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SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
THE SOLAR RESOURCE THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
The solar resource •
How much solar energy is there?
•
How do we quantify it?
•
Effect of angles and orientation?
•
Where can we get reliable data?
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
The potential of renewable energy The power of the sun
Geothermal
Annual global energy requirement
Biomass
Solar energy
Hydro-electricity/ wave power
Wind energy
Energy supplies – today and in the future
1-7
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar energy availability UPPER ATHMOSPHERE 1350 W
SURFACE 1000W
• g
Solar energy falling on one square metre of the earth’s surface in full sun 1000 W is one bar of an electric fire THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar resource – compared to oil In places like northern California and southern Spain about 1,600 kilowatt-hours of solar energy falls on every square meter of land surface annually – that corresponds to the amount of energy that is found in a barrel of oil. The barrel of oil bought and sold on the world market contains 159 litres of oil Source: Photovoltaics for Professionals
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Peak sun hours Solar insolation is measured in PEAK SUN HOURS (PSH) A peak sun hour is equivalent to 1000 watts of solar energy falling on an area of 1 square meter for 1 hour Solar insolation data is usually expressed as the average number of peak sun hours available each day on any given month or (kWh / m2 / day)
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Annual radiation
Source: METEONORM Software Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-11 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
21 September
21 December
21 June
21 March
Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-2 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar trajectory Zenith 21 June
21 September 21 March
21 December
W N
04:00 a.m.
S
06:20 a.m. 08:33 a.m.
E
Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-3 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Direct Irradiance
Diffuse Irradiance
Irradiance Due to Albedo
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Cloudy Sky
Mainly Diffuse Radiation
Clear Sky, Sun
Mainly Direct Radiation
Irradiation W/m2
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
From PVGIS website THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar radiation over the year Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d) City: London 6,00
kWh/m² d
5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-10 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - June
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for June on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh / m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - September
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for September on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh/m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - March
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for March on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh / m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - December
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for December on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh / m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Annual
June
At angle of latitude
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Angles – horizontal & inclined
Source: Photovoltaics for Professionals, based of PVGIS data
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Monthly solar insolation in Cornwall
Average daily solar energy at falling on a solar panel tilted at the angle of latitude at a site in Cornwall THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Comparison of solar insolation levels in Cornwall and Nairobi
Solar panels are tilted at the angle of latitude THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Optimum angles - stand-alone
Not valid in the tropics www.homepower.com THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Optimum angles – grid-tied - for a specific location
Source: Photovoltaics for Professionals
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Lagos PVGIS
PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008 HelioClim-1 © Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2001-2007
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Dubai PVGIS
PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008 HelioClim-1 © Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2001-2007
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Johannesburg PVGIS
PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008 HelioClim-1 © Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2001-2007
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
NASA Solar Insolation Data Insolation (kWh/m2/day) Lat 52 Lon -4 Jan Feb Mar 10 Year Average 0.60 1.12 2.06 10 Year Average Min 0.53 0.98 1.82 10 Year Average Max 0.65 1.29 2.27 El Nino Year (1987) 0.53 1.06 2.10 La Nina Year (1988) 0.59 1.13 1.86 -----------------------------------------------------------------------Insolation (kWh/m2/day) Lat 52 Lon -4 Jul Aug Sep 10 Year Average 4.50 3.74 2.78 10 Year Average Min 3.82 3.08 2.49 10 Year Average Max 5.32 4.38 3.18 El Nino Year (1987) 4.01 3.59 2.80 La Nina Year (1988) 3.82 3.48 2.64 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apr 3.32 3.01 4.16 3.23 3.49
Oct 1.51 1.36 1.61 1.57 1.45
May 4.43 3.88 5.24 4.26 4.47
Jun 4.36 3.65 5.13 3.65 4.55
Nov 0.80 0.67 0.88 0.76 0.87
Dec 0.46 0.39 0.55 0.40 0.45
These are peak sun hours on a horizontal surface. They need to be adjust for tilted surfaces
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
THE SOLAR RESOURCE THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
The solar resource •
How much solar energy is there?
•
How do we quantify it?
•
Effect of angles and orientation?
•
Where can we get reliable data?
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
The potential of renewable energy The power of the sun
Geothermal
Annual global energy requirement
Biomass
Solar energy
Hydro-electricity/ wave power
Wind energy
Energy supplies – today and in the future
1-7
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar energy availability UPPER ATHMOSPHERE 1350 W
SURFACE 1000W
• g
Solar energy falling on one square metre of the earth’s surface in full sun 1000 W is one bar of an electric fire THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar resource – compared to oil In places like northern California and southern Spain about 1,600 kilowatt-hours of solar energy falls on every square meter of land surface annually – that corresponds to the amount of energy that is found in a barrel of oil. The barrel of oil bought and sold on the world market contains 159 litres of oil Source: Photovoltaics for Professionals
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Peak sun hours Solar insolation is measured in PEAK SUN HOURS (PSH) A peak sun hour is equivalent to 1000 watts of solar energy falling on an area of 1 square meter for 1 hour Solar insolation data is usually expressed as the average number of peak sun hours available each day on any given month or (kWh / m2 / day)
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Annual radiation
Source: METEONORM Software Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-11 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
21 September
21 December
21 June
21 March
Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-2 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar trajectory Zenith 21 June
21 September 21 March
21 December
W N
04:00 a.m.
S
06:20 a.m. 08:33 a.m.
E
Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-3 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Direct Irradiance
Diffuse Irradiance
Irradiance Due to Albedo
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Cloudy Sky
Mainly Diffuse Radiation
Clear Sky, Sun
Mainly Direct Radiation
Irradiation W/m2
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
From PVGIS website THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar radiation over the year Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d) City: London 6,00
kWh/m² d
5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Solar Resources - Solar RadiationTHE2-10 SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - June
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for June on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh / m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - September
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for September on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh/m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - March
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for March on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh / m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Solar insolation Europe - December
Average daily solar insolation in peak sun hours for December on a surface inclined at the angle of latitude 1 peak sun hour = 1kWh / m2 THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Annual
June
At angle of latitude
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Angles – horizontal & inclined
Source: Photovoltaics for Professionals, based of PVGIS data
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Monthly solar insolation in Cornwall
Average daily solar energy at falling on a solar panel tilted at the angle of latitude at a site in Cornwall THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Comparison of solar insolation levels in Cornwall and Nairobi
Solar panels are tilted at the angle of latitude THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Optimum angles - stand-alone
Not valid in the tropics www.homepower.com THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Optimum angles – grid-tied - for a specific location
Source: Photovoltaics for Professionals
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Lagos PVGIS
PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008 HelioClim-1 © Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2001-2007
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Dubai PVGIS
PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008 HelioClim-1 © Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2001-2007
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
Johannesburg PVGIS
PVGIS © European Communities, 2001-2008 HelioClim-1 © Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2001-2007
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
SOLAR ELECTRIC INSTALLATION COURSE – OFF-GRID APPLICATIONS
NASA Solar Insolation Data Insolation (kWh/m2/day) Lat 52 Lon -4 Jan Feb Mar 10 Year Average 0.60 1.12 2.06 10 Year Average Min 0.53 0.98 1.82 10 Year Average Max 0.65 1.29 2.27 El Nino Year (1987) 0.53 1.06 2.10 La Nina Year (1988) 0.59 1.13 1.86 -----------------------------------------------------------------------Insolation (kWh/m2/day) Lat 52 Lon -4 Jul Aug Sep 10 Year Average 4.50 3.74 2.78 10 Year Average Min 3.82 3.08 2.49 10 Year Average Max 5.32 4.38 3.18 El Nino Year (1987) 4.01 3.59 2.80 La Nina Year (1988) 3.82 3.48 2.64 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apr 3.32 3.01 4.16 3.23 3.49
Oct 1.51 1.36 1.61 1.57 1.45
May 4.43 3.88 5.24 4.26 4.47
Jun 4.36 3.65 5.13 3.65 4.55
Nov 0.80 0.67 0.88 0.76 0.87
Dec 0.46 0.39 0.55 0.40 0.45
These are peak sun hours on a horizontal surface. They need to be adjust for tilted surfaces
THE SOLAR RESOURCE
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