International Conference on Timber Bridges 2010
ICTB 2010
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal João Rodrigues / Paulo Providência / Alfredo Dias 13 September 2010 ‐ Lillehammer
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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This work deals with the use of composite timber‐concrete structures in bridge construction First part • Historic review of the use of composite timber‐concrete bridges around the globe • Identification of the reasons, whether economic, sociological, political, or environmental, as to why this structural solution appears to be more appealing in some geographical regions than in others
Second part • The use of this type of bridges in Portugal • Possible reasons for the actual state of affairs • Potential applications of composite timber‐concrete bridges in Portugal
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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This work exclusively considers composite timber‐concrete bridges designed to account for the effective composite of these two materials As a result, a sample of 59 composite timber‐concrete bridges located in different areas of the world was identified. It should be clear that this sample does not represent the totality of composite timber‐concrete bridges built in the world Next picture shows the distribution of the construction dates of these bridges by decade, from 1930 to 2009
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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USA • In the USA composite timber‐concrete bridges were promoted in the early 1930’s by the University of Washington with a research program to construct experimental bridges, mainly for economic reasons • During the decades from 1930‐1950 composite timber‐concrete bridges were used in the USA
(1936)
• Nowadays, composite timber‐concrete bridge construction almost vanished in the USA
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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Australia and New Zealand • In Australia, composite timber‐concrete bridges have been built since the 1950’s, improving the locally established timber constructions used until then • The new technology was probably encouraged and imported by the U.S. Army • This initial impetus was deepened by research programs conducted by forest authorities in Australia and New Zealand to promote composite timber‐concrete bridge construction with local roundwood species (1955)
• The reasons for the success of this type of bridges in Australia and New Zealand appears to be a result of (i) economic matters, (ii) the traditional use of timber in construction and (iii) the support of public authorities
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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Brazil • In Brazil the first composite timber‐concrete bridge was built in 1974 in São Paulo, followed by a few more until 2000 • Perhaps encouraged by the success of this experience, University of São Paulo promoted during last decade a research program on timber bridges, “Emerging Timber Bridge Program of São Paulo State” • The main goal of this program was to design bridges with a competitive cost and a durability which could be positively compared with that of other structural materials • During the last decade, under this program, eight new composite timber‐concrete bridges were constructed for vicinal roads, all of them designed by the Laboratory of Timber and Timber Structures of University of São Paulo (2004)
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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Northern Europe • In Northern Europe composite timber‐concrete bridge construction began some decades ago, and it results from university research programs supported by the public authorities • A good study case is “The Nordic Timber Bridge Project”, whose objective was to construct more timber bridges instead of steel and concrete bridges in Nordic European countries • This programme served as the basis for the construction of a wide number of timber bridges in those countries. However, only in Finland was the composite timber‐concrete system employed
(1999)
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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Central Europe • In Central Europe composite timber‐concrete bridges were introduced during the 1990’s • Switzerland pioneered the use of this structural solution but other Central European countries, such as Austria, France, Germany and Luxembourg have adopted composite timber‐concrete system bridges
• Unlike what occurred in Nordic Europe, in Central Europe the choice of this composite system apparently did not result from any research project • The main reason for the adoption of timber in bridge construction have been the increasing awareness for environmental protection
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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A very brief history of bridge construction in Portugal • In Portugal, until the first half of the 19th century, most bridges were built with timber or stone • Then, the increased availability of iron arrived together with new structural solutions for bridges, such as truss bridges and suspension bridges • Concrete‐reinforced bridges appeared in 1900 and concrete pre‐stressed bridges only in 1938 • In this period, the bridge structures in Portugal adopted the worldwide technological advances in reinforced concrete and steel solutions – condemning other structural materials, such as timber, to oblivion • More recently, some other techniques were introduced, such as composite steel‐concrete bridges
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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A very brief history of bridge construction in Portugal • Regarding composite timber‐concrete bridges, there is a unique example in Portugal. Quiaios Bridge was built in 2005 on a forest road on the Atlantic coast of the country
• As in other countries, the Quiaios Bridge project resulted from an exchange between universities (University of Coimbra and Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco), owners (forestry administration) and local authorities • This bridge represents a fine aesthetic/environmental solution and its cost was quite competitive
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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Why is timber an unpopular bridge construction material in Portugal? (i) lack of technical knowledge on composite timber‐concrete construction (ii) dominance of the traditional reinforced concrete, usually prestressed, and steel solutions (iii) pervading mistrust of timber as a building material, based on its apparently poor durability and quality characteristics • At the present time, civil engineering courses in most Portuguese universities do not include timber structures analysis • This is in complete opposition to the status of the two dominant subjects in the field of structural design, which are reinforced concrete and steel structures • This fact leads to an effective lack of technical knowledge on composite timber‐concrete construction of the majority of Portuguese civil and structural engineers and to a resistance shared by most construction agents
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Why is timber an unpopular bridge construction material in Portugal? • The first Portuguese Regulation on Reinforced Concrete was published in 1918. But Portuguese engineers had to wait for almost one century to have their first “Portuguese” standard on the structural use of timber – Eurocode 5 • As a primary consequence of this lack of standards on timber structures, design aspects were neglected • Furthermore, during the last century the safer artisanal timber construction techniques fell progressively into oblivion • This led to unsafe and low durability timber structures, with short service life and malfunctions, which in turn originated strong present‐day distrust of the use of timber as a structural material • And hindered the development of companies and economic activities in any way related to timber or timber‐concrete structures
Use of composite timber-concrete bridges solutions in Portugal
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Why is timber an unpopular bridge construction material in Portugal? • When the universities sensed that the need no longer existed, they decided to ignore this field of engineering, thus perpetuating the present combination of (ii)circumstances, and contributing to the ignorance about timber the dominance of the traditional reinforced concrete, usually prestressed, as structural and steel solutions material • To change the situation, the universities and research institutes should establish programs to improve the knowledge on timber structures and on composite timber‐concrete systems • This could be the first step in providing future civil engineers with the knowledge on how to design composite timber‐concrete systems and to allow them to rightly compare this type of solution with the more “traditional” ones • The next step would be the development and implementation of a system which enables the spread of knowledge on design, construction, monitoring and maintenance of composite timber‐concrete bridges
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Potential applications of composite timber‐concrete bridges in Portugal In Portugal there is an interesting market for composite timber‐concrete bridges, particularly for short spans
Forest roads • Forest roads are the primary example, because Portugal as got a large percentage of forest area, approximately 38% of the territory • According to Portuguese Forest Authorities that manage forest roads network there are thousands of bridges requiring urgent rehabilitation • Moreover, these authorities are potentially attracted by environmentally friendly solutions which might incorporate forest produced resources • Such requirements are fulfilled by composite timber‐concrete bridges
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Potential applications of composite timber‐concrete bridges in Portugal Railway network • Another possibility to introduce composite timber‐concrete bridges on a larger scale in Portugal are the overpasses crossing over railways • The first Portuguese high‐speed rail line, between Lisbon and Madrid, whose construction is about to be initiated, requires 81 overpasses. Moreover, the improvement of the normal speed rail network also requires the construction of new overpasses
Road network • Another common use of composite timber‐concrete bridges are overpasses crossing over roads • According to the Portuguese road authority, there is a huge number of small span bridges urgently requiring intervention • Composite timber‐concrete bridges are a good option for secondary roads, where they could be used in standard solutions for short spans
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• During the last twenty years the increase in the number of composite timber‐concrete solutions applied to bridge construction has been observed in different regions of the globe, namely in Europe
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• Meanwhile in some regions or countries, such as Portugal, the case is totally opposite. Nowadays there is a general lack of interest in Portugal for timber bridges and particularly for composite timber‐concrete bridges
• However the construction of “Pavilhão Atlântico,” a large indoor arena with a glulam roof grid, built purposely for the 1998 Lisbon World Exposition, appears to be associated with the rebirth of structural engineering incorporating timber in Portugal
• The first composite timber‐concrete bridge in Portugal was built in 2005. In Portugal, bridges in forest and rural zones and overpasses crossing over roads and railway also present a significant potential for composite timber‐concrete solutions • This leads us to believe in a future development in Portugal of a composite timber‐concrete bridge industry, which will come into being sooner if there is a higher involvement of research centres, universities and public authorities