1.1 Characteristics Of Interconnected Operation

1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Synchronously operated regions in Europe UCTE NORDEL IPS / UPS GB CENTREL COMELEC BG/RO TESIS

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1.1.1

1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Advantages of the interconnected operation • Opening of the energy market - Long-term sales and purchase contracts - Short-term power exchange • Pooling of generation - Reduction of total generation cost - Use of scale effects • Pooling of load - Significant equalization effects in respect of system load • Common provision of reserve power - Savings in primary reserve power - Savings in secondary reserve power • Improvement of supply quality - Constancy of voltage and frequency - High reliability of supply

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

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UCTE System Power exchange (exchange saldo) between UCTE-countries and third countries in 2000 80 69,4 TWh 60

40 Export

20 1,4

7,0

1,3

0 -20

-4,3

0,0

-2,1 -4,4

-4,0

-3,1

-0,9

-5,7 -18,9

Import

-40 -44,3

-60 B

D 24.08.2006

E

F

GR

I

SLO

HR JIEL

L

NL

A

P

CH

1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Load flows (night) on 20.01.99 at 03:00 in MW

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Load flows (day) on 20.01.99 at 11:00 in MW

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

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Economic dispatch of power

Economic dispatch of power can be achieved by calculating incremental cost curves for each generator in a system. The minimum overall production cost is realised when the generating units are operated in such a way that the incremental power obtained from each unit has the same cost. The minimum-cost operating point is easily found by moving a horizontal line up and down along the cost curves until the sum of the generated powers matches the sum of the loads. In the example shown, in going from total output power P3 to P´3, the least cost is achieved when generators No.1 and No.3 pick up most of the incremental load.

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Scale Effects

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

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Weakly load characteristic of an industrial company (one-shift-work)

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

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Weakly load characteristic of an industrial company (three-shift-work)

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Weakly load characteristic of a farm

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Load Characteristic of an Electric Arc Furnace

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Representative load curves

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Frequency drop after supply outage

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Frequency UCPTE-System

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Frequency histogram of the UCPTE system

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1.1 Characteristics of interconnected operation

Reliability of Supply

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