03 98 Mazi Sap Edbt98

EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Understanding SAP R/3 A Tutorial for Computer Scientists Florian Matthes

Stephan Ziemer

Technical University Hamburg-Harburg EDBT'98 Valencia March 1998 Learning Objectives Participants will

R break the "language barrier" of R/3 terminology R understand R/3's fundamental architectural, database and language concepts R be able to relate R/3 to their own research and development work R have a conceptual basis and reference material for a further study of R/3 [email protected]

http://www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

Tutorial Outline 1. SAP R/3: Past, Presence and Future

15"

2. The Integrated R/3 Repository

15"

3. Enterprise Modeling with R/3

15"

4. Objects of the R/3 Data Dictionary

45"

coffee break 5. Programming with ABAP/4 and the DynPro Concept

60"

6. Customizing R/3: Concepts and Techniques

15"

7. Process and System Architecture

15"

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 2

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Motivation for Standard Software

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 3

History of SAP Software R 1972 SAP “R/1” • Innovation = Standard Software and Real Time Computing

R 1983 SAP R/2 • Innovation = Integration of Applications (Mainframe-based)

R 1989 SAP R/3 • Innovation = Relational Database, Client-/Server-Architecture, Platform Independence

"There are no plans for R/4 today"

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

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Characteristics of SAP R/3 R Coverage and integration of a wide range of business functionality ("standard" system and industry solutions)

R High degree of customizability R Coexistence of multiple clients R Platform independence R Integrated development environment R Modeling of modern business structures R Sheer size • 15 GB per installation without any operational data (6 CDs minimum) • 7 Millions LOC in 1994. Annual growth of the core software by 10-15% (600 developers at SAP) “R/3” stands for real time system, version 3.

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EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Performance Highlights of Productive Sites BASF, Germany

600 warehouses, 600,000 articles 1,500 named users, 22 GB customer data

Chevron, USA

80,000 orders / 3 hours 2,500 active users

Eduscho Germany

1,000,000 invoice line items / week 1,000,000 order line items / week

Kaeser Compressors, Germany

< 1 sec response time with 300,000 transactions daily along with 350 - 400 active users

Keebler, USA

2,000,000 invoice line items / week 2,000,000 order line items / week

Swiss PPT, CH

Phase 1: 1,891 named users, 855 active users Phase 2: 3,232 named users, 1,720 active users

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 6

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

SAP Today R 4th largest software vendor in the world R Market leader with 29% market share in

Enterprise Business Solutions (IDC, 1996)

R 25+ years of business experience R 7,500+ customers in 90+ countries • 13,000+ R/3 installations • 1,400+ R/2 installations

R ~13,000 employees R Worldwide presence in over 50 countries R Group sales totaled over USD 3.46 billion in 1997, 81% of which was generated outside Germany

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 7

The Fortune 500 and SAP R 6 out of the top 10 companies use SAP software. R 7of the 10 most profitable companies use SAP software. R 9 of the 10 companies with the highest market value use SAP software.

R 7 of the top 10 pharmaceutical companies use SAP software. R 7 of the top 10 computer companies use SAP software. R 7 of the top 10 petroleum companies use SAP software. R 6 of the top 10 electronics companies use SAP software. R 8 of the top 10 chemical companies use SAP software. R 8 of the top 10 food companies use SAP software. But: More than 2/3 of SAP’s customers are not in the Fortune 500. EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

The End-User's Perspective

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 9

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

R/3 Applications and their Technological Basis

SD MM

Sales & Distr.

FI Finances

CO

Materialmanagment

Controlling

PP

R/3 Applications

AM

Production Plannig .

R/3 BASIS

QM

PS

Qualitymanagement.

Middleware

Project system

PM

WF Workflow

HR Human Resources

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

IS

Hardware, Network, Operating System, Database © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 10

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

System Platforms Supported by R/3 UNIX Systems Bull IBM Digital SNI HP SUN

Hardware

Operating Systems

Bull/Zenith Compaq Data General ...

AIX Reliant Digital UNIX UNIX (SINIX) HP-UX SOLARIS

Databases

ADABAS D DB2 for AIX INFORMIX-OnLine ORACLE

Dialog SAPGUI

NCR Digital HP (Intel) Sequent IBM (Intel) SNI

Windows NT

ADABAS D MS SQL Server INFORMIX-OnLine ORACLE

IBM AS/400

IBM S/390

OS/400

OS/390

DB2 for OS/400

DB2 for OS/390

Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows NT, OSF/Motif *, OS/2 Presentation Manager (PM), Macintosh *, Java

Languages ABAP/4, C, C++, HTML, Java

* not supported as frontend to AS/400

© 1997 SAP AG © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 11

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Three-Tier Client/Server-Architecture of R/3 Window manager SAPGUI process

PC

X-Terminals SAPGUI process

SAPGUI process

Presentation server

DynPro processor

Dispatcher

DynPro processor

ABAP/4 interpreter

ABAP/4 interpreter

Work process

Work process

Application server Central booking process EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

RDBMS

Database server © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 12

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Future Trends, New Buzzwords

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 13

Overview 1. SAP R/3: Past, Presence and Future 2. The Integrated R/3 Repository 2.1 Integrated Analysis, Design and Implementation 2.2 Coexistence of Multiple R/3 Clients 2.3 Application and System Evolution 2.4 Running Example: FM Areas and Funds Centers 3. Enterprise Modeling with R/3 4. Objects of the R/3 Data Dictionary 5. Programming with ABAP/4 and the DynPro Concept 6. Customizing R/3: Concepts and Techniques 7. Process and System Architecture

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 14

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

R/3 User Groups and Views Developer, Consultant, Administrator,... End User

R/3-Tools

uses manipulates

FI

HR

TR

......

Repository

...

......

Runtime Environment © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 15

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

R/3 Tools

Customizing

R/3Tools

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

Development

Business Engineering

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 16

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Concepts and Languages of the R/3 Repository Analysis Level

Design Level

EventControlled Process Chain (EPC)

Implementation Level Development class

Business Engineering

} } }

[ Business Objects ]

SAP Module

ABAP/4

"Real World"

SAP SERM

Data Dictionary

Process View Function View

Data View

SQL

R/3 Repository Data Dictionary © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 17

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Objects of the R/3 Repository Analysis Level

Design Level

Implementation Level

Workflow

Event, Function, ...

Transaction

Program, Report, ...

"Real World"

Table, Domain, Foreign Key, ...

Entity, Relationship

Manual

Manual

ABAP/4 Variable, SQL Table, ... ToolSupported

} } }

Process View Function View

Data View

Consistency Maintenance between Levels

}

R/3 Repository EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

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Repository Information System

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EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

OMT-Notation Class:

Class Name

Generalization:

Superclass

Attributes Operations

Subclass-1 Instance:

Subclass-2

(Class Name) Instance Name

Multiplicity of associations:

Association: Class 1

Association name Role 1

Role 2

Class

Exactly one

Class

Many (≥0)

Class

Optional (0 oder 1)

+1

Class

One or more

1-2,4

Class

Numerically specified

Class 2

Aggregation: Assembly Class

Part-1-Class Part-2-Class EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 20

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

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R/3 Repository and Data Dictionary Repository Data Dictionary

Application Object Name

Development Class

ABAP/4 Dictionary Object

Development Class Object

State

Transport()

Owner

Transport() © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 21

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Clients in R/3

Client with separate data

Transport

Client with separate data

New Release from SAP

Client with separate data

R/3 system containing shared data Client with separate data

Naming Conventions! Client: A business entity in the R/3 system.

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 22

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Naming Conventions in R/3 R For most customer-created objects the name has to start with either a Y or a Z. Object

Length

Name

Example

Domain Data Element Matchcode Object Matchcode Id Pool-/Cluster Table Lock Object Structure Transparent Table Append Field View Help View

10 10 4 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Y*, Z* Y*, Z* Y*, Z* A-Z,0-9 Y*, Z* EY*, EZ* Y*, Z*, T9*, P9* Y*, Z*, T9*, P9* Y*, Z* YY*, ZZ* Y*, Z* H_Y*, H_Z*

YNAME, Z1234 ZNAME, YNAME12 YMCO, ZMCO YMCO1, ZMCOG YPOOL, ZCLUSTER EYNAME, EZNAME YSTRUKT, ZSTR123 YTAB1, ZTAB2 ZAPPEND, YAPPEND ZZFELD, YYFELD YVIEW, ZVIEW H_YVIEW, H_ZVIEW

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 23

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Running Example: FM Areas and Funds Center Financial Management Area

Funds Center

e.g,, CS department

e.g., groups within the department

Financial Management Area (FM Area): The FM area is the commercial organizational unit, within which commitment accounting is conducted.

Funds Center: A funds center is a commercial responsibility area to which a budget is assigned. EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 24

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Overview 1. SAP R/3: Past, Presence and Future 2. The Integrated R/3 Repository 3. Enterprise Modeling with R/3 3.1 Data Modeling : Entities and Relationships 3.2 Functional Decomposition: R/3 Modules 3.3 Process Modeling: R/3 Reference Model, EPCs and SAP Transactions 4. Objects of the R/3 Data Dictionary 5. Programming with ABAP/4 and the DynPro Concept 6. Customizing R/3: Concepts and Techniques 7. Process and System Architecture

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 25

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Relationships in the SAP SERM Data Model A H

Hierarchical Aggregating

R

Referential

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

Is a

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 26

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© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Cardinalities of Relationships in SAP SERM Each entity of the source entity type has exactly one dependent entity: 1:1 Each entity of the source entity type has at most one dependent entity: 1:C Each entity of the source entity type has at least one dependent entity: 1:M Each entity of the source entity type can have any number of dependent entities: 1 : CM

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 27

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

R/3 Data Model for FM Areas No Updates through Applications Application Data Entity Number 19013 Language

V

View R

12340 Financial Management Area 19031 Currency

AV H

12410 AV Funds Center

AV R

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 28

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Logical Partition of R/3 into Modules

FI

HR

TR

SD

MM

PP

QM

PM

IS

WF

PS

CO

Maintained by

AM

Program Objects

SAP Consultant

Customizing Data Data

Objects Company

Application Data

System R/3

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 29

Future: BAPIS and Business Objects

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 30

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Event-Controlled Process Chains

R Logical connectives

R Functions Function

R Events

/\

\/

\/

AND

OR

XOR

Event

R Organization Unit Types Organizational Unit

R Information Objects Input / Output © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 31

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Example: Transaction-Level EPC new Funds center to be created choose FM area FM area exists /\ choose responsible person

choose superordinated funds center

choose fund

/\ new Funds center created EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Example: Workflow-Level EPC Finanzierungszweck ist anzulegen

TR Finanzierungszweckbearbeitung

Finanzierungszweck ist erzeugt

Budgets sind zu planen

Fonds ist anzulegen

Finanzposition ist anzulegen

Finanzstelle ist anzulegen

Budgetstatus ist zu pflegen

Budgetträger ist anzulegen

TR Finanzpositionsbearbeitung

TR Finanzstellenbearbeitung

TR Fondsbearbeitung

TR Statusverwaltung

TR Budgetträgerbearbeitung

Finanzposition ist erzeugt

Finanzstelle ist erzeugt

Fonds ist erzeugt

Anwenderstatus liegt vor

Budgetträger liegt vor

Budget wird nicht komplett benötigt

Budgetrückgabe ist durchzuführen

B u d g e t u m b u c h u ng ist durchzuführen

TR Budgetversionsbearbeitung

Weitere finanzielle Mittel erden benötigt

Budgetnachtrag ist durchzuführen

Budgetversion liegt vor

Budgets sind bewilligt

TR Originalbudgetpflege (alle Versionen)

TR Budgetrückgabe

TR B u d g e t u m b u c h u ng

TR Budgetnachtrag

Originalbudget liegt vor

Budgetrückgabe liegt vor

B u d g e t u m b u c h u ng ist abgeschlossen

Budgetnachtrag liegt vor

TR Budgetreigabe

Budgetfreigabe liegen vor

Kreditorenabwicklung

Debitorenabwicklung

XOR

XOR

Verbrauchsmaterialabwicklung

Lagermaterialabwicklung

Lohnbearbbeitungsabwicklung

Dienstleistungsabwicklung

Streckenabwicklung

XOR

XOR

XOR

KreditorAnzahlungsanforderung ist erstellt

Zahlung ist gebucht

BANF mit Lieferplannummer ist erstellt

Anzahlung ist gebucht

Jahresendbericht ist erforderlich

Monatsbericht ist erforderlich

BANF mit Kontraktnummer ist erstellt

BANF mit Lieferant ist erstellt

BANF ohne Bezugsquelle ist erstellt

Bestellun g ist angelegt

Material ist in Lagerbestand gebucht

Material ist in Verbaruch gebucht

Streckenwaren. eingang ist abgeschlossen

Rechnung ist gebucht und zur Zahlung freigegeben

Mittelreservierung ist durchzuführen

Buchungsfehler liegt vor

Individuelle toleranzen sind zuzuweisen

TR Mittelreservierung

TR Zahlungsumbuchung

TR Zuordnung individuelle Toleranzen

Mittelreservierung liegt vor

Umbuchung ist abgeschlossen

Toleranzen liegen vor

Ad hoc-Bericht ist erforderlich

Prozesswegweiser

Ereignis

TR Berichte

XOR

Budget-GrößenVergleich liegt vor

Budget-PeriodenVergleich liegt vor

Budget-JahresVergleich liegt vor

BudgettypenVergleich liegt vor

Budget/IstVergleich liegt vor

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 33

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

SAP Transactions (Logical Unit of Work) BOT

EOT

Input Mask 1

Input Mask 2

Input Mask 3

DB-TA

DB-TA

DB-TA

Time

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 34

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Overview 1. SAP R/3: Past, Presence and Future 2. The Integrated R/3 Repository 3. Enterprise Modeling with R/3 4. Objects of the R/3 Data Dictionary 4.1 Data Modeling: Selected Data Dictionary Objects [ 4.2 Functional Modeling: Business Objects] 4.3 Process Modeling: Workflows 5. Programming with ABAP/4 and the DynPro Concept 6. Customizing R/3: Concepts and Techniques 7. Process and System Architecture

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 35

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Data Modeling Objects in the Data Dictionary Data Dictionary Object Status

...

View +1 Type Join-cond.

+1

Field

+1

Name

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

Domain

Data Element defines Values

Has check table

Table

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Domains and Data Elements

relevance for "business" Data Element

Data Element

sending account

receiving account

Data Element

Data Element

FIKRS

FM_FICTR

Domain

Domain

KOSTL

FIKRS

CHAR(10)

CHAR(4)

Domain FISTL CHAR(16)

relevance for "implementation"

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 37

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Types of Tables Table

Pool Table Transparent Table

+1

Table Pool

Cluster Table +1

Table Cluster

implemented by implemented by

implemented by

SQL-Table

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 38

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Pool and Cluster Tables Pool Table

SQL Table

Cluster Table

SQL Table

} © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 39

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Visibility of Tables Table A

Table A (transparent)

Table B

Table C

Table B (Cluster-Tab.)

Table C (Cluster-Tab.)

ABAP/4

Data Dictionary

Table-Cluster

Table A

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

Table

Database

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 40

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EDBT‘98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Delivery Classes of Tables R Class A:

Application table (master or transaction data). Maintained by the customer using application transactions. Supplied empty. Example: material master.

R Class C: Customer table. Maintained only by the customer. Supplied with SAP

model entries. Tables of this delivery class are never overwritten when upgrades are performed. Example: company code tables.

R Class G: Customer table with protected content. Like class C, but SAP can add new entries. Existing customer entries are not overwritten. Supplied with SAP model entries. Example: number ranges.

R Class L: Table for storing temporary data which can be interpreted as intermediate results with limited time validity. Supplied empty. Example: employee groups.

R Class E: System table (control table) with separate name ranges for customer

entries. The customer entries remain unchanged when upgrades are performed. Example: special stock indicator.

R Class S: System table of program nature. Maintained only by SAP. Table is filled with system settings on delivery. Example: codes for SAP transactions.

R Class W: System table for system operation and maintenance. Contents are

maintained directly by maintenance transactions. Example: function module table. © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 41

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Example: Table FMFCTR (1) Field Name Key Type

Data Element Domain

Text

MANDT

X

CLNT

Length 3

MANDT

MANDT

Client

FIKRS

X

CHAR

4

FIKRS

FIKRS

FM Area

FICTR

X

CHAR

16

FM_FICTR

FISTL

Funds Center

DATBIS

X

DATS

8

DATBI

DATUM

Valid until

DATS

8

FM_ERFDAT

DATUM

FIFM: Exists since

ERFDAT AENDAT

DATS

8

FM_AENDAT

DATUM

FIFM: Date of Change

BOSS_CO DE LAND1

NUMC

8

CHAR

3

FM_BOSSCO D LAND1

PS_VER NR LAND1

FIFM: Code of repsonible Person Country Key

TELEFAX

CHAR

31

TELEFX

TEXT31

Fax Number

...

...

...

...

...

...

Delivery Class: A Transparent Table EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

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© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

Example: Table FMFCTR (2)

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 43

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Foreign Keys in FMFCTR Field Name

Check Table

Cardinality

Text

MANDT

T000

1:CN

FIFM: Client

FIKRS

FM01

1:CN

FIFM: FM Area

BOSS_CODE

TCJ04

1:CN

LAND1

T005

1:1 (!?)

FIFM: Responsible Person for Fund Center FIFM: Country

...

...

...

...

12340 Data Model:

AV

H

FM Area

12410

AV

Funds Center

IFMFCTR is a structure complying with table FMFCTR. EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

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© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer

SAP Business Workflow R allows users to define business workflows on top of SAP transactions R EPCs used as modeling technique R Coordination of • the persons involved • the work steps required • the data to be processed (business objects)

R not (yet) part of the data dictionary (but of the repository)

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 45

Overview 1. SAP R/3: Past, Presence and Future 2. The Integrated R/3-Repository 3. Enterprise Modeling with R/3 4. Objects of the R/3 Data Dictionary 5. Programming with ABAP/4 and the DynPro Concept 5.1 Implementation-Oriented Data Dictionary Objects 5.2 Programming in the Large: Development Class Objects 5.3 Programming in the Small: Program Objects 6. Customizing R/3: Concepts and Techniques 7. Process and System Architecture

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

www.sts.tu-harburg.de/~f.matthes/r3.html

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 46

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Data Types in the Data Dictionary Data Dictionary Object

...

... Type Groups

Domain Based on

Data Type

External Type

ABAP/4 Data Type

Header Line

Internal Table

FieldSymbol

Projected to

SQL Type

Field Name

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 47

External Data Types External Type Description

output length

ACCP CHAR CLNT CUKY CURR DATS DEC FLTP INT1 INT2 INT4 LANG LCHR LRAW NUMC PREC QUAN RAW TIMS UNIT VARC

6 <256 3 5 <18 8 <18 16 3 5 10 1 >255 >255 <256 2 17 <256 6 2 or 3

Posting period. The format is YYYYMM. Character string. Client. Currency key. Currency field. Must point to a field of type CUKY. Date. Counter or amount field. Floating-point number. 1-byte integer between 0 and 255. 2-byte integer between -32767 and 32767. 4-byte integer between -2177483647 and 2177483647. Language key. Character string of arbitrary length. Uninterpreted byte string of arbitrary length. Character field in which only numbers can be entered. Accuracy of a QUAN field. Quantity. Must always point to a units field with UNIT format Uninterpreted sequence of bytes. Time. Units key. No longer supported. (version 3.0)

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

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Mapping External Types to ABAP/4 Data Types External Type

ABAP/4 Data Type

ACCP CHAR n CLNT CUKY CURR n,m,s DATS DEC n,m,s FLTP INT1/2/4 LANG LCHAR LRAW NUMC n PREC QUAN n,m,s RAW n TIMS UNIT

N(6) C(n) C(3) C(5) P((n+2)/2) DECIMALS m (NO-SIGN) D(8) P((n+2)/2) DECIMALS m (NO-SIGN) F(8) I C(1) C(n) X(n) N(n) --P((n+2)/2) DECIMALS m (NO-SIGN) X(n) T(6) C(n)

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Example: Type Group TYPE-POOL YYY. * Header Type YYY_FMAREA_TYPE TYPES: BEGIN OF YYY_FMAREA_TYPE, FMAREA LIKE FM01-FIKR, FUNDSCENTER LIKE FMFCTR-FIFCTR, DESCRIPTION(30) TYPE C, END OF YYY_FMAREA_TYPE. * Internal Table TYPES YYY_INTERNAL_INTEGER_TAB_TYPE TYPE I OCCURS 10.

Type Groups are stored in the Data Dictionary for cross-program use.

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Orthogonality of the Type Concept Atomic Type Header Line internal Tab. Naming Variable Declaration global local Parameter Passing by Value by Reference Embedding in Header Line Internal Table SQL-Table Copy as a whole Displayable

SQL-Table

X

X

X

--

X X

X X

X X

by Name

X X

X X

-X

---

X X X X X

X X X X --

---X --

--X ---

by Name

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Implementation-Oriented Objects Data Dictionary Object Status

... includes

Table

includes

Structure

Data Element

includes appends +1

+1

Field

Field

Name

Name

Lock Object has Primary Table

has Secondary Table

Matchcode Object has Primary Table

has Secondary Table

1-36

ID Projection Select condition

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Lock Object R A lock object stores persistent locks on table rows that

outlive a single database

transaction.

R Lock modes: • E (Exclusive, cumulative) • S (Shared) • X (Exclusive, not cumulative)

Example EFMFCTR

R Primary Table: FMFCTR and no Secondary Tables R Lock arguments: FMFCTR-MANDT, FMFCTR- FIKRS, FMFCTR- FICTR, FMFCTRDATBIS

R Lock mode: E R Invoke object with Function Modules: ENQUEUE_EFMFCTR, DEQUEUE_EFMFCTR

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Matchcodes R Help the user to find the identifying tulpe value of an existing tuple. R Different sets of attributes can be shown, each constituting a Matchcode-Id. Differences between database indexes and matchcodes

R A matchcode can contain fields from several tables. An index contains fields from only one table.

R Matchcodes can be built on the basis of both transparent tables stored in the underlying database and using the special table types pool and cluster.

R The matchcode structure can be restricted by stipulating selection conditions. R Matchcodes can be used as entry aids in the context of the SAP help system.

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Example: FIKR Input requested: Code for FM Area (FM01-FIKRS).

Computer Science F18

FM Area:

FM Area:

F18

Eingabehilfe (F4) Uses Tables: FM01: FM Areas MANDT

... 010 ...

FM01T: Descriptions of FM Areas

FIKRS

...

...

...

...

F18 ...

... ...

010 ...

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

MANDT FIKRS SPRAS

...

...

F18 ...

D ...

FIXTXT

...

...

...

Comp.Sc. ... ... ... © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 55

Example: FIKR

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Example: Definition of a Matchcode Step 1: Definition of Matchcode-Object FIKR • Primary Table and Secondary Table Primary Table FM01 * Secondary Table

SELECT FM01.FIKRS,FM01T.SPRAS, FM01T.FIXTXT FROM FM01, FM01T WHERE FM01.FIKRS=FM01T.FIKRS AND FM01.MANDT=FM01T.MANDT (INTO M_FIKR)

FM01T *FM01-FIKRS is a foreign key for FM01T-FIKRS • Fields used by Matchcode: Table Fieldname FM01 MANDT FM01 FIKRS FM01T SPRAS FM01T FIXTXT FM01T SPRAS

MC-Field MANDT FIKRS SPRAS FIXTXT SPRAS3

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Search field X

Key X X X

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Example: Definition of a Matchcode (cont.) Step 2: Definition of a Matchcode-ID Matchcode-Id B: • Primary Table: FM01 • Secondary Tables: FM01T • MC-View Name: M_FIKRB • Fields: FM01-MANDT, FM01T-FIXTXT, FM01TSPRAS, FM01-FIKR • No selection

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SELECT FIXTXT,SPRAS,FIKRS FROM M_FIKR

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Tools to Manipulate Development Class Objects Workbench Organizer

R Object Browser R Screen Painter R Menu Painter R CATT R Data Modeler R ABAP/4 Editor

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Object Browser

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Reflexivity of R/3 R Initiation of a program SUBMIT <program>

R Creation of a new program DATA CODE(72) OCCURS 10 APPEND: ‘REPORT ZRFC1.’ TO CODE, ‘WRITE / “Hello World!”’ TO CODE. INSERT REPORT ‘ZRFC1’ FROM CODE.

R “Loading” a program into a table READ REPORT INTO .

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Development Class Objects Development Class Object Generate

..... Transaction

starts

Code

Function Group

Program object Version

Message Class

Logical Database

uses

Message

Authorization Object Report (REPORT/PROGRAM)

Number Function module (FUNCTION-POOL) Interface

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Function Modules R Central concept for many R/3 features. R Reminds on the Module concept in programming languages. Different kinds of function modules, called process types:

R Normal R RFC supported R Update with start immediately (V1-booking) R Update immediately (V1-booking) R Update with start delayed (V2-booking) R Sammellauf (V2-booking)

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Development Class Objects (continued) Development Class Object Generate

... Business EngeneeringObjekt

Dialog Box

SET-/GETParameter

Area Menu

Interface

calls

uses Program Object

Workflow

CATT Procedure

+1 GUI Status

Transaction

Data Model

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GUI Status Object GUI Status

GUI Status Object

Function Key Assignment

Menu Bar

Standard Tool Bar

Application Tool Bar

Menu

Function Key

Function Key

Code

Code

+1 +1

Menu item

references

Code

Code EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

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Area Menu TCMN (Development Class FMBS) Menu Bar

Standard Tool Bar Application Tool Bar

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R/3 Model for Interactive Transactions

...

DynPro A PBOEvent

DynPro A PAIEvent

DynPro B PBOEvent

DynPro B PAIEvent

ABAP/4Modules

ABAP/4Modules

ABAP/4Modules

ABAP/4Modules

DynPro A DB-TA

...

DynPro B DB-TA

DB-TA

DB-TA

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States of the R/3 DynPro Interpreter Leave to Transaction

Process Screen OK-CODE type T?

AT EXIT COMMAND

F4? F1? Execute PBO Modules

Transfer Data from ABAP/4 Variables into DynPro Fields

Subroutines

Offer Help

Transfer Data from DynPro Fields into ABAP/4 Variables

Lock certain DynPro Fields

OK-CODE type E?

Next

PBO

Execute PAI Modules MESSAGE type E? Subroutines

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Program Objects in Detail imports

Program Object Type, Version

Transaction

Logical Database

Starts with

Code Module Pool in ABAP/4

+1 PBO Module

DynPro Number

PAI Module

Subroutine (Form)

Screen Flow Logic

Global Data Type

GUI Title

GUI Status

Code

calls executes

+1 DynPro Field

exchange Data (equal Names)

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Transaction FM2I, DynPro 100

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Transaction FM2I, DynPro 200

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Dialog-Oriented Programming in R/3

create Fund Center

PAI

PBO

Transaction FMI2

{

ABAP/4

Zeit

DynPro 100

next DynPro

MODULE D0100_INDEPENDENT

MODULE FM_FCTR_LESEN

MODULE D0100_MODIFY_SCREEN

MODULE D100_OK_CODE

MODULE D0100_SET_PF-STATUS

MODULE ...

Function Module SAPLFM22

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Components of a DynPro R Screen Layout R Fields R Attributes R Flow Logic

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Creating Masks: Screen Painter

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DynPro Fields Field Name IFMFCTR-FIKRS IFMFCTR-FIKRS

Field Type Text I/O

Format CHAR CHAR

Length 15 4

IFMFCTR-FICTR IFMFCTR-FICTR

Text I/O

CHAR CHAR

15 10

OK_CODE

OKCODE

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Explanation shows "Finanzkreis" The superordinated FM Area is typed in here. Matchcode FIKR is used to provide help. shows "Finanzstelle" The funds center is typed in here. Matchcode FIST is used to provide help.

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DynPro Attributes

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Flow Logic PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT. MODULE D0100_INDEPENDENT. MODULE D0100_MOFIFY_SCREEN. MODULE D0110_SET_PF-STATUS.

PROCESS AFTER INPUT. MODULE D0100_EXIT AT EXIT-COMMAND. CHAIN. FIELD: IFMFCTR-FIKRS, IFMFCTR-FICTR. MODULE CHECK_SONDERZEICHEN. MODULE D0100_DB_KEY_NOTICE. MODULE AUTHORITY_CHECK. MODULE FMFCTR_ENQUEUE. MODULE FMFCTR_LESEN. ENDCHAIN. FIELD OK_CODE MODULE D0100_OK_CODE.

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PBO-Event

PAI-Event

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 77

Function Pool FM22 * Programmkopf FUNCTION-POOL FM22 MESSAGE-ID FI. ... *----------------------------------------------------------------------* DEC - lokale Datenbeschreibungen Tabellen / Daten / Field-Symbols *----------------------------------------------------------------------INCLUDE LFM22DEC. ... *----------------------------------------------------------------------* Interne Tabellen *----------------------------------------------------------------------* Interne Tabelle für die Finanzstelle zur Datenhaltung * und zur Datenübergabe zwischen den Dynpros DATA: BEGIN OF I_FMFCTR OCCURS 10. INCLUDE STRUCTURE IFMFCTR. DATA: END OF I_FMFCTR. * Sicherung unbearbeitetes Dynpro DATA: BEGIN OF I_OLD_FMFCTR. INCLUDE STRUCTURE IFMFCTR. DATA: END OF I_OLD_FMFCTR.

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Data Declaration (Include LFM22DEC) TABLES:

"/ Finanzkreis FM01, "/ Texte zum Finanzkreis FM01T, "/ Finanzstelle FMFCTR, "/ Interne Tabelle für die Dynprofelder der Finanzstelle IFMFCTR. * Feldleiste für die Finanzstelle DATA: BEGIN OF FFMFCTR. INCLUDE STRUCTURE IFMFCTR. DATA: END OF FFMFCTR. DATA:

"/Finanzkreis G_FIKRS LIKE FM01-FIKRS, "/Finanzstelle G_FICTR LIKE FMFCTR-FICTR, "/Transaktionscode G_TCODE LIKE SY-TCODE, "/Flag um zu signalisieren, ob die TA / Function abhängig aufgerufen wurde. FLG_CALLD LIKE SY-CALLD VALUE 0. © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 79

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

Header Lines and Internal Tables Problem: How to access data in the data base? a) Typically: Definition of a fixed header line for data exchange with the table }

Header Line

} }

Table

b) Alternative: Specification of the Header Line with every access

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

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}

Header Line A

Table }

Header Line B

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Access to Internal Tables associative

it-name=“x”. READ it.

Element-Oriented positional

move it1[] to it2[].

Set-Oriented

iterative

read it index 42.

loop at it. ... endloop.

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Access to the Database R Access through Native-SQL or Open-SQL R Open-SQL: • SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, MODIFY, DELETE • OPEN CURSOR, FETCH, CLOSE CURSOR • COMMIT WORK, ROLLBACK WORK

R Native-SQL: Database dependent.

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Dynamic Screen Modification MODULE D0100_MODIFY_SCREEN. *----------------------------------------------------------------------* * Dynamische Bildmodifikation für Dynpro 0100: * * - Feld 'Finanzstelle' auf Länge 10 reduzieren * * - Feld 'Finanzkreis' ist bei Neuanlage aus der Grafik heraus * * nur ein Anzeigefeld * *----------------------------------------------------------------------* *----------------------------------------------------------------------*

"/ Schleife über alle Dynprofelder LOOP AT SCREEN. "/ if (( Feldname = 'Finanzkreis' ) und ( TA ist abhängig ) ) IF ( ( SCREEN-NAME = 'IFMFCTR-FIKRS' ) AND ( FLG_CALLD = CON_DEPENDANT_TA ) ). "/ Feld dient nur zur Anzeige SCREEN-INPUT = 0. "/'0A' in HEX MODIFY SCREEN. ENDIF. "/ SCREEN-NAME ENDLOOP. "/ SCREEN. ENDMODULE. "/ D0100_MODIFY_SCREEN

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Exit-Module (no Execution of PAI-Modules) MODULE D0100_EXIT. *----------------------------------------------------------------------* * Funktionen, die die aktuelle Bearbeitung beenden * * ohne die PAI-Module, -Prüfungen zu aktivieren. * * LEAVE TO TRANSACTION löst automatisch das Freigeben aller * * Sperren der Transaktion aus! * *----------------------------------------------------------------------* "/ Zwischenspeichern des OK_CODE SAV_OK_CODE = OK_CODE. CLEAR OK_CODE. "/ Auswerten des OK_CODE CASE SAV_OK_CODE. "/ ENDE = Beenden WHEN 'ENDE'. SET SCREEN 0. LEAVE SCREEN. "/ EINS = In Anlegen-TA verzweigen WHEN 'EINS'. "/ Rufe Transaktion 'Anlegen' LEAVE TO TRANSACTION TR_FICTR_INS. ENDCASE. ENDMODULE. "/ D0100_EXIT

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Branching in ABAP/4 DynPro PBO

PAI

DynPro default

PBO

PAI

DynPro default

PBO

PAI

SET SCREEN 200 LEAVE SCREEN

“GOTO”

DynPro PBO

DynPro PBO

PAI

default

PAI

PBO

DynPro default

PBO

PAI

DynPro

DynPro default

PBO

CALL SCREEN 200 LEAVE SCREEN

DynPro PBO

PAI SET SCREEN 0 LEAVE SCREEN

“GOSUB”

= is executed

PAI

default

PAI

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

DynPro PBO

PAI

© 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 85

Call of a Lock Object (EFMFCTR) MODULE FMFCTR_ENQUEUE INPUT. "/Prozedur zum Sperren einer Finanzstelle aufrufen PERFORM FMCTR_ENQUEUE. ENDMODULE. "/ FMFCTR_ENQUEUE FORM FMFCTR_ENQUEUE. "/ if ( Anlegen oder ändern einer Finanzstelle ) CHECK ( ( G_TCODE = TR_FICTR_INS ) OR ( G_TCODE = TR_FICTR_UPD ) ). "/ Sperre für eine Finanzstelle anfordern CALL FUNCTION 'ENQUEUE_EFMFCTR' EXPORTING FIKRS = G_FIKRS FICTR = G_FICTR EXCEPTIONS FOREIGN_LOCK = 1 SYSTEM_FAILURE = 2. CASE SY-SUBRC. "/ Fehlerbehandlung WHEN 1. "/bereits von anderem User gesperrt (FOREIGN_LOCK) MESSAGE E641 WITH G_FICTR. WHEN 2. "/ SYSTEM_FAILURE bei einer Sperranforderung MESSAGE A521 WITH G_FICTR. ENDCASE. "/ SY-SUBRC ENDFORM. "/ FMFCTR_ENQUEUE

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“Normal” Exit Module MODULE D0100_OK_CODE INPUT. *----------------------------------------------------------------------* * Auswertung der Benutzerkommandos im Dynpro 100 * *----------------------------------------------------------------------*

"/ Zwischenspeichern des OK_CODE SAV_OK_CODE = OK_CODE. CLEAR OK_CODE. "/ Auswerten des OK_CODE CASE SAV_OK_CODE. "/ ENTER WHEN SPACE. "/ Folgedynpro 200 aufrufen SET SCREEN 200. LEAVE SCREEN. ENDCASE. ENDMODULE. "/ D0100_OK_CODE *----------------------------------------------------------------------*

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Overview 1. SAP R/3: Past, Presence and Future 2. The Integrated R/3-Repository 3. Enterprise Modeling with R/3 4. Objects of the R/3 Data Dictionary 5. Programming with ABAP/4 and the DynPro Concept 6. Customizing R/3: Concepts and Techniques 7. Process and System Architecture

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Procedure Model

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Implementation Guide

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Implementation Guide (cont.)

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Technical Implementation R NO ABAP/4 standard code is changed ! R Reaction to contents of tables: • dynamic screen modification in PBO-Modules • CASE/IF/CHECK -statements in ABAP/4 • change of screen appearance, e.g. through SET SCREEN • ...

R “Customizing Slots” in ABAP/4 standard modules: • ABAP/4 Modules with certain names will be called by the standard code - the module implementation is to be done during the customizing process.

R Attributes in Include- and Append-Tables.

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Overview 1. SAP R/3: Past, Presence and Future 2. The Integrated R/3-Repository 3. Enterprise Modeling with R/3 4. Objects of the R/3 Data Dictionary 5. Programming with ABAP/4 and the DynPro Concept 6. Customizing R/3: Concepts and Techniques 7. Process and System Architecture

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R/3 Layered Architecture

ABAP/4 Developm. Workbench Function Modules

R/3 Business Applications Workflow

CCMS

R/3 Middleware

System Software

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Three-Tier Client/Server-Architecture of R/3 Window manager SAPGUI process

PC

X-Terminals SAPGUI process

SAPGUI process Presentation server

Dispatcher

DynPro processor

DynPro processor

ABAP/4 interpreter

ABAP/4 interpreter

Workprocess

Workprocess Application server

Central booking process

RDBMS Database server © 1998 Florian Matthes, Stephan Ziemer - 95

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Communication Protocols in R/3 Application layer RFC (remote function calls)

Presentation layer

CPI-C (SAP implementation)

Session layer APPC Transport layer

LU 6.2 TCP/IP

Network layer Data Link layer Physical layer

X.25 Ethernet

...

EDBT’98 - Tutorial: Understanding SAP R/3

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Tokenring

Ethernet

...

Tokenring

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Process Architecture R/3 system

+1

+1

Presentation server

Application server

Dispatcher

Message server

Database server

Gateway server

+1

Work Process

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Work Process Dialog Batch Work Process

Spool Enqueue Task Handler Booking DynPro processor Message ABAP/4 processor Database interface

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