05
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Single- Subject Experimental Research • • • •
Are designs that can be applied when the sample size is one or the numbers of the individuals are considered as one group. Typically used to study the behavior change an individuals exhibits as a result of some intervention or treatment. Each subject serves as his or her own control in variations on the time series designs. Generally equated with a descriptive, case-study approach and experimental approach.
External Validity • •
Cannot be generalized to the population of interest as they can with group designs. The result of the study cannot be directly generalized to any individual within a group.
Internal Validity Repeated and Reliable Measurement • •
Pretest performance is measured a number of times prior to implementation of the treatment or intervention. One very real threat to the internal validity of most single subject designs in instrumentation. Instrumentation refers to reliability or inconsistency in measuring instrument that may result in an invalid assessment of performance.
Baseline Stability •
• • •
the purpose of the baseline measurement is to provide a description of the target behavior as it naturally occur without the treatment. Serve as the basis comparison for assessing the effectiveness of the treatment. It refers to the establishment of a pattern. It is established after 10 observation.
The Single Variable Rule •
an important principle of single-subject research is that one only variable at a time should be manipulated.
Types of Single-Subject Design 1. A-B-A Withdrawal Design • •
•
The A-B Design. This design is an improvement over the simple case-study approach; its internal validity is suspect. The A-B-A Design. By simply adding a second baseline phase to the A-B design. If the behavior is better during the treatment phase that during either baseline phase, the effectiveness of the treatment has presumably been demonstrated. The A-B-A-B Design. It is used mainly when treatment involves reinforcement techniques. The purpose of the design is to control for improvements in behavior which might result because the subject is receiving special attention
2. Multiple-Baseline Design •
This design is used when the only alternative would an A-B design. This is the case when treatment is such that it is not possible to withdraw it and return to baseline or when it would not be ethical to withdraw it or reverse it. 3 Basic Types of Multiple-Baseline Design
• • •
Across behaviors Across subjects Across settings design
3. Alternating Treatment Design •
It refers to using a number of different terms
•
Involves much what it sounds like it involves- the relatively rapid alternation of treatments for a single subjects. Data Analysis and Interpretation
• • •
Typically involves visual inspection and analysis of graphic presentation of research. Evaluation is made concerning the adequacy of the design. Assuming a sufficiently valid design, an assessment of treatment effectiveness is made.
Replication • •
it is vital part of all research. The more results are replicated, the more confidence we have in the procedure that produced those results. 3 Basic Types of Replication
1. Direct Replication- refers to the replication by the same investigator, with the same subjects or with different subjects in a specific setting. 2. Systematic Replication- refers to the replication which follows direct replication, and which involves different investigators, behavior or settings. Over an extended period of time, techniques are identified which are consistently effective in variety of situations. 3. Clinical Replication- involves of the development of treatment packages, composed of 2 or more interventions which have been found to the effective individually, designed for a persons with complex behavior disorder.
Philippine Normal University College of Education Taft Avenue, Manila August 30, 2007 Prof. Nanette C. Narito Professor PNU Dear Madam: Please allow me, Charlotte Jennifer N. Macabeo, to attend your class Prof.Ed 1: Foundation of Education for the following reasons: 1. My daily class schedule starts at 7:00 to 2:30 pm. 2. If I will attend Prof. Conde's at 7:00 pm I will have a long vacant period.
I highly hope that my request merit your favorable response.
Very truly yours, Charlotte Jennifer N. Macabeo
Noted by: Professor Teodora Conde
Are designs that can be applied when the sample size is one or the numbers of the individuals are considered as one group. Typically used to study the behavior change an individuals exhibits as a result of some intervention or treatment. Each subject serves as his or her own control in variations on the time series designs. Generally equated with a descriptive, case-study approach and experimental approach.
External Validity • •
Cannot be generalized to the population of interest as they can with group designs. The result of the study cannot be directly generalized to any individual within a group.
Internal Validity Repeated and Reliable Measurement • •
Pretest performance is measured a number of times prior to implementation of the treatment or intervention. One very real threat to the internal validity of most single subject designs in instrumentation. Instrumentation refers to reliability or inconsistency in measuring instrument that may result in an invalid assessment of performance.
Baseline Stability •
• • •
the purpose of the baseline measurement is to provide a description of the target behavior as it naturally occur without the treatment. Serve as the basis comparison for assessing the effectiveness of the treatment. It refers to the establishment of a pattern. It is established after 10 observation.
The Single Variable Rule •
an important principle of single-subject research is that one only variable at a time should be manipulated.
Types of Single-Subject Design 1. A-B-A Withdrawal Design • •
•
The A-B Design. This design is an improvement over the simple case-study approach; its internal validity is suspect. The A-B-A Design. By simply adding a second baseline phase to the A-B design. If the behavior is better during the treatment phase that during either baseline phase, the effectiveness of the treatment has presumably been demonstrated. The A-B-A-B Design. It is used mainly when treatment involves reinforcement techniques. The purpose of the design is to control for improvements in behavior which might result because the subject is receiving special attention
2. Multiple-Baseline Design •
This design is used when the only alternative would an A-B design. This is the case when treatment is such that it is not possible to withdraw it and return to baseline or when it would not be ethical to withdraw it or reverse it. 3 Basic Types of Multiple-Baseline Design
• • •
Across behaviors Across subjects Across settings design
3. Alternating Treatment Design •
It refers to using a number of different terms
•
Involves much what it sounds like it involves- the relatively rapid alternation of treatments for a single subjects. Data Analysis and Interpretation
• • •
Typically involves visual inspection and analysis of graphic presentation of research. Evaluation is made concerning the adequacy of the design. Assuming a sufficiently valid design, an assessment of treatment effectiveness is made.
Replication • •
it is vital part of all research. The more results are replicated, the more confidence we have in the procedure that produced those results. 3 Basic Types of Replication
1. Direct Replication- refers to the replication by the same investigator, with the same subjects or with different subjects in a specific setting. 2. Systematic Replication- refers to the replication which follows direct replication, and which involves different investigators, behavior or settings. Over an extended period of time, techniques are identified which are consistently effective in variety of situations. 3. Clinical Replication- involves of the development of treatment packages, composed of 2 or more interventions which have been found to the effective individually, designed for a persons with complex behavior disorder.
Philippine Normal University College of Education Taft Avenue, Manila August 30, 2007 Prof. Nanette C. Narito Professor PNU Dear Madam: Please allow me, Charlotte Jennifer N. Macabeo, to attend your class Prof.Ed 1: Foundation of Education for the following reasons: 1. My daily class schedule starts at 7:00 to 2:30 pm. 2. If I will attend Prof. Conde's at 7:00 pm I will have a long vacant period.
I highly hope that my request merit your favorable response.
Very truly yours, Charlotte Jennifer N. Macabeo
Noted by: Professor Teodora Conde
