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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD. ud, k pf m;jyKjcif;tajccHrt l ,ltq aemfZ;kd EdkifiHa&;ygwD. tpueOD; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tjzpf pwifay:xGef;csdefu ‚if;wdk@udk vlwpfOD;csif;pD. tusdK; pD;yGm;rsm;tm; zHk;v$rf;oGm;rnfh odk@r[kwf trsm;pk. tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tm; +cdrf;ajcmufr_ wpf&yftjzpf rSwf,lcJh=uonf? ,if;odk@ rSwf,lr_rsm;t& EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; wnf&Sdr_ onf *|efavmhcf. EdkifiHa&;'\ewGif tajccHaom vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDtpOftvmESifh aomfvnf;aumif;/ ±lqdk;. 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;tajccHrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; qef@usifuGJvGJaeonf[k qdk=uonf? tqdkyg taemufOa&my a&S;&dk;tpOftvm vpfb&,f tawG;tac:rsm;u xdktcsdefumv (19&mpktv,ftxd wnf&SdcJh=uaom) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; apwemh0efxrf;yk*~vdutpnf;t¶Hk;rsm; voluntary private associations tjzpfom owfrSwfxm;cJh=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? *smrefvrl a_ &;odyyH` nm&Sif rufupf 0f ufbm . avhvmwifjycsut f & Edik if aH &; ygwDrsm;rSm ay:xGef;pumvY txufwef;v$mvluHkxHrsm;. tpkta0;qdkonfh yHko¾mefxuf rydkcJh? odk@aomf aemufydkif;wGif vlxk'Drdkua&pDt,ltq Mass Democracy a&S@wef;a&mufvmr_ESifhtwl EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfolwpfOD;csif;pDt=um; wdkuf&dkufqufoG,f&ef vufawG@t& rjzpfEdkifonfhtajctaewGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. wnf&Sdr_rSm EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;jynfolwdk@t=um; =um;cHqufpyfonfh taqmuf ttHrk sm;tjzpf w&m;0ifr_ jzpfvmcJo h nf? od@k jzpf&m vlx'k rD u kd a&pDay:xGe;f vmr_a=umifh cdik rf mtm;aumif;onfh tjrJwrf;tzG@J tpnf;yHo k ¾meftjzpf Edik if aH &;ygwyD pkH o H pf jzpfay: vmcJhonf[k rufufpf0ufbm u wifjycJhonf? 3

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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xdkyHkpHudk “umw,fygwDrsm;” cartel parties [k ac:onf? xdkodk@aomygwDrsm;rSm rdrdwdk@ygwD &yfwnf&Sifoefa&;twGuf EdkifiHawmf. t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk (jynfol@b¾mrS taxmuftyHhcH,ljcif;/ EdkifiHawmfydkifrD'D,mrsm;udk toHk;jyKcGifh&&Sdjcif; tp&Sdonfwdk@udk) pnf ; rsOf ; pnf ; urf ; rsm;ES i f h t nD &,l o H k ; pG J E d k i f c G i f h & S d = uonf ? vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; ES i f h EdkifiHawmft=um; aygif;ul;wHwm;ozG,f taetxm;xuf EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;wnf aqmufr_ taqmufttHktwGif; aygif;pyfyg0ifaeonfh taetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvm =uonf? vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. toHk;cHud&d,mtjzpfxuf EdkifiHawmf. at;*sifhrsm; ozG,f jzpfvm=uonf? EdkifiHa&;ygwDyHko¾meftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrsm; ajymif;vJvmyHk Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESiyhf wfoufI avhvmr_rsm; a&;om;wifjyr_rsm; trsm;tjym; xGufay:vmonfESifhtr# ygwDyHko¾mefrsm;tm; trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm; owfrSwfjcif;/ oufqdkif&m trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufvmaom 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrsm;ESifh qufEG,faer_rsm;tm; a0zefqef;ppfjcif;wdk@udk avhvmEdkifayonf? xdktcg rwluGJjym; aom ygwDyHko¾meftrsdK;rsdK;tm; vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh EdkifiHawmft=um; ‚if;wdk@. qufqHa&;tay: tajccHI cGJjcm;owfrSwf=uonfudk awG@&onf? xdk@tjyif tqdkyg yHkpHrsm;onf rwluGJjym;aom 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrsm;ESifh rnfodk@ rnfyHk qufpyfae=u onfudkvnf; avhvmwifjy=uonfudk awG@&onf? 19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;ESifh 20 &mpktpydkif; t&G,fa&mufolwdkif; rJay;ydkifcGifh r&Sdao;aom txufwef;v$mvluHkxHygwDrsm;acwfY EdkifiHa&;wGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom t,ltqrSm trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;[lonfh wckwnf;aom OD;wnfcsufjzpf+yD;/ xdt k usKd ;pD;yGm;udk az:aqmifa&;rSm tpd;k &. wm0efjzpfonfqakd om t,ltqjzpfonf? tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; ruf'DqdkeD,H Madisonian t,ltqu EdkifiHa&;wGif *dk%f; tkyfpkrsm;/ ygwDrsm; wnf&Sdr_u vlr_todkif;t0dkif;. pkaygif;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk +cdrf;ajcmuf v#uf &Sdonf[k ±_jrifonf? xdkt,ltqESifh qef@usifv#uf acwf+ydKifynm&SifwpfOD;. wifjycsufwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;qdkonfrSm trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;jr‡ifhwifa&; OD;wnf csujf zifh vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;. pkpnf;nD!w $ af om tpkta0;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyrJG sm;[lonf udk,fpm;jyKr_udk a&G;cs,fjcif;r[kwfbJ/ ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf? tajccH tm;jzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSmvnf; EdkifiHawmfESifh vlr_vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESpf&yfpvHk;wGif yg0if ywfoufolrsm;. aumfrwDrsm; jzpf=uonf[k qdkonf? 7

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; tqifhqifhajymif;vJvmonfh jzpfpOfwGif txufwef;v$m vluHkxHygwDrsm;toGifrS tpOftvm t& vlxkygwDrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmonfhtcg EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;[lonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; oufqdkif&m udk,fpm;jyKvlwef;pm; wpf&yf&yf odk@r[kwf vlr_tkyfpkwpk. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;wnfaz:aqmifa&;twGuf jzpfvmonf? Todk@aom tajctaewGif 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqt& EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh wdwdususydkif;jcm; owfrSwfxm;aom vlwef;pm;rsm; odk@r[kwf vlr_ tkyfpkrsm;t=um; tm%m+ydKifqdkifr_jzpfvmonf? odk@jzpf&m ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾rSm rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;jyK&m twef;tpm; tkyfpk. udk,fpm;vS,fwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&onfh ae&myif jzpfonf? ygwD&nf&G,fcsufrSm trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;az:aqmifa&;xuf vlwef;pm; vlr_tkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;udk,fpm;jyKa&; jzpfvmonf? Todk@aom tajctae atmuf w G i f ygwD 0 if t rsm;tjym; pk a qmif ; a&;qd k o nf r S m vnf ; Ed k i f i H a &;toH tm;aumif;pGm az:xkwfa&;twGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;t& vdktyfcsufr#omru 'Drdkua&pD t,ltqwpf&yfjzpfaom ygww D pf&yf. w&m;0ifr_ legitimacy of the party ESiv hf nf; qufEG,fv#uf&Sdonf? tqdkygw&m;0ifr_uvnf; ygwDqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif aomfvnf;aumif;/ rl0g'rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif; vlrsm;pk. wdkuf&dkuf yg0ifaxmufcHr_ twdkif;twmay:wGif tajccHtm;jzifh rlwnfaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vlxkygwDyHkpHonf jynfolrsm;tm; cdkifrmtm;aumif;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; t=um; a&G;cs,Ef ikd af pjcif;jzifh rl0g'rsm;tay:wGiaf omfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmftay:wGif aomfvnf;aumif; xdef;csKyfEdkifcGifhudk &&Sdaponf? xdkodk@aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; twef;tpm;wpf&yf&yf tkyfpkwpfpkpktm; udk,fpm;jyKonfh ygwDtoGifo¾mefrsm;ESifhqef@usifv#uf ajymif;vJay:xGef;vmaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDyHkpHwpfrsdK;rSm ta&miftaoG;pHk udk,fpm;jyKygwDrsm; catch-all parties jzpf=uonf? xdkodk@aom ygwDtrsdK;tpm;rsm;wGif rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;tm; pnf;&Hk;&mY vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; udk,fpm;jyK&ef ypfrSwftkyfpk (vlwef;pm;§vlr_tkyfpk) [lI r&Sd awmhay? rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;rSm a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJaeonfhoabmobm0&Sd+yD; axmuf cHr_onfvnf; tpOftjrJ yHkaor&Sdwwfojzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDwdkif;u t+ydKif csOf;uyf pnf;&H;k Edik o f nf[al om t,ltqtay: tajccHonf? Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS tajccHtm;jzifh jynfolrsm;. axmufcHqENrJ&&Sda&;twGuf acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; +ydKifqdkifr_yif jzpf onf[lI cH,lonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onfvnf; rl0g'vrf;pOfrsm;t=um; a&G;cs,f jcif;xuf acgif;aqmiftm; a&G;cs,fjcif;oabmqD ydkI tav;uJvmonf? odk@jzpf&m ygwDrl0g'vrf;pOfrsm; a&;qGJcsrSwf&mwGif ygwD0iftrsm;pk. yg0ifywfoufr_ESifh axmufcH 8

trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

r_onfvnf; ta&;ygonfh taetxm;wGif r&Sdawmhay? xdktajctaeESifh qufpyf aeonfh 'Drdkua&pDt,ltqrSm vGwfvyfpGmpkpnf;xm;onfh tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;t=um; tav#mhtwif;tay;t,ljzifh vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufonfh EdkifiHa&;jzpfonf? ygwDrsm; onfvnf; tusdK;pDyGm;tay:tajccHI r[mrdwfzGJ@r_ tjrJajymif;vJaeonfh yHkpHrsdK;udk awG@&onf? r=umao;aomq,fpkESpfrsm;wGif “umw,fygwD” cartel parties rsm;[k ac:qdkowfrSwfonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDyHko¾mefopfwpfrsdK;tm; avhvmaz:xkwf wifjy vmonfukd awG@&onf? xdo k @kd aom ygwrD sm;t=um;wGif Edik if aH &;. yifu, kd o f abmonf twwfynmu|rf;usifr_e,fy,fwpf&yftoGif skilled-profession jzpfvmonf? a&G;aumufyGJ+ydKifqdkifr_rsm;rSm tuef@towfjzpfvmonf? udk,fpm;jyKEdkifpGrf; odk@wnf; r[kwf rl0g'rsm;. xda&mufEikd pf rG ;f wd@k tay: &nf!e$ ;f I +ydKifqikd rf r_ sKd ;xuf pGr;f aqmif&nf tjynfhjzifh xdxda&mufa&muf pDrHcef@cGJr_ t&nftaoG;tay: t+ydKiftqdkiftm;xkwfr_ rsm; jzpfvmonf? Tod@k aomtajctaeonf wenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; ta&;yg r_ESifh ywfoufI pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_ ajymif;vJonfh jzpfpOf tqifhwpfckqDodk@ ul;ajymif;&m Y aemufcHa=umif;csif;&mwpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf? xdktcsufrSm ,cktcg EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;tm; 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom taqmufttHkrsm;tjzpf vufcH owfrSwfvm=ujcif;udk qdkvdkonf? Todk@ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tay: vufcHr_yHkpHajymif;vJ vmjcif;a=umifh ygwDrsm;. ygwDwGif;a&;&mrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf. yg0ifywfoufr_ tcef; u¾ ododomom wdk;jrifhvmjcif;udk awG@jrif=u&onf? txl;ojzifh odomxif&Sm; onfrSm ygwDrsm;tm; jynfol@b¾mrS &efyHkaiGaxmufyHhjcif;rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;. pnf;&Hk; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;tay: EdkifiHawmfu Oya'rsm; jyXmef;I pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf; owfrSwfcsuf rsm; wdk;jrifhvkyfaqmifvmjcif;wdk@yif jzpfonf? TonfrSm 'Drdkua&pDESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwD rsm;qdkif&m t,ltqrsm; ajymif;vJvmonfh oabmudk az: jyonfhtcsufrsm;yif jzpfonf? odk@jzpf&m EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; apwemh0efxrf;yk*~vdutpnf;t&Hk;rsm; tjzpfxuf 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonfh trsm;jynfoloHk;ukefwpf&yfozG,f yd k I vuf c H o wf r S w f v m=uonf ? 'D r d k u a&pD E d k i f i H a &;pepf t m; yH k r S e f u sif ; yaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ygwDpHk0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKif=uonfh EdkifiHa&;taqmufttHk tjzpf trsm;u em;vnfvufcH=uonf? odk@jzifh T±_axmifht& EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udkvnf; 'Drdku&ufwpf,E W,m;. tpdwftydkif;tjzpf owfrSwfvm=u+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD[lonf tajccHtm;jzifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGuf Edik if aH wmfu jznfq h nf;ay;onfh 0efaqmifrt _ jzpf owfrSwf±_jrifvm=uayonf? 9

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trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

'Drdkua&pDESifh udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jy\em acwfopf'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tcef;rSm ukefvGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; ododomomyif ajymif;vJvmcJhonfudk awG@&onf? txl;ojzifh udk,fpm;jyKr_pGrf;&nftydkif;wGif odomxif&Sm;pGm tm;enf;vmonfudk awG@&onf? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pepftm; tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; udk,fpm;jyK 'Drdkua&pDpepf. t"duZmwfaumif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tay: EkdifiHom;jynfolrsm;. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_rSmrl wjznf;jznf; avsmhusvmonfudk awG@jrifae&ayonf? avhvmr_ ppfwrf;rsm;t& a&S@wef;a&muf pufr_xGef;um;onfh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH}uD;rsm;wGif EdkifiHa&; orm;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh ygvDrefrsm;tay: jynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ twdkif;twmrSm ukefvGefcJhonfh q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; ododomom usqif;vmonfudk awG@jrif&onf? wcsdefwnf;wGif acwf+ydKif'Drdkua&pDpepf usifhoHk;&mY qENcH,lyGJrsm; tygt0if wdkuf&dkuf'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_rsm;udk ,cifumvrsm;xuf ydkI toHk;jyK vmonfukd awG@&onf? qENwltkyfpkrsm; Interest Groups . v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESifh =oZm oufa&mufr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjzifh ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmonfudkvnf; awG@jrifae&onf? Todk@jzifh 'Drdkua&pDwGif t"duZmwfaumif tajymif;tvJjzpfr_ (ygwDrsm;rSonf EdkifiHom;jynfolwpfOD;csif;pDESifh qENwltkyfpkrsm;qDodk@ajymif;vJvmjcif;) u ygwDrsm;. udk,fpm;jyKpGrf;&nfudk xdcdkufvmcJhonf? jynfolrsm;. qENoabmxm;tjrif pkpnf; a&;wm0efudk udk,fpm;jyKxrf;aqmifaecJhaom ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾rSm arS;rdSefvm cJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_yHkpHrsm; tajccHtm;jzifh toGifajymif;vJ vmonf [k qdk&ayrnf? vufiif;jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;uvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtoGifopfwpfrsdK; ay:xGef;vmjcif;udk jyqdkaeonf[k ,lq&ayrnf? rl0g'rsm;a&;qGJ csrSwfa&;vkyfief;pOf wGif EdkifiHom;jynfolrsm;u wdkuf&dkuf'Drdkua&pD usifhoHk;r_enf;vrf;rsm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;/ qENwltkyfpkrsm; odk@r[kwf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0ifvm=uonfudkvnf; awG@jrifae=u&ayonf? odk@aomf rJqEN&Sif jynfolrsm;. a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf cHxm;&jcif; r&Sdaom tqdkyg qENwltkyfpkrsm; Interest Groups u rl0g'a&;qGJolrsm;tjzpf a&muf&SdvmouJhodk@jzpfvm&m Todk@ aom 'Drdkua&pDwGif udk,fpm;jyKjcif; wm0efcHjcif;wdk@ESifhywfoufI ar;cGef;xkwfzG,f jzpfvm&awmhonf? tcsKyftm;jzifh qdk&aomf acwfopf'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. taetxm;rSm 0da&m"d toGiaf qmifv#uf &Sad eonfuakd wG@&onf? Ttajctaeonf 10

trSwf(4)? atmufwdkbmv 2009 ckeSpf

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'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSm aomhcsufusonfh t"dutaqmufttHkrsm; tjzpf wnf&Sdaer_ESifh 'Drdkua&pD&Sifoefa&;twGuf vdktyfonfh vkyfief;wm0eftcsdK@udk xrf;aqmifEdkifpGrf; usqif;vmaer_wdk@udk w+ydKifwnf; &ifqdkifae&jcif;udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpf onf? rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. aomhcsufusr_udk tajccdkif+yD;jzpfonfh taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;Y eufeuf±d_if;±d_if; tjrpfwG,faev#uf&Sdonfh ygwDrsm;. vufawG@om"ursm;u tcdkiftrm oufaoxlaeayonf? wwd,vd_if;[k qdkae=u aom xGef;opfp'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; 'Drdkua&pDzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;wGif EdkifiHa&; ygwrD sm;. tcef;rSm ydI k yif ta&;ygvmonfukd awG@jrifae&ayonf? od@k jzpf&m Edik if aH &; ygwDrsm;.tcef;u¾ yg0ifjcif;r&Sdv#if 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&; vlr_taqmufttHktjzpf owfrSwf&efyif cufcJayvdrfhrnf[k qdk=uonf? ,ae@umv 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif udk,fpm;jyKjcif;qdkonfrSm us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vufcHxm;=uonfh tajccHrlwpf&yf jzpfonf? yx0Dtaetxm;t&aomfvnf;aumif; vlOD;a&t&aomfvnf;aumif; ao;i,fonfh +rdK@jyEdkifiHrsm;ESifh udkufnDonfh 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_yHkpHudk ,cktcg e,fajr us,f0ef;+yD; vlOD;a&tqaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdonfh trsdK;om;EkdifiHawmfrsm; odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfEdkifrnfh 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;r_yHkpHodk@ toGifajymif;&mY udk,fpm;jyKjcif; tajccHudk vufcHvm=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfopfxlaxmif&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&; Y ta&;ygonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. tcef;u¾udk tav;xm;I EdkifiHawmf taqmuf ttHk,E W,m; zGJ@pnf;vnfywfa&; vkyfief;wm0efrsm;omru jynfol@qENoabmxm; rsm; pkpnf;a&;/ udk,fpm;jyKa&;ESifh wm0efcHr_&Sda&;wm0efrsm;udk pGrf;tm;jynfh xrf;aqmif Edkifrnfh jynfol@0efxrf; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; ay:xGef;vm&ef vdktyfa=umif; avhvm rSwfom;&ygonf?

aemfZdk; &nf!$ef; Ingrid van Biezen, "How Political Parties Shape Democracy", Center for the Study of Democracy (University of California, Irvine) Year 2004 Paper 04-16.

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