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  • November 2019
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‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻄﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺪﯼ ﻏﻼﻣﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬

‫‪[email protected]‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‪۲۰۰۰۰۱۵-۲۰۰۰۰۱۶ :‬‬

‫ﭼﮑﻴﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺁﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺎﺕ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺷـﺒﮑﻪ ﻫـﺎﯼ ﺑـﻴﺰﯼ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺸـﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻄﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤـﺎﺕ ﻛﻠـﻴﺪﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣـﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻃـﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺎﺕ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫـﺰﺍﺭ ﻓﮑـﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻳـﺪﻩ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺫﻫـﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮐﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔـﺬﺍﺭ ﻗـﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼـﻤﻴﻢ ﮔـﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﺤـﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺠـﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠـﻴﻞ ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑـﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﺭﻭﻳﮑـﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻄـﺮ ﭘﺬﻳـﺮ ﺍﻣـﺮﻱ ﭘﺴـﻨﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﺗـﻼﺵ ﻣـﻲ ﮐـﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮐﺮﺩ ‪:‬‬ ‫■ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫■ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻃـﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻃـﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫■ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ – ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑـﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻧـﻮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻃـﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴـﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ : ۱‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ – ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﮐﻢ – ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ‪ -‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ – ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻧﮑـﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻤـﻲ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۳‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﮑـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻳﺴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻳﺴﮑﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬

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‫ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻓﻨﻲ‬

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‫ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ‬

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‫ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬

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‫ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫■ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤـﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺮﺥ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﺭﺯ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺰﺩ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫■ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻓﻨﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻬـﺎﻡ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟـﻴﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔـﻲ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫■ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕـﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺧــــــﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫■ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮﺩ ﻏـﻴﺮ ﻣﺴـﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖ ﻃﻠﺒـﻲ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫■ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺤﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﮐﺴﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﮐﻠﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ : ۲‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ‪ -‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﮐﻢ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻓﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﮐﻢ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬

‫‪ -۴‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻃﺮﺡ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸـﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳـﮏ ﻣﮑﺎﻧـﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑـﻲ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -۱‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ -۲‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫‪ -۳‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫‪ -۴‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬

‫ﮐﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : ۱‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻃﺮﺡ‬

‫‪ -۱-۴‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳـﻨﺪ ﺷـﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﮑﺎﻧـﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑـﻲ ﺗﻠﻘـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﮐﺘﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺸﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ o‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺠﺮﻱ ) ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ (‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺳﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻃﺮﺡ ) ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ (‬

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‫‪ o‬ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺡ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﺒﺎ‬

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‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺫﮐـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻃـﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺠـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ o‬ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻣـﺎﺩﻱ ﻫـﺮ ﻃـﺮﺡ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﺳـﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠـﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ – ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﮐﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﮐﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﮐﻤﻲ ﻭ ﮐﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ‪ M‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﺩ ‪ N‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ ﺳﻮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ M‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ‪M > ۱+‬‬ ‫‪N=0‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺿﺮﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ N‬ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﮑﻪ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ‪N > ۱ +‬‬ ‫‪M=0‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻗﺒﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ o‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﮐﻠـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﮐﻤﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻃﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -۲-۴‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ) ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﮐﺎﺭ ( ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻨـﻴﮏ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳـﻦ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﺭﺩﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻫـﺮ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﭙﺮﻫـﻴﺰﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴـﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﮑـﺮﺩ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻨـﻴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ .٢‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﻫﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺡ‬

‫‪ -۱-۲-۴‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣـﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪ o‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻟﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪ 4‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮑﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ AHP‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺎﺕ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ λ‬ﻭ ‪ ....‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ o‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﮏ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪ -۲-۲-۴‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﻫﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣـﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻓـﻖ ﺟﻤﻌـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﮏ ﺗﮏ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺯﻭﺟـﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﺴـﺒﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣـﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ۱‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺟﺤﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : ۲‬ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﯽ) ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ( ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻠﯽ‬

‫‪ -۳-۲-۴‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺰﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔـﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﻴﺎﺕ ﻃـﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣـﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻳﮏ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬

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‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺭﺗـﺒﻪ ﺑـﻨﺪﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﻬﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : ۳‬ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : ۴‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪۳‬‬

‫‪ -۵‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﺨﺼﺼـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴـﻨﻪ ﺍﻧـﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﮐﺲ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳـﻨﺪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﮑﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺼـﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ ) ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ (‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮐـﻪ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﮑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬

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‫ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺁﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻃﺮﺡ‬

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‫ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺡ‬

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‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻗﺒﺎ‬

‫‪ -۶‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳـﻌﻲ ﺑـﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ‪ ٥‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ‪ ٦‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ Shenoy‬ﻭ ‪ Nadkarni‬ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺨـﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺘﺪﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻄﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۱-۶‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺖ‪: ٧‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸـﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺨﺴـﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ Axelrod‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۷۶‬ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟـﺐ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪6. Bayesian Causal Map‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﯽ‬ ‫‪8. Causal Map‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : ۵‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺧﺎﻡ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫‪ -۲-۶‬ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ‪: ٨‬‬ ‫ﺷـﺒﮑﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺰ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺴـﮏ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺑﻬـﺎﻡ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺳـﻴﻢ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓـﺘﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﻩ ﺣﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ‪ D‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ‪ M‬ﻭ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ R‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : ۶‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻴﺰﯼ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺰﻱ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺭﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪9. Bayesian Networks‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻟﺤﻠﻆ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺷﺰﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﺭﻭﺍﺑـﻂ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﻧـﻴﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼـﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺭﺗـﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧـﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺻﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﮑﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﮐﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻠﻂ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺷﺒﻴﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼـﻴﺺ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ : ۳‬ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫‪۰,۸۸‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻳﮏ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﺳﮑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫‪۰,۷۵‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻳﮏ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﺳﮑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬

‫‪۰,۵۰‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻳﮏ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﺳﮑﻪ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫‪۰,۲۵‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﺳﮑﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬

‫‪۰,۱۲۵‬‬

‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺏ ﺳﮑﻪ‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬

‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪9. Netica‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪ : ۷‬ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﻬﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺻﺤﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

‫‪ -۷‬ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﺪﯼ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣـﺪﻝ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻃﻤﻴـﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﻳـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﻳـﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﯽ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﻠﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﯼ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺬ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٨ ،‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪١٣٨٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﻳﺴﮏ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬ ‫]‪ [1‬ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﯽ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‪۱۳۷۸ ،‬‬ ‫]‪ [2‬ﻗﺪﺳﯽ ﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺒﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺍﻣﻴﺮ ﮐﺒﻴﺮ‪۱۳۷۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪[۵] Shenoy & Kemmerer & Mishra :. Bayesian Causal Maps as Decision Aids in‬‬ ‫‪Venture Capital Decision Making : Methods and Applications‬‬ ‫‪[۶] Shenoy & Kemmerer & Mishra Managing Venture Capital investment Decisions :‬‬ ‫‪A Knowledge – based Approch‬‬ ‫‪[۷] Axelord, R. 1976, Structure of Decision : The Cognitive Maps of Political Elites.‬‬ ‫‪Prinston ,NJ : Prinston University Press‬‬ ‫‪[8] Bolker & Keller. 2000, Decision making in nonlinear and uncertain climate‬‬ ‫‪systems, University of Florida‬‬

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