05 Tissues

  • June 2020
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TISSUES

 

 

 

TISSUES Collection of cells  with similar structure and  function the study of tissues is known as histology four types of tissue



● ●

– – – –

 

epithelial (covering) connective (support) muscle (movement) nervous (control)

 

EPITHELIAL TISSUE Covers the surface of the body; lines body  cavities; constitutes the bulk of most glands



Functions:



– physical protection – secretion – sensory reception – absorption – filtration   

 

EPITHELIAL TISSUE ●



● ●

 

‘SHEETS’ OF CLOSE PACKED CELLS  WITH LITTLE EXTRACELULAR  MATERIAL AVASCULAR: (GETS NUTRIENTS  THROUGH DIFFUSION FROM  UNDERLYING CAPILLARIES) INNERVATED MAINTAINS THE CAPACITY TO EASILY  REGENERATE (WHY IS THIS    IMPORTANT?)

EPITHELIAL TISSUE ●

POLARITY: ●







 

THE NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES ARE USUALLY  UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED, SO THERE IS AN ‘UP’  AND ‘DOWN’ SIDE ‘UP’ SIDE IS ALWAYS A FREE SURFACE, AND IS  CALLED THE APICAL SURFACE THE DOWN SIDE IS THE BASAL SURFACE

ALWAYS SUPPORTED BY A LAYER OF  CONNECTIVE TISSUE AT IT’S BASAL  SURFACE (BASEMENT MEMBRANE)  

EPITHELIAL TISSUE ●



 

May contain microvilli:  (fingerlike extensions of  plasma membrane which  increase the surface area   for increased absorption/  secretion) May contain cilia: (larger  extensions used for  propelling substances)

 

EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFICATION ●

CLASSIFIED BY #  OF LAYERS AND  SHAPE ●

LAYERS: – –



SHAPE: – – –

 

SIMPLE (SINGLE  LAYER) STRATIFIED  (MULTIPLE LAYERS) SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR  

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM ●

Simple squamous: ● ●



 

thin, permeable exchange of  substances alveoli in lungs;  lines blood vessels  (WHY?)

 

Simple Epithelium ●

Simple cuboidal: ●



 

secretion and  absorption glands/ ducts; part of  kidney tubules

 

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM ●

Simple columnar: ●





 

secretion and  absorption lines digestive tract  (stomach to rectum):  contains microvilli  (why?) lines trachea:  contains cilia (why?)

 

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM ●

Pseudostratified  epithelium: ● protection and  secretion ● nuclei position and  cell height are  staggered so  appears stratified ● all cells in contact  with basement  membrane ● contains cilia   ● lines upper 

 

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM ●



 

Stratified squamous: ● physical protection  against abrasion;  pathogens; and  chemicals ● esophagus, mouth,  vagina, epidermis Transitional: ● lines only urinary  bladder, ureters,  urethra ● able to stretch

 

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM ●



Gland = cell or organ that secretes  something for use inside or outside of the  body Two types – endocrine: ex. thyroid – exocrine: ex. sweat

 

 

EXOCRINE GLANDS ●





 

Secrete into ducts which  lead to the body surface,  or a body cavity which is  continuous with a surface Unicellular: – goblet cell: produces  mucus (intestine,  respiratory tract) Multicellular: ● merocrine   ● holocrine

EXOCRINE GLANDS ●



 

Merocrine: ● most common – secrete products via  exocytosis ● secretory cells remain in  tact ● ex. pancreas, sweat  glands, salivary glands Holocrine: – cells rupture releasing  their products and their  selves ● cells are replaced by  division of underlying  cells   ● sebaceous (oil) glands

ENDOCRINE GLANDS ●

● ●

 

 

Send chemical  messengers  “hormones” directly  into bloodstream to  travel to and affect  other cells Ductless thyroid, testes,  ovaries, pituitary,  adrenal, etc.

FOUR TISSUE TYPES ●



 

Epithelial tissue Connective  tissue



Muscle tissue



Nervous tissue

 

CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CT) ●





 

The most abundant, widely distributed,  and histologically variable of the 4 tissue  types These tissues connect and fill, and their  cells are loosely packed There are few cells, and these are  generally widely separated by an  extracellular material – ‘extracellular matrix’  (ecm)  

CONNECTIVE TISSUE Functions:



– binding of organs – support/ framework  of body – physical protection – immune protection – storage (energy  reserves, minerals) – insulation – transport  

 

COMPONENTS OF CT ●

Ground substance: ●



Fibers: ●



collagen, elastic, or reticular

Cells: ●

 

filling material

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and  white blood cells  

Connective tissue

 

 

Connective Tissue Massage

 

 

Ground Substance ●





 

Gel­like non­cellular  component of CT Composed of water,  glycosaminoglycans,  proteoglycans, and  glycoproteins Varies depending on  the type of CT  



Collagen: ●







thinner collagen fibers extensive branching to  form frameworks for  certain organs 

Elastic: ●

 

thick fibers with great  tensile strength interwoven strands of  collagenous proteins

Reticular: ●



FIBER TYPES

long thin fibers allowing  for stretch and recoil

 

CELLS Naming: 



● ● ● ●

fibro­; chondro­; osteo­ ­blast (produce ecm) ­clast (destroy ecm) ­cyte (maintain ecm)

Other cells in CT



● ● ●

 

adipose (fat) cells white blood cells  macrophages, etc.  

CATEGORIES OF CT ●



1: Fibrous CT      ●

AKA “connective tissue proper”



Loose (3) and Dense (2)

2: Supporting ct ●

Cartilage (3) and bone

3: Fluid ct ●

 

blood and lymph  

FIBROUS CT Loose CT



– lots of ground substance  and cells, few fibers ● areolar, reticular, adipose

Dense CT



– many fibers, few cells, and  little ground substance ● dense regular, and dense  irregular  

 

LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE ● ●



 

Loosely arranged Contains all three  fiber types,  fibroblasts,  macrophages, wbc’s Surrounds blood  vessels and small  nerves  

LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE ● ●

● ●

 

Underlies almost all epithelial tissue Serves as ‘packing material’ between  tissues; allows for some movement, but  keeps things in place Site of edema Reservoir of nutrient, water, salts, for  surrounding tissues

 

 

 

LOOSE RETICULAR TISSUE Supports blood  cells in lymphoid  organs





(reticular fibers act  as scaffolding.)

found in spleen,  liver, lymph nodes



 

 

LOOSE ADIPOSE TISSUE ●

Filled with adipocytes ●









 

adipocytes are filled with inclusion body (oil droplet)

Not much ecm Energy storage, thermal insulation, shock  absorption Richly vascularized (why?) Found under skin; around highly active organs  (heart, kidney)  

 

 

DENSE REGULAR ● ● ● ● ●

Fibers: mainly collagen Cells: mainly fibroblasts Not much ground substance Poorly vascularized Collagen fibers run in parallel densely packed – gives much tensile strength in one direction ● very strong ●

 

 

DENSE REGULAR ●

Tendons: ●



Aponeuroses: ● ●



sheetlike muscle to muscle; or muscle to bone

Ligaments: ●

 

muscle to bone

bone to bone  

 

 

DENSE IRREGULAR ●

Densly packed collagen running in many  directions ●

● ●

Poorly vascularized Locations:  ●

 

durable, can withstand stresses in many/  unpredictable directions

deep dermis of skin; organ capsules;  surrounding cartilage and bone  

 

 

Supportive/Structural CT •

Cartilage – hyaline cartilage – fibrocartilage – elastic cartilage



 

Bone

 

CARTILAGE ●

● ●

Dense tissue of cells (chondrocytes) and  collagen High ‘viscosity’/ firmness 80% water ●



 

allows it to withstand compression

Good for tension and compression

 

CARTILAGE ●

No nerve or blood supply ●





●  

nutrients are obtained through diffusion from  the surrounding ct

Chondroblasts slow down in their  production of new matrix after the  skeleton stops growing Injuries to cartilage are very difficult to  heal Osteoarthritis  

CARTILAGE (3 TYPES) ●

 

Hyaline cartilage: ● glassy  appearance ● chondrocytes  randomly  oriented ● embryonic  skeleton, articular  cartilage, tip of  nose, ribs to  sternum

 

CARTILAGE TYPES ●

Fibrocartilage: ●





 

chondrocytes in  groups between  collagenous fibers strong and  compressable pubic symphysis;  intervertebral discs

 

CARTILAGE TYPES ●

Elastic cartilage ●





 

similar to hyaline with  more elastic fibers has strength and  flexibility ear; epiglottis

 

BONE ●

● ●

Hard calcified matrix  with many collagen  fibers Well vascularized Cells:  ●

 

osteoblasts, ­cytes,  ­clasts

 

FLUID CT: BLOOD ● ● ● ●

Matrix: blood plasma Cells: rbc, wbc Fibers: in clotting Functions: ●

 

 carry nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases,  etc.

 

FOUR TISSUE TYPES

 



EPITHELIAL



CONNECTIVE



NERVOUS



MUSCLE  

NERVOUS TISSUE ● ● ●

Excitable Cells: neurons; glia Functions: ●

 

communication,  control

 

MUSCLE TISSUE

● ● ● ●

Excitable Cells: muscle cells Function: movement Types: ●





Skeletal – Voluntary movements Cardiac – In heart, involuntary Smooth – –

 



important in digestive system found mainly in walls of hollow organs (except heart)   involuntary control

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