ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮان و ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺳﺎزي – -88/2/30ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻘﺪس – ﺗﺎﻻر اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎwww.Ficvsr.Civilica.IR -
ﭘﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ
ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﻱ
ﭼﮑﻴﺪﻩ: ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﻌﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭘﻞ ﻭ ﭘﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻞ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻞ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ :ﭘﻞ ،ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ،ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ،ﺑﻬﺴﺎﺯﻱ ،ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ،ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﺮﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ
-١ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ: ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﮐﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﭘﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﮑﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﻞ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﭘﻞ ﻭ ﭘﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺴﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ
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ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮان و ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺳﺎزي – -88/2/30ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻘﺪس – ﺗﺎﻻر اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎwww.Ficvsr.Civilica.IR -
ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﺋﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﻞ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻞ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ : ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.ﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻜﺎﻑ ،ﺳﺎﺧﺖ.ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﻜﺎﻑ ،ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ.ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻞ ،ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.ﺗﻴﺮ ،ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﺮ ،ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺗﻴﺮ ) ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ( ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻴﺮ ) ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﺸﺶ ( ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ،ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻴﺮ ) ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ( ،ﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﺸﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺧﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ،ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺧﻤﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ.
ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ،ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺒﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ،ﺧﻤﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ.ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻤﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻨﺪﻩ ،ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﭼﭗ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ،ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ،ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺷﻴﺮﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺪ ،ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻒ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ) ﻭ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻃﺎﻕ
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ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮان و ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺳﺎزي – -88/2/30ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻘﺪس – ﺗﺎﻻر اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎwww.Ficvsr.Civilica.IR -
( ،ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ،ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﺶ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻤﺶ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﺮ ،ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ.ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻴﺮ ) ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ( ،ﻛﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ.ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ،ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ،ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ.ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺧﻤﺶ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺩﻭ ﺗﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺸﺎﻥ ) ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ( ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ Iﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻧﺪ.ﺗﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻲ ،ﺍﺯ ﺑﺘﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ،ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺧﻤﺶ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ.ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ،ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ،ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ؛ ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ ﺧﻤﺶ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ.ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ،ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺯﺩﻭﺩ ؛ ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻴﺮ ،ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ،ﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻴﺮ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ،ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﭘﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎ ، ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ.ﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ،ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻧﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ،ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ.ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ،ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ،ﺟﻔﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ.ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ،ﺣﺪﺱ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ
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ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮان و ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺳﺎزي – -88/2/30ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻘﺪس – ﺗﺎﻻر اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎwww.Ficvsr.Civilica.IR -
ﺑﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ،ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ؛ ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.
ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﭘﻞﻫﺎ : ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ،ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﻞ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﭘﻞ )ﻛﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ،ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﭘﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﭘﻲ ﭘﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ .ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﮓ ﺗﺸﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ .ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﻞ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ(۷) .
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ۱ﮐﻒ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﻞ
ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﭘﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ،ﭘﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺩ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺳﺖ ﭘﻞ ،ﺑﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﺭﻳﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﮕﻲ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ .ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ
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ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮان و ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺳﺎزي – -88/2/30ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻘﺪس – ﺗﺎﻻر اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎwww.Ficvsr.Civilica.IR -
ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺳﺮﺭﻳﺰ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ،ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﻮﺿﭽﺔ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ(٧) .
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ 2ﮐﻒ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﻞ
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ:
ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ:
ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ: ] " – [1ﻃﺮﺡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺘﻦ ﻭ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻓـﻮﻻﺩﻱ " -ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺷﻬﺎﺑﻲ – ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﮐﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﮐﻴﻴﺮ ١٣٨٥
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ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮان و ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺳﺎزي – -88/2/30ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻘﺪس – ﺗﺎﻻر اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎwww.Ficvsr.Civilica.IR -
] " -[2ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺑﻬﺴـﺎﺯﻱ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭﺳـﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻟـﺮﺯﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪ ﻩ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ " -ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿـﺎ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﮔﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ -ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﮐﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﮐﻴﻴﺮ ١٣٨٥ ] " -[3ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮﺯﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﺮﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ -ﺁﺭﻟﻦ ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻱ -ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﮐﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﮐﻴﻴﺮ ١٣٨٥ ]- [4ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﻟـﺮﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺁﺑﺮﻓـﺖ“؛ ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺍﺭﺷـﺪ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭ ﭘـﻲ ،ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿـﺎ ﺩﻫﻘﺎﻧﻲ ،ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ،ﺩﻳﻤﺎﻩ .١٣٧٥ ] "[5ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ " ،ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﮑﻦ )(١٣٦٤ ] " –[6ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮏ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ" ،ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﭼﻮﺑﺮﺍ ،ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺎﭘﻮﺭ ﻃﺎﺣﻮﺋﻲ )(١٣٧٧ -٧ﻃﺮﺡ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﮕﻲ )ﮔﺎﺑﻴﻮﻥ( ؛ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ،ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺩ ،ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻃﺎﻟـﺐ ﺑﻴـﺪﺧﺘﻲ ، ﭘﺮﻫﺎﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮﻱ ؛ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ .
8- Earthquake Engineering Research, ‘Loma PRIETA Collection, University of California”, Berkeley 9- ‘Northridge Earthquake of 2003 reconnaissance report’, (2004), Earthquake Engineering Research institute, Earthquake Spectra, Supplement C to Volume 11 10- EQE International (1995). The January, 2003 Kobe earthquake; An EQE Summary Report, April 11-Richardson.G.N Richardson.G.N & Feger.A & Lee. K.L, “Seismic testing of reinforced earth walls”, journal of geotechnical engineering, Div. ASCE 103 (1), 1977, pp. 1 1-17.
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12-Wilkins.M.L., .L., “Fundamental methods Hydrodynamics”, Journal of Methods in computational phsics, Vol.3, 1964, pp. 211-263. 211 13- Biggs.j.M., “Introduction to structural Dynamics”.