables should be removed from the balance sheet (derecognised in accordance with IAS 39). In this case it is clear that Angelino still bears the risk relating to slow and non-payment. The residual payment by Omar depends on how quickly the receivables are collected; the longer it takes, the less the residual payment (this imputes a finance cost). Any balance uncollected by Omar after six months will be refunded by Angelino which reflects the non-payment risk. Thus the correct accounting treatment for this transaction is that the cash received from Omar (80% of the selected receivables) should be treated as a current liability (a short term loan) and the difference between the gross trade receivables and the amount ultimately received from Omar (plus any amounts directly from the credit customers themselves) should be charged to the income statement. The classification of the charge is likely to be a mixture of administrative expenses (for Omar collecting receivables), finance expenses (reflecting the time taken to collect the receivables) and the impairment of trade receivables (bad debts).

(ii)

This is an example of a sale and leaseback of a property. Such transactions are part of normal commercial activity, often being used as a way to improve cash flow and liquidity. However, if an asset is sold at an amount that is different to its fair value there is likely to be an underlying reason for this. In this case it appears (based on the opinion of the auditor) that Finaid has paid Angelino $2 million more than the building is worth. No (unconnected) company would do this knowingly without there being some form of ‘compensating’ transaction. This sale is ‘linked’ to the five year rental agreement. The question indicates the rent too is not at a fair value, being $500,000 per annum ($1,300,000 – $800,000) above what a commercial rent for a similar building would be. It now becomes clear that the excess purchase consideration of $2 million is an ‘in substance’ loan (rather than sales proceeds – the legal form) which is being repaid through the excess ($500,000 per annum) of the rentals. Although this is a sale and leaseback transaction, as the building is freehold and has an estimated remaining life (20 years) that is much longer than the five year leaseback period, the lease is not a finance lease and the building should be treated as sold and thus derecognised.

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The correct treatment for this item is that the sale of the building should be recorded at its fair value of $10 million, thus the profit on disposal would be $2·5 million ($10 million – $7·5 million). The ‘excess’ of $2 million ($12 million – $10 million) should be treated as a loan (non-current liability). The rental payment of $1·3 million should be split into three elements; $800,000 building rental cost, $200,000 finance cost (10% of $2 million) and the remaining $300,000 is a capital repayment of the loan. (iii) The treatment of consignment inventory depends on the substance of the arrangements between the manufacturer and the dealer (Angelino). The main issue is to determine if and at what point in time the cars are ’sold’. The substance is determined by analysing which parties bear the risks (e.g. slow moving/obsolete inventories, finance costs) and receive the benefits (e.g. use of inventories, potential for higher sales, protection from price increases) associated with the transaction. Supplies from Monza Angelino has, and has actually exercised, the right to return the cars without penalty (or been required by Monza to transfer them to another dealer), which would indicate that it has not ‘bought’ the cars. There are no finance costs incurred by Angelino, however Angelino would suffer from any price increases that occurred during the three month holding/display period. These factors seem to indicate that the substance of this arrangement is the same as its legal form i.e. Monza should include the cars in its balance sheet as inventory and therefore Angelino will not record a purchase transaction until it becomes obliged to pay for the cars (three months after delivery or until sold to customers if sooner). Supplies from Capri Although this arrangement seems similar to the above, there are several important differences. Angelino is bearing the finance costs of 1% per month (calling it a display charge is a distraction). The option to return the cars should be ignored because it is not likely to be exercised due to commercial penalties (payment of transport costs and loss of deposit). Finally the purchase price is fixed at the date of delivery rather than at the end of six months. These factors strongly indicate that Angelino bears the risks and rewards associated with ownership and should recognise the inventory and the associated liability in its financial statements at the date of delivery.

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4

(a)

Cash Flow Statement of Minster for the Year ended 30 September 2006: Cash flows from operating activities Profit before tax Adjustments for: Depreciation of property, plant and equipment Amortisation of software (180 – 135)

$000

255 45 ––––

Investment income Finance costs

$000 142

300 (20) 40 –––– 462

Working capital adjustments Decrease in trade receivables (380 – 270) Increase in amounts due from construction contracts (80 – 55) Decrease in inventories (510 – 480) Decrease in trade payables (555 – 350)

110 (25) 30 (205) ––––

Cash generated from operations Interest paid (40 – 12 re unwinding of environmental provision) Income taxes paid (w (ii)) Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of – property, plant and equipment (w (i)) – software – investments (150 – (15 + 125)) Investment income received (20 – 15 gain on investments)

(90) –––– 372 (28) (54) –––– 290

(410) (180) (10) 5 ––––

Net cash used in investing activities

(595)

Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issue of equity shares (w (iii)) Proceeds from issue of 9% loan note Dividends paid (500 x 4 x 5 cents)

265 120 (100) ––––

Net cash from financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (40 – 35) Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

285 –––– (20) (5) –––– (25) ––––

Note: interest paid may be presented under financing activities and dividends paid may be presented under operating activities. Workings (in $’000) (i) Property, plant and equipment: carrying amount b/f non-cash environmental provision revaluation depreciation for period carrying amount c/f

940 150 35 (255) (1,280) –––––– (410) ––––––

difference is cash acquisitions (ii)

Taxation: tax provision b/f deferred tax b/f income statement charge tax provision c/f deferred tax c/f

(50) (25) (57) 60 18 –––– (54) ––––

difference is cash paid (iii) Equity shares balance b/f bonus issue (1 for 4) balance c/f

(300) (75) 500 ––––– 125 –––––

difference is cash issue

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Share premium balance b/f bonus issue (1 for 4) balance c/f

(85) 75 150 ––––– 140 –––––

difference is cash issue Therefore the total proceeds of cash issue of shares are $265,000 (125 + 140). (b)

Report on the financial position of Minster for the year ended 30 September 2006 To: From: Date: Minster shows healthy operating cash inflows of $372,000 (prior to finance costs and taxation). This is considered by many commentators as a very important figure as it is often used as the basis for estimating the company’s future maintainable cash flows. Subject to (inevitable) annual expected variations and allowing for any changes in the company’s structure this figure is more likely to be repeated in the future than most other figures in the cash flow statements which are often ‘one-off’ cash flows such as raising loans or purchasing non-current assets. The operating cash inflow compares well with the underlying profit before tax $142,000. This is mainly due to depreciation charges of $300,000 being added back to the profit as they are a non-cash expense. The cash inflow generated from operations of $372,000 together with the reduction in net working capital of $90,000 is more than sufficient to cover the company’s taxation payments of $54,000, interest payments of $28,000 and the dividend of $100,000 and leaves an amount to contribute to the funding of the increase in non-current assets. It is important that these short term costs are funded from operating cash flows; it would be of serious concern if, for example, interest or income tax payments were having to be funded by loan capital or the sale of non-current assets. There are a number of points of concern. The dividend of $100,000 gives a dividend cover of less than one (85/100 = 0·85) which means the company has distributed previous year’s profits. This is not a tenable situation in the long-term. The size of the dividend has also contributed to the lower cash balances (see below). There is less investment in both inventory levels and trade receivables. This may be the result of more efficient inventory control and better collection of receivables, but it may also indicate that trading volumes may be falling. Also of note is a large reduction in trade payable balances of $205,000. This too may be indicative of lower trading (i.e. less inventory purchased on credit) or pressure from suppliers to pay earlier. Without more detailed information it is difficult to come to a conclusion in this matter. Investing activities: The cash flow statement shows considerable investment in non-current assets, in particular $410,000 in property, plant and equipment. These acquisitions represent an increase of 44% of the carrying amount of the property, plant and equipment as at the beginning of the year. As there are no disposals, the increase in investment must represent an increase in capacity rather than the replacement of old assets. Assuming that this investment has been made wisely, this should bode well for the future (most analysts would prefer to see increased investment rather than contraction in operating assets). An unusual feature of the required treatment of environmental provisions is that the investment in non-current assets as portrayed by the cash flow statement appears less than if balance sheet figures are used. The balance sheet at 30 September 2006 includes $150,000 of non-current assets (the discounted cost of the environmental provision), which does not appear in the cash flow figures as it is not a cash ‘cost’. A further consequence is that the ‘unwinding’ of the discounting of the provision causes a financing expense in the income statement which is not matched in the cash flow statement as the unwinding is not a cash flow. Many commentators have criticised the required treatment of environmental provisions because they cause financing expenses which are not (immediate) cash costs and no ‘loans’ have been taken out. Viewed in this light, it may be that the information in the cash flow statement is more useful than that in the income statement and balance sheet. Financing activities: The increase in investing activities (before investment income) of $600,000 has been largely funded by an issue of shares at $265,000 and raising a 9% $120,000 loan note. This indicates that the company’s shareholders appear reasonably pleased with the company's past performance (or they would not be very willing to purchase further shares). The interest rate of the loan at 9% seems quite high, and virtually equal to the company’s overall return on capital employed of 9·1% (162/(1,660 + 120)). Provided current profit levels are maintained, it should not reduce overall returns to shareholders. Cash position: The overall effect of the year’s cash flows has worsened the company’s cash position by an increased net cash liability of $20,000. Although the company’s short term borrowings have reduced by $15,000, the cash at bank of $35,000 at the beginning of the year has now gone. In comparison to the cash generation ability of the company and considering its large investment in non-current assets, this $20,000 is a relatively small amount and should be relieved by operating cash inflows in the near future.

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Summary The above analysis shows that Minster has invested substantially in new non-current assets suggesting expansion. To finance this, the company appears to have no difficulty in attracting further long-term funding. At the same time there are indications of reduced inventories, trade receivables and payables which may suggest the opposite i.e. contraction. It may be that the new investment is a change in the nature of the company’s activities (e.g. mining) which has different working capital characteristics. The company has good operating cash flow generation and the slight deterioration in short term net cash balance should only be temporary. Yours …………………..

5

(a)

(i)

IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations defines non-current assets held for sale as those assets (or a group of assets) whose carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. A discontinued operation is a component of an entity that has either been disposed of, or is classified as ‘held for sale’ and: (i) represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations (ii) is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of such, or (iii) is a subsidiary acquired exclusively for sale. IFRS 5 says that a ‘component of an entity’ must have operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished from the rest of the entity and will in all probability have been a cash-generating unit (or group of such units) whilst held for use. This definition also means that a discontinued operation will also fall to be treated as a ‘disposal group’ as defined in IFRS 5. A disposal group is a group of assets (possibly with associated liabilities) that it is intended will be disposed of in a single transaction by sale or otherwise (closure or abandonment). Assets held for disposal (but not those being abandoned) must be presented separately (at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell) from other assets and included as current assets (rather than as non-current assets) and any associated liabilities must be separately presented under liabilities. The results of a discontinued operation should be disclosed separately as a single figure (as a minimum) on the face of the income statement with more detailed figures disclosed either also on the face of the income statement or in the notes. The intention of this requirement is to improve the usefulness of the financial statements by improving the predictive value of the (historical) income statement. Clearly the results from discontinued operations should have little impact on future operating results. Thus users can focus on the continuing activities in any assessment of future income and profit.

(ii)

The timing of the board meeting and consequent actions and notifications is within the accounting period ended 31 October 2006. The notification of staff, suppliers and the press seems to indicate that the sale will be highly probable and the directors are committed to a plan to sell the assets and are actively locating a buyer. From the financial and other information given in the question it appears that the travel agencies’ operations and cash flows can be clearly distinguished from its other operations. The assets of the travel agencies appear to meet the definition of non-current assets held for sale; however the main difficulty is whether their sale and closure also represent a discontinued operation. The main issue is with the wording of ‘a separate major line of business’ in part (i) of the above definition of a discontinued operation. The company is still operating in the holiday business, but only through Internet selling. The selling of holidays through the Internet compared with through high-street travel agencies requires very different assets, staff knowledge and training and has a different cost structure. It could therefore be argued that although the company is still selling holidays the travel agencies do represent a separate line of business. If this is the case, it seems the announced closure of the travel agencies appears to meet the definition of a discontinued operation.

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(iii) Partway income statement year ended:

Continuing operations Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Profit/(loss) from continuing operations Discontinued operations Profit/(loss) from discontinued operations Profit for the period Analysis of discontinued operations Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit/(loss) Operating expenses Profit/(loss) from discontinued operations

31 October 2006 $’000

31 October 2005 $’000

25,000 (19,500) –––––––– 5,500 (1,100) –––––––– 4,400

22,000 (17,000) –––––––– 5,000 (500) –––––––– 4,500

(4,000) –––––––– 400 ––––––––

1,500 –––––––– 6,000 ––––––––

14,000 (16,500) –––––––– (2,500) (1,500) –––––––– (4,000) ––––––––

18,000 (15,000) –––––––– 3,000 (1,500) –––––––– 1,500 ––––––––

Note: other presentations may be acceptable. (b)

(i)

Comparability is one of the four principal qualitative characteristics of useful financial information. It is a vital attribute when assessing the performance of an entity over time (trend analysis) and to some extent with other similar entities. For information to be comparable it should be based on the consistent treatment of transactions and events. In effect a change in an accounting policy breaks the principle of consistency and should generally be avoided. That said there are circumstances where it becomes necessary to change an accounting policy. These are mainly where it is required by a new or revised accounting standard, interpretation or applicable legislation or where the change would result in financial statements giving a more reliable and relevant representation of the entity’s transactions and events. It is important to note that the application of a different accounting policy to transactions or events that are substantially different to existing transactions or events or to transactions or events that an entity had not previously experienced does NOT represent a change in an accounting policy. It is also necessary to distinguish between a change in an accounting policy and a change in an estimation technique. In an attempt to limit the problem of reduced comparability caused by a change in an accounting policy, the general principle is that the financial statements should be prepared as if the new accounting policy had always been in place. This is known as retrospective application. The main effect of this is that comparative financial statements should be restated by applying the new policy to them and adjusting the opening balance of each component of equity affected in the earliest prior period presented. IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors says that a change in accounting policy required by a specific Standard or Interpretation should be dealt with under the transitional provisions (if any) of that Standard or Interpretation (normally these apply the general rule of retrospective application). There are some limited exemptions (mainly on the grounds of impracticality) to the general principle of retrospective application in IAS 8.

(ii)

This issue is one of the timing of when revenue should be recognised in the income statement. This can be a complex issue which involves identifying the transfer of significant risks, reliable measurement, the probability of receiving economic benefits, relevant accounting standards and legislation and generally accepted practice. Applying the general guidance in IAS 18 Revenue, the previous policy, applied before cancellation insurance was made a condition of booking, seemed appropriate. At the time the holiday is taken it can no longer be cancelled, all monies would have been received and the flights and accommodation have been provided. There may be some compensation costs involved if there are problems with the holiday, but this is akin to product warranties on normal sales of goods which may be immaterial or provided for based on previous experience of such costs. The appendix to IAS 18 specifically refers to payments in advance of the ‘delivery’ of goods and says that revenue should be recognised when the goods are delivered. Interpreting this for Partway’s transaction would seem to confirm the appropriateness of its previous policy. The directors of Partway wish to change the timing of recognition of sales because of the change in circumstances relating to the compulsory cancellation insurance. The directors are apparently arguing that the new ‘transactions and events’ are substantially different to previous transactions therefore the old policy should not apply. Even if this does justify revising the timing of the recognition of revenue, it is not a change of accounting policy because of the reasons outlined in (i) above. An issue to consider is whether compulsory cancellation insurance represents a substantial change to the risks that Partway experiences. An analysis of past experience of losses caused by uninsured cancellations may help to assess this, but even if the past losses were material (and in future they won’t be), it is unlikely that this would override the general guidance in the appendix to IAS 18 relating to payments made in advance of delivery. It seems the main motivation for the proposed change is to improve the profit for the year ended 31 October 2006 so that it compares more favourably with that of the previous period.

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To summarise, it is unlikely that the imposition of compulsory cancellation insurance justifies recognising sales at the date of booking when a deposit is received, and, even if it did, it would not be a change in accounting policy. This means that comparatives would not be restated (which is something that would actually suit the suspected objectives of the directors).

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

December 2006 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. Marks 1

(a)

(b)

(c)

2

(a)

(b)

Goodwill of Sunlee: consideration equity shares pre acquisition reserves fair value adjustments maximum

1 1 1 2 5

maximum

1 1 2 4

Carrying amount and impairment of Amber: cash paid 6% loan note post acquisition loss

Income statement: revenue cost of sales distribution costs and administrative expenses finance costs impairment of goodwill impairment of associate share of associate’s loss income tax minority interests eliminate dividend from Sunlee maximum Maximum for question

2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 16 25

available maximum

1 2 1 1 2 3 10 8

available maximum Maximum for question

3 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 20 17 25

Income statement revenue cost of sales operating expenses investment income finance costs income tax expense

Balance sheet property, plant and equipment investment inventory and trade receivables share capital and premium revaluation reserve retained earnings (including 1 mark for the dividend) loan note deferred tax lease obligation (1 for current, 1 for long-term) trade payables and overdraft accrued lease finance costs income tax payable

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3

4

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum

(b)

(i)

1 mark per relevant point to a

maximum

5

(ii)

sale price not at fair value raises substance issues leaseback is not a finance lease treat building as sold (derecognise) at a profit of $2·5 million rental treated as: $800,000 rental cost $200,000 finance cost $300,000 loan repayment maximum

1 1 1 1 1 1 6

(a)

(b)

(iii) general discussion of risks and rewards re consignment goods Issues and accounting treatment relating to supplies from Monza Issues and accounting treatment relating to supplies from Capri available maximum Maximum for question

2 2 2 6 5 25

cash flow from operating activity profit before tax adjusted for investment income and finance cost depreciation/amortisation working capital items finance costs income taxes paid investing activities (including 1 for investment income) financing – issue of ordinary shares – issue of 9% loan dividend paid cash and cash equivalents b/f and c/f available maximum

1 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 17 15

1 mark per relevant point Maximum for question

5

Marks 9

(a)

(a)

(i)

(ii)

definitions usefulness of information

(b)

maximum

2 2 4

maximum

3 1 4

discussion of whether a discontinued operation conclusion

(iii) figures figures figures figures figures figures

for for for for for for

10 25

revenue from continuing operations (2005 and 2006) revenue from discontinued operations (2005 and 2006) cost of sales from continuing operations (2005 and 2006) cost of sales from discontinued operations (2005 and 2006) profit from continuing operations (2005 and 2006) profit from discontinued operations (2005 and 2006) maximum

(i)

1 mark per relevant point

maximum

(ii)

1 mark per relevant point

maximum Maximum for question

1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5 6 25

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(International Stream) PART 2 THURSDAY 7 JUNE 2007

QUESTION PAPER Time allowed 3 hours This paper is divided into two sections Section A

This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be answered

Section B

THREE questions ONLY to be answered

Paper 2.5(INT)

Financial Reporting

Do not open this paper until instructed by the supervisor This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall

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Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

Parentis, a public listed company, acquired 600 million equity shares in Offspring on 1 April 2006. The purchase consideration was made up of: a share exchange of one share in Parentis for two shares in Offspring the issue of $100 10% loan note for every 500 shares acquired; and a deferred cash payment of 11 cents per share acquired payable on 1 April 2007. Parentis has only recorded the issue of the loan notes. The value of each Parentis share at the date of acquisition was 75 cents and Parentis has a cost of capital of 10% per annum. The balance sheets of the two companies at 31 March 2007 are shown below: Parentis $ million $ million Assets Property, plant and equipment (note (i)) Investments Intellectual property (note (ii))

Offspring $ million $ million

640 120 nil –––– 760

Current assets Inventory (note (iii)) Trade receivables (note (iii)) Bank

76 84 nil ––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of 25 cents each Retained earnings – 1 April 2006 – year ended 31 March 2007

160 –––– 920 ––––

340 nil 30 –––– 370 22 44 4 ––––

300 210 90 ––––

Non-current liabilities 10% loan notes

300 –––– 600

200 120 20 ––––

120

Current liabilities Trade payables (note (iii)) Current tax payable Overdraft

130 45 25 ––––

Total equity and liabilities

200 –––– 920 ––––

70 –––– 440 ––––

140 –––– 340 20

57 23 nil ––––

80 –––– 440 ––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

At the date of acquisition the fair values of Offspring’s net assets were approximately equal to their carrying amounts with the exception of its properties. These properties had a fair value of $40 million in excess of their carrying amounts which would create additional depreciation of $2 million in the post acquisition period to 31 March 2007. The fair values have not been reflected in Offspring’s balance sheet.

(ii) The intellectual property is a system of encryption designed for internet use. Offspring has been advised that government legislation (passed since acquisition) has now made this type of encryption illegal. Offspring will receive $10 million in compensation from the government. (iii) Offspring sold Parentis goods for $15 million in the post acquisition period. $5 million of these goods are included in the inventory of Parentis at 31 March 2007. The profit made by Offspring on these sales was $6 million. Offspring’s trade payable account (in the records of Parentis) of $7 million does not agree with Parentis’s trade receivable account (in the records of Offspring) due to cash in transit of $4 million paid by Parentis. (iv) Due to the impact of the above legislation, Parentis has concluded that the consolidated goodwill has been impaired by $27 million.

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Required: Prepare the consolidated balance sheet of Parentis as at 31 March 2007. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

Section B – THREE questions ONLY to be attempted 2

The summarised draft financial statements of Wellmay are shown below. Income statement year ended 31 March 2007: $’000 4,200 (2,700) –––––– 1,500 (470) 20 (55) –––––– 995 (360) –––––– 635 ––––––

Revenue (note (i)) Cost of sales (note (ii)) Gross profit Operating expenses Investment property rental income Finance costs Profit before tax Income tax Profit for the period Balance sheet as at 31 March 2007: $’000 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (note (iii)) Investment property (note (iii))

$’000

4,200 400 –––––– 4,600 1,400 –––––– 6,000 ––––––

Current assets Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity Equity shares of 50 cents each (note (vii)) Reserves: Revaluation reserve Retained earnings (note (iv))

1,200 350 2,850 ––––––

Non-current liabilities 8% Convertible loan note (2010) (note (v)) Deferred tax (note (vi))

600 180 ––––––

Current liabilities

3,200 ––––––– 4,400

780 820 –––––– 6,000 ––––––

Total equity and liabilities The following information is relevant to the draft financial statements: (i)

Revenue includes $500,000 for the sale on 1 April 2006 of maturing goods to Westwood. The goods had a cost of $200,000 at the date of sale. Wellmay can repurchase the goods on 31 March 2008 for $605,000 (based on achieving a lender’s return of 10% per annum) at which time the goods are estimated to have a value of $750,000.

(ii) Past experience shows that in the post balance sheet period the company often receives unrecorded invoices for materials relating to the previous year. As a result of this an accrued charge of $75,000 for contingent costs has been included in cost of sales and as a current liability.

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(iii) Non-current assets: Wellmay owns two properties. One is a factory (with office accommodation) used by Wellmay as a production facility and the other is an investment property that is leased to a third party under an operating lease. Wellmay revalues all its properties to current value at the end of each year and uses the fair value model in IAS 40 Investment property. Relevant details of the fair values of the properties are:

Valuation 31 March 2006 Valuation 31 March 2007

Factory $’000 1,200 1,350

Investment property $’000 400 375

The valuations at 31 March 2007 have not yet been incorporated into the financial statements. Factory depreciation for the year ended 31 March 2007 of $40,000 was charged to cost of sales. As the factory includes some office accommodation, 20% of this depreciation should have been charged to operating expenses. (iv) The balance of retained earnings is made up of: balance b/f 1 April 2006 profit for the period dividends paid during year ended 31 March 2007

$’000 2,615 635 (400) –––––– 2,850 ––––––

(v) 8% Convertible loan note (2010) On 1 April 2006 an 8% convertible loan note with a nominal value of $600,000 was issued at par. It is redeemable on 31 March 2010 at par or it may be converted into equity shares of Wellmay on the basis of 100 new shares for each $200 of loan note. An equivalent loan note without the conversion option would have carried an interest rate of 10%. Interest of $48,000 has been paid on the loan and charged as a finance cost. The present value of $1 receivable at the end of each year, based on discount rates of 8% and 10% are: End of year 1 2 3 4

8% 0·93 0·86 0·79 0·73

10% 0·91 0·83 0·75 0·68

(vi) The carrying amounts of Wellmay’s net assets at 31 March 2007 are $600,000 higher than their tax base. The rate of taxation is 35%. The income tax charge of $360,000 does not include the adjustment required to the deferred tax provision which should be charged in full to the income statement. (vii) Bonus/scrip issue: On 15 March 2007, Wellmay made a bonus issue from retained earnings of one share for every four held. The issue has not been recorded in the draft financial statements. Required: Redraft the financial statements of Wellmay, including a statement of changes in equity, for the year ended 31 March 2007 reflecting the adjustments required by notes (i) to (vii) above. Note: Calculations should be made to the nearest $’000. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

3

(a) A trainee accountant has been assisting in the preparation of the financial statements of Toogood for the year ended 31 March 2007. He has observed that the corresponding figures (i.e. for the year ended 31 March 2006) in the financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2007 do not agree in several instances with the equivalent figures that were published in the company’s financial statements for year ended 31 March 2006. In particular: consolidated goodwill (gross figure before impairment) appears to have been recalculated, several other non-current assets have been revised, the brought forward retained earnings have been restated and; several income statement line items are also different. The trainee accountant has also noted that even when the revised earnings figure for the year ended 31 March 2006 is divided by the weighted average number of shares in issue during that year, it still does not agree with the comparative earnings per share figure (i.e. for the year ended 31 March 2006) reported in the financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2007. Required: Explain three circumstances where accounting standards require previously reported financial statement figures to be amended when they are reproduced as corresponding amounts. Note: It may help to consider, among other things, the items mentioned by the trainee accountant. (12 marks) (b) The trainee accountant has been reading some literature written by a qualified surveyor on the values of leasehold property located in the area where Toogood owns leasehold property. The main thrust is that historically, annual increases in property prices more than compensate for the fall in the carrying amount caused by annual amortisation until a leasehold property has less than 10 years of remaining life. Therefore the trainee accountant suggests that the company should adopt a policy of carrying its leasehold properties at cost until their remaining lives are 10 years and then amortising them on a straight-line basis over 10 years. This would improve the company’s reported profit and cash flows as well as showing a faithful representation of the value of the leasehold properties. Required: Comment on the validity and acceptability of the trainee accountant’s suggestion.

(7 marks)

(c) The trainee accountant notes that Toogood acquired the Trilogy group during the year ended 31 March 2007. The Trilogy group consists of Trilogy itself and two wholly owned subsidiaries. Toogood has only consolidated Trilogy and one subsidiary with the other subsidiary being shown as a current asset. The trainee accountant wonders if this is because the non-consolidated subsidiary is making losses. Required: Explain why the two subsidiaries may require the different treatments that Toogood has applied. (6 marks) (25 marks)

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This is a blank page. Question 4 begins on page 8.

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[P.T.O.

4

Greenwood is a public listed company. During the year ended 31 March 2007 the directors decided to cease operations of one of its activities and put the assets of the operation up for sale (the discontinued activity has no associated liabilities). The directors have been advised that the cessation qualifies as a discontinued operation and has been accounted for accordingly. Extracts from Greenwood’s financial statements are set out below. Note: the income statement figures down to the profit for the period from continuing operations are those of the continuing operations only. Income statements for the year ended 31 March: Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Finance costs Profit before taxation Income tax expense Profit for the period from continuing operations Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations Profit for the period Analysis of discontinued operations: Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit/(loss) Operating expenses Profit/(loss) before tax Tax (expense)/relief Loss on measurement to fair value of disposal group Tax relief on disposal group Profit/(Loss) from discontinued operations

2007 $’000 27,500 (19,500) –––––––– 8,000 (2,900) –––––––– 5,100 (600) –––––––– 4,500 (1,000) –––––––– 3,500 (1,500) –––––––– 2,000 ––––––––

2006 $’000 21,200 (15,000) –––––––– 6,200 (2,450) –––––––– 3,750 (250) –––––––– 3,500 (800) –––––––– 2,700 320 –––––––– 3,020 ––––––––

7,500 (8,500) –––––––– (1,000) (400) –––––––– (1,400) 300 –––––––– (1,100) (500) 100 –––––––– (1,500) ––––––––

9,000 (8,000) –––––––– 1,000 (550) –––––––– 450 (130) –––––––– 320 – – –––––––– 320 ––––––––

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Balance Sheets as at 31 March

2007 $’000

Non-current assets Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Bank Assets held for sale (at fair value)

1,500 2,000 nil 6,000 ––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of $1 each Retained earnings Non-current liabilities 5% loan notes Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade payables Current tax payable

1,150 2,400 950 ––––––

Total equity and liabilities

2006

$’000 17,500

9,500 ––––––– 27,000 –––––––

$’000

1,350 2,300 50 nil ––––––

$’000 17,600

3,700 ––––––– 21,300 –––––––

10,000 4,500 ––––––– 14,500

10,000 2,500 ––––––– 12,500

8,000

5,000

4,500 ––––––– 27,000 –––––––

nil 2,800 1,000 ––––––

3,800 ––––––– 21,300 –––––––

Note: the carrying amount of the assets of the discontinued operation at 31 March 2006 was $6·3 million. Required: Analyse the financial performance and position of Greenwood for the two years ended 31 March 2007. Note: Your analysis should be supported by appropriate ratios (up to 10 marks available) and refer to the effects of the discontinued operation. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

5

(a) The following is an extract of Errsea’s balances of property, plant and equipment and related government grants at 1 April 2006.

Property, plant and equipment

cost $’000 240

accumulated depreciation $’000 180

carrying amount $’000 60

Non-current liabilities Government grants

30

Current liabilities Government grants

10

Details including purchases and disposals of plant and related government grants during the year are: (i)

Included in the above figures is an item of plant that was disposed of on 1 April 2006 for $12,000 which had cost $90,000 on 1 April 2003. The plant was being depreciated on a straight-line basis over four years assuming a residual value of $10,000. A government grant was received on its purchase and was being recognised in the income statement in equal amounts over four years. In accordance with the terms of the grant, Errsea repaid $3,000 of the grant on the disposal of the related plant.

(ii) An item of plant was acquired on 1 July 2006 with the following costs: $ 192,000 12,000 6,000

Base cost Modifications specified by Errsea Transport and installation

The plant qualified for a government grant of 25% of the base cost of the plant, but it had not been received by 31 March 2007. The plant is to be depreciated on a straight-line basis over three years with a nil estimated residual value. (iii) All other plant is depreciated by 15% per annum on cost (iv) $11,000 of the $30,000 non-current liability for government grants at 1 April 2006 should be reclassified as a current liability as at 31 March 2007. (v) Depreciation is calculated on a time apportioned basis. Required: Prepare extracts of Errsea’s income statement and balance sheet in respect of the property, plant and equipment and government grants for the year ended 31 March 2007. Note: Disclosure notes are not required. (10 marks) (b) In the post balance sheet period, prior to authorising for issue the financial statements of Tentacle for the year ended 31 March 2007, the following material information has arisen. (i)

The notification of the bankruptcy of a customer. The balance of the trade receivable due from the customer at 31 March 2007 was $23,000 and at the date of the notification it was $25,000. No payment is expected from the bankruptcy proceedings. (3 marks)

(ii) Sales of some items of product W32 were made at a price of $5·40 each in April and May 2007. Sales staff receive a commission of 15% of the sales price on this product. At 31 March 2007 Tentacle had 12,000 units of product W32 in inventory included at cost of $6 each. (4 marks) (iii) Tentacle is being sued by an employee who lost a limb in an accident while at work on 15 March 2007. The company is contesting the claim as the employee was not following the safety procedures that he had been instructed to use. Accordingly the financial statements include a note of a contingent liability of $500,000 for personal injury damages. In a recently decided case where a similar injury was sustained, a settlement figure of $750,000 was awarded by the court. Although the injury was similar, the circumstances of the accident in the decided case are different from those of Tentacle’s case. (4 marks) 10 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

(iv) Tentacle is involved in the construction of a residential apartment building. It is being accounted for using the percentage of completion basis in IAS 11 Construction contracts. The recognised profit at 31 March 2007 was $1·2 million based on costs to date of $3 million as a percentage of the total estimated costs of $6 million. Early in May 2007 Tentacle was informed that due to very recent industry shortages, building materials will cost $1·5 million more than the estimate of total cost used in the calculation of the percentage of completion. Tentacle cannot pass on any additional costs to the customer. (4 marks) Required: State and quantify how items (i) to (iv) above should be treated when finalising the financial statements of Tentacle for the year ended 31 March 2007. Note: The mark allocation is shown against each of the four items above. (25 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream) 1

June 2007 Answers

Consolidated Balance Sheet of Parentis as at 31 March 2007: $ million Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (640 + 340 + 40 – 2) Intangible Consolidated goodwill (135 (w (i)) – 27 impairment)

$ million

1,018 108 –––––– 1,126

Current assets Inventory (76 + 22 – 2 URP) Trade receivables (84 + 44 – 11 intra-group) Receivable re intellectual property Bank

96 117 10 4 ––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent Equity shares 25c each (w (i)) Reserves: Share Premium (w (i)) Retained earnings (w (ii))

227 –––––– 1,353 ––––––

375 150 264 ––––

Minority interest (w (iii)) Total equity Non-current liabilities 10% loan notes (120 + 20)

414 –––––– 789 89 –––––– 878 140

Current liabilities Trade payables (130 + 57 – 7 intra-group) Cash consideration due 1 April 2007 (60 + 6 interest) Overdraft (25 – 4 CIT) Taxation (45 + 23)

180 66 21 68 ––––

Total equity and liabilities

335 –––––– 1,353 ––––––

Workings (Note: all figures in $ million) (i)

Goodwill: The acquisition of 600 million shares represents 75% of Offspring’s 800 million shares ($200m/25c). The share exchange of 300 million (i.e. 1 for 2) at $0·75 each will result in an increase in equity share capital of $75 million (the nominal value) and create a share premium balance of $150 million (i.e. $0·50 premium on 300 million shares). Consideration: Equity shares (600/2 x $0·75) 10% loan notes (see below) Cash (600 x $0·11/1·1 i.e. discounted at 10%)

225 120 60 –––– 405

Acquired: Equity shares (600m x 25c) Pre acquisition retained earnings (120 x 75%) Fair value adjustment to properties (40 x 75%)

150 90 30 ––––

Goodwill

(270) –––– 135 ––––

The issue of the 10% loan notes is calculated as 600 million/500 x $100 = $120 million.

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(ii)

Retained earnings: Parentis Interest on deferred consideration (60 x 10%) Goodwill impairment (from question) Offspring URP in inventory (see below) Additional depreciation (from question) Write down intellectual property (30 – 10) Pre acquisition

300 (6) (27) 140 (2) (2) (20) (120) –––– (4)

x 75%

(3) –––– 264 ––––

The unrealised profit in inventory (URP) is $5m/$15m of the profit of $6 million made by Offspring. (iii) Minority interest Offspring net assets at 31 March 2007 Fair value adjustment URP in inventory Additional depreciation Write down intellectual property (30 – 10)

2

340 40 (2) (2) (20) –––– 356 ––––

x 25%

89 –––

Wellmay Income Statement year ended 31 March 2007: $’000

$’000 3,700 (2,417) –––––– 1,283 (478)

Revenue (4,200 – 500 (w (i))) Cost of sales (w (ii)) Gross profit Operating expenses (470 + 8 depreciation) Investment property – rental income – fair value loss (400 – 375) Finance costs (w (iii))

20 (25) ––––

(5) (113) –––––– 687 (390) –––––– 297 ––––––

Profit before tax Income tax (360 + 30 (w (v))) Profit for the period Statement of changes in equity – year ended 31 March 2007 Equity shares Equity option $’000 $’000 Balances at 1 April 2006 1,200 Equity conversion option (w (iv)) 40 Bonus issue (1 for 4) 300 Revaluation of factory (w (vi)) Profit for the period Dividends –––––– –––– Balances at 31 March 2007 1,500 40 –––––– ––––

Revaluation reserve $’000 350

Retained earnings $’000 2,615

Total $’000 4,165 40

(300) 190 ––––– 540 –––––

297 (400) –––––– 2,212 ––––––

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190 297 (400) –––––– 4,292 ––––––

Balance sheet as at 31 March 2007: $’000

$’000

Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (w (vi)) Investment property (w (vi))

4,390 375 –––––– 4,765 1,600 –––––– 6,365 ––––––

Current assets (1,400 + 200 inventory (w (i))) Total assets Equity and liabilities (see statement of changes in equity above) Equity shares of 50 cents each Equity option (w (iv)) Reserves: Revaluation reserve Retained earnings

1,500 40 –––––– 1,540 540 2,212 ––––––

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax (w (v)) 8% Convertible loan note ((560 + 8) (w (iv)))

2,752 –––––– 4,292

210 568 ––––––

Current liabilities (820 – 75 (w (ii))) Loan from Westwood (500 + 50 accrued interest (w (i)))

778

745 550 ––––––

1,295 –––––– 6,365 ––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings (note: all figures in $’000) (i)

The ‘sale’ to Westwood is, in substance, a secured loan. The repurchase price is the cost of sale plus compound interest at 10% for two years. The correct accounting treatment is to reverse the sale with the goods going back into inventory and the ‘proceeds’ treated as a loan with accrued interest of 10% ($50,000) for the current year.

(ii)

Cost of sales: From draft financial statements Sale of goods added back to inventory (see above) Reversal of contingency provision (see below) Depreciation transferred to operating costs (40 x 20%)

2,700 (200) (75) (8) –––––– 2,417 ––––––

General or non-specific provisions do not meet the definition of a liability in IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and must therefore be reversed. (iii) Finance costs: From draft financial statements Additional accrued interest on convertible loan (w (iv)) Finance cost on in-substance loan (500 x 10%)

55 8 50 –––– 113 ––––

(iv) Convertible Loan: This is a compound financial instrument that contains an element of debt and an element of equity (the option to convert). IAS 32 Financial instruments: disclosure and presentation requires that the substance of such instruments should be applied to the reporting of them. The value of the debt element is calculated by discounting the future cash flows (at 10%). The residue of the issue proceeds is recorded as the value of the equity option: year year year year

1 2 3 4

interest interest interest interest, redemption premium and capital

Cash flows 48 48 48 648

total value of debt component proceeds of the issue equity component (residual amount)

factor at 10% 0·91 0·83 0·75 0·68

present value $’000 43·6 39·8 36·0 440·6 –––––– 560·0 600·0 –––––– 40·0 ––––––

For the year ended 31 March 2007, the interest cost for the convertible loan in the income statement should be increased from $48,000 to $56,000 (10% x 560) by accruing $8,000, which should be added to the carrying value of the debt.

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(v)

Taxation: The required deferred tax balance is $210,000 (600 x 35%), the current balance is $180,000, and thus a further transfer of $30,000 (via the income statement) is required.

(vi) Properties: The fair value model in IAS 40 Investment property requires the loss of $25,000 on the fair value of investment properties to be reported in the income statement. This differs from revaluations of other properties. IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment requires surpluses and deficits to be recorded as movements in equity (a revaluation reserve). After depreciation of $40,000 for the year ended 31 March 2007, the factory (used by Wellmay) would have a carrying amount of $1,160,000 (1,200 – 40). The valuation of $1,350,000 at 31 March 2007 would give a further revaluation surplus of $190,000 (1,350 – 1,160) and a carrying amount of property, plant and equipment of $4,390,000 (4,200 + 190) at that date.

3

(a)

As a general principle the reported financial statements for (in this case) the year ended 31 March 2006 should become (without amendment) the corresponding amounts in the financial statements ended 31 March 2007. However, there are a number of circumstances where this general principle is modified: (i)

As part of a business combination it is necessary to determine the goodwill as the residual amount in the process of allocating the consideration paid to the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired. IFRS 3 Business combinations requires the allocation process to be completed within a period of 12 months from the date of acquisition. Within this allowed period it is likely that the parent company will have to produce annual financial statements. Thus it may be necessary to determine (some) fair values on a provisional basis. The consequences are that in the following accounting period the provisional values may need to be restated. IFRS 3 requires the confirmed values to be recognised as from the date of acquisition. This would mean restating the goodwill and any asset or liability whose provisional estimate has been revised in the corresponding amounts of the financial statements following the year of acquisition. This would mean that the corresponding figures presented would not agree with the original presentation of those financial statements. Depreciation charges (and possible impairments of goodwill) may also need revision. It is important to note that any adjustment to provisional values must reflect conditions that existed at the date of acquisition. Fair value changes as a result of subsequent events are not part of this process.

(ii)

Another situation where corresponding amounts are restated is for the correction of errors (discovered subsequent to publication of the financial statements). The error may be one of recognition, measurement or presentation. Such errors must be either material or immaterial and deliberate (i.e. done intentionally to improve the appearance of the financial statements). The revision of an accounting estimate is not a prior period error. IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors requires prior period errors to be accounted for retrospectively. This is achieved by restating any affected comparative amounts for the prior periods presented or by restating opening balances of assets, liabilities and equity if the error occurred before the earliest prior period presented.

(iii) Comparability is an important characteristic of financial statements. If a company changes an accounting policy this is likely to impair comparability because the current year’s financial statements (applying a new accounting policy) will have been prepared on a different basis to the corresponding amounts (using the previous policy). In order to minimise the effect of this IAS 8 requires changes in accounting policy to be applied retrospectively. This means that the financial statements presented (including corresponding amounts) should be presented as if the new accounting policy had always been in place. This will mean that the corresponding financial statements will be different to when they were originally published. (iv) All of the above examples can lead to a revision of the profit shown in the corresponding financial statements. This in turn would cause the corresponding eps figure to be revised. The example in the question says that even allowing for the revised profit, the eps does not compute correctly. The probable reason for this is there has been a bonus issue of shares (or an issue of shares containing a bonus element) in the current year (i.e. ended 31 March 2007 in Toogood’s case). In order to preserve comparability of the trend shown by the eps figures, any previously reported eps presented must be adjusted for the dilutive effect of any bonus issues. Thus in Toogood’s case the corresponding eps will have been recalculated based on the revised earnings and then adjusted for the effects of the bonus issue made in the year to 31 March 2007. Note: only three examples were required and other examples may be acceptable. (b)

The trainee accountant is getting confused with valuation and the purpose of amortisation/depreciation. What the surveyor says in relation to the value of leasehold properties may be correct, but it does not remove the need to amortise properties with a life of more than 10 years. The purpose of amortisation (and depreciation) is to spread the cost of non-current assets over the period they give benefits. It is in essence a cost allocation process in compliance with the accruals/matching principle; depreciation is not a valuation model. Thus the suggestion by the trainee is unacceptable; each accounting period must bear a charge for amortisation of the leaseholds reflecting the proportion (measured in time) of the lease that has expired. If it is considered important that the balance sheet reflects the current value of leaseholds, then under IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment, Toogood may revalue its leasehold property (the gain going to equity) to fair (market) value. This course of action would still require amortisation to be charged, but it would now be on the revalued amounts. Ironically this would lead to higher charges for amortisation and thus reduce profit. The trainee accountant’s comment that non-amortisation of the leasehold would improve cash flows is misguided; decreasing (or increasing) amortisation has no effect on cash flows.

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(c)

4

IAS 27 Consolidated and separate financial statements normally requires that when a parent acquires control of an entity, the entity must be consolidated from the date of acquisition/control. This is the treatment applied to Trilogy and one subsidiary. An acquired subsidiary cannot be excluded from consolidation simply because it is making losses. In this case it seems likely that Toogood intends to sell the non-consolidated subsidiary (perhaps because it is making losses). This means that Toogood’s control of the subsidiary will be temporary. In these circumstances IAS 27 used to allow an exemption from consolidation (such that they were treated as available for sale investments under IAS 39 Financial instruments: recognition and measurement) and it seems that Toogood has applied this exemption. However IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations has removed this exemption from IAS 27. IFRS 5 requires that a subsidiary acquired with a view to sale is classified as a disposal group (of assets and liabilities). The effect of the new treatment is not very different from that required by IAS 27. The assets of the subsidiary should be shown as held for sale within current assets and the liabilities of the subsidiary should be shown as held for sale within current liabilities (under IAS 27 they appeared net). The other notable difference is that under IFRS 5 the non-current assets of a disposal group are not depreciated, instead the subsidiary’s assets should be measured at the lower of cost and fair value less cost to sell.

Note IFRS 5 uses the term discontinued operation. The answer below also uses this term, but it should be realised that the assets of the discontinued operation are classed as held for sale and not yet sold. In some literature this may be described as a discontinuing operation. Profitability/utilisation of assets An important feature of the company’s performance in the year to 31 March 2007 is to evaluate the effect of the discontinued operation. When using an entity’s recent results as a basis for assessing how the entity may perform in the future, emphasis should be placed on the results from continuing operations as it is these that will form the basis of future results. For this reason most of the ratios calculated in the appendix are based on the results from continuing operations and ratio calculations involving net assets/capital employed generally exclude the value of the assets held for sale. On this basis, it can be seen that the overall efficiency of Greenwood (measured by its ROCE) has declined considerably from 33·5% to 29·7% (a fall of 11·3%). The fall in the asset turnover (from 1·89 to 1·67 times) appears to be mostly responsible for the overall decline in efficiency. In effect the company’s assets are generating less sales per $ invested in them. The other contributing factors to overall profitability are the company’s profit margins. Greenwood has achieved an impressive increase in headline sales revenues of nearly 30% (6·3m on 21·2m) whilst being able to maintain its gross profit margin at around 29% (no significant change from 2006). This has led to a substantial increase in gross profit, but this has been eroded by an increase in operating expenses. As a percentage of sales, operating expenses were 10·5% in 2007 compared to 11·6% in 2006 (they appear to be more of a variable than a fixed cost). This has led to a modest improvement in the profit before interest and tax margin which has partially offset the deteriorating asset utilisation. The decision to sell the activities which are classified as a discontinued operation is likely to improve the overall profitability of the company. In the year ended 31 March 2006 the discontinued operation made a modest pre tax profit of $450,000 (this would represent a return of around 7% on the activity’s assets of $6·3 million).This poor return acted to reduce the company’s overall profitability (the continuing operations yielded a return of 33·5%). The performance of the discontinued operation continued to deteriorate in the year ended 31 March 2007 making a pre tax operating loss of $1·4 million which creates a negative return on the relevant assets. Despite incurring losses on the measurement to fair value of the discontinued operation’s assets, it seems the decision will benefit the company in the future as the discontinued operation showed no sign of recovery. Liquidity and solvency Superficially the current ratio of 2·11 in 2007 seems reasonable, but the improvement from the alarming current ratio in 2006 of 0·97 is more illusory than real. The ratio in the year ended 31 March 2007 has been distorted (improved) by the inclusion of assets of the discontinued operation under the heading of ‘held for sale’. These have been included at fair value less cost to sell (being lower than their cost – a requirement of IFRS 5). Thus the carrying amount should be a realistic expectation of the net sale proceeds, but it is not clear whether the sale will be cash (they may be exchanged for shares or other assets) or how Greenwood intends to use the disposal proceeds. What can be deduced is that without the assets held for sale being classified as current, the company’s liquidity ratio would be much worse than at present (at below 1 for both years). Against an expected norm of 1, quick ratios (acid test) calculated on the normal basis of excluding inventory (and in this case the assets held for sale) show an alarming position; a poor figure of 0·62 in 2006 has further deteriorated in 2007 to 0·44. Without the proceeds from the sale of the discontinued operation (assuming they will be for cash) it is difficult to see how Greenwood would pay its creditors (and tax liability), given a year end overdraft of $1,150,000. Further analysis of the current ratios shows some interesting changes during the year. Despite its large overdraft Greenwood appears to be settling its trade payables quicker than in 2006. At 68 days in 2006 this was rather a long time and the reduction in credit period may be at the insistence of suppliers – not a good sign. Perhaps to relieve liquidity pressure, the company appears to be pushing its customers to settle early. It may be that this has been achieved by the offer of early settlement discounts, if so the cost of this would have impacted on profit. Despite holding a higher amount of inventory at 31 March 2007 (than in 2006), the company has increased its inventory turnover; given that margins have been held, this reflects an improved performance. Gearing The additional borrowing of $3 million in loan notes (perhaps due to liquidity pressure) has resulted in an increase in gearing from 28·6% to 35·6% and a consequent increase in finance costs. Despite the increase in finance costs the borrowing is acting in the shareholders’ favour as the overall return on capital employed (at 29·7%) is well in excess of the 5% interest cost.

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Summary Overall the company’s performance has deteriorated in the year ended 31 March 2007. Management’s action in respect of the discontinued operation is a welcome measure to try to halt the decline, but more needs to be done. The company’s liquidity position is giving cause for serious concern and without the prospect of realising $6 million from the assets held for sale it would be difficult to envisage any easing of the company’s liquidity pressures. Appendix ROCE: continuing operations (4,500 + 400)/(14,500 + 8,000 – 6,000)

2007 29·7%

(3,500 + 250)/(12,500 + 5,000 – 6,300)

2006 33·5%

The return has been taken as the profit before interest (on loan notes only) and tax from continuing operations. The capital employed is the normal equity plus loan capital (as at the year end), but less the value of the assets held for sale. This is because the assets held for sale have not contributed to the return from continuing operations. Gross profit percentage (8,000/27,500) Operating expense percentage of sales revenue (2,900/27,500) Profit before interest and tax margin (5,100/27,500) Asset turnover (27,500/16,500) Current ratio (9,500:4,500) Current ratio (excluding held for sale) (3,500:4,500) Quick ratio (excluding held for sale) (2,000:4,500) Inventory (closing) turnover (19,500/1,500) Receivables (in days) (2,000/27,500) x 365 Payables/cost of sales (in days) (2,400/19,500) x 365 Gearing (8,000/8,000 + 14,500)

5

(a)

29·1%

(6,200/21,200)

29·2%

10·5% 18·5% 1·67 2·11 0·77 0·44 13·0 26·5 44·9 35·6%

(2,450/21,200) (3,750/21,200) (21,200/11,200) (3,700:3,800) not applicable (2,350:3,800) (15,000/1,350) (2,300/21,200) x 365 (2,800/15,000) x 365 (5,000/5,000 + 12,500)

11·6% 17·7% 1·89 0·97 0·62 11·1 39·6 68·1 28·6%

Errsea – income statement extracts year ended 31 March 2007 Loss on disposal of plant – see note below ((90,000 – 60,000) – 12,000) Depreciation for year (wkg (i)) Government grants (a credit item) – see note below and (wkg (iv))

$ 18,000 75,000 (19,000)

Note: the repayment of government grant of $3,000 may instead have been included as an increase of the loss on disposal of the plant. Errsea – balance sheet extracts as at 31 March 2007

Property, plant and equipment (wkg (v))

cost $ 360,000 ––––––––

accumulated depreciation $ 195,000 ––––––––

carrying amount $ 165,000 ––––––––

Non-current liabilities Government grants (wkg (iv))

39,000

Current liabilities Government grants (wkg (iv))

27,000

Workings (i)

Depreciation for year ended 31 March 2007 On acquired plant (wkg (ii)) Other plant (wkg (iii))

$ 52,500 22,500 ––––––– 75,000 –––––––

(ii)

The cost of the acquired plant is recorded at $210,000 being its base cost plus the costs of modification and transport and installation. Annual depreciation over three years will be $70,000. Time apportioned for year ended 31 March 2007 by 9/12 = $52,500.

(iii) The other remaining plant is depreciated at 15% on cost (b/f 240,000 – 90,000 (disposed of) x 15%) (iv) Government grants Transferred to income for the year ended 31 March 2007: From current liability in 2006 (10,000 – 3,000 (repaid)) From acquired plant (see below):

$ 22,500

$ 7,000 12,000 ––––––– 19,000 –––––––

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Non-current liability b/f transferred to current on acquired plant (see below)

$ 30,000 (11,000) 20,000 ––––––– 39,000 –––––––

Grant on acquired plant is 25% of base cost only = $48,000 This will be treated as: To income in year ended 31 March 2007 (48,000/3 x 9/12) Classified as current liability (48,000/3) Classified as a non-current liability (balance)

12,000 16,000 20,000 ––––––– 48,000 –––––––

Note: government grants are accounted for from the date they are receivable (i.e. when the qualifying conditions for the grant have been met). Current liability Transferred from non-current (per question) On acquired plant (see above)

11,000 16,000 ––––––– 27,000 –––––––

(v) cost $ Property, plant and equipment Balances b/f 240,000 Disposal (90,000 ) Addition (w (ii)) 210,000 Other plant depreciation for year (wkg (iii)) –––––––– Balances at 31 March 2007 360,000 –––––––– (b)

accumulated depreciation $

carrying amount $

180,000 (60,000 ) 52,500 22,500 –––––––– 195,000 ––––––––

60,000 (30,000 ) 157,500 (22,500) –––––––– 165,000 ––––––––

(i)

This is an example of an adjusting event within IAS 10 Events after the balance sheet date. This means that an impairment of trade receivables of $23,000 must be recognised (and charged to income). The increase in the receivable after the year end should be written off in the following year’s financial statements.

(ii)

Sales of the year-end inventory in the following accounting period may provide evidence that the inventory’s net realisable value has fallen below its cost. This appears to be the case for product W32 and is another example of an adjusting event. With a selling price of $5·40 and after paying a 15% commission, the net realisable value of W32 is $4·59 each. Assuming that the fall in selling price is not due to circumstances that occurred after the year end and that the selling price is typical of what the remainder of the product will sell for, inventory should be written down (via a charge to the income statement) by $16,920 ((6·00 – 4·59) x 12,000 units).

(iii) Tentacle has correctly treated the outstanding litigation as a contingent liability. The settlement of a court case after the balance sheet date may confirm (or otherwise) the existence of an obligation at the year end and would be an example of an adjusting event. This would then require that either the disclosure note of the contingency is removed or the obligation should be provided for dependent on the outcome of the litigation. However, this is not quite the case in Tentacle’s example. The circumstances of the claim against Tentacle are different from those of the recently settled case. So this settlement does not appear to have any effect on the likelihood of Tentacle losing the case. What it does (potentially) affect is the estimated amount of the liability. IAS 10 refers to this situation as an updating disclosure. The only required change to the financial statements would be to update the disclosure note on the contingent liability to reflect that the potential liability has increased from $500,000 to $750,000. (iv) Normally the effect of price increases of materials after the balance sheet date would be a matter for the following year’s financial statements as such increases do not affect the costs as they existed at the balance sheet date (i.e. they would not be an adjusting event). However, Tentacle’s method of recognising profit (using a cost basis to determine the percentage of completion) requires an estimate (at 31 March 2007) of the future costs of the contract. This estimate directly determines the amount of profit recognised at 31 March 2007. Therefore the information indicating that the total estimated costs of the contract have increased should be taken as providing additional evidence of conditions that existed at the year end. Thus this is an adjusting event which requires the recognised profit to be recalculated. The original estimate of the recognised profit at 31 March 2007 of $1·2 million would be half of the estimated total profit of $2·4 million (percentage of completion is 50% i.e. $3 million/$6 million). The increase in the costs of $1·5 million means the revised estimated total profit is only $900,000 (2·4m – 1·5m). The revised total costs are $7·5 million (6m + 1·5m). Thus the recognised profit on the contract should be recalculated as $360,000 (900,000 x 3m/7·5m) with appropriate amendments to the income statement and balance sheet figures.

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Part 2 Examination – Paper 2.5(INT) Financial Reporting (International Stream)

June 2007 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution.

1

non-current assets goodwill (1 for impairment) inventory trade receivables receivable re intellectual property bank equity shares share premium retained earnings minority interest 10% loan notes trade payables deferred consideration overdraft tax liability available Maximum for question

2

Income statement revenue cost of sales operating expenses rental income loss on investment property (in income statement) finance costs income tax

1 3 1 1 1 3 2

Changes in equity balances b/f equity option bonus issue revaluation profit for period dividends

1 1 1 1 1 1

Balance sheet property, plant and equipment investment property current assets (re inventory) deferred tax 8% loan note loan from Westwood current liabilities

3

Marks 2 7 1 1 1 1/ 2 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1/ 2 26 25

available Maximum for question

2 1 1 1 2 2 1 28 25

(a)

up to 4 marks for each example

maximum

12

(b)

1 mark per point to a

maximum

7

(c)

1 mark per point to a

maximum Maximum for question

6 25

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4

up to 10 marks for relevant ratios up to 5 marks for effect of discontinued operation up to 1 mark per relevant interpretive comment Maximum for question

5

(a)

(b)

loss on disposal depreciation for year government grant to income ($19,000) property, plant and equipment current liability non-current liability

Marks 10 5 10 ––– 25

available maximum

1 2 2 3 2 2 12 10

maximum

1 2 3

maximum

1 1 2 4

(iii) settlement of court case normally adjusting event this case does not alter nature of contingency example of updating disclosure revise amount of contingency disclosure to $750,000 available maximum

1 2 1 1 5 4

(i)

(ii)

adjusting event impairment of $23,000 adjusting event NRV is $4·59 impairment loss $16,920

(iv) after date increase not normally adjusting event as future costs are part of profit calculation this is adjusting event calculation of new estimate of total profit ($900,000) recalculation of profit for year ($360,000) available maximum Maximum for question

1 1 1 2 5 4 25

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Financial Reporting (International) Tuesday 11 December 2007

Time allowed Reading and planning: Writing:

15 minutes 3 hours

ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted.

Do NOT open this paper until instructed by the supervisor. During reading and planning time only the question paper may be annotated. You must NOT write in your answer booklet until instructed by the supervisor.

Paper F7 (INT)

Fundamentals Level – Skills Module

This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall.

The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

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ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

On 1 October 2006 Plateau acquired the following non-current investments: –

–

3 million equity shares in Savannah by an exchange of one share in Plateau for every two shares in Savannah plus $1 per acquired Savannah share in cash. The market price of each Plateau share at the date of acquisition was $6. 30% of the equity shares of Axle at a cost of $7·50 per share in cash.

Only the cash consideration of the above investments has been recorded by Plateau. The summarised draft balance sheets of the three companies at 30 September 2007 are: Plateau $’000 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Investments in Savannah and Axle Available-for-sale investments Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of $1 each Retained earnings – at 30 September 2006 – for year ended 30 September 2007 Non-current liabilities 7% Loan notes Current liabilities Total equity and liabilities

Savannah $’000

Axle $’000

18,400 12,000 6,500 ––––––– 36,900

10,400 nil nil ––––––– 10,400

18,000 nil nil ––––––– 18,000

6,900 3,200 ––––––– 47,000 –––––––

6,200 1,500 ––––––– 18,100 –––––––

3,600 2,400 ––––––– 24,000 –––––––

10,000 16,000 8,000 ––––––– 34,000

4,000 6,500 2,400 ––––––– 12,900

4,000 11,000 5,000 ––––––– 20,000

5,000

1,000

1,000

8,000 ––––––– 47,000 –––––––

4,200 ––––––– 18,100 –––––––

3,000 ––––––– 24,000 –––––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

At the date of acquisition the fair values of Savannah’s assets were equal to their carrying amounts with the exception of Savannah’s land which had a fair value of $500,000 below its carrying amount; it was written down by this amount shortly after acquisition and has not changed in value since then.

(ii) On 1 October 2006, Plateau sold an item of plant to Savannah at its agreed fair value of $2·5 million. Its carrying amount prior to the sale was $2 million. The estimated remaining life of the plant at the date of sale was five years (straight-line depreciation). (iii) During the year ended 30 September 2007 Savannah sold goods to Plateau for $2·7 million. Savannah had marked up these goods by 50% on cost. Plateau had a third of the goods still in its inventory at 30 September 2007. There were no intra-group payables/receivables at 30 September 2007. (iv) Impairment tests on 30 September 2007 concluded that the value of the investment in Axle was not impaired, but consolidated goodwill was impaired by $900,000. (v) The available-for-sale investments are included in Plateau’s balance sheet (above) at their fair value on 1 October 2006, but they have a fair value of $9 million at 30 September 2007 (vi) No dividends were paid during the year by any of the companies.

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Required: (a) Prepare the consolidated balance sheet for Plateau as at 30 September 2007.

(20 marks)

(b) A financial assistant has observed that the fair value exercise means that a subsidiary’s net assets are included at acquisition at their fair (current) values in the consolidated balance sheet. The assistant believes that it is inconsistent to aggregate the subsidiary’s net assets with those of the parent because most of the parent’s assets are carried at historical cost. Required: Comment on the assistant’s observation and explain why the net assets of acquired subsidiaries are consolidated at acquisition at their fair values. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

2

The following trial balance relates to Llama, a listed company, at 30 September 2007: Land and buildings – at valuation 1 October 2006 (note (i)) Plant – at cost (note (i)) Accumulated depreciation of plant at 1 October 2006 Investments – at fair value through profit and loss (note (i)) Investment income Cost of sales (note (i)) Distribution costs Administrative expenses Loan interest paid Inventory at 30 September 2007 Income tax (note (ii)) Trade receivables Revenue Equity shares of 50 cents each fully paid Retained earnings at 1 October 2006 2% loan note 2009 (note (iii)) Trade payables Revaluation reserve (arising from land and buildings) Deferred tax Suspense account (note (iv)) Bank

$’000 130,000 128,000

$’000

32,000 26,500 2,200 89,200 11,000 12,500 800 37,900 400 35,100

–––––––– 471,000 ––––––––

180,400 60,000 25,500 80,000 34,700 14,000 11,200 24,000 6,600 –––––––– 471,000 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i)

Llama has a policy of revaluing its land and buildings at each year end. The valuation in the trial balance includes a land element of $30 million. The estimated remaining life of the buildings at that date (1 October 2006) was 20 years. On 30 September 2007, a professional valuer valued the buildings at $92 million with no change in the value of the land. Depreciation of buildings is charged 60% to cost of sales and 20% each to distribution costs and administrative expenses. During the year Llama manufactured an item of plant that it is using as part of its own operating capacity. The details of its cost, which is included in cost of sales in the trial balance, are: $’000 6,000 4,000 8,000 6,000

Materials cost Direct labour cost Machine time cost Directly attributable overheads

The manufacture of the plant was completed on 31 March 2007 and the plant was brought into immediate use, but its cost has not yet been capitalised. All plant is depreciated at 121/2% per annum (time apportioned where relevant) using the reducing balance method and charged to cost of sales. No non-current assets were sold during the year. The fair value of the investments held at fair value through profit and loss at 30 September 2007 was $27·1 million. (ii) The balance of income tax in the trial balance represents the under/over provision of the previous year’s estimate. The estimated income tax liability for the year ended 30 September 2007 is $18·7 million. At 30 September 2007 there were $40 million of taxable temporary differences. The income tax rate is 25%. Note: you may assume that the movement in deferred tax should be taken to the income statement. (iii) The 2% loan note was issued on 1 April 2007 under terms that provide for a large premium on redemption in 2009. The finance department has calculated that the effect of this is that the loan note has an effective interest rate of 6% per annum.

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(iv) The suspense account contains the corresponding credit entry for the proceeds of a rights issue of shares made on 1 July 2007. The terms of the issue were one share for every four held at 80 cents per share. Llama’s share price immediately before the issue was $1. The issue was fully subscribed. Required: Prepare for Llama: (a) An income statement for the year ended 30 September 2007. (b) A balance sheet as at 30 September 2007.

(9 marks) (13 marks)

(c) A calculation of the earnings per share for the year ended 30 September 2007.

(3 marks)

Note: a statement of changes in equity is not required. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

3

Shown below are the recently issued (summarised) financial statements of Harbin, a listed company, for the year ended 30 September 2007, together with comparatives for 2006 and extracts from the Chief Executive’s report that accompanied their issue. Income statement Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Finance costs Profit before tax Income tax expense (at 25%) Profit for the period Balance sheet Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Goodwill

Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Bank

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of $1 each Retained earnings

Non-current liabilities 8% loan notes Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade payables Current tax payable

Total equity and liabilities

2007 $’000 250,000 (200,000) –––––––– 50,000 (26,000) (8,000) –––––––– 16,000 (4,000) –––––––– 12,000 ––––––––

2006 $’000 180,000 (150,000) –––––––– 30,000 (22,000) (nil) –––––––– 8,000 (2,000) –––––––– 6,000 ––––––––

210,000 10,000 –––––––– 220,000 ––––––––

90,000 nil –––––––– 90,000 ––––––––

25,000 13,000 nil –––––––– 38,000 –––––––– 258,000 ––––––––

15,000 8,000 14,000 –––––––– 37,000 –––––––– 127,000 ––––––––

100,000 14,000 –––––––– 114,000 ––––––––

100,000 12,000 –––––––– 112,000 ––––––––

100,000 ––––––––

nil ––––––––

17,000 23,000 4,000 –––––––– 44,000 –––––––– 258,000 ––––––––

nil 13,000 2,000 –––––––– 15,000 –––––––– 127,000 ––––––––

Extracts from the Chief Executive’s report: ‘Highlights of Harbin’s performance for the year ended 30 September 2007: an increase in sales revenue of 39% gross profit margin up from 16·7% to 20% a doubling of the profit for the period. In response to the improved position the Board paid a dividend of 10 cents per share in September 2007 an increase of 25% on the previous year.’

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You have also been provided with the following further information. On 1 October 2006 Harbin purchased the whole of the net assets of Fatima (previously a privately owned entity) for $100 million. The contribution of the purchase to Harbin’s results for the year ended 30 September 2007 was: $’000 70,000 (40,000) ––––––– 30,000 (8,000) ––––––– 22,000 –––––––

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Profit before tax There were no disposals of non-current assets during the year.

The following ratios have been calculated for Harbin for the year ended 30 September 2006: Return on year-end capital employed (profit before interest and tax over total assets less current liabilities) Net asset (equal to capital employed) turnover Net profit (before tax) margin Current ratio Closing inventory holding period (in days) Trade receivables’ collection period (in days) Trade payables’ payment period (based on cost of sales) (in days) Gearing (debt over debt plus equity)

7·1% 1·6 4·4% 2·5 37 16 32 nil

Required: (a) Calculate ratios for Harbin for the year ended 30 September 2007 equivalent to those calculated for the year ended 30 September 2006 (showing your workings). (8 marks) (b) Assess the financial performance and position of Harbin for the year ended 30 September 2007 compared to the previous year. Your answer should refer to the information in the Chief Executive’s report and the impact of the purchase of the net assets of Fatima. (17 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4

(a) An important requirement of the IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (Framework) is that in order to be reliable, an entity’s financial statements should represent faithfully the transactions and events that it has undertaken. Required: Explain what is meant by faithful representation and how it enhances reliability.

(5 marks)

(b) On 1 April 2007, Fino increased the operating capacity of its plant. Due to a lack of liquid funds it was unable to buy the required plant which had a cost of $350,000. On the recommendation of the finance director, Fino entered into an agreement to lease the plant from the manufacturer. The lease required four annual payments in advance of $100,000 each commencing on 1 April 2007. The plant would have a useful life of four years and would be scrapped at the end of this period. The finance director, believing the lease to be an operating lease, commented that the agreement would improve the company’s return on capital employed (compared to outright purchase of the plant). Required: (i)

Discuss the validity of the finance director’s comment and describe how IAS 17 Leases ensures that leases such as the above are faithfully represented in an entity’s financial statements. (4 marks)

(ii) Prepare extracts of Fino’s income statement and balance sheet for the year ended 30 September 2007 in respect of the rental agreement assuming: (1) It is an operating lease

(2 marks)

(2) It is a finance lease (use an implicit interest rate of 10% per annum).

(4 marks) (15 marks)

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5

Product development costs are a material cost for many companies. They are either written off as an expense or capitalised as an asset. Required: (a) Discuss the conceptual issues involved and the definition of an asset that may be applied in determining whether development expenditure should be treated as an expense or an asset. (4 marks) (b) Emerald has had a policy of writing off development expenditure to the income statement as it was incurred. In preparing its financial statements for the year ended 30 September 2007 it has become aware that, under IFRS rules, qualifying development expenditure should be treated as an intangible asset. Below is the qualifying development expenditure for Emerald: Year Year Year Year

ended ended ended ended

30 30 30 30

September September September September

$’000 300 240 800 400

2004 2005 2006 2007

All capitalised development expenditure is deemed to have a four year life. Assume amortisation commences at the beginning of the accounting period following capitalisation. Emerald had no development expenditure before that for the year ended 30 September 2004. Required: Treating the above as the correction of an error in applying an accounting policy, calculate the amounts which should appear in the income statement and balance sheet (including comparative figures), and statement of changes in equity of Emerald in respect of the development expenditure for the year ended 30 September 2007. Note: ignore taxation. (6 marks) (10 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Fundamentals Level – Skills Module, F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) 1

(a)

December 2007 Answers

Consolidated balance sheet of Plateau as at 30 September 2007 $’000 Assets Non-current assets: Property, plant and equipment (18,400 + 10,400 – 400 (w (i))) Goodwill (w (ii)) Investments – associate (w (iii)) – other available for sale Current assets Inventory (6,900 + 6,200 – 300 URP (w (iv))) Trade receivables (3,200 + 1,500)

28,400 3,600 10,500 9,000 ––––––– 51,500 12,800 4,700 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of $1 each (w (v)) Reserves: Share premium (w (v)) Retained earnings (w (vi))

$’000

17,500 ––––––– 69,000 ––––––– 11,500

7,500 28,650 –––––––

Minority interest (w (vii)) Total equity Non-current liabilities 7% Loan notes (5,000 + 1,000)

36,150 ––––––– 47,650 3,150 ––––––– 50,800 6,000

Current liabilities (8,000 + 4,200)

12,200 ––––––– 69,000 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities

Workings (figures in brackets are in $’000) (i) Property, plant and equipment The transfer of the plant creates an initial unrealised profit (URP) of $500,000. This is reduced by $100,000 for each year (straight-line depreciation over five years) of depreciation in the post-acquisition period. Thus at 30 September 2007 the net unrealised profit is $400,000. This should be eliminated from Plateau’s retained profits and from the carrying amount of the plant. The fall in the fair value of the land has already been taken into account in Savannah’s balance sheet. (ii)

Goodwill in Savannah: Investment at cost: Shares issued (3,000/2 x $6) Cash (3,000 x $1)

$’000

Less – equity shares of Savannah – pre-acquisition reserves (6,000 x 75% (see below))

(3,000) (4,500) –––––––

Goodwill on consolidation

$’000 9,000 3,000 ––––––– 12,000 (7,500) ––––––– 4,500 –––––––

Goodwill is impaired by $900,000 thus has a carrying amount at 30 September 2007 of $3·6 million. Savannah’s pre-acquisition reserves of $6·5 million require an adjustment for a write down of $500,000 in respect of the fair value of its land being below its carrying amount. Thus the adjusted pre-acquisition reserves of Savannah are $6 million. A consequent effect is that the post-acquisition reserves which are reported as $2·4 million in Savannah’s balance sheet will become $2·9 million. This is because the fall in the value of the land has effectively been treated by Savannah as a post-acquisition loss. (iii) Carrying amount of Axle at 30 September 2007 Cost (4,000 x 30% x $7·50) Share post-acquisition profit (5,000 x 30%)

$’000 9,000 1,500 ––––––– 10,500 –––––––

(iv) The unrealised profit (URP) in inventory is calculated as: Intra-group sales are $2·7 million on which Savannah made a profit of $900,000 (2,700 x 50/150). One third of these are still in the inventory of Plateau, thus there is an unrealised profit of $300,000.

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(v)

The 1·5 million shares issued by Plateau in the share exchange at a value of $6 each would be recorded as $1 per share as capital and $5 per share as share premium giving an increase in share capital of $1·5 million and a share premium of $7·5 million.

(vi) Consolidated retained earnings: Plateau’s retained earnings Savannah’s post-acquisition ((2,900 – 300 URP) x 75%) Axle’s post-acquisition profits (5,000 x 30%) URP in plant (see (i)) Gain on available-for-sale investment (9,000 – 6,500) see below Impairment of goodwill

$’000 24,000 1,950 1,500 (400) 2,500 (900) ––––––– 28,650 –––––––

The gain on available-for-sale investments must be recognised directly in equity. (vii) Minority interest Adjusted equity at 30 September 2007: (12,900 – 300 URP) = 12,600 x 25% 3,150 ––––– (b)

IFRS 3 Business Combinations requires the purchase consideration for an acquired entity to be allocated to the fair value of the assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired (henceforth referred to as net assets and ignoring contingent liabilities) with any residue being allocated to goodwill. This also means that those net assets will be recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet. This is entirely consistent with the way other net assets are recorded when first transacted (i.e. the initial cost of an asset is normally its fair value). The purpose of this process is that it ensures that individual assets and liabilities are correctly classified (and valued) in the consolidated balance sheet. Whilst this may sound obvious, consider what would happen if say a property had a carrying amount of $5 million, but a fair value of $7 million at the date it was acquired. If the carrying amount rather than the fair value was used in the consolidation it would mean that tangible assets (property, plant and equipment) would be understated by $2 million and intangible assets (goodwill) would be overstated by the same amount (note: in the consolidated balance sheet of Plateau the opposite effect would occur as the fair value of Savannah’s land is below its carrying amount at the date of acquisition). There could also be a ‘knock on’ effect with incorrect depreciation charges in the years following an acquisition and incorrect calculation of any goodwill impairment. Thus the use of carrying amounts rather than fair values would not give a ‘faithful representation’ as required by the Framework. The assistant’s comment regarding the inconsistency of value models in the consolidated balance sheet is a fair point, but it is really a deficiency of the historical cost concept rather than a flawed consolidation technique. Indeed the fair values of the subsidiary’s net assets are the historical costs to the parent. To overcome much of the inconsistency, there would be nothing to prevent the parent company from applying the revaluation model to its property, plant and equipment.

2

(a)

Llama – Income statement – Year ended 30 September 2007 $’000 Revenue Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Distribution costs (11,000 + 1,000 depreciation) Administrative expenses (12,500 + 1,000 depreciation) Investment income Gain on fair value of investments (27,100 – 26,500) Finance costs (w (ii)) Profit before tax Income tax expense (18,700 – 400 – (11,200 – 10,000) deferred tax) Profit for the period

$’000 180,400 (81,700) –––––––– 98,700

(12,000) (13,500) ––––––––

(25,500)

2,200 600 ––––––––

2,800 (2,400) –––––––– 73,600 (17,100) –––––––– 56,500 ––––––––

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(b)

Llama – Balance sheet as at 30 September 2007 $’000 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (w (iv)) Investments at fair value through profit and loss

$’000

228,500 27,100 –––––––– 255,600

Current assets Inventory Trade receivables

37,900 35,100 ––––––––

Total assets

73,000 –––––––– 328,600 ––––––––

Equity and liabilities Equity Equity shares of 50 cents each ((60,000 + 15,000) w (iii)) Share premium (w (iii)) Revaluation reserve (14,000 – 3,000 (w (iv))) Retained earnings (56,500 + 25,500)

75,000 9,000 11,000 82,000 ––––––––

Non-current liabilities 2% loan note (80,000 + 1,600 (w (ii))) Deferred tax (40,000 x 25%)

81,600 10,000 ––––––––

Current liabilities Trade payables Bank overdraft Current tax payable

34,700 6,600 18,700 ––––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings (monetary figures in brackets are in $’000) (i) Cost of sales: Per question Plant capitalised (w (iv)) Depreciation (w (iv)) – buildings – plant

(ii)

102,000 –––––––– 177,000

91,600

60,000 –––––––– 328,600 ––––––––

$’000 89,200 (24,000) 3,000 13,500 ––––––– 81,700 –––––––

The loan has been in issue for six months. The total finance charge should be based on the effective interest rate of 6%. This gives a charge of $2·4 million (80,000 x 6% x 6/12). As the actual interest paid is $800,000 an accrual (added to the carrying amount of the loan) of $1·6 million is required.

(iii) The rights issue was 30 million shares (60 million/50 cents is 120 million shares at 1 for 4) at a price of 80 cents this would increase share capital by $15 million (30 million x 50 cents) and share premium by $9 million (30 million x 30 cents). (iv) Non-current assets/depreciation: Land and buildings: On 1 October 2006 the value of the buildings was $100 million (130,000 – 30,000 land). The remaining life at this date was 20 years, thus the annual depreciation charge will be $5 million (3,000 to cost of sales and 1,000 each to distribution and administration). Prior to the revaluation at 30 September 2007 the carrying amount of the building was $95 million (100,000 – 5,000). With a revalued amount of $92 million, this gives a revaluation deficit of $3 million which should be debited to the revaluation reserve. The carrying amount of land and buildings at 30 September 2007 will be $122 million (92,000 buildings + 30,000 land (unchanged)). Plant The existing plant will be depreciated by $12 million ((128,000 – 32,000) x 121/2%) and have a carrying amount of $84 million at 30 September 2007. The plant manufactured for internal use should be capitalised at $24 million (6,000 + 4,000 + 8,000 + 6,000). Depreciation on this will be $1·5 million (24,000 x 121/2% x 6/12). This will give a carrying amount of $22·5 million at 30 September 2007. Thus total depreciation for plant is $13·5 million with a carrying amount of $106·5 million (84,000 + 22,500) Summarising the carrying amounts: Land and buildings Plant

$’000 122,000 106,500 –––––––– 228,500 ––––––––

Property, plant and equipment

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(c)

Earnings per share (eps) for the year ended 30 September 2007 Theoretical ex rights value Holding (say) Issue (1 for 4) New holding

100 25 –––– 125 ––––

$ 100 20 –––– 120 ––––

at $1 at 80 cents ex rights price is 96 cents

Weighted average number of shares 120,000,000 x 9/12 x 100/96 150,000,000 (120 x 5/4) x 3/12

93,750,000 37,500,000 –––––––––––– 131,250,000 ––––––––––––

Earnings per share ($56,500,000/131,250,000) 43 cents

3

(a)

Note: figures in the calculations of the ratios are in $million 2007 workings Return on year end capital employed 11·2 % 24/(114 + 100) x 100 Net asset turnover 1·2 times 250/214 Gross profit margin (given in question) 20% Net profit (before tax) margin 6·4% 16/250 Current ratio 0·9:1 38/44 Closing inventory holding period 46 days 25/200 x 365 Trade receivables’ collection period 19 days 13/250 x 365 Trade payables’ payment period 42 days 23/200 x 365 Gearing 46·7% 100/214 x 100

2006 7·1% 1·6 16·7% 4·4% 2·5 37 16 32 nil

2007 re Fatima (b) 18·9% 0·6 42·9% 31·4%

The gross profit margins and relevant ratios for 2006 are given in the question, and some additional ratios for Fatima are included above to enable a clearer analysis in answering part (b) (references to Fatima should be taken to mean Fatima’s net assets). (b)

Analysis of the comparative financial performance and position of Harbin for the year ended 30 September 2007. Note: references to 2007 and 2006 should be taken as the years ended 30 September 2007 and 2006. Introduction The figures relating to the comparative performance of Harbin ‘highlighted’ in the Chief Executive’s report may be factually correct, but they take a rather biased and one dimensional view. They focus entirely on the performance as reflected in the income statement without reference to other measures of performance (notably the ROCE); nor is there any reference to the purchase of Fatima at the beginning of the year which has had a favourable effect on profit for 2007. Due to this purchase, it is not consistent to compare Harbin’s income statement results in 2007 directly with those of 2006 because it does not match like with like. Immediately before the $100 million purchase of Fatima, the carrying amount of the net assets of Harbin was $112 million. Thus the investment represented an increase of nearly 90% of Harbin’s existing capital employed. The following analysis of performance will consider the position as shown in the reported financial statements (based on the ratios required by part (a) of the question) and then go on to consider the impact the purchase has had on this analysis. Profitability The ROCE is often considered to be the primary measure of operating performance, because it relates the profit made by an entity (return) to the capital (or net assets) invested in generating those profits. On this basis the ROCE in 2007 of 11·2% represents a 58% improvement (i.e. 4·1% on 7·1%) on the ROCE of 7·1% in 2006. Given there were no disposals of non-current assets, the ROCE on Fatima’s net assets is 18·9% (22m/100m + 16·5m). Note: the net assets of Fatima at the year end would have increased by profit after tax of $16·5 million (i.e. 22m x 75% (at a tax rate of 25%)). Put another way, without the contribution of $22 million to profit before tax, Harbin’s ‘underlying’ profit would have been a loss of $6 million which would give a negative ROCE. The principal reasons for the beneficial impact of Fatima’s purchase is that its profit margins at 42·9% gross and 31·4% net (before tax) are far superior to the profit margins of the combined business at 20% and 6·4% respectively. It should be observed that the other contributing factor to the ROCE is the net asset turnover and in this respect Fatima’s is actually inferior at 0·6 times (70m/116·5m) to that of the combined business of 1·2 times. It could be argued that the finance costs should be allocated against Fatima’s results as the proceeds of the loan note appear to be the funding for the purchase of Fatima. Even if this is accepted, Fatima’s results still far exceed those of the existing business. Thus the Chief Executive’s report, already criticised for focussing on the income statement alone, is still highly misleading. Without the purchase of Fatima, underlying sales revenue would be flat at $180 million and the gross margin would be down to 11·1% (20m/180m) from 16·7% resulting in a loss before tax of $6 million. This sales performance is particularly poor given it is likely that there must have been an increase in spending on property plant and equipment beyond that related to the purchase of Fatima’s net assets as the increase in property, plant and equipment is $120 million (after depreciation).

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Liquidity The company’s liquidity position as measured by the current ratio has deteriorated dramatically during the period. A relatively healthy 2·5:1 is now only 0·9:1 which is rather less than what one would expect from the quick ratio (which excludes inventory) and is a matter of serious concern. A consideration of the component elements of the current ratio suggests that increases in the inventory holding period and trade payables payment period have largely offset each other. There is a small increase in the collection period for trade receivables (up from 16 days to 19 days) which would actually improve the current ratio. This ratio appears unrealistically low, it is very difficult to collect credit sales so quickly and may be indicative of factoring some of the receivables, or a proportion of the sales being cash sales. Factoring is sometimes seen as a consequence of declining liquidity, although if this assumption is correct it does also appear to have been present in the previous year. The changes in the above three ratios do not explain the dramatic deterioration in the current ratio, the real culprit is the cash position, Harbin has gone from having a bank balance of $14 million in 2006 to showing short-term bank borrowings of $17 million in 2007. A cash flow statement would give a better appreciation of the movement in the bank/short term borrowing position. It is not possible to assess, in isolation, the impact of the purchase of Fatima on the liquidity of the company. Dividends A dividend of 10 cents per share in 2007 amounts to $10 million (100m x 10 cents), thus the dividend in 2006 would have been $8 million (the dividend in 2007 is 25% up on 2006). It may be that the increase in the reported profits led the Board to pay a 25% increased dividend, but the dividend cover is only 1·2 times (12m/10m) in 2007 which is very low. In 2006 the cover was only 0·75 times (6m/8m) meaning previous years’ reserves were used to facilitate the dividend. The low retained earnings indicate that Harbin has historically paid a high proportion of its profits as dividends, however in times of declining liquidity, it is difficult to justify such high dividends. Gearing The company has gone from a position of nil gearing (i.e. no long-term borrowings) in 2006 to a relatively high gearing of 46·7% in 2007. This has been caused by the issue of the $100 million 8% loan note which would appear to be the source of the funding for the $100 million purchase of Fatima’s net assets. At the time the loan note was issued, Harbin’s ROCE was 7·1%, slightly less than the finance cost of the loan note. In 2007 the ROCE has increased to 11·2%, thus the manner of the funding has had a beneficial effect on the returns to the equity holders of Harbin. However, it should be noted that high gearing does not come without risk; any future downturn in the results of Harbin would expose the equity holders to much lower proportionate returns and continued poor liquidity may mean payment of the loan interest could present a problem. Harbin’s gearing and liquidity position would have looked far better had some of the acquisition been funded by an issue of equity shares. Conclusion There is no doubt that the purchase of Fatima has been a great success and appears to have been a wise move on the part of the management of Harbin. However, it has disguised a serious deterioration of the underlying performance and position of Harbin’s existing activities which the Chief Executive’s report may be trying to hide. It may be that the acquisition was part of an overall plan to diversify out of what has become existing loss making activities. If such a transition can continue, then the worrying aspects of poor liquidity and high gearing may be overcome.

4

(a)

Faithful representation The Framework states that in order to be useful, information must be reliable and the two main components of reliability are freedom from material error and faithful representation. The Framework describes faithful representation as where the financial statements (or other information) have the characteristic that they faithfully represent the transactions and other events that have occurred. Thus a balance sheet should faithfully represent transactions that result in assets, liabilities and equity of an entity. Some would refer to this as showing a true and fair view. An essential element of faithful representation is the application of the concept of substance over form. There are many examples where recording the legal form of a transaction does not convey its real substance or commercial reality. For example an entity may sell some inventory to a finance house and later buy it back at a price based on the original selling price plus a finance cost. Such a transaction is really a secured loan attracting interest costs. To portray it as a sale and subsequent repurchase of inventory would not be a faithful representation of the transaction. The ‘sale’ would probably create a ‘profit’, there would be no finance cost in the income statement and the balance sheet would not show the asset of inventory or the liability to the finance house – all of which would not be representative of the economic reality. A further example is that an entity may issue loan notes that are (optionally) convertible to equity. In the past, sometimes management has argued that as they expect the loan note holders to take the equity option, the loan notes should be treated as equity (which of course would flatter the entity’s gearing). In some cases transactions similar to the above, particularly off balance sheet finance schemes, have been deliberately entered into to manipulate the balance sheet and income statement (so called creative accounting). Ratios such as return on capital employed (ROCE), asset turnover, interest cover and gearing are often used to assess the performance of an entity. If these ratios were calculated from financial statements that have been manipulated, they would be distorted (usually favourably) from the underlying substance. Clearly users cannot rely on such financial statements or any ratios calculated from them.

(b)

(i)

The finance director’s comment that the ROCE would improve, based on the agreement being classified as an operating lease is correct (but see below). Over the life of the lease the reported profit is not affected by the lease being designated as an operating or finance lease, but the balance sheet is. This is because the depreciation and finance costs charged on a finance lease would equal (over the full life of the lease) what would be charged as lease rentals if it were classed

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as an operating lease instead. However, classed as an operating lease, there would not be a leased asset or lease obligation recorded in the balance sheet; whereas there would be if it were a finance lease or an outright purchase. Thus capital employed under an operating lease would be lower leading to a higher (more favourable) ROCE. IAS 17 Leases defines a finance lease as one which transfers to the lessee substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership (an application of the principle of substance over form). In this case, as the asset will be used by Fino for four years (its entire useful life) and then be scrapped, it is almost certain to require classification as a finance lease. Thus the finance director’s comments are unlikely to be valid. Fino (ii) (1) Operating lease Income statement – cost of sales (machine rental) (100,000 x 6/12) Balance sheet Current assets Prepayment (100,000 x 6/12)

$ 50,000

50,000

(2) Finance lease Income statement – cost of sales (depreciation) (350,000/4 x 6/12) Income statement – finance costs (see working) Balance sheet Non-current assets Leased plant at cost Depreciation (from above)

43,750 12,500

350,000 (43,750) –––––––– 306,250 ––––––––

Non-current liabilities Lease obligation (250,000 – 75,000)

175,000

Current liabilities Accrued interest (see working) Lease obligation (100,000 – 25,000 see below)

12,500 75,000 –––––––– 87,500

Working: Cost Deposit

350,000 (100,000) –––––––– 250,000 12,500 –––––––– 262,500 ––––––––

Interest to 30 September 2007 (6 months at 10%) Total obligation at 30 September 2007

The payment of $100,000 on 1 April 2008 will contain $25,000 of interest ($250,000 x 10%) and a capital repayment of $75,000.

5

(a)

The Framework defines an asset as a resource controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events from which future economic benefits (normally net cash inflows) are expected to flow to the entity. However assets can only be recognised (on the balance sheet) when those expected benefits are probable and can be measured reliably. The Framework recognises that there is a close relationship between incurring expenditure and generating assets, but they do not necessarily coincide. Development expenditure, perhaps more than any other form of expenditure, is a classic example of the relationship between expenditure and creating an asset. Clearly entities commit to expenditure on both research and development in the hope that it will lead to a profitable product, process or service, but at the time that the expenditure is being incurred, entities cannot be certain (or it may not even be probable) that the project will be successful. Relating this to accounting concepts would mean that if there is doubt that a project will be successful the application of prudence would dictate that the expenditure is charged (expensed) to the income statement. At the stage where management becomes confident that the project will be successful, it meets the definition of an asset and the accruals/matching concept would mean that it should be capitalised (treated as an asset) and amortised over the period of the expected benefits. Accounting Standards (IAS 38 Intangible Assets) interpret this as writing off all research expenditure and only capitalising development costs from the point in time where they meet strict conditions which effectively mean the expenditure meets the definition of an asset.

(b)

30 September 2007 30 September 2006 $’000 $’000 335 (w (ii)) 135 (w (i))

Emerald Income statement: Amortisation of development expenditure Balance sheet Development expenditure

1,195

(w (iv))

Statement of changes in equity Prior period adjustment (credit required to restate retained earnings at 1 October 2005) (cumulative carrying amount at 2005 of 300 + 165)

1,130

(w (iii))

465

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Workings (All figures in $’000. Note: references to 2004, 2005 etc should be taken as for the year ended 30 September 2004 and 2005 etc.) Year Expenditure

2004 300 –––– Amortisation (25%) nil nil nil –––– Total amortisation nil –––– Carrying amount 300 ––––

2005 240 –––– (75) nil nil –––– (75) –––– 165 ––––

2006 800 –––– (75) (60) nil –––– (w (i)) (135) –––– 665 ––––

cumulative 2006 2007 1,340 400 –––––– –––– (150) (75) (60) (60) nil (200) –––––– –––– (210) (w (ii)) (335) –––––– –––– (w (iii)) 1,130 65 –––––– ––––

cumulative 2007 1,740 –––––– (225) (120) (200) –––––– (545) –––––– (w (iv)) 1,195 ––––––

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Fundamentals Level – Skills Module, F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International)

December 2007 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. Marks 1

(a)

(b)

Balance sheet: property, plant and equipment goodwill investments – associate – other current assets equity shares share premium retained earnings minority interest 7% loan notes current liabilities

2 4 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 20

1 mark per relevant point Total for question

2

(a)

(b)

(c)

Income statement revenue cost of sales distribution costs and administrative expenses investment income and gain on investment finance costs tax

1/ 2 31/2

1 11/2 1 11/2 9

Balance sheet property, plant and equipment investments current assets equity shares share premium revaluation reserve retained earnings 2% loan notes deferred tax trade payables and overdraft income tax provision

3 1 1 1 1 1 1 11/2 1 1 1/ 2 13

Earnings per share calculation of theoretical ex rights value weighted average number of shares earnings and calculation of eps Total for question

3

(a)

one mark per required ratio

(b)

for consideration of Chief Executive’s report impact of purchase remaining issues 1 mark per valid point

5 25

1 1 1 3 25

8

Total for question

3 6 8 17 25

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4

(a)

one mark per valid point to

maximum

Marks 5

(b)

(i)

one mark per valid point to

maximum

4

(ii)

(1) operating lease – income statement charge (1) operating lease – prepayment

1 1 ––– 2

(2) (2) (2) (2)

1 1 1 1 ––– 4 15

finance finance finance finance

lease lease lease lease

– – – –

income statement: depreciation and finance costs balance sheet: non-current asset balance sheet: non-current liabilities balance sheet: current liabilities interest and capital Total for question

5

(a)

one mark per valid point to

(b)

income statement amortisation cost in balance sheets accumulated amortisation prior year adjustment in changes in equity

maximum

Total for question

4 11/2 1 11/2 2 6 10

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Financial Reporting (International) Tuesday 10 June 2008

Time allowed Reading and planning: Writing:

15 minutes 3 hours

ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted.

Do NOT open this paper until instructed by the supervisor. During reading and planning time only the question paper may be annotated. You must NOT write in your answer booklet until instructed by the supervisor.

Paper F7 (INT)

Fundamentals Level – Skills Module

This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall.

The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

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ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

On 1 August 2007 Patronic purchased 18 million of a total of 24 million equity shares in Sardonic. The acquisition was through a share exchange of two shares in Patronic for every three shares in Sardonic. Both companies have shares with a par value of $1 each. The market price of Patronic’s shares at 1 August 2007 was $5·75 per share. Patronic will also pay in cash on 31 July 2009 (two years after acquisition) $2·42 per acquired share of Sardonic. Patronic’s cost of capital is 10% per annum. The reserves of Sardonic on 1 April 2007 were $69 million. Patronic has held an investment of 30% of the equity shares in Acerbic for many years. The summarised income statements for the three companies for the year ended 31 March 2008 are:

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Distribution costs Administrative expenses Finance costs (note (ii)) Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for the period

Patronic $’000 150,000 (94,000) –––––––– 56,000 (7,400) (12,500) (2,000) –––––––– 34,100 (10,400) –––––––– 23,700 ––––––––

Sardonic $’000 78,000 (51,000) ––––––– 27,000 (3,000) (6,000) (900) ––––––– 17,100 (3,600) ––––––– 13,500 –––––––

Acerbic $’000 80,000 (60,000) ––––––– 20,000 (3,500) (6,500) nil ––––––– 10,000 (4,000) ––––––– 6,000 –––––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

The fair values of the net assets of Sardonic at the date of acquisition were equal to their carrying amounts with the exception of property and plant. Property and plant had fair values of $4·1 million and $2·4 million respectively in excess of their carrying amounts. The increase in the fair value of the property would create additional depreciation of $200,000 in the consolidated financial statements in the post acquisition period to 31 March 2008 and the plant had a remaining life of four years (straight-line depreciation) at the date of acquisition of Sardonic. All depreciation is treated as part of cost of sales. The fair values have not been reflected in Sardonic’s financial statements. No fair value adjustments were required on the acquisition of Acerbic.

(ii) The finance costs of Patronic do not include the finance cost on the deferred consideration. (iii) Prior to its acquisition, Sardonic had been a good customer of Patronic. In the year to 31 March 2008, Patronic sold goods at a selling price of $1·25 million per month to Sardonic both before and after its acquisition. Patronic made a profit of 20% on the cost of these sales. At 31 March 2008 Sardonic still held inventory of $3 million (at cost to Sardonic) of goods purchased in the post acquisition period from Patronic. (iv) An impairment test on the goodwill of Sardonic conducted on 31 March 2008 concluded that it should be written down by $2 million. The value of the investment in Acerbic was not impaired. (v) All items in the above income statements are deemed to accrue evenly over the year. (vi) Ignore deferred tax.

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Required: (a) Calculate the goodwill arising on the acquisition of Sardonic at 1 August 2007.

(6 marks)

(b) Prepare the consolidated income statement for the Patronic Group for the year ended 31 March 2008. Note: assume that the investment in Acerbic has been accounted for using the equity method since its acquisition. (15 marks) (c) At 31 March 2008 the other equity shares (70%) in Acerbic were owned by many separate investors. Shortly after this date Spekulate (a company unrelated to Patronic) accumulated a 60% interest in Acerbic by buying shares from the other shareholders. In May 2008 a meeting of the board of directors of Acerbic was held at which Patronic lost its seat on Acerbic’s board. Required: Explain, with reasons, the accounting treatment Patronic should adopt for its investment in Acerbic when it prepares its financial statements for the year ending 31 March 2009. (4 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

2

Below is the summarised draft statement of financial position of Dexon, a publicly listed company, as at 31 March 2008. $’000

$’000

Assets Non-current assets Property at valuation (land $20,000; buildings $165,000 (note (ii)) Plant (note (ii)) Investments at fair value through profit and loss at 1 April 2007 (note (iii)) Current assets Inventory Trade receivables (note (iv)) Bank

185,000 180,500 12,500 –––––––– 378,000 84,000 52,200 3,800 ––––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity Ordinary shares of $1 each Share premium Revaluation reserve Retained earnings – at 1 April 2007 – for the year ended 31 March 2008

$’000

140,000 –––––––– 518,000 ––––––––

250,000 40,000 18,000 12,300 96,700 –––––––

109,000 ––––––––

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax – at 1 April 2007 (note (v)) Current liabilities

167,000 –––––––– 417,000 19,200 81,800 –––––––– 518,000 ––––––––

Total equity and liabilities The following information is relevant: (i)

Dexon’s income statement includes $8 million of revenue for credit sales made on a ‘sale or return’ basis. At 31 March 2008, customers who had not paid for the goods, had the right to return $2·6 million of them. Dexon applied a mark up on cost of 30% on all these sales. In the past, Dexon’s customers have sometimes returned goods under this type of agreement.

(ii) The non-current assets have not been depreciated for the year ended 31 March 2008. Dexon has a policy of revaluing its land and buildings at the end of each accounting year. The values in the above statement of financial position are as at 1 April 2007 when the buildings had a remaining life of fifteen years. A qualified surveyor has valued the land and buildings at 31 March 2008 at $180 million. Plant is depreciated at 20% on the reducing balance basis. (iii) The investments at fair value through profit and loss are held in a fund whose value changes directly in proportion to a specified market index. At 1 April 2007 the relevant index was 1,200 and at 31 March 2008 it was 1,296. (iv) In late March 2008 the directors of Dexon discovered a material fraud perpetrated by the company’s credit controller that had been continuing for some time. Investigations revealed that a total of $4 million of the trade receivables as shown in the statement of financial position at 31 March 2008 had in fact been paid and the money had been stolen by the credit controller. An analysis revealed that $1·5 million had been stolen in the year to 31 March 2007 with the rest being stolen in the current year. Dexon is not insured for this loss and it cannot be recovered from the credit controller, nor is it deductible for tax purposes. (v) During the year the company’s taxable temporary differences increased by $10 million of which $6 million related to the revaluation of the property. The deferred tax relating to the remainder of the increase in the temporary differences should be taken to the income statement. The applicable income tax rate is 20%.

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(vi) The above figures do not include the estimated provision for income tax on the profit for the year ended 31 March 2008. After allowing for any adjustments required in items (i) to (iv), the directors have estimated the provision at $11·4 million (this is in addition to the deferred tax effects of item (v)). (vii) On 1 September 2007 there was a fully subscribed rights issue of one new share for every four held at a price of $1·20 each. The proceeds of the issue have been received and the issue of the shares has been correctly accounted for in the above statement of financial position. (viii) In May 2007 a dividend of 4 cents per share was paid. In November 2007 (after the rights issue in item (vii) above) a further dividend of 3 cents per share was paid. Both dividends have been correctly accounted for in the above statement of financial position. Required: Taking into account any adjustments required by items (i) to (viii) above (a) Prepare a statement showing the recalculation of Dexon’s profit for the year ended 31 March 2008. (8 marks) (b) Prepare the statement of changes in equity of Dexon for the year ended 31 March 2008.

(8 marks)

(c) Redraft the statement of financial position of Dexon as at 31 March 2008.

(9 marks)

Note: notes to the financial statements are NOT required. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

3

Pinto is a publicly listed company. The following financial statements of Pinto are available: Statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 March 2008 Revenue Cost of sales

$’000 5,740 (4,840) –––––– 900 60 (120) (350) (50) –––––– 440 (160) –––––– 280 ––––––

Gross profit Income from and gains on investment property Distribution costs Administrative expenses (note (ii)) Finance costs Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Gains on property revaluation

100 –––––– 380 ––––––

Total comprehensive income Statements of financial position as at

31 March 2008 $’000 $’000

31 March 2007 $’000 $’000

2,880 420 –––––– 3,300

1,860 400 –––––– 2,260

Assets Non-current assets (note (i)) Property, plant and equipment Investment property Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Income tax asset Bank

1,210 480 nil 10 –––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of 20 cents each (note (iii)) Share premium Revaluation reserve Retained earnings

1,700 –––––– 5,000 ––––––

810 540 50 nil ––––––

1,000 600 150 1,440 –––––

Non-current liabilities 6% loan notes (note (ii)) Deferred tax

nil 50 –––––

Current liabilities Trade payables Bank overdraft Warranty provision (note (iv)) Current tax payable

1,410 nil 200 150 –––––

Total equity and liabilities

2,190 –––––– 3,190

50

1,760 –––––– 5,000 ––––––

1,400 –––––– 3,660 –––––– 600

nil 50 1,310 ––––––

400 30 –––––– 1,050 120 100 nil ––––––

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1,360 –––––– 1,960

430

1,270 –––––– 3,660 ––––––

The following supporting information is available: (i)

An item of plant with a carrying amount of $240,000 was sold at a loss of $90,000 during the year. Depreciation of $280,000 was charged (to cost of sales) for property, plant and equipment in the year ended 31 March 2008. Pinto uses the fair value model in IAS 40 Investment Property. There were no purchases or sales of investment property during the year.

(ii) The 6% loan notes were redeemed early incurring a penalty payment of $20,000 which has been charged as an administrative expense in the income statement. (iii) There was an issue of shares for cash on 1 October 2007. There were no bonus issues of shares during the year. (iv) Pinto gives a 12 month warranty on some of the products it sells. The amounts shown in current liabilities as warranty provision are an accurate assessment, based on past experience, of the amount of claims likely to be made in respect of warranties outstanding at each year end. Warranty costs are included in cost of sales. (v) A dividend of 3 cents per share was paid on 1 January 2008. Required: (a) Prepare a statement of cash flows for Pinto for the year to 31 March 2008 in accordance with IAS 7 Statement of cash flows. (15 marks) (b) Comment on the cash flow management of Pinto as revealed by the statement of cash flows and the information provided by the above financial statements. Note: ratio analysis is not required, and will not be awarded any marks.

(10 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4

(a) The IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements requires financial statements to be prepared on the basis that they comply with certain accounting concepts, underlying assumptions and (qualitative) characteristics. Five of these are: Matching/accruals Substance over form Prudence Comparability Materiality Required: Briefly explain the meaning of each of the above concepts/assumptions.

(5 marks)

(b) For most entities, applying the appropriate concepts/assumptions in accounting for inventories is an important element in preparing their financial statements. Required: Illustrate with examples how each of the concepts/assumptions in (a) may be applied to accounting for inventory. (10 marks) (15 marks)

5

Pingway issued a $10 million 3% convertible loan note at par on 1 April 2007 with interest payable annually in arrears. Three years later, on 31 March 2010, the loan note is convertible into equity shares on the basis of $100 of loan note for 25 equity shares or it may be redeemed at par in cash at the option of the loan note holder. One of the company’s financial assistants observed that the use of a convertible loan note was preferable to a non-convertible loan note as the latter would have required an interest rate of 8% in order to make it attractive to investors. The assistant has also commented that the use of a convertible loan note will improve the profit as a result of lower interest costs and, as it is likely that the loan note holders will choose the equity option, the loan note can be classified as equity which will improve the company’s high gearing position. The present value of $1 receivable at the end of the year, based on discount rates of 3% and 8% can be taken as:

End of year 1 2 3

3% $ 0·97 0·94 0·92

8% $ 0·93 0·86 0·79

Required: Comment on the financial assistant’s observations and show how the convertible loan note should be accounted for in Pingway’s income statement for the year ended 31 March 2008 and statement of financial position as at that date. (10 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Fundamentals Level – Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) 1

(a)

June 2008 Answers

Cost of control in Sardonic: Consideration Shares (18,000 x 2/3 x $5·75) Deferred payment (18,000 x 2·42/1·21 (see below))

$’000

$’000 69,000 36,000 –––––––– 105,000

Less Equity shares Pre-acquisition reserves: At 1 April 2007 To date of acquisition (13,500 x 4/12) Fair value adjustments (4,100 + 2,400)

24,000 69,000 4,500 6,500 –––––––– 104,000 x 75%

Goodwill

(78,000) –––––––– 27,000 ––––––––

$1 compounded for two years at 10% would be worth $1·21. The acquisition of 18 million out of a total of 24 million equity shares is a 75% interest. (b)

Patronic Group Consolidated income statement for the year ended 31 March 2008 Revenue (150,000 + (78,000 x 8/12) – (1,250 x 8 months intra group)) Cost of sales (w (i))

$’000 192,000 (119,100) ––––––––– 72,900 (9,400) (16,500) (5,000) (2,000) 1,800 ––––––––– 41,800 (12,800) ––––––––– 29,000 –––––––––

Gross profit Distribution costs (7,400 + (3,000 x 8/12)) Administrative expenses (12,500 + (6,000 x 8/12)) Finance costs (w (ii)) Impairment of goodwill Share of profit from associate (6,000 x 30%) Profit before tax Income tax expense (10,400 + (3,600 x 8/12)) Profit for the year Attributable to: Equity holders of the parent Minority interest (w (iii))

(c)

26,900 2,100 ––––––––– 29,000 –––––––––

An associate is defined by IAS 28 Investments in Associates as an investment over which an investor has significant influence. There are several indicators of significant influence, but the most important are usually considered to be a holding of 20% or more of the voting shares and board representation. Therefore it was reasonable to assume that the investment in Acerbic (at 31 March 2008) represented an associate and was correctly accounted for under the equity accounting method. The current position (from May 2008) is that although Patronic still owns 30% of Acerbic’s shares, Acerbic has become a subsidiary of Spekulate as it has acquired 60% of Acerbic’s shares. Acerbic is now under the control of Spekulate (part of the definition of being a subsidiary), therefore it is difficult to see how Patronic can now exert significant influence over Acerbic. The fact that Patronic has lost its seat on Acerbic’s board seems to reinforce this point. In these circumstances the investment in Acerbic falls to be treated under IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. It will cease to be equity accounted from the date of loss of significant influence. Its carrying amount at that date will be its initial recognition value under IAS 39 and thereafter it will be carried at fair value. Workings (i) Cost of sales Patronic Sardonic (51,000 x 8/12) Intra group purchases (1,250 x 8 months) Additional depreciation: plant (2,400/ 4 years x 8/12) property (per question) Unrealised profit in inventories (3,000 x 20/120)

$’000

$’000 94,000 34,000 (10,000)

400 200 ––––

600 500 –––––––– 119,100 ––––––––

Note: for both sales revenues and cost of sales, only the post acquisition intra group trading should be eliminated.

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(ii)

Finance costs Patronic per question Unwinding interest – deferred consideration (36,000 x 10% x 8/12) Sardonic (900 x 8/12)

$’000 2,000 2,400 600 –––––– 5,000 ––––––

(iii) Minority interest Sardonic’s post acquisition profit (13,500 x 8/12) Less post acquisition additional depreciation (w (i))

2

9,000 (600) –––––– 8,400 x 25% = 2,100

(a)

$’000 Retained profit for period per question Dividends paid (w (i)) Draft profit for year ended 31 March 2008 Discovery of fraud (w (ii)) Goods on sale or return (w (iii)) Depreciation (w (iv)) – buildings (165,000/15 years) – plant (180,500 x 20%)

11,000 36,100 ––––––––

Increase in investments ((12,500 x 1,296/1,200) – 12,500) Provision for income tax Increase in deferred tax (w (v))

(47,100) 1,000 (11,400) (800) –––––––– 50,800 ––––––––

Recalculated profit for year ended 31 March 2008 (b)

$’000 96,700 15,500 –––––––– 112,200 (2,500) (600)

Dexon – Statement of Changes in Equity – Year ended 31 March 2008

At 1 April 2007 Prior period adjustment (w (ii)) Restated earnings at 1 April 2007 Rights issue (see below) Total comprehensive income (from (a) and (w (iv)) Dividends paid (w (i)) At 31 March 2008

Ordinary shares $’000 200,000

Share premium $’000 30,000

50,000

10,000

Revaluation reserve $’000 18,000

––––––– 40,000 –––––––

Total $’000 260,300 (1,500) 60,000

4,800 –––––––– 250,000 ––––––––

Retained earnings $’000 12,300 (1,500) –––––––– 10,800

––––––– 22,800 –––––––

50,800 (15,500) –––––––– 46,100 ––––––––

55,600 (15,500) –––––––– 358,900 ––––––––

Rights issue: 250 million shares in issue after a rights issue of one for four would mean that 50 million shares were issued (250,000 x 1/5). As the issue price was $1·20, this would create $50 million of share capital and $10 million of share premium.

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(c)

Dexon – Statement of financial position as at 31 March 2008: Non-current assets Property (w (iv)) Plant (180,500 – 36,100 depreciation see (a)) Investments at fair value through profit and loss (12,500 + 1,000 see (a)) Current assets Inventory (84,000 + 2,000 (w (iii))) Trade receivables (52,200 – 4,000 – 2,600 (w (ii) and (iii))) Bank

$’000

86,000 45,600 3,800 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity (from (b)) Ordinary shares of $1 each Share premium Revaluation reserve Retained earnings

$’000 180,000 144,400 13,500 –––––––– 337,900

135,400 –––––––– 473,300 ––––––––

250,000 40,000 22,800 46,100 –––––––

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax (19,200 + 2,000 (w (v))) Current liabilities (81,800 + 11,400 income tax)

108,900 –––––––– 358,900 21,200 93,200 –––––––– 473,300 ––––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings (figures in brackets in $’000) (i)

Dividends paid The dividend in May 2007 would be $8 million (200 million shares at 4 cents) and in November 2007 would be $7·5 million (250 million shares x 3 cents). Total dividends would therefore have been $15·5 million.

(ii)

The discovery of the fraud means that $4 million should be written off trade receivables. $1·5 million debited to retained earnings as a prior period adjustment (in the statement of changes in equity) and $2·5 written off in the income statement for the year ended 31 March 2008.

(iii) Goods on sale or return The sales over which customers still have the right of return should not be included in Dexon’s recognised revenue. The reversing effect is to reduce the relevant trade receivables by $2·6 million, increase inventory by $2 million (the cost of the goods (2,600 x 100/130)) and reduce the profit for the year by $600,000. (iv) Property The carrying amount of the property (after the year’s depreciation) is $174 million (185,000 – 11,000). A valuation of $180 million would create a revaluation surplus of $6 million of which $1·2 million (6,000 x 20%) would be transferred to deferred tax. (v)

Deferred tax An increase in the taxable temporary differences of $10 million would create a transfer (credit) to deferred tax of $2 million (10,000 x 20%). Of this $1·2 million relates to the revaluation of the property and is debited to the revaluation reserve. The balance, $800,000, is charged to the income statement.

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3

(a)

Statement of cash flows of Pinto for the Year to 31 March 2008: Cash flows from operating activities Profit before tax Adjustments for: Depreciation of property, plant and equipment Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment

$’000

$’000 440

280 90 ––––––

Increase in warranty provision (200 – 100) Investment income Finance costs Redemption penalty costs included in administrative expenses Working capital adjustments Increase in inventories (1,210 – 810) Decrease in trade receivables (540 – 480) Increase in trade payables (1,410 – 1,050)

100 (60) 50 20 ––––––– 920 (400) 60 360 ––––––

Cash generated from operations Finance costs paid Income tax refund (w (ii)) Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of property, plant and equipment (w (i)) Sale of property, plant and equipment (240 – 90) Investment income received (60 – 20 gain on investment property) Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issue of equity shares (400 + 600) Redemption of loan notes (400 plus 20 penalty) Dividends paid (1,000 x 5 x 3 cents)

370

20 ––––––– 940 (50) 60 ––––––– 950

(1,440) 150 40 –––––– (1,250) 1,000 (420) (150) ––––––

Net cash from financing activities

430 ––––––– 130 (120) ––––––– 10 –––––––

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

Note: investment income received and dividends paid may alternatively be shown in operating activities. Workings (in $’000) (i)

Property, plant and equipment: carrying amount b/f revaluation depreciation for period disposal carrying amount c/f

1,860 100 (280) (240) (2,880) ––––––– (1,440) –––––––

difference is cash acquisitions (ii)

Income tax: tax asset b/f deferred tax b/f income statement charge tax provision c/f deferred tax c/f

50 (30) (160) 150 50 –––– 60 ––––

difference is cash received (b)

Comments on the cash management of Pinto Operating cash flows: Pinto’s operating cash inflows at $940,000 (prior to investment income, finance costs and taxation) are considerably higher than the equivalent profit before investment income, finance costs and tax of $430,000. This shows a satisfactory cash generating ability and is more than sufficient to cover finance costs, taxation (see later) and dividends. The major reasons for the cash flows being higher than the operating profit are due to the (non-cash) increases in the depreciation and warranty provisions. Working capital changes are relatively neutral; a large increase in inventory appears to be being financed by a substantial increase in trade payables and a modest reduction in trade receivables. The reduction in trade receivables is

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perhaps surprising as other indicators point to an increase in operating capacity which has not been matched with an increase in trade receivables. This could be indicative of good control over the cash management of the trade receivables (or a disappointing sales performance). An unusual feature of the cash flow is that Pinto has received a tax refund of $60,000 during the current year. This would indicate that in the previous year Pinto was making losses (hence obtaining tax relief). Whilst the current year’s profit performance is an obvious improvement, it should be noted that next year’s cash flows are likely to suffer a tax payment (estimated at $150,000 in current liabilities at 31 March 2008) as a consequence. In any forward planning, Pinto should be aware that the tax reversal position will create an estimated total incremental outflow of $210,000 in the next period. Investing activities: There has been a dramatic investment/increase in property, plant and equipment. The carrying value at 31 March 2008 is substantially higher than a year earlier (admittedly $100,000 is due to revaluation rather than a purchase). It is difficult to be sure whether this represents an increase in operating capacity or is the replacement of the plant disposed of. (The voluntary disclosure encouraged by IAS 7 Statement of cash flows would help to assess this issue more accurately). However, judging by the level of the increase and the (apparent) overall improvement in profit position, it seems likely that there has been a successful increase in capacity. It is not unusual for there to be a time lag before increased investment reaches its full beneficial effect and in this context it could be speculated that the investment occurred early in the accounting year (because its effect is already making an impact) and that future periods may show even greater improvements. The investment property is showing a good return which is composed of rental income (presumably) of $40,000 and a valuation gain of $20,000. Financing activities: It would appear that Pinto’s financial structure has changed during the year. Debt of $400,000 has been redeemed (for $420,000) and there has been a share issue raising $1 million. The company is now nil geared compared to modest gearing at the end of the previous year. The share issue has covered the cost of redemption and contributed to the investment in property, plant and equipment. The remainder of the finance for the property, plant and equipment has come from the very healthy operating cash flows. If ROCE is higher than the finance cost of the loan note at 6% (nominal) it may call into question the wisdom of the early redemption especially given the penalty cost (which has been classified within financing activities) of the redemption. Cash position: The overall effect of the year’s cash flows is that they have improved the company’s cash position dramatically. A sizeable overdraft of $120,000, which may have been a consequence of the (likely) losses in the previous year, has been reversed to a modest bank balance of $10,000 even after the payment of a $150,000 dividend. Summary The above analysis indicates that Pinto has invested substantially in renewing and/or increasing its property, plant and equipment. This has been financed largely by operating cash flows, and appears to have brought a dramatic turnaround in the company’s fortunes. All the indications are that the future financial position and performance will continue to improve.

4

(a)

The accruals basis requires transactions (or events) to be recognised when they occur (rather than on a cash flow basis). Revenue is recognised when it is earned (rather than when it is received) and expenses are recognised when they are incurred (i.e. when the entity has received the benefit from them), rather than when they are paid. Recording the substance of transactions (and other events) requires them to be treated in accordance with economic reality or their commercial intent rather than in accordance with the way they may be legally constructed. This is an important element of faithful representation. Prudence is used where there are elements of uncertainty surrounding transactions or events. Prudence requires the exercise of a degree of caution when making judgements or estimates under conditions of uncertainty. Thus when estimating the expected life of a newly acquired asset, if we have past experience of the use of similar assets and they had had lives of (say) between five and eight years, it would be prudent to use an estimated life of five years for the new asset. Comparability is fundamental to assessing the performance of an entity by using its financial statements. Assessing the performance of an entity over time (trend analysis) requires that the financial statements used have been prepared on a comparable (consistent) basis. Generally this can be interpreted as using consistent accounting policies (unless a change is required to show a fairer presentation). A similar principle is relevant to comparing one entity with another; however it is more difficult to achieve consistent accounting policies across entities. Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence (economic) decisions of users based on the reported financial statements. Clearly an important aspect of materiality is the (monetary) size of a transaction, but in addition the nature of the item can also determine that it is material. For example the monetary results of a new activity may be small, but reporting them could be material to any assessment of what it may achieve in the future. Materiality is considered to be a threshold quality, meaning that information should only be reported if it is considered material. Too much detailed (and implicitly immaterial) reporting of (small) items may confuse or distract users.

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(b)

Accounting for inventory, by adjusting purchases for opening and closing inventories is a classic example of the application of the accruals principle whereby revenues earned are matched with costs incurred. Closing inventory is by definition an example of goods that have been purchased, but not yet consumed. In other words the entity has not yet had the ‘benefit’ (i.e. the sales revenue they will generate) from the closing inventory; therefore the cost of the closing inventory should not be charged to the current year’s income statement. Consignment inventory is where goods are supplied (usually by a manufacturer) to a retailer under terms which mean the legal title to the goods remains with the supplier until a specified event (say payment in three months time). Once the goods have been transferred to the retailer, normally the risks and rewards relating to those goods then lie with the retailer. Where this is the case then (in substance) the consignment inventory meets the definition of an asset and the goods should appear as such (inventory) on the retailer’s statement of financial position (along with the associated liability to pay for them) rather than on the statement of financial position of the manufacturer. At the year end, the value of an entity’s closing inventory is, by its nature, uncertain. In the next accounting period it may be sold at a profit or a loss. Accounting standards require inventory to be valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. This is the application of prudence. If the inventory is expected to sell at a profit, the profit is deferred (by valuing inventory at cost) until it is actually sold. However, if the goods are expected to sell for a (net) loss, then that loss must be recognised immediately by valuing the inventory at its net realisable value. There are many acceptable ways of valuing inventory (e.g. average cost or FIFO). In order to meet the requirement of comparability, an entity should decide on the most appropriate valuation method for its inventory and then be consistent in the use of that method. Any change in the method of valuing (or accounting for) inventory would break the principle of comparability. For most businesses inventories are a material item. An error (omission or misstatement) in the value or treatment of inventory has the potential to affect decisions users may make in relation to financial statements. Therefore (correctly) accounting for inventory is a material event. Conversely there are occasions where on the grounds of immateriality certain ‘inventories’ are not (strictly) accounted for correctly. For example, at the year end a company may have an unused supply of stationery. Technically this is inventory, but in most cases companies would charge this ‘inventory’ of stationery to the income statement of the year in which it was purchased rather than show it as an asset. Note: other suitable examples would be acceptable.

5

Accounting correctly for the convertible loan note in accordance with IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation and IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement would mean that virtually all the financial assistant’s observations are incorrect. The convertible loan note is a compound financial instrument containing a (largely) debt component and an equity component – the value of the option to receive equity shares. These components must be calculated using the residual equity method and appropriately classified (as debt and equity) on the statement of financial position. As some of the proceeds of the instrument will be equity, the gearing will not be quite as high as if a non-convertible loan was issued, but gearing will be increased. However, if the loan note is converted to equity in March 2010, gearing will be reduced. The interest rate that would be applicable to a non-convertible loan (8%) is representative of the true finance cost and should be applied to the carrying amount of the debt to calculate the finance cost to be charged to the income statement thus giving a much higher charge than the assistant believes. Accounting treatment: financial statements year ended 31 March 2008 Income statement: Finance costs (see working)

$693,920

Statement of financial position: Non-current liabilities 3% convertible loan note (8,674 + 393·92)

$9,067,920

Equity Option to convert

$1,326,000

Working (figures in brackets in $’000) year 1 interest year 2 interest year 3 interest and capital

cash flows 300 300 10,300

factor at 8% 0·93 0·86 0·79

total value of debt component proceeds of the issue equity component (residual amount)

present value $’000 279 258 8,137 ––––––– 8,674 10,000 ––––––– 1,326 –––––––

The interest cost in the income statement should be $693,920 (8,674 x 8%), requiring an accrual of $393,920 (693·92 – 300 i.e. 10,000 x 3%). This accrual should be added to the carrying value of the debt.

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Fundamentals Level – Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International)

June 2008 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. Marks 1

(a)

(b)

(c)

Goodwill of Sardonic: consideration net assets acquired calculated as: equity shares pre acquisition reserves fair value adjustments

2 1 2 1 6

Income statement: revenue cost of sales distribution costs and administrative expenses finance costs impairment of goodwill share of associate’s profit income tax minority interest

2 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 15

1 mark per relevant point to Total for question

2

(a)

(b)

(c)

Adjustments: add back dividends balance of fraud loss goods on sale or return depreciation charges investment gain taxation provision deferred tax

4 25

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8

Statement of changes in equity balances b/f restated earnings b/f rights issue total comprehensive income dividends paid

1 1 2 3 1 8

Statement of financial position property plant investment inventory trade receivables equity from (b) deferred tax current liabilities Total for question

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 9 25

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Marks 3

(a)

(b)

operating activities profit before tax depreciation/loss on sale warranty adjustment adjustments for investment income/finance costs adjustment for redemption penalty working capital items finance costs income tax received investing activities (including 1 for investment income) financing activities issue of equity shares redemption of 6% loan note dividend paid cash and cash equivalents b/f and c/f

1/ 2

1 1/ 2 1/ 2

1 11/2 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 15

1 mark per relevant point Total for question

4

5

(a)

explanations 1 mark each

(b)

examples 2 marks each

10 25

5

Total for question

10 15

Total for question

4 1 2 2 1 10

1 mark per valid comment up to use of 8% initial carrying amount of debt and equity finance cost carrying amount of debt at 31 March 2008

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Financial Reporting (International) Tuesday 9 December 2008

Time allowed Reading and planning: Writing:

15 minutes 3 hours

ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted.

Do NOT open this paper until instructed by the supervisor. During reading and planning time only the question paper may be annotated. You must NOT write in your answer booklet until instructed by the supervisor.

Paper F7 (INT)

Fundamentals Level – Skills Module

This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall.

The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

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ALL FIVE questions are compulsory and MUST be attempted 1

On 1 April 2008, Pedantic acquired 60% of the equity share capital of Sophistic in a share exchange of two shares in Pedantic for three shares in Sophistic. The issue of shares has not yet been recorded by Pedantic. At the date of acquisition shares in Pedantic had a market value of $6 each. Below are the summarised draft financial statements of both companies. Income statements for the year ended 30 September 2008

Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Distribution costs Administrative expenses Finance costs Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for the year Statements of financial position as at 30 September 2008 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Current assets Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity shares of $1 each Retained earnings Non-current liabilities 10% loan notes Current liabilities Total equity and liabilities

Pedantic $’000 85,000 (63,000) –––––––– 22,000 (2,000) (6,000) (300) –––––––– 13,700 (4,700) –––––––– 9,000 ––––––––

Sophistic $’000 42,000 (32,000) –––––––– 10,000 (2,000) (3,200) (400) –––––––– 4,400 (1,400) –––––––– 3,000 ––––––––

40,600

12,600

16,000 –––––––– 56,600 ––––––––

6,600 –––––––– 19,200 ––––––––

10,000 35,400 –––––––– 45,400

4,000 6,500 –––––––– 10,500

3,000

4,000

8,200 –––––––– 56,600 ––––––––

4,700 –––––––– 19,200 ––––––––

The following information is relevant: (i)

At the date of acquisition, the fair values of Sophistic’s assets were equal to their carrying amounts with the exception of an item of plant, which had a fair value of $2 million in excess of its carrying amount. It had a remaining life of five years at that date [straight-line depreciation is used]. Sophistic has not adjusted the carrying amount of its plant as a result of the fair value exercise.

(ii) Sales from Sophistic to Pedantic in the post acquisition period were $8 million. Sophistic made a mark up on cost of 40% on these sales. Pedantic had sold $5·2 million (at cost to Pedantic) of these goods by 30 September 2008. (iii) Other than where indicated, income statement items are deemed to accrue evenly on a time basis. (iv) Sophistic’s trade receivables at 30 September 2008 include $600,000 due from Pedantic which did not agree with Pedantic’s corresponding trade payable. This was due to cash in transit of $200,000 from Pedantic to Sophistic. Both companies have positive bank balances. (v) Pedantic has a policy of accounting for any non-controlling interest at fair value. For this purpose the fair value of the goodwill attributable to the non-controlling interest in Sophistic is $1·5 million. Consolidated goodwill was not impaired at 30 September 2008. 2 FOR FREE ACCA RESOURCES VISIT: http://kaka-pakistani.blogspot.com

Required: (a) Prepare the consolidated income statement for Pedantic for the year ended 30 September 2008. (9 marks) (b) Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position for Pedantic as at 30 September 2008. (16 marks) Note: a statement of changes in equity is not required. (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

2

The following trial balance relates to Candel at 30 September 2008: $’000 50,000 76,600

Leasehold property – at valuation 1 October 2007 (note (i)) Plant and equipment – at cost (note (i)) Plant and equipment – accumulated depreciation at 1 October 2007 Capitalised development expenditure – at 1 October 2007 (note (ii)) 20,000 Development expenditure – accumulated amortisation at 1 October 2007 Closing inventory at 30 September 2008 20,000 Trade receivables 43,100 Bank Trade payables and provisions (note (iii)) Revenue (note (i)) Cost of sales 204,000 Distribution costs 14,500 Administrative expenses (note (iii)) 22,200 Preference dividend paid 800 Interest on bank borrowings 200 Equity dividend paid 6,000 Research and development costs (note (ii)) 8,600 Equity shares of 25 cents each 8% redeemable preference shares of $1 each (note (iv)) Retained earnings at 1 October 2007 Deferred tax (note (v)) Leasehold property revaluation reserve –––––––– 466,000 ––––––––

$’000

24,600 6,000

1,300 23,800 300,000

50,000 20,000 24,500 5,800 10,000 –––––––– 466,000 ––––––––

The following notes are relevant: (i)

Non-current assets – tangible: The leasehold property had a remaining life of 20 years at 1 October 2007. The company’s policy is to revalue its property at each year end and at 30 September 2008 it was valued at $43 million. Ignore deferred tax on the revaluation. On 1 October 2007 an item of plant was disposed of for $2·5 million cash. The proceeds have been treated as sales revenue by Candel. The plant is still included in the above trial balance figures at its cost of $8 million and accumulated depreciation of $4 million (to the date of disposal). All plant is depreciated at 20% per annum using the reducing balance method. Depreciation and amortisation of all non-current assets is charged to cost of sales.

(ii) Non-current assets – intangible: In addition to the capitalised development expenditure (of $20 million), further research and development costs were incurred on a new project which commenced on 1 October 2007. The research stage of the new project lasted until 31 December 2007 and incurred $1·4 million of costs. From that date the project incurred development costs of $800,000 per month. On 1 April 2008 the directors became confident that the project would be successful and yield a profit well in excess of its costs. The project is still in development at 30 September 2008. Capitalised development expenditure is amortised at 20% per annum using the straight-line method. All expensed research and development is charged to cost of sales. (iii) Candel is being sued by a customer for $2 million for breach of contract over a cancelled order. Candel has obtained legal opinion that there is a 20% chance that Candel will lose the case. Accordingly Candel has provided $400,000 ($2 million x 20%) included in administrative expenses in respect of the claim. The unrecoverable legal costs of defending the action are estimated at $100,000. These have not been provided for as the legal action will not go to court until next year.

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(iv) The preference shares were issued on 1 April 2008 at par. They are redeemable at a large premium which gives them an effective finance cost of 12% per annum. (v) The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year ended 30 September 2008 at $11·4 million. The required deferred tax provision at 30 September 2008 is $6 million. Required: (a) Prepare the statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 30 September 2008. (b) Prepare the statement of changes in equity for the year ended 30 September 2008. (c) Prepare the statement of financial position as at 30 September 2008.

(12 marks) (3 marks) (10 marks)

Note: notes to the financial statements are not required. (25 marks)

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3

Victular is a public company that would like to acquire (100% of) a suitable private company. It has obtained the following draft financial statements for two companies, Grappa and Merlot. They operate in the same industry and their managements have indicated that they would be receptive to a takeover. Income statements for the year ended 30 September 2008 Grappa $’000 12,000 (10,500) –––––––– 1,500 (240) (210) nil nil –––––––– 1,050 (150) –––––––– 900 –––––––– 250 ––––––––

$’000 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Finance costs – loan – overdraft – lease Profit before tax Income tax expense Profit for the year Note: dividends paid during the year Statements of financial position as at 30 September 2008 Assets Non-current assets Freehold factory (note (i)) Owned plant (note (ii)) Leased plant (note (ii)) Current assets Inventory Trade receivables Bank

2,000 2,400 600 ––––––––

Equity and liabilities Equity shares of $1 each Property revaluation reserve Retained earnings

Non-current liabilities Finance lease obligations (note (iii)) 7% loan notes 10% loan notes Deferred tax Government grants Current liabilities Bank overdraft Trade payables Government grants Finance lease obligations (note (iii)) Taxation

4,400 5,000 nil –––––––– 9,400

5,000 –––––––– 14,400 ––––––––

Total assets

$’000

Merlot $’000 20,500 (18,000) –––––––– 2,500 (500) (300) (10) (290) –––––––– 1,400 (400) –––––––– 1,000 –––––––– 700 ––––––––

nil 2,200 5,300 –––––––– 7,500 3,600 3,700 nil ––––––––

7,300 –––––––– 14,800 ––––––––

2,000 900 2,600 ––––––––

3,500 –––––––– 5,500

nil 3,000 nil 600 1,200 ––––––––

4,800

nil 3,100 400 nil 600 ––––––––

4,100 –––––––– 14,400 ––––––––

Total equity and liabilities

2,000 nil 800 ––––––––

800 –––––––– 2,800

3,200 nil 3,000 100 nil –––––––– 1,200 3,800 nil 500 200 ––––––––

6,300

5,700 –––––––– 14,800 ––––––––

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Notes (i) Both companies operate from similar premises. (ii) Additional details of the two companies’ plant are: Grappa $’000 8,000 nil

Owned plant – cost Leased plant – original fair value

Merlot $’000 10,000 7,500

There were no disposals of plant during the year by either company. (iii) The interest rate implicit within Merlot’s finance leases is 7·5% per annum. For the purpose of calculating ROCE and gearing, all finance lease obligations are treated as long-term interest bearing borrowings. (iv) The following ratios have been calculated for Grappa and can be taken to be correct: Return on year end capital employed (ROCE) 14·8% (capital employed taken as shareholders’ funds plus long-term interest bearing borrowings – see note (iii) above) Pre-tax return on equity (ROE) 19·1% Net asset (total assets less current liabilities) turnover 1·2 times Gross profit margin 12·5% Operating profit margin 10·5% Current ratio 1·2:1 Closing inventory holding period 70 days Trade receivables’ collection period 73 days Trade payables’ payment period (using cost of sales) 108 days Gearing (see note (iii) above) 35·3% Interest cover 6 times Dividend cover 3·6 times Required: (a) Calculate for Merlot the ratios equivalent to all those given for Grappa above.

(8 marks)

(b) Assess the relative performance and financial position of Grappa and Merlot for the year ended 30 September 2008 to inform the directors of Victular in their acquisition decision. (12 marks) (c) Explain the limitations of ratio analysis and any further information that may be useful to the directors of Victular when making an acquisition decision. (5 marks) (25 marks)

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[P.T.O.

4

(a) The definition of a liability forms an important element of the International Accounting Standards Board’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements which, in turn, forms the basis for IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Required: Define a liability and describe the circumstances under which provisions should be recognised. Give two examples of how the definition of liabilities enhances the reliability of financial statements. (5 marks) (b) On 1 October 2007, Promoil acquired a newly constructed oil platform at a cost of $30 million together with the right to extract oil from an offshore oilfield under a government licence. The terms of the licence are that Promoil will have to remove the platform (which will then have no value) and restore the sea bed to an environmentally satisfactory condition in 10 years’ time when the oil reserves have been exhausted. The estimated cost of this on 30 September 2017 will be $15 million. The present value of $1 receivable in 10 years at the appropriate discount rate for Promoil of 8% is $0·46. Required: (i)

Explain and quantify how the oil platform should be treated in the financial statements of Promoil for the year ended 30 September 2008; (7 marks)

(ii) Describe how your answer to (b)(i) would change if the government licence did not require an environmental clean up. (3 marks) (15 marks)

5

On 1 October 2005 Dearing acquired a machine under the following terms: Hours Manufacturer’s base price Trade discount (applying to base price only) Early settlement discount taken (on the payable amount of the base cost only) Freight charges Electrical installation cost Staff training in use of machine Pre-production testing Purchase of a three-year maintenance contract Estimated residual value Estimated life in machine hours 6,000 Hours used – year ended 30 September 2006 1,200 – year ended 30 September 2007 1,800 – year ended 30 September 2008 (see below) 850

$ 1,050,000 20% 5% 30,000 28,000 40,000 22,000 60,000 20,000

On 1 October 2007 Dearing decided to upgrade the machine by adding new components at a cost of $200,000. This upgrade led to a reduction in the production time per unit of the goods being manufactured using the machine. The upgrade also increased the estimated remaining life of the machine at 1 October 2007 to 4,500 machine hours and its estimated residual value was revised to $40,000. Required: Prepare extracts from the income statement and statement of financial position for the above machine for each of the three years to 30 September 2008. (10 marks)

End of Question Paper

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Answers

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Fundamentals Level – Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International) 1

(a)

December 2008 Answers

Pedantic Consolidated income statement for the year ended 30 September 2008 $’000 98,000 (72,000) ––––––– 26,000 (3,000) (7,600) (500) ––––––– 14,900 (5,400) ––––––– 9,500 –––––––

Revenue (85,000 + (42,000 x 6/12) – 8,000 intra-group sales) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Distribution costs (2,000 + (2,000 x 6/12)) Administrative expenses (6,000 + (3,200 x 6/12)) Finance costs (300 + (400 x 6/12)) Profit before tax Income tax expense (4,700 + (1,400 x 6/12)) Profit for the year Attributable to: Equity holders of the parent Non-controlling interest (((3,000 x 6/12) – (800 URP + 200 depreciation)) x 40%)

(b)

9,300 200 ––––––– 9,500 –––––––

Consolidated statement of financial position as at 30 September 2008 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (40,600 + 12,600 + 2,000 – 200 depreciation adjustment (w (i))) Goodwill (w (ii)) Current assets (w (iii)) Total assets Equity and liabilities Equity attributable to owners of the parent Equity shares of $1 each ((10, 000 + 1,600) w (ii)) Share premium (w (ii)) Retained earnings (w (iv))

55,000 4,500 ––––––– 59,500 21,400 ––––––– 80,900 –––––––

11,600 8,000 35,700 ––––––– 55,300 6,100 ––––––– 61,400

Non-controlling interest (w (v)) Total equity Non-current liabilities 10% loan notes (4,000 + 3,000)

7,000

Current liabilities (8,200 + 4,700 – 400 intra-group balance)

12,500 ––––––– 80,900 –––––––

Total equity and liabilities Workings (figures in brackets in $’000) (i) Cost of sales Pedantic Sophistic (32,000 x 6/12) Intra-group sales URP in inventory Additional depreciation (2,000/5 years x 6/12)

$’000 63,000 16,000 (8,000) 800 200 ––––––– 72,000 –––––––

The unrealised profit (URP) in inventory is calculated as ($8 million – $5·2 million) x 40/140 = $800,000.

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(ii)

Goodwill in Sophistic Investment at cost Shares (4,000 x 60% x 2/3 x $6) Less – Equity shares of Sophistic (4,000 x 60%) – pre-acquisition reserves (5,000 x 60% see below) – fair value adjustment (2,000 x 60%)

$’000 (2,400) (3,000) (1,200) ––––––

Parent’s goodwill Non-controlling interest’s goodwill (per question) Total goodwill The pre-acquisition reserves are: At 30 September 2008 Earned in the post acquisition period (3,000 x 6/12)

Alternative calculation for goodwill in Sophistic Investment at cost (as above) Fair value of non-controlling interest (see below) Cost of the controlling interest Less fair value of net assets at acquisition (4,000 + 5,000 + 2,000) Total goodwill Fair value of non-controlling interest (at acquisition) Share of fair value of net assets (11,000 x 40%) Attributable goodwill per question

$’000 9,600

(6,600) –––––– 3,000 1,500 –––––– 4,500 –––––– 6,500 (1,500) –––––– 5,000 –––––– 9,600 5,900 ––––––– 15,500 (11,000) ––––––– 4,500 ––––––– 4,400 1,500 –––––– 5,900 ––––––

The 1·6 million shares (4,000 x 60% x 2/3) issued by Pedantic would be recorded as share capital of $1·6 million and share premium of $8 million (1,600 x $5). (iii) Current assets Pedantic Sophistic URP in inventory Cash in transit Intra-group balance

$’000 16,000 6,600 (800) 200 (600) ––––––– 21,400 –––––––

(iv) Retained earnings Pedantic per statement of financial position Sophistic’s post acquisition profit (((3,000 x 6/12) – (800 URP + 200 depreciation)) x 60%)

(v)

Non-controlling interest (in statement of financial position) Net assets per statement of financial position URP in inventory Net fair value adjustment (2,000 – 200)

Share of goodwill (per question)

$’000

35,400 300 ––––––– 35,700 ––––––– 10,500 (800) 1,800 ––––––– 11,500 x 40% = 4,600 ––––––– 1,500 –––––– 6,100 ––––––

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2

(a)

Candel – Statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 30 September 2008 $’000 297,500 (225,400) ––––––––– 72,100 (14,500) (21,900) (1,400) ––––––––– 34,300 (11,600) ––––––––– 22,700

Revenue (300,000 – 2,500) Cost of sales (w (i)) Gross profit Distribution costs Administrative expenses (22,200 – 400 + 100 see note below) Finance costs (200 + 1,200 (w (ii))) Profit before tax (Income tax expense (11,400 + (6,000 – 5,800 deferred tax)) Profit for the year Other comprehensive income Loss on leasehold property revaluation (w (iii))

(4,500) –––––––––

Total comprehensive income for the year

18,200 –––––––––

Note: as it is considered that the outcome of the legal action against Candel is unlikely to succeed (only a 20% chance) it is inappropriate to provide for any damages. The potential damages are an example of a contingent liability which should be disclosed (at $2 million) as a note to the financial statements. The unrecoverable legal costs are a liability (the start of the legal action is a past event) and should be provided for in full. (b)

Candel – Statement of changes in equity for the year ended 30 September 2008

Balances at 1 October 2007 Dividend Comprehensive income Balances at 30 September 2008 (c)

Equity shares $’000 50,000

Revaluation reserve $’000 10,000

––––––– 50,000 –––––––

(4,500) –––––– 5,500 ––––––

Retained earnings $’000 24,500 (6,000) 22,700 ––––––– 41,200 –––––––

Total equity $’000 84,500 (6,000) 18,200 ––––––– 96,700 –––––––

$’000

$’000

Candel – Statement of financial position as at 30 September 2008 Assets Non-current assets (w (iii)) Property, plant and equipment (43,000 + 38,400) Development costs

81,400 14,800 –––––––– 96,200

Current assets Inventory Trade receivables

20,000 43,100 –––––––

Total assets Equity and liabilities: Equity (from (b)) Equity shares of 25 cents each Revaluation reserve Retained earnings

63,100 –––––––– 159,300 ––––––––

50,000 5,500 41,200 –––––––

Non-current liabilities Deferred tax 8% redeemable preference shares (20,000 + 400 (w (ii))) Current liabilities Trade payables (23,800 – 400 + 100 – re legal action) Bank overdraft Current tax payable Total equity and liabilities

46,700 –––––––– 96,700

6,000 20,400 ––––––– 23,500 1,300 11,400 –––––––

26,400

36,200 –––––––– 159,300 ––––––––

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Workings (figures in brackets in $’000) (i) Cost of sales: Per trial balance Depreciation (w (iii)) – leasehold property – plant and equipment Loss on disposal of plant (4,000 – 2,500) Amortisation of development costs (w (iii)) Research and development expensed (1,400 + 2,400 (w (iii)))

(ii)

$’000 204,000 2,500 9,600 1,500 4,000 3,800 –––––––– 225,400 ––––––––

The finance cost of $1·2 million for the preference shares is based on the effective rate of 12% applied to $20 million issue proceeds of the shares for the six months they have been in issue (20m x 12% x 6/12). The dividend paid of $800,000 is based on the nominal rate of 8%. The additional $400,000 (accrual) is added to the carrying amount of the preference shares in the statement of financial position. As these shares are redeemable they are treated as debt and their dividend is treated as a finance cost.

(iii) Non-current assets: Leasehold property Valuation at 1 October 2007 Depreciation for year (20 year life)

50,000 (2,500) –––––––– 47,500 (43,000) –––––––– 4,500 ––––––––

Carrying amount at date of revaluation Valuation at 30 September 2008 Revaluation deficit

Plant and equipment per trial balance (76,600 – 24,600) Disposal (8,000 – 4,000) Depreciation for year (20%) Carrying amount at 30 September 2008 Capitalised/deferred development costs Carrying amount at 1 October 2007 (20,000 – 6,000) Amortised for year (20,000 x 20%) Capitalised during year (800 x 6 months) Carrying amount at 30 September 2008

$’000 52,000 (4,000) –––––––– 48,000 (9,600) –––––––– 38,400 –––––––– 14,000 (4,000) 4,800 –––––––– 14,800 ––––––––

Note: development costs can only be treated as an asset from the point where they meet the recognition criteria in IAS 38 Intangible assets. Thus development costs from 1 April to 30 September 2008 of $4·8 million (800 x 6 months) can be capitalised. These will not be amortised as the project is still in development. The research costs of $1·4 million plus three months’ development costs of $2·4 million (800 x 3 months) (i.e. those incurred before 1 April 2008) are treated as an expense.

3

(a)

Equivalent ratios from the financial statements of Merlot (workings in $’000) Return on year end capital employed (ROCE) Pre tax return on equity (ROE) Net asset turnover Gross profit margin Operating profit margin Current ratio Closing inventory holding period Trade receivables’ collection period Trade payables’ payment period Gearing Interest cover Dividend cover

20·9% 50% 2·3 times 12·2% 9·8% 1·3:1 73 days 66 days 77 days 71% 3·3 times 1·4 times

(1,400 + 590)/(2,800 + 3,200 + 500 + 3,000) x 100 1,400/2,800 x 100 20,500/(14,800 – 5,700) 2,500/20,500 x 100 2,000/20,500 x 100 7,300/5,700 3,600/18,000 x 365 3,700/20,500 x 365 3,800/18,000 x 365 (3,200 + 500 + 3,000)/9,500 x 100 2,000/600 1,000/700

As per the question, Merlot’s obligations under finance leases (3,200 + 500) have been treated as debt when calculating the ROCE and gearing ratios.

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(b)

Assessment of the relative performance and financial position of Grappa and Merlot for the year ended 30 September 2008 Introduction This report is based on the draft financial statements supplied and the ratios shown in (a) above. Although covering many aspects of performance and financial position, the report has been approached from the point of view of a prospective acquisition of the entire equity of one of the two companies. Profitability The ROCE of 20·9% of Merlot is far superior to the 14·8% return achieved by Grappa. ROCE is traditionally seen as a measure of management’s overall efficiency in the use of the finance/assets at its disposal. More detailed analysis reveals that Merlot’s superior performance is due to its efficiency in the use of its net assets; it achieved a net asset turnover of 2·3 times compared to only 1·2 times for Grappa. Put another way, Merlot makes sales of $2·30 per $1 invested in net assets compared to sales of only $1·20 per $1 invested for Grappa. The other element contributing to the ROCE is profit margins. In this area Merlot’s overall performance is slightly inferior to that of Grappa, gross profit margins are almost identical, but Grappa’s operating profit margin is 10·5% compared to Merlot’s 9·8%. In this situation, where one company’s ROCE is superior to another’s it is useful to look behind the figures and consider possible reasons for the superiority other than the obvious one of greater efficiency on Merlot’s part. A major component of the ROCE is normally the carrying amount of the non-current assets. Consideration of these in this case reveals some interesting issues. Merlot does not own its premises whereas Grappa does. Such a situation would not necessarily give a ROCE advantage to either company as the increase in capital employed of a company owning its factory would be compensated by a higher return due to not having a rental expense (and vice versa). If Merlot’s rental cost, as a percentage of the value of the related factory, was less than its overall ROCE, then it would be contributing to its higher ROCE. There is insufficient information to determine this. Another relevant point may be that Merlot’s owned plant is nearing the end of its useful life (carrying amount is only 22% of its cost) and the company seems to be replacing owned plant with leased plant. Again this does not necessarily give Merlot an advantage, but the finance cost of the leased assets at only 7·5% is much lower than the overall ROCE (of either company) and therefore this does help to improve Merlot’s ROCE. The other important issue within the composition of the ROCE is the valuation basis of the companies’ non-current assets. From the question, it appears that Grappa’s factory is at current value (there is a property revaluation reserve) and note (ii) of the question indicates the use of historical cost for plant. The use of current value for the factory (as opposed to historical cost) will be adversely impacting on Grappa’s ROCE. Merlot does not suffer this deterioration as it does not own its factory. The ROCE measures the overall efficiency of management; however, as Victular is considering buying the equity of one of the two companies, it would be useful to consider the return on equity (ROE) – as this is what Victular is buying. The ratios calculated are based on pre-tax profits; this takes into account finance costs, but does not cause taxation issues to distort the comparison. Clearly Merlot’s ROE at 50% is far superior to Grappa’s 19·1%. Again the issue of the revaluation of Grappa’s factory is making this ratio appear comparatively worse (than it would be if there had not been a revaluation). In these circumstances it would be more meaningful if the ROE was calculated based on the asking price of each company (which has not been disclosed) as this would effectively be the carrying amount of the relevant equity for Victular. Gearing From the gearing ratio it can be seen that 71% of Merlot’s assets are financed by borrowings (39% is attributable to Merlot’s policy of leasing its plant). This is very high in absolute terms and double Grappa’s level of gearing. The effect of gearing means that all of the profit after finance costs is attributable to the equity even though (in Merlot’s case) the equity represents only 29% of the financing of the net assets. Whilst this may seem advantageous to the equity shareholders of Merlot, it does not come without risk. The interest cover of Merlot is only 3·3 times whereas that of Grappa is 6 times. Merlot’s low interest cover is a direct consequence of its high gearing and it makes profits vulnerable to relatively small changes in operating activity. For example, small reductions in sales, profit margins or small increases in operating expenses could result in losses and mean that interest charges would not be covered. Another observation is that Grappa has been able to take advantage of the receipt of government grants; Merlot has not. This may be due to Grappa purchasing its plant (which may then be eligible for grants) whereas Merlot leases its plant. It may be that the lessor has received any grants available on the purchase of the plant and passed some of this benefit on to Merlot via lower lease finance costs (at 7·5% per annum, this is considerably lower than Merlot has to pay on its 10% loan notes). Liquidity Both companies have relatively low liquid ratios of 1·2 and 1·3 for Grappa and Merlot respectively, although at least Grappa has $600,000 in the bank whereas Merlot has a $1·2 million overdraft. In this respect Merlot’s policy of high dividend payouts (leading to a low dividend cover and low retained earnings) is very questionable. Looking in more depth, both companies have similar inventory days; Merlot collects its receivables one week earlier than Grappa (perhaps its credit control procedures are more active due to its large overdraft), and of notable difference is that Grappa receives (or takes) a lot longer credit period from its suppliers (108 days compared to 77 days). This may be a reflection of Grappa being able to negotiate better credit terms because it has a higher credit rating. Summary Although both companies may operate in a similar industry and have similar profits after tax, they would represent very different purchases. Merlot’s sales revenues are over 70% more than those of Grappa, it is financed by high levels of debt, it rents rather than owns property and it chooses to lease rather than buy its replacement plant. Also its remaining owned plant is nearing the end of its life. Its replacement will either require a cash injection if it is to be purchased (Merlot’s overdraft of

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$1·2 million already requires serious attention) or create even higher levels of gearing if it continues its policy of leasing. In short although Merlot’s overall return seems more attractive than that of Grappa, it would represent a much more risky investment. Ultimately the investment decision may be determined by Victular’s attitude to risk, possible synergies with its existing business activities, and not least, by the asking price for each investment (which has not been disclosed to us). (c)

The generally recognised potential problems of using ratios for comparison purposes are: – – – – – –

inconsistent definitions of ratios financial statements may have been deliberately manipulated (creative accounting) different companies may adopt different accounting policies (e.g. use of historical costs compared to current values) different managerial policies (e.g. different companies offer customers different payment terms) statement of financial position figures may not be representative of average values throughout the year (this can be caused by seasonal trading or a large acquisition of non-current assets near the year end) the impact of price changes over time/distortion caused by inflation

When deciding whether to purchase a company, Victular should consider the following additional useful information: –

– – – –

4

in this case the analysis has been made on the draft financial statements; these may be unreliable or change when being finalised. Audited financial statements would add credibility and reliance to the analysis (assuming they receive an unmodified Auditors’ Report). forward looking information such as profit and financial position forecasts, capital expenditure and cash budgets and the level of orders on the books. the current (fair) values of assets being acquired. the level of risk within a business. Highly profitable companies may also be highly risky, whereas a less profitable company may have more stable ‘quality’ earnings not least would be the expected price to acquire a company. It may be that a poorer performing business may be a more attractive purchase because it is relatively cheaper and may offer more opportunity for improving efficiencies and profit growth.

(a)

A liability is a present obligation of an entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of economic benefits (normally cash). Provisions are defined as liabilities of uncertain timing or amount, i.e. they are normally estimates. In essence provisions should be recognised if they meet the definition of a liability. Equally they should not be recognised if they do not meet the definition. A statement of financial position would not give a ‘fair representation’ if it did not include all of an entity’s liabilities (or if it did include, as liabilities, items that were not liabilities). These definitions benefit the reliability of financial statements by preventing profits from being ‘smoothed’ by making a provision to reduce profit in years when they are high and releasing those provisions to increase profit in years when they are low. It also means that the statement of financial position cannot avoid the immediate recognition of long-term liabilities (such as environmental provisions) on the basis that those liabilities have not matured.

(b)

(i)

Future costs associated with the acquisition/construction and use of non-current assets, such as the environmental costs in this case, should be treated as a liability as soon as they become unavoidable. For Promoil this would be at the same time as the platform is acquired and brought into use. The provision is for the present value of the expected costs and this same amount is treated as part of the cost of the asset. The provision is ‘unwound’ by charging a finance cost to the income statement each year and increasing the provision by the finance cost. Annual depreciation of the asset effectively allocates the (discounted) environmental costs over the life of the asset. Income statement for the year ended 30 September 2008 Depreciation (see below) Finance costs ($6·9 million x 8%) Statement of financial position as at 30 September 2008 Non-current assets Cost ($30 million + $6·9 million ($15 million x 0·46)) Depreciation (over 10 years)

Non-current liabilities Environmental provision ($6·9 million x 1·08) (ii)

$’000 3,690 552

36,900 (3,690) ––––––– 33,210 ––––––– 7,452

If there was no legal requirement to incur the environmental costs, then Promoil should not provide for them as they do not meet the definition of a liability. Thus the oil platform would be recorded at $30 million with $3 million depreciation and there would be no finance costs. However, if Promoil has a published policy that it will voluntarily incur environmental clean up costs of this type (or if this may be implied by its past practice), then this would be evidence of a ‘constructive’ obligation under IAS 37 and the required treatment of the costs would be the same as in part (i) above.

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5

Year ended/as at: Income statement Depreciation (see workings) Maintenance (60,000/3 years) Discount received (840,000 x 5%) Staff training

Statement of financial position (see below) Property, plant and equipment Cost Accumulated depreciation Carrying amount Workings Manufacturer’s base price Less trade discount (20%) Base cost Freight charges Electrical installation cost Pre-production testing Initial capitalised cost

30 September 2006 30 September 2007 30 September 2008 $ $ $ 180,000 270,000 119,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 (42,000) 40,000 –––––––– –––––––– –––––––– 198,000 290,000 139,000 –––––––– –––––––– ––––––––

920,000 (180,000) –––––––– 740,000 ––––––––

920,000 (450,000) –––––––– 470,000 ––––––––

670,000 (119,000) –––––––– 551,000 ––––––––

$ 1,050,000 (210,000) –––––––––– 840,000 30,000 28,000 22,000 –––––––––– 920,000 ––––––––––

The depreciable amount is $900,000 (920,000 – 20,000 residual value) and, based on an estimated machine life of 6,000 hours, this gives depreciation of $150 per machine hour. Therefore depreciation for the year ended 30 September 2006 is $180,000 ($150 x 1,200 hours) and for the year ended 30 September 2007 is $270,000 ($150 x 1,800 hours). Note: early settlement discount, staff training in use of machine and maintenance are all revenue items and cannot be part of capitalised costs. Carrying amount at 1 October 2007 Subsequent expenditure Revised ‘cost’

470,000 200,000 –––––––– 670,000 ––––––––

The revised depreciable amount is $630,000 (670,000 – 40,000 residual value) and with a revised remaining life of 4,500 hours, this gives a depreciation charge of $140 per machine hour. Therefore depreciation for the year ended 30 September 2008 is $119,000 ($140 x 850 hours).

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Fundamentals Level – Skills Module, Paper F7 (INT) Financial Reporting (International)

December 2008 Marking Scheme

This marking scheme is given as a guide in the context of the suggested answers. Scope is given to markers to award marks for alternative approaches to a question, including relevant comment, and where well-reasoned conclusions are provided. This is particularly the case for written answers where there may be more than one acceptable solution. Marks 1

(a)

(b)

Income statement: revenue cost of sales distribution costs administrative expenses finance costs income tax non-controlling interest

11/2 3 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1/ 2 2 9

Statement of financial position: property, plant and equipment goodwill current assets equity shares share premium retained earnings non-controlling interest 10% loan notes current liabilities Total for question

2

(a)

(b)

(c)

Statement of comprehensive income: revenue cost of sales distribution costs administrative expenses finance costs income tax other comprehensive income

2 5 11/2 1 1 2 2 1/ 2 1 16 25

1 5 1/ 2 11/2 11/2 11/2 1 12

Statement of changes in equity: brought forward figures dividends comprehensive income

1 1 1 3

Statement of financial position: property, plant and equipment deferred development costs inventory trade receivables deferred tax preference shares trade payables overdraft current tax payable Total for question

2 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 1 11/2 1/ 2 1 10 25

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3

(a)

Merlot’s ratios

(b)

1 mark per valid comment up to

(c)

1 mark per relevant point

Marks 8 12

Total for question

4

5

5 25

(a)

1 mark per relevant point

5

(b)

(i)

explanation of treatment depreciation finance cost non-current asset provision

2 1 1 2 1 7

(ii)

figures for asset and depreciation if not a constructive obligation what may cause a constructive obligation subsequent treatment if it is a constructive obligation Total for question

1 1 1 3 15

Total for question

2 1 1 3 1 1 1 10

initial capitalised cost upgrade improves efficiency and life (therefore capitalise) revised carrying amount at 1 October 2007 annual depreciation (1 mark each year) maintenance costs charged at $20,000 each year discount received (in income statement) staff training (not capitalised and charged to income)

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