11 July Accounting

Accounting Afterschoool – developing change makers CENTRE FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP PGPSE PROGRAMME – OPEN FOR ALL FREE FOR ALL

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Accounting Dr. T.K. Jain. AFTERSCHOOOL Centre for social entrepreneurship Bikaner M: 9414430763 [email protected] www.afterschool.tk www.afterschoool.tk www.afterschoool.tk

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Investing and Financing Decisions and the Balance Sheet Chapter 2

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Understanding the Business To understand amounts appearing on a company’s balance sheet we need to answer these questions: What business activities cause changes in the balance sheet?

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How do specific activities affect each balance?

How do companies keep track of balance sheet amounts?

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Learning Objectives Define Define the the objective objective of of financial financial reporting, reporting, the the elements elements of of the the balance balance sheet, sheet, and and the the related related key key accounting accounting assumptions assumptions and and principles. principles.

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The Conceptual Framework

Objective Objectiveof ofFinancial FinancialReporting Reporting

To Toprovide provideuseful usefuleconomic economicinformation informationto toexternal externalusers users for fordecision decisionmaking makingand andfor forassessing assessingfuture futurecash cashflows. flows. Qualitative QualitativeCharacteristics Characteristics

Elements Elementsof ofStatements Statements

Relevancy Relevancy

Asset Asset

Reliability Reliability

Liability Liability

Comparability Comparability

Stockholders’ Stockholders’Equity Equity

Consistency Consistency

Revenue Revenue Expense Expense Gain Gain

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Loss

The Conceptual Framework

Objective Objectiveof ofFinancial FinancialReporting Reporting

To Toprovide provideuseful usefuleconomic economicinformation informationto toexternal externalusers users for fordecision decisionmaking makingand andfor forassessing assessingfuture futurecash cashflows. flows. Qualitative QualitativeCharacteristics Characteristics Relevancy Relevancy Reliability Reliability Comparability Comparability Consistency Consistency

Primary Characteristics Elements of Elements ofStatements Statements •Relevancy: predictive value, Asset feedback value, and timeliness. Asset •Reliability: verifiability, Liability Liability representational faithfulness, Stockholders’ Equity Stockholders’ Equity and neutrality. Revenue Revenue Expense Expense

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Secondary Characteristics Gain •Comparability:Gain across AFTERSCHOOOL MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS Loss companies. Loss

The Conceptual Framework

Asset: economic resource with probable future benefit. Objective of Objective ofFinancial FinancialReporting Reporting Liability: probable future sacrifices of To provide useful economic information to external users To provide useful economic information to external users economic resources. for making and fordecision decision making andfor forassessing assessingfuture futurecash cashflows. flows. Stockholders’ Equity: financing provided by owners and operations. Revenue: increase in assets or Elements Qualitative Characteristics Elementsof ofStatements Statements Qualitative Characteristics settlement of liabilities from ongoing Asset operations. Relevancy Asset Relevancy Expense: decrease in assets or Liability Reliability Liability Reliability increase in liabilities from ongoing Stockholders’ operations.Comparable Stockholders’Equity Equity Comparable Gain: increase in assets or settlement Revenue Consistent Revenue Consistent of liabilities from peripheral Expense activities. Expense Loss: decrease in assets or Gain Gain increase in liabilities from peripheral www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHOOOL MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS Loss activities. Loss

Assumptions Assumptions The Conceptual Framework

Separate Separate entity: entity: Activities Activities of of the the business business are are separate separate from from activities activities of of owners. owners. Continuity: Continuity: The The entity entity will will not not go go out out of of business business in in the the near near future. future. Unit-of-measure: Unit-of-measure: Accounting Accounting measurements measurements will will be be in in the the national national monetary monetary unit unit ($). ($).

Principle Principle

Historical Historical cost: cost: Cash Cash equivalent equivalent cost cost given given up up is is the the basis basis for for initial initial recording recording of of elements. elements. www.afterschoool.tk

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Learning Objectives Identify Identify what what constitutes constitutes aa business business transaction transaction and and recognize recognize common common balance balance sheet sheet account account titles titles used used in in business. business.

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Nature of Business Transactions External events: events exchanges of assets and liabilities between the business and one or more other parties.

Borrow cash

from the bank www.afterschoool.tk

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Nature of Business Transactions Internal events: events not an exchange between the business and other parties, but have a direct effect on the accounting entity.

Loss due to fire damage.

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Accounts An organized format used by companies to accumulate the dollar effects of transactions.

Cash

Inventory

Equipment

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Notes Payable

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The Balance Sheet

Typical Account Titles Assets

Cash Short-Term Investment Accounts Receivable Notes Receivable Inventory (to be sold) Supplies Prepaid Expenses Long-Term Investments Equipment Buildings Land Intangibles www.afterschoool.tk

Liabilities

Accounts Payable Accrued Expenses Notes Payable Taxes Payable Unearned Revenue Bonds Payable

Stockholders’ Equity Contributed Capital Retained Earnings

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Typical Account The Income Titles Statement Revenues

Sales Revenue Fee Revenue Interest Revenue Rent Revenue

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Expenses

Cost of Goods Sold Wages Expense Rent Expense Interest Expense Depreciation Expense Advertising Expense Insurance Expense Repair Expense Income Tax Expense

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U.S. companies follow International While Perspective GAAP to prepare their financial statements, other countries have significant variations from the accounting and reporting rules of GAAP.

Some countries use different account titles than those used by U.S. companies. www.afterschoool.tk

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Learning Objectives Apply Apply transaction transaction analysis analysis to to simple simple business business transactions transactions in in terms terms of of the the accounting accounting model: model: Assets Assets == Liabilities Liabilities ++ Stockholders’ Stockholders’ Equity Equity

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Principles of Transaction Analysis  Every transaction affects at least two accounts (duality of effects).  The accounting equation must remain in balance after each transaction.

A = L + SE

(Assets)

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(Liabilities)

(Stockholders’ Equity)

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Duality of Effects

Most transactions with external parties involve an exchange where the business entity gives up something but receives something in return.

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Balancing the Accounting Equation  Accounts and effects

• •

Identify the accounts affected and classify them by type of account (A, L, SE). Determine the direction of the effect (increase or decrease) on each account.

 Balancing

•

Verify that the accounting equation (A = L + SE) remains in balance.

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Balancing the Accounting Equation Let’s see how we keep the accounting equation in balance for Papa John’s. All amounts we use are expressed in thousands of dollars.

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Papa John’s issues $2,000 of additional common stock to new investors for cash. Identify Identify&&Classify Classify the theAccounts Accounts 1. 1. Cash Cash(asset). (asset). 2. 2. Contributed ContributedCapital Capital (equity). (equity).

Determine Determine the the Direction Direction of of the the Effect Effect 1. 1. Cash Cashincreases. increases. 2. 2. Contributed Contributed Capital Capital increases. increases. www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s issues $2,000 of additional common stock to new investors for cash.

(a)

Cash 2,000

Investments

Effect

2,000

Equip.

Notes Receivable

Notes Payable

=

Contributed Capital 2,000

Retained Earnings

2,000

A = L + SE www.afterschoool.tk

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The company borrows $6,000 from the local bank, signing a three-year note. Identify Identify&&Classify Classify the theAccounts Accounts 1. 1. Cash Cash(asset). (asset). 2. 2. Notes Notes Payable Payable (liability). (liability).

Determine Determine the the Direction Direction of of the the Effect Effect 1. 1. Cash Cashincreases. increases. 2. 2. Notes NotesPayable Payableincreases. increases. www.afterschoool.tk

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The company borrows $6,000 from the local bank, signing a three-year note.

(a) (b)

Cash 2,000 6,000

Investments

Effect

Equip.

Notes Receivable

Notes Payable

Contributed Capital 2,000

Retained Earnings

6,000

8,000

=

8,000

A = L + SE www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s purchases $10,000 of new equipment, paying $2,000 in cash and signing a two-year note payable for the rest. Identify Identify&&Classify Classify the theAccounts Accounts 1. 1. Equipment Equipment(asset). (asset). 2. 2. Cash Cash(asset). (asset). 3. 3. Notes Notes Payable Payable (liability). (liability).

Determine Determine the the Direction Direction of of the the Effect Effect 1. 1. Equipment Equipment increases. increases. 2. 2. Cash Cashdecreases. decreases. 3. 3. Notes NotesPayable Payableincreases. increases. www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s purchases $10,000 of new equipment, paying $2,000 in cash and signing a two-year note payable for the rest.

(a) (b) (c)

Cash 2,000 6,000 (2,000)

Investments

Effect

Equip.

Notes Receivable

Notes Payable

Retained Earnings

6,000 8,000

10,000

16,000

Contributed Capital 2,000

=

16,000

A = L + SE www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s lends $3,000 to new franchisees who sign five-year notes agreeing to repay the loan. Identify Identify&&Classify Classify the theAccounts Accounts 1. 1. Cash Cash(asset). (asset). 2. 2. Notes Notes Receivable Receivable(asset). (asset).

Determine Determine the the Direction Direction of of the the Effect Effect 1. 1. Cash Cashdecreases. decreases. 2. 2. Notes NotesReceivable Receivable increases. increases. www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s lends $3,000 to new franchisees who sign five-year notes agreeing to repay the loan. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Cash 2,000 6,000 (2,000) (3,000)

Investments

Effect

Equip.

Notes Receivable

Notes Payable

Contributed Capital 2,000

Retained Earnings

6,000 8,000

10,000 3,000

16,000

=

16,000

A = L + SE www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s purchases $1,000 of stock in other companies as an investment. Identify Identify&&Classify Classify the theAccounts Accounts 1. 1. Cash Cash(asset). (asset). 2. 2. Investments Investments(asset). (asset).

Determine Determine the the Direction Direction of of the the Effect Effect 1. 1. Cash Cashdecreases. decreases. 2. 2. Investments Investmentsincrease. increase. www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s purchases $1,000 of stock in other companies as an investment.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Cash 2,000 6,000 (2,000) (3,000) (1,000)

Investments

Equip.

Notes Receivable

Notes Payable

Contributed Capital 2,000

Retained Earnings

6,000 8,000

10,000 3,000 1,000

Effect

16,000

=

16,000

A = L + SE www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s board of directors declares and pays $3,000 in dividends to shareholders. Identify Identify&&Classify Classify the theAccounts Accounts 1. 1. Cash Cash(asset). (asset). 2. 2. Retained RetainedEarnings Earnings (equity). (equity).

Determine Determine the the Direction Direction of of the the Effect Effect 1. 1. Cash Cashdecreases. decreases. 2. 2. Retained Retained Earnings Earningsdecreases. decreases. www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s board of directors declares and pays $3,000 in dividends to shareholders.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Cash 2,000 6,000 (2,000) (3,000) (1,000) (3,000)

Investments

Equip.

Notes Receivable

Notes Payable

Contributed Capital 2,000

Retained Earnings

6,000 8,000

10,000 3,000 1,000

Effect

(3,000) 13,000

=

13,000

A = L + SE www.afterschoool.tk

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Learning Objectives Determine Determine the the impact impact of of using using two two basic basic tools, tools, journal journal entries entries and and T-accounts. T-accounts.

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TheDuring Accounting Cycle the period:

Analyze transactions. Record journal entries in the general journal. Post amounts to the general ledger.

End of the period:

Adjust revenues and expenses and related balance sheet accounts.

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Close revenues, gains, expenses and losses to retained earnings.

Prepare a complete set of financial statements. Disseminate statements to users.

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How Do Companies Keep Track of Account Balances? Journal entries T-accounts

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Direction of Transaction Effects

A T-account is a tool used to represent an account. Account Name Left

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Right

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Direction Effects The left side ofof the Transaction The right side of the T-account is always the T-account is always the debit side. credit side. Account Name

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Left

Right

Debit

Credit

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The Debit-Credit Framework

Debits Debits and and credits credits affect affect the the Balance Balance Sheet Sheet Model Model as as follows: follows:

A = L + SE ASSETS

LIABILITIES

EQUITIES

Debit Credit for for Increase Decrease

Debit Credit for for Decrease Increase

Debit Credit for for Decrease Increase

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The Debit-Credit Framework

A = L + SE ASSETS

LIABILITIES

EQUITIES

Debit Credit for for Increase Decrease

Debit Credit for for Decrease Increase

Debit Credit for for Decrease Increase

Remember that Stockholders’ Equity includes Contributed Capital and Retained Earnings. www.afterschoool.tk

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Analytical Tool: The Journal Entry A typical journal looks like this: GENERAL JOURNAL Date

Account Titles and Explanation

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Posted Ref.

Debit

Credit

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Analytical Tool: The Journal Entry

A journal entry might look like this: GENERAL JOURNAL

Date Account Titles and Explanation Jan. 1 Cash Contributed Capital

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Posted Ref.

Debit 20,000

Credit 20,000

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Analytical Tool: The Journal Entry Debits are written first.

Provide a reference date for each transaction.

GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Jan. 1 Cash Contributed Capital

Credits are indented and written after debits. www.afterschoool.tk

Posted Ref.

Debit 20,000

Credit 20,000

Total debits must equal total credits.

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Analytical Tool: The T-Account

After journal entries are prepared, the accountant posts (transfers) the dollar amounts to each account affected by the transaction. G E N E R AL JO U R N A L

P o ste d Da te Acco u nt T itle s a nd Ex p la n a tio Renf. Ja n . 1 Ca sh Co n trib u te d Ca p ita l

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De b it 20,000

Ledger Cre d it 20,000

Post

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Transaction Analysis Illustrated

Let’s prepare some journal entries for Papa John’s and post them to the ledger.

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Papa John’s issues $2,000 of additional common stock to new investors for cash.

(a)

Beg. Bal. (a)

Cash 6,000 2,000

8,000 www.afterschoool.tk

Contributed Capital 1,000 Beg. Bal. 2,000 (a)

3,000 AFTERSCHOOOL MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

The company borrows $6,000 from the local bank, signing a one-year note.

(b)

Beg. Bal. (a) (b)

Cash 6,000 2,000 6,000

14,000 www.afterschoool.tk

Notes Payable 146,000 Beg. Bal. 6,000 (b)

152,000 AFTERSCHOOOL MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

Papa John’s purchases $10,000 of new equipment, paying $2,000 in cash and signing a two-year note payable for the rest.

(c)

Let’s see how to post this entry . . . www.afterschoool.tk

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Papa John’s purchases $10,000 of new equipment, paying $2,000 in cash and signing a two-year note payable for the rest. Beg. Bal. (c)

Equipment 246,000 10,000

256,000

Beg. Bal. (a) (b)

Cash 6,000 2,000 6,000

12,000 www.afterschoool.tk

2,000 (c)

Notes Payable 146,000 Beg. Bal. 6,000 (b) 8,000 (c)

160,000 AFTERSCHOOOL MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS

Balance Sheet Preparation It is possible to prepare a balance sheet at any point in time from the balances in the accounts.

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This is the asset section of Papa John’s balance sheet. Papa John's International, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheet (dollars in thousands) January 31, 2004 ASSETS Current assets Cash Accounts receivable Supplies Prepaid expenses Other current assets Total current assets Long-term investments Property, and equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $149,000) Long-term notes receivable Intangibles Other assets Total assets

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$

$

9,000 20,000 17,000 11,000 7,000 64,000 9,000 214,000 14,000 49,000 13,000 363,000

December 28, 2003

$

$

7,000 20,000 17,000 11,000 7,000 62,000 8,000 204,000 11,000 49,000 13,000 347,000

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This is the liability and stockholders’ equity section of Papa John’s balance sheet. Papa John's International, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheet (dollars in thousands) January 31, 2004 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 28,000 Dividends payable 3,000 Accrued expenses payable 53,000 Total current liabilities 84,000 Unearned franchise fees Long-term notes payable Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities Stockholders' equity Contributed capital Retained earnings Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity

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$

December 28, 2003

$

28,000 53,000 81,000

6,000 75,000 40,000 205,000

6,000 61,000 40,000 188,000

3,000 155,000 158,000 363,000

1,000 158,000 159,000 347,000

$

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Learning Objectives Prepare Prepare and and analyze analyze aa simple simple balance balance sheet sheet using using the the financial financial leverage leverage ratio. ratio.

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Change in Balance Sheet Amounts End of January 2004 End of 2003 Change

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Assets $ 363,000 347,000 $ 16,000.00

=

Liabilities $ 205,000 188,000 $ 17,000.00

Stockholders' + Equtiy $ 158,000 159,000 $ (1,000.00)

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Key Ratio Analysis Financial

Average Total Assets Leverage = Average Stockholders’ Equity Ratio (Beginning Balance + Ending Balance) ÷ 2

The 2004 financial leverage ratio for Papa John’s was: ($363,000 + $347,000) ÷ 2 ($158,000 + $159,000) ÷ 2

=

2.24

The ratio tells us how well management is using debt to increase assets the company employs to earn income. www.afterschoool.tk

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Learning Objectives

Identify Identify investing investing and and financing financing transactions transactions and and demonstrate demonstrate how how they they are are reported reported on on the the statement statement of of cash cash flows. flows.

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Statement of Cash Flows

Operating activities (Covered in the next chapter.) Investing Activities Purchasing long-term assets and investments for cash Selling long-term assets and investments for cash Lending cash to others Receiving principal payments on loans made to others Financing Activities Borrowing cash from banks Repaying the principal on borrowings from banks Issuing stock for cash Repurchasing stock with cash Paying cash dividends

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– + – + + – + – –

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Papa John's International, Inc. Statement ofof Cash Cash Flows Consolidated Statement Flows For the Month Ended January 31, 2004 (in thousands) Operating activities (None in this chapter.) Investing Activities Purchased property and equipment Purchased investments Lent funds to franchisees Net cash used in investing activities Financing Activities Issued common stock Borrowed from banks Net cash provided by financing activities Net increase in cash Cash at beginning of month Cash at end of month

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$ (2,000) (1,000) (3,000) (6,000) 2,000 6,000 8,000 2,000 7,000 $ 9,000

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Have a nice future

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ABOUT AFTERSCHOOOL Afterschoool conducts three year integrated PGPSE (after class 12th along with IAS / CA / CS) and 18 month PGPSE (Post Graduate Programme in Social Entrepreneurship) along with preparation for CS / CFP / CFA /CMA / FRM. This course is also available online also. It also conducts workshops on social entrepreneurship in schools and colleges all over India – start social entrepreneurship club in your institution today with the help from afterschoool and help us in developing society.

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Why such a programme? 







To promote people to take up entrepreneurship and help develop the society To enable people to take up franchising and other such options to start a business / social development project To enable people to take up social development as their mission To enable people to promote spirituality and positive thinking in the world

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Who are our supporters?  Afterschoolians,

our past beneficiaries, entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs are supporting us.  You can also support us – not necessarily by money – but by being promotor of our concept and our ideas.

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About AFTERSCHOOOL PGPSE – the best programme for developing great entrepreneurs       

Most flexible, adaptive but rigorous programme Available in distance learning mode Case study focused- latest cases Industry oriented practical curriculum Designed to make you entrepreneurs – not just an employee Option to take up part time job – so earn while you learn The only absolutely free course on internet

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Workshops from AFTERSCHOOOL         

IIF, Delhi CIPS, Jaipur ICSI Hyderabad Branch Gyan Vihar, Jaipur Apex Institute of Management, Jaipur Aravali Institute of Management, Jodhpur Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar Pacific Institute, Udaipur Engineering College, Hyderabad

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Flexible Specialisations:          

Spiritualising business and society Rural development and transformation HRD and Education, Social Development NGO and voluntary work Investment analysis,microfinance and inclusion Retail sector, BPO, KPO Accounting & Information system (with CA / CS /CMA) Hospital management and Health care Hospitality sector and culture and heritage Other sectors of high growth, high technology and social relevance

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Salient features:            

The only programme of its kind (in the whole world) No publicity and low profile course For those who want to achieve success in life – not just a degree Indepth knowledge and expertise Professional approac: World class approach Strong intellectual and business capabilities Flexible – you may stay for a month and continue the rest of the education by distance mode. / you may attend weekend classes Scholarships for those from poor economic background Latest and constantly changing curriculum – keeping pace with the time Placement for those who are interested Admissions open throughout the year Latest and most advanced technologies, books and study material

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Components              

Pedagogy curriculum and approach based on IIM Ahmedabad and ISB Hyderabad (the founder is alumnus from IIMA & ISB Hyderabad) Meditation, spiritualisation, and self development Essential softwares for business Business plan, Research projects Participation in conferences / seminars Workshops on leadership, team building etc. Written submissions of research projects/articles / papers Interview of entrepreneurs, writing biographies of entrepreneurs Editing of journals / newsletters Consultancy / research projects Assignments, communication skill workshops Participation in conferences and seminars Group discussions, mock interviews, self development diaryng Mind Power Training & writing workshop (by Dr. T.K.Jain)

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Pedagogy          

Case analysis, Articles from Harvard Business Review Quiz, seminars, workshops, games, Visits to entrepreneurs and industrial visits Presentations, Latest audio-visuals Group discussions and group projects Periodic self assessment Mentoring and counselling Study exchange programme (with institutions out of India) Rural development / Social welfare projects

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Branches  AFTERSCHOOOL

will shortly open its branches in important cities in India including Delhi, Kota, Mumbai, Gurgaon and other important cities. Afterschooolians will be responsible for managing and developing these branches – and for promoting social entrepreneurs.

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Case Studies  We

want to write case studies on social entrepreneurs, first generation entrepreneurs, ethical entrepreneurs. Please help us in this process. Help us to be in touch with entrepreneurs, so that we may develop entrepreneurs.

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Basic values at afterschoool        

Share to learn more Interact to develop yourself Fear is your worst enemy Make mistakes to learn Study & discuss in a group Criticism is the healthy route to mutual support and help Ask fundamental questions : why, when, how & where? Embrace change – and compete with yourself only

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www.afterschoool.tk social entrepreneurship for better society

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