1- Pm History & Definitions

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺁﺭﻧﻮﺵ ﺷﺎﮐﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬ ‫× ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫× ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫× ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫‪١‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫× ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ۱۹۶۰ :‬ﺗﺎ ‪۱۹۸۵‬؛ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ :۱۹۷۰‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﻓﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫× ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ۱۹۸۵ :‬ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮﻥ؛ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬

‫‪۴‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬ ‫×‬

‫‪ :۱۹۸۵‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ )‪(TQM‬‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۰‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ )‪(Concurrent Engineering‬‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۱‬ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪/‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻤﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۳‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ )‪(BPR‬‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۴‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ )‪(Lifecycle Costing‬‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۵‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶ )‪(Effective Management‬‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۶‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ )‪(Risk Management‬‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۷‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ )‪(Change Management‬‬ ‫‪ :۱۹۹۸‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project Management‬‬

‫‪۵‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫× ﻓﺮﺩﺭﻳﮏ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺭ )‪(۱۸۶۵-۱۹۱۵‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺪﺭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫× ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﮔﺎﻧﺖ )‪(۱۸۶۱-۱۹۱۹‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫× ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺯ ﺩﻣﻴﻨﮓ )‪(۱۹۰۰-۱۹۹۳‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪۶‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﭘﺪﺭ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪ ۱۴‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project‬‬ ‫× ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪ :Pro‬ﭘﻴﺶ‬ ‫‪ :Jacare‬ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫× ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫‪۴‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project‬‬ ‫× ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ )‪(Time‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ‪/‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ )‪(Cost‬‬ ‫ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ )‪(Quality‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project‬‬

‫× ‪ :PMI‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﺘﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫× ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ )‪(Temporary‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ )‪(finite‬‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫× ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻳﻜﺘﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻔﺮﺩ )‪(Unique‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ )‪Result ،Service ،Product :(Deliverable‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﮑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﮑﺎﺭ ﻭ ‪...‬‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻓﻲ ﻳﮑﺘﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬

‫× ﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ )‪(Progressive Elaboration‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ −‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ −‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ‪ <--X‬ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭ ﺁﺏ‪ <--‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ‪...‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫‪۵‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ )‪(Operational Work‬‬ ‫× ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮐﺎﺭ )‪(Work‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫× ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫× ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺘﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪ −‬ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ −‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ؛ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫‪١١‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫‪١٢‬‬

‫‪۶‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ )‪(Operational Work‬‬ ‫× ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﺣﻤﻞﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪١٣‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﮏ‬ ‫× ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ )ﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ( ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫× ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻓﻦ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫‪ −‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ −‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﺵ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ −‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻕ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺭﻙ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ −‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﺴﻠﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺪﺋﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ −‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪١۴‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪١۵‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project Management‬‬ ‫× ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫× ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫)ﺍﺧﺘﺘﺎﻣﻲ(‬

‫‪١۶‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project Management‬‬

‫× ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺫﻱ ﻧﻔﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫× ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻱ ﻧﻔﻌﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪Code of Ethics‬‬ ‫‪Code of Professional Conduct‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ )‪(Management by Projects‬‬ ‫× ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫‪١٨‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project Environment‬‬

‫× ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫× ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻙ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻭ ‪...‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫× ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﺭﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻲ‬

‫× ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‬

‫‪١٩‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ )‪(Application Area‬‬ ‫× ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺴﻴﭙﻠﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺍﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ )‪ (Standards‬ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ )‪(Regulations‬‬ ‫× ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻫﺮ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫× ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ )‪:(ISO‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ −‬ﻳﻚ » ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻜـﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ ﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧـﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗـﻲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻝﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ −‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨـﺪ ﻳـﺎ ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻱ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﻄﺒـﺎﻕ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻳـﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫× ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪٢١‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(PM Context‬‬ ‫× ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪:(PMBOK‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﮏ )‪(Strategic Plan‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ )‪(Portfolio‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ )‪(Program‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Sub-project‬‬ ‫‪...‬‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(PMO‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ )‪(Portfolio Management‬‬ ‫× ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫× ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪٢۴‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩﻱ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺴﻚ‪/‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺭﺗﻔﻮﻟﻴﻮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ )‪(Program Management‬‬ ‫× ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪ −‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ )ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ(‬ ‫‪ −‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖﻭﺳﺎﺯ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ −‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫× ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ )‪ (Coordinated‬ﻭ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ )‪(Centralized‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢۵‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ )‪(Subprojects‬‬ ‫× ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫× ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫‪٢۶‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺮﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟــﻮﻟـﻪﻛـﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ )‪(Project management Office/PMO‬‬ ‫× ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫× ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﮎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺸﻲ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﻴﻜﺮ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺭﻳﺴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﺘﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻴﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﺟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ!‬

‫‪٢٨‬‬

‫‪١۴‬‬

‫‪Project Management‬‬

‫‪2/20/2007‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬

.‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰﺍﺭﻡ‬ [email protected]

2/20/2007

Project Management

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