0206

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

Regional Focus

w&kwfEdkifiH'Drdkua&pD aZmfjrifhausmf “w¶kwf}uD; tdyfaysmfaeygap/ olEkd;vm&if urBm}uD;rSm 0rf;enf;p&mawG jzpfvdrfhr,f” vkd@ eykdvD,H wcgu ajymzl;ygw,f? ESpfq,f&mpk&JŒ aemufqkH; q,fpkESpfck rSmawmh w¶kwfe*g;}uD; Ekd;xvmygw,f? uGefjrLepfpwkdifvf A[kdcsKyfukdifpDrHudef; pD;yGm; a&;pepfuae vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGufpepfqDoGm;zkd@ qufwkdufðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG vkyfcJh ygw,f? taemufEkdifiHrsm;rSm ESpfaygif; 200 avmufjzwfcJh&wJh pufr_acwfukd q,fpkESpf ESpcf o k momtwGi;f tHrh cef;vkyaf qmifjy+yD;/ ESppf Of ude;f *%ef;ESpv f ;Hk wk;d wufr_ (doubledigit growth) ukd &&Sdaeygw,f? 1978 eJ@ 2008 ckESpft=um; ESpf(30) ðyjyifajymif;vJr_umvtwGif;rSm w¶kwfjynfolvlxk&JŒ vlaer_tqifhtwef;u ¶kyfykdif;qkdif&mtm;jzifh cGefESpfqwkd;wuf cJhygw,f? 'DumvrSm w¶kwf[m jyifywkdif;jynfrsm;&JŒ t"du &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_vufcH&m Xmae jzpfvm+yD;/ *vkdb,fukefoG,fa&;pepfrSm ta&;ygtc&musqkH; jzpfvmygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,fr_u 1979 ckESpfrSm 20 bDvD,Ha':vm&Sd+yD;/ 2005 rSmawmh wpf x&DvD,Ha':vm yrm%wefzkd;txd jrifhwufcJhygw,f? urBmhvlOD;a& txlxyfqkH;eJ@ wwd,t}uD;rm;qkH; EsL;uvD;,m; vufeufykdifqkdifwJh wkdif;jynf[m tck 21 &mpkrSm urBmht}uD;rm;qkH; pD;yGm;a&;ukd &&Sdaeyg+yD? 'ga=umifyh J w¶kw[ f m Ekid if w H umrSm t"du 0ifqef@wrhJ suEf mS pm a&muf&adS e+yD;/ tar&du&JŒ yg0geJ@ =oZmukd wef;wlòydifqkdifzkd@ taetxm; &Sdaeygw,f? tckvkd w¶kwf&JŒ wkd;wufjrifhrm;vmr_tay: urBmu 0rf;enf;p&mvm;qkdwmuawmh w¶kwfukd,fwkdif b,fvkdtpkd;&rsKd; jzpfvmrvJqkdwJhtay: rSDwnfaeygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&JŒ prf;oyfppfaq; r_tay: w¶kwf b,favmufatmifatmifjrifjrif av#mufEkdifrvJqkdwJhtay: rlwnf ygw,f? aps;uGufuae&&Sdxm;wJh "eeJ@ 'Drkdu&ufwpfEkdifiHa&;t=um; qufpyfr_awGukd b,favmufxJxJ0if0if em;vnfu|rf;usifovJ/ vufcHEkdifpGrf;&SdovJqkdwmawGtay: rlwnfaeygw,f? 51

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

"eeJ@ 'Drkdua&pD/ w¶kwfEkdifiH b,fawmh 'Drkdua&pDjzpfrSmvJ? tcsKdŒynm&Sif rsm;uawmh 2015 ckESpfavmufus&ifayghvkd@ r,kwfrvGef ajz=uygw,f? olwkd@tjrif t& w¶kwf&JŒ vsifjrefwJh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_E_ef;[m aemufq,fpkESpfrSmvnf; quf jzpfaeOD;r,f? tJ'Dh jrifhrm;wJh wkd;wufr_u wkdif;jynf&JŒwpfOD;csif;0ifaiG 7000 eJ@ 8000 a':vmt=um; ESpfpOf&vmapvdrfhr,f? pD;yGm;a&;zGHòzd;r_u 'Drkdua&pDukd OD;wnfapw,f qkdwJh oDtkd&Dtwkdif;/ 2015 avmufus&if 'Drkdua&jzpfzkd@ zdtm;ay;cHae&wmawGuae w¶kwf*Gif;vkH;u|wfoGm;r,f? vlwpfOD;csif;tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmwJh tjcm;tm&SEkdifiH awGvkdyJ 'Drkdua&pDjzpfvmvdrfhr,fvkd@ a[mudef;xkwf=uygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDeJ@ "et=um; eD;eD;uyfuyfqufEG,fr_awG &Sdygw,f? nHhzsif;wJh tm%m&SifykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;&Sd EkdifiHawG[m pD;yGm;a&;zGHòzd;;r_ &&SdvmwJhtcg 'Drkdua&pD vrf;p yGiv hf mwm awG@&ygw,f? 'DtxJrmS a&eHe@J ºuG,0f wJh tm&yfEidk if rH sm;uawmh c|i;f csuyf gy?J acwfopforkdif;a=umif;ukd oufaoðy&&if/ pD;yGm;a&;zGHòzd;wkd;wufr_u 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&;tajccHrsm;ukd cif;usif;ay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ tif*sifylwuf+yD; tE W&m,f&Sd avmufatmif jrefaewJh w¶kwfwkd;wufr_uvnf; b,fwkef;urS r&SdcJhwJh vGwfvyfr_ vpfbmwDeJ@ ukd,fpm;ðytpkd;&ykHpH tajccHaumif;awG p+yD; zefwD;vmr,fvkd@ wGufq[ef &Sdygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJra_ wGt+yD; q,fpEk pS f ESpcf ck t JG =um w¶kwrf mS aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pef;yGifhr_ tckdiftrm&Sdvmygw,f? wzufrSmvnf; 1949 ckESpfuwnf;u uGefjrLepf0g'eJ@wnfaqmufcJhwJh pDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;awGuvnf; trsm;tjym; usef&Sd aeygao;w,f? vkH;0tvkyfrjzpf tjrwfr&wJh tpkd;&ykdifvkyfief;awGrSm w¶kwfoef;aygif; rsm;pGm tvkyfcef@xm;&wkef;yJqkdwmvnf; rSefygw,f? okd@aomf t¶_H;tjrwftay: t"du wGucf suv f yk u f idk w f hJ w¶kwyf *k v ~ u d vkyif ef;rsm;u tpk;d &pDru H ed ;f vkyif ef;rsm;xuf ykdaumif;rGefoGufvufaewm w¶kwftpkd;&ukd,fwkdif t&omawG@vmyg+yD? wkdif;jynf ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;&JŒ 50 &mckdifE_ef;eJ@ wkd;wufr_tm;vkH;[m yk*~vduvkyfief;awGa=umifhyJ jzpfygw,f? 21 &mpk&JŒ yxrq,fpkrSmyJ uqkefaygufxGufvmwJh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u vlvwfwef;pm;tv$mwpfck arG;xkwfay;ygw,f? w¶kwf&JŒ rsm;jym;vGef;wJh vlOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;eJ@ =unfh&ifawmh 'g[m ao;i,faumif; ao;i,fygr,f? okd@aomf vl vwfwef;pm;tv$m OD;a&[m tvsiftjrefukd wkd;wufvmaeygw,f? w¶kwfawG òrdŒ}uD;awGrSm ykdaexkdifvm=u+yD;/ ynmwwfawGykdrsm;vm=uw,f? vGwfvyfr_&SdwJh tvkyftukdifrsKd;eJ@ tm;vyfcsdefykdrsm;r,fh tvkyftukdifrsKd;awG &SmazGvm=uw,f? ykdrkd rsm;jym;vmwJh 0ifaiGawGukd acwfay:ZdrfcHypPnf;awGrSm okH;pGJvm=uw,f? taemuf EkdifiHrsm;&JŒ o¶kyfo¿mef ‘a&Smhyif; armvf’ awGu w¶kwfrSm pnfpnfum;um; jzpfae ygw,f? 52

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifhESifh A[k0g' vGwfvyfwJh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;&JŒ t"dutouf yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifh (private property) u pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajym;vJr_awGvkyfwJh 20 &mpktukefykdif;xd w¶kwfrSm tjynfht0 rwnf&Sdao;ygbl;? òrdŒjyaexkdifolawG[m olwkd@tdrfukd ‘*&rf’eJ@om ykdifqkdif Ekdif+yD;/ aus;vufu olawG[m pkdufysKd;ajrukd ESpfokH;q,fcef@ tpkd;&qDu iSm;&rf;Ekdif ygw,f? 'gawG[m 1970 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;txd &SdcJhwmr[kwfbl;? okd@aomf w¶kwfjynfolvlxkrSm taemufwkdif;aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;vkd Oya' uae w&m;0iftumtuG,fay;xm;wJh vkHòcHpdwfcs&wJh ykdifqkdifcGifhrsKd; r&&Sdao;ygbl;? w¶kwfrSm wduswJhykdifqkdifcGifhtaetxm;rsKd; &&Sdzkd@ cufcJygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD; rsm;pGm[mvnf; tpkd;&wykdif; yk*~vduwykdif; ra&r&mykHpHeJ@ xdef;csKyfxm;ygao;w,f? w¶kwjf ynfrmS wOD;csi;f tcGit hf a&;awG tumtuG,af y;zk@d e@J ykid q f idk cf iG t hf ay: tajcwnf r,fh òydiq f idk rf r_ sK;d awGtwGuf tumtuG,af y;zk@d vkaH vmufwhJ Oya'pepfrsK;d awG r&Sad o; ygbl;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm a&SŒaeawG trsm;}uD;&Sdoavmuf/ w¶kwfrSm vkH;0 yg;&Sm;ygw,f? taemufwkdif;pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;tzkd@ pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ukd xkwfvkyf ay;r,fh trsKd;tpm;u vkHòcHpdwfcs&wJh yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifheJ@ Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;vkd@ ,lqxm; ayr,f/h 'DEpS cf k r&Sb d eJ @J w¶kwpf ;D yGm;a&; awmufav#mufw;dk wufvmwm tHt h m;oifph &m vkd jzpfaeygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_eJ@twl t&yfbufvl@tzGJ@tpnf; zGJ@wnfapr,fh vGwfvyf wJh tkyfpki,fav;awG w¶kwfjynftESH@ v#HxGufvmygw,f? 2005 ckESpfrSm tpkd;& r[kwfaomtzGJ@tpnf; 285˜000 [m w&m;0if rSwfykHwif+yD; jzpfygw,f? vlOD;a& 1³3 bDvD,Hausmf&SdwJh wkdif;jynftwGuf 'g[m enf;yg;wJh t&nftwGufygyJ? okd@aomf w&m; r0if tkyfpkta&twGuf[m 8 oef;ausmfr,fvkd@ cef@rSef;&ygw,f? w¶kwf&JŒ avxka&xk a=umufp&mnpfnrf;r_awGu wkid ;f jynf&ŒJ obm0ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;aqmif¶u G zf @dk tkyfpkawGay:atmif wGef;tm;ay;ovkd &Sdaeygw,f? wkd;wufvmwJh pD;yGm;a&;u tusKd;pD;yGm;qkdif&m yËdyuQawGukdvnf; ay:xGuf apygw,f? okd@aomf 'Drkdua&pDpepfawGrSm tc&muswJh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mwufºuGr_&Sdr,fh tusKd;pD;yGm;tkyfpkrsKd;ukd rawG@&Sd&ovkd/ jynfol@a&;&mrl0g'udpPawGrSm oabmxm; uGJvGJr_ukd &J&J0Hh0Hh azmfjywmvnf; r&SdoavmufygyJ? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf w¶kwf[m wjznf; jznf;csif;awmh ‘A[k0g'’ vkd@ odxm;wJh taemufEkdifiHa&;pepfoGifjyifrsKd; pwif&&Sdae+yD vkd@awmh qkd&ygr,f?

53

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

xyfajym&&if ESpfq,fhwpf&mpk w¶kwf[m 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf orkdif;qkdif&m vkdtyfcsuf tajctaersm;xJu wpfckukd jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifcJhygw,f? tJ'Dh wpfckuawmh urBm}uD;qD w¶kwu f dk wHcg;zGiahf y;vku d jf cif; jzpfygw,f? w¶kwu f eG jf rLepfygwD xlaxmifol acgif;aqmif}uD; armfpDwkef; [m 1949 uGefjrLepfygwD tm%m&csdefuae 1976 ckESpf ol aoqkH;csdeftxd tm%mukdcsKyfukdifxm;+yD; txkduftoifh atmifjrifr_ &cJhw,f qkd&ygr,f? okd@aomf oljrifxm;wJh azmufjyefwJh jyifyurBmuae wkdif;jynfukd wHwkdif;cwf z,fusOfxm;+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;wJh ppfat;umvrSm w¶kwf oef; 70 ausmf aoapcJholyg? ol@ukd qufcHolrsm;uawmh wkdif;jynfwHcg;awGzGifh+yD;/ armfydwfzkd@ óud;pm;cJh or#ukd óudqkdcJhygw,f? w¶kwftpkd;&[m tckqkd EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf; 130 eJ@ qufqH vkyfukdifae+yD;/ EkdifiHwumpmcsKyf 150 txuf vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; jzpfygw,f? 1980 ckESpfrSm w¶kwf&JŒ tjcm;EkdifiHawGeJ@ ukefoG,fr_yrm%u 7 qausmf/ pkpkaygif;xkwfukef yrm%&JŒ ukefoG,fr_ &S,f,mu 5 qausmf/ urBmhukefoG,fr_}uD; wckvkH;rSm w¶kwf&JŒ tcsKd;tpm;u (0³8) uae (7³7) &mckdifE_ef;txd jrifhwufcJhygw,f? 2002 ckESpfrSm urBm vSnfhc&D;oGm;{nfhonf 6 oef; a&muf&SdcJh+yD;/ w¶kwfausmif;om; 4odef; EkdifiHjcm; wuUokdvfrsm;rSm avhvmoif,lae=uygw,f? 2005 ckESpfrSm w¶kwf (111) oef;cef@[m tifwmeufeJ@ xdawG@,Ofyg;aeyg+yD? 'g[m EkdifiHa&;'Drkdua&pDtwGuf tajccHtkwfjrpfcsxm;jcif;ygyJ? wkdif;jynfe,fedrdwf ausmf+yD; b,fwkef;urS ra&mufzl;/ EkdifiHjcm;om;wa,mufeJ@ rawG@qkHzl;bl;wJh w¶kwf oef;aygif;rsm;pGm[m tifwmeufuae qufoG,fEkdifyg+yD? tifwmeufuae tpkd;& ykdifeufukd ausmfvGef+yD; wpfOD;csif;eJ@jzpfap/ tjcm;t&yfbufvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eJ@jzpfap qufoG,fEkdifygw,f? tifwmeufu 'Drkdua&pDukd tm;jznfhEkdifr,fh vlr_uGef,uf rkd;ukyf puf0kdif;ukd zefwD;ay;ygw,f? tck 2008 ckESpf ukefqkH;csdefrSmqkd&if w¶kwf (296)oef; tifwmeufokH;pGJae=u+yD;/ oef; (630)ausmf[m rkdvfbkdif;zkef; ukdifae=uygw,f? &ykdifcGifhtodpdwf vpfbmwDe@J uk, d pf m;ðytpk;d &ay:xGuEf idk rf ,fh tajctaeawG 21 &mpk w¶kwf Ekid if rH mS tvsit f jref}uD;xGm;vmaomfvnf;/ wkid ;f jynfrmS 'Dru dk a&pD w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;r_ypHk H (structures) r&Sdygbl;? yk*~vduykdifqkdifcGifh/ wif;jynfhw&m;a&;pepf/ ppfrSefwJhEkdifiHa&;ygwD rsm;/ vGwfvyfpGm,SOfòydifEkdifr,fh a¶G;aumufyGJ/ bmoma&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awG twGuf tumtuG,frsm; vkH;0 csKdŒwJhaeygw,f? 'gayr,fh w¶kwfrSm tpGef;a&muf a&S;¶kd;pGJuGefjrLepf0g'ukdyJ wyfrufpGJvrf;aewJh 'Drkdu&ufwpfqef@usifa&;a&m*g avsmhyg; oGm;+yDvkd@awmh qkdcsifygw,f?

54

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

vuf&Sdtm%m& uGefjrLepfygwDrSm armf&JŒwpfOD;wnf;tm%m&Sif v$rf;rkd;r_ t&dyf&yfwHh z,f&Sm;ypfEkdifcJhyg+yD? ygwDtzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um; t,ltqtaoG;ta&mifpkHopf trsK;d rsK;d &Sv d m+yD;/ w¶kwt f pk;d &[m 'Dru dk &ufwpf ykjd zpfoifw h ,fv@dk xifjrif,q l ol ykrd sm; vmygw,f? ygwDu ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;a¶G;cs,fr_awGeJ@ a¶G;cs,fcHukd,fpm;vS,fawG&JŒ vkyyf idk cf iG t hf m%mukd xde;f csKyfxm;aomfvnf;/ aus;vufòrdŒjyawGrmS vlxu k , dk pf m;vS,f ukd a¶G;aumufyGJeJ@om a¶G;cs,fygw,f? 'Dhxufykdta&;ygwmu/ 21 &mpktprSmyJ EkdifiHom;wkdif;rSm ukd,fykdiftcGifh ta&;awG &&Sd&r,fqkdwJh tkdif'D,mu/ w¶kwf taemufynmwwftkyfpkawGxufukd ausmfvGef+yD; w¶kwfjynftESH@ jyef@ESH@aeygw,f? tvkyform;eJ@ v,form;rsm;t=um; rSmvnf; ‘&ykdifcGifhtodpdwfrsm;’ Ekd;ºuGvm+yD;/ 'g[m 'Drkdua&pDenf;ustkyfcsKyfwJh vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf tajccHuswJh oGifjyifvuQ%mrsm; jzpfygw,f? qifqmmcvkyfuefoif;eJ@ ygwDtdyfrufopf 'ga=umifh pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGu tcsdefumvwkdtwGif; EkdifiHa&; 'Drkdua&pD tajccHtkwfjrpfaumif;awG o,fvmw,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? w¶kwfpD;yGm;a&; qufvufjrifhwufvmr_a=umifhyJ wkdif;jynf&JŒ vlvwfwef;pm;tv$meJ@ t&yfbuf vl@ tzGJ@tpnf; tjyef@us,fvmygw,f? tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;rSm 'Drkdu&ufwpf tajymif;tvJawGvkyfzkd@ zdtm;awG ykd+yD; tay;cHvm&ygw,f? okd@aomf vuf&SdtkyfcsKyf aewJh uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ ausmfv$m;zkd@cufcJwJh twm;tqD; cvkyfuefoif;awGukd &ifqkdif &zkd@awGvnf; aocsmaeygw,f? vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;b0e,fy,ftoD;oD;tay: vkH;0csKyfukdifxm;vkdwJh armf&JŒ pDrHudef;awGukd pGef@v$wfvkdufaomfvnf;/ ygwDu EkdifiHa&;tm%mukd rkdEkdykdvD vkyfxm;zkd@ qkH;jzwfxm;ygw,f? twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkqkd ao;ao;}uD;}uD; acsr_ef;ypfygw,f? b,fEkdifiHa&;ygwDrsKd;rS w¶kwfrSm cGifhrðyygbl;? Oyrm/ zvefa*gif;vkd bmoma&;usifhpOf v_yf&Sm;pkzGJ@r_rsKd;ukd vkH;0onf;rcHygbl;? w¶kwftpkd;&u qifqmwm;jrpfr_ ykHpHukdvnf; a¶G;cs,fusifhokH;ygw,f? armfacwfrmS vlox d if&mS ; raqG;aEG;&vk@d wm;jrpfxm;wJh bmom&yfta=umif;&m rsm;pGm ukd zGifhay;cJhygw,f? okd@aomf ay:ay:wifwif EkdifiHa&;oabmxm;uGJvGJr_ razmfxkwfEkdif ovkd/ uGefjrLepfygwDukdvnf; rxdyg;zkd@ wm;jrpfxm;ygw,f? ygwDu tjrifoabmxm; uGJvGJr_wkdif;ukd uef@owfxm;+yD;/ onf;cHr_rSm twkdif;twm tuef@towfxm;ygw,f? tifwmeufrSmvnf; qifqmawG&Sd+yD;/ EkdifiHa&; 0ufbfqkdufawGukd ydwfxm;ygw,f? ygwDu tm%myg0gukd wif;wif;&if;&if;qkyfukdifxm;&wJh ta=umif;jycsuf vnf; &Sdygw,f? ygwDu um;vfrufpf &SmazGawG@&Sd+yD;/ vDeifeJ@ armfukd jyefoxm;wJh 55

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tpGef;a&mufuGefjrLepf Am;&Sif;a[mif;awGukdvnf; pGef@cJh+yD? taemuf'Drkdua&pDykHpHrsKd; ukv d nf; rvku d af wmhbJ ausmv f eG yf pfcsiw f ,f? 'gah =umifrh @dk *k%af &mifxeG ;f ajymifwhJ qk¶d , S f vpf uGefjrLewDtopfwck zefwD;csifvkd@ vrf;a=umif;opf xGifaewmyJvkd@ qkdygw,f? w¶kwfawG[m avay:rSmokdif;csovkd olrsm;xuf xl;csif qef;csifwmuawmh trSefygyJ? aemuf uGefjrLepfygwDtaeeJ@ 'Dvkdajymtm;&Sdwmuvnf; 1980 jynfhvGefrsm; eJ@ 1990 jynfhvGefrsm;rSm ta&SŒOa&myeJ@ qkdAD,uf,leD,Hwkd@u uGefjrLepf0g'vkd EkdifiHa&; f pk;d &rSm rcHpm; w&m;0ifru _ if;rJh (deficit of political legitimacy) oGm;wmrsK;d w¶kwt cJh&ygbl;? ta&SŒOa&myeJ@ qkdAD,ufrSmxuf pD;yGm;a&;trsm;}uD;omvGefatmif w¶kwfu vkyfjyEkdifcJhygw,f? armfpukdrSmu rDac;vfa*:omacsmh tm%mr&cifESpfrsm;eJ@ tm%m&+yD; uGefjrLepfpepfòydvJapcJhonftxdumvukd ‘pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_acwf’vkd@ ajym=uyg w,f? w¶kwfuawmh qef@usifbufyg? pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ pwif+yD; ESpfq,fhig;ESpf t=umrSm pD;yGm;a&;wkef@qkdif;r_ vkH;0aysmufxGufoGm;+yD;/ wkd;wufr_t¶Sdeft[kef '&pyf jzpfay:cJhygw,f? tJh'D atmufajcodrf; ajymif;vJypfcJhwJhESpfawGu oef;&maygif;rsm;pGm csrf;omvmap+yD; t&ifuxuf ykdvGwfvyfr_&Sdvmygw,f? tm%m&ygwD tkyfcsKyfol ykdif;rSmvnf; ygwD&JŒtm%mukd vkyfcsifwkdif;vkyfr&awmhbJ tuef@toufeJ@om okH;pGJ Ekdifw,fqkdwJh ,kH=unfcsuf jrifhrm;vmygw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒpkd;rkd;wnf&Sdr_ukd trsm;u rypfy,f&JwJh aemufxyfta=umif; wpfcsuf &Syd gw,f? vlxu k , dk w f idk u f ykrd q dk ;dk ¶Gm;wJw h pkw H &m wkid ;f jynfrmS óuHawG@rmS pk;d &drf a=umufvef@jcif;ygyJ? r=umr=umjzpfwwfwJh 0¶kef;okef;um; A&rf;Awm t=urf;zufr_ awGu w¶kwf&JŒESpfq,f&mpkorkdif;ukd trm¶GwfxifapcJhwmawG &Sdygw,f? 1911 ckESpf aemufqkH; rif;qufðywfust+yD; a'oppfbk&ifawG pkd;rkd;cs,fvS,fr_/ 1930 eJ@ 1940jynfh vGefESpfrsm;rSm *syef&JŒ&uf&ufpufpufusK;ausmfodrf;ykdufr_/ *syef¶_H;edrfht+yD; uGefjrLepf rsm;eJ@ ulrifwefw@dk t=um;u jynfwiG ;f ppf/ armf&ŒJ 1950 jynfv h eG f ‘r[mckeyf saH usmv f m$ ;’ wpfEkdifiHvkH;0g'jzef@ tvGJvkyfaqmifr_rsm;/ 1960 jynfhvGef ‘r[mypPnf;rJh ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;’ zdESdyfr_rsm;pwJh '%f&m'%fcsufawG axmif;varmif;xatmif w¶kwf jynfolawGcHpm;cJh&ygw,f? ESpfq,fhwpf&mpkrSm vli,frsKd;qufrsm;u tJh'Djzpf&yfqkd;tm;vkH;ukd ausmfv$m; ypfcJhayr,fh/ w¶kwfjynfolrsm;[m tpkvkduftòyHvkduf toufqkH;¶_H;a=uuGJzG,f&mawG ukd trSwf&wkef;yJ&Sdygao;w,f? 'Dvkdjzpf&yfrsKd;awGeJ@ vGJrSm;wJh0g'jzef@r_&JŒqkd;usKd;awGukd w¶kwfjynfolvlxk a&Smif&Sm;csif=uwmukd em;vnf=unfhEkdifygw,f? w¶kwfjynfol awGu uoef;u&rf;tajctaexuf wnf+idrfr_ukdvkdcsifygw,f? wnf+idrfr_&JŒwefzkd;[m uGefjrLepfygwD wpfygwDpepf quf&Sifoefr_jzpfae&ifawmifrS/ ay;xkdufwmyJvkd@ ESvkH;oGif; [ef&Sdygw,f? 56

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; ESpftpdwfumvtwGif; csrf;omvmol/ ynmwwfvmol/ òrdŒ}uD;om;qefvmol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmu w¶kwfjynf ukef;wGif;ykdif; zGHòzd;r_ aemufus usef&pfcJhwJh aus;vufqif;&Jom;awG&JŒ ykefuefxºuGr_awGtay: +iD;aiG@pdwfysufwmawG &Sdygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh olwkd@&JŒtusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ aumif;usKd;csrf;omukd ygwDu tumtuG,fay;xm;w,fvkd@ rSwf,l=uygw,f? trsKd;om;a&;0g' v_Haqmfr_ tpkd;&u olwkd@taetxm;ukd qufvuf&yfwnfusm;uefzkd@ ‘trsKd;om;a&; 0g'’ ukd vlxkt=um; us,fus,favmifavmif qGay;ygw,f? txl;ojzifh xkdif0rfukd xde;f csKyf+yD; jynfruvlawGonf;ajcóuduaf tmif upm;ygw,f? xkid 0f rfu|e;f &JŒ 'Dru dk a&pD enf;us a¶G;aumufcH tpk;d &u w&m;0ifvw G v f yfa&;a=unm&if/ ppfa&;ta&;,lqifEzJG @dk wuJuJjyifqif ppfcsDppfwufvkyfjyygw,f? 'ghtjyif ygwDu ajymifzGifhrajymayr,fh/ w¶kwftrsm;pk em;vnfoabmayguf xm;wJh tcsufwpfcsuf&Sdw,f? wu,fvkd@ ygwDomòydusoGm;&if ‘[ef’ w¶kwfrsKd;EG,fpk r[kwfolawGeJ@ w¶kwfjynftaemufbuf bmoma&;vlenf;pkrsKd;pkHu aocsmayguf xºuGvm=ur,f? wdbufa'ou Ak'
tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

rvG,fygbl;? ¶k&Sm;&JŒ w&m;0if 'Drkdu&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsKd; w¶kwfrSm r&Sdygbl;? tm%m&tkypf [ k m vl@tzG@J tpnf;xJ eufeuf¶id_ ;f ¶_id ;f ajcuky, f x l m;+yD; tm%mquf+rJ+rH a&;twGuf enf;rsKd;pkHokH;rSmyg? w¶kwjf ynfrxJ 'Dru dk a&pDjzpfvmzG,t f &Sq d ;Hk vrf;a=umif;uawmh xke@J xnfe@J +idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyr_rsKd;/ EkdifiHa&; ab;usyfESHusyf qkdufatmifvkyfwmrsKd;/ urBmwv$m; EkdifiHtrsm;pkrSm ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGjzpfovkd tm%m&tkyfpk eef;pGef@wmrsKd;awG jzpfEkdif ygw,f? ab*sif; wD,efeefrifpuGJ,m;eJ@ tjcm;òrd@}uD;awGrSm 1989 rSm jzpfovkdrsKd;awG wausmhjyef jrifawG@Ekdifygw,f? tck 21 &mpktprSmyJ qENjyyGJawG r=umr=umay:xGufvmygw,f? 2004 ckESpfrSmwif vl 3³6 oef;avmufyg0ifwJh qENjyr_rsKd;awG xGufvmygw,f? jy\em ta=umif;tjcif;&mrsKd;pkHu w¶kwfawGqENjyatmif rD;xkd;ay;ae+yD;/ jcpm;aewJh ygwD t&m&SdawG/ tpkd;&&JŒ ajr,m rw&m;odrf;r_eJ@ puf¶kHawG ydwfypfr_awGukd aygufuGJae=u ygw,f? r=umc%ay:xGufvmwJh qlylr_awG[m jynfe,fa'oawGrSmom uGufjzpf+yD;/ wpfckeJ@wpfck csdwfqufrrdbJ EkdifiHa&;,E W&m;}uD;wckvkH;ukd rxdckdufEkdifatmif jzpfae ygw,f? tpkd;&uvnf; jyef@ESH@ul;qufroGm;atmif zdESdyfxdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f? tu,fIrsm; pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_E_ef;avsmhusoGm;r,f/ ygwDtay: vlóuduf rsm;r_eJ@ w&m;0ifr_ usqif;oGm;r,fqkd&if/ EkdifiHa&;qlylr_awG[m a'otqifhuae wpfEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmtxd jzpfvmEkdifygw,f? w¶kwfjynftESH@ 1989 ckESpf aEGOD;rSm jzpfcJhwJh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; qENjyr_rsKd; tpkd;&ukd pdefac:r_awG jzpfvmEkdifygw,f? tJh'Dvkd tusyftwnf;uae jzpfay:vmr,fh&vm'fukd cef@rSef;Ekdifzkd@u tawmf cufygw,f? 1989 ckESpfrSm wdef@a&Smifzdef OD;aqmifwJhygwD acgif;aqmiftenf;pku qENjyolawGukd ESdyfuGyfacsr_ef;ypfzkd@ trdef@ay;cJhygw,f? 21 &mpkrSm tvm;wlqENjyr_ rsKd;awGuawmh jcm;em;wJh&vm'frsKd; xkwfay;Ekdifaumif;ygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;wJh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG jrifhwufvm+yD;/ uGefjrLepf0g'uae 'Drkdu&ufwpftkyfcsKyfr_qD ul;ajymif;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? 1989 uvkd wifhum;eJ@ wuf}udwf&r,fhtaetxm;rsKd; tusyftwnf; óuHvm&if/ OD;aqmifoal wG b,fvdk wke@f jyefaqmif¶u G =f urvJ qkw d mu us,jf yef@ygw,f? ygwD&JŒ t&m&SdtoD;oD;=um;rSmvnf; 'Drkdua&pDvkdvm;wJh pdwf"mwfu ykd+yD; ckdifckdif rmrm&Sdvmygw,f? aocsmwmuawmh 'Drkdu&ufwpftpkd;&twGuf &Sd&r,fh tajctae awGjzpfwhJ aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;/ vlvwfwef;pm;/ yk*v ~ u d ykid q f idk cf iG q hf idk &f m tifpwDusK;&Si;f eJ@ tkid 'f , D mwHcg;zGirhf r_ sm;[m a=uuGzJ , G &f m wD,efeefrifjzpf&yft+yD; ESprf sm;rSm us,jf yef@ euf¶_dif;pGm ykdrdk wnf&Sdaeyg+yD? aemufxyftusyftwnf;}uD; óuHvm&if/ tJh'Dvdk tajccH ajymif;vJr_rsm;u w¶kwfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: uGefjrLepfv$rf;rkd;xdef;csKyfxm;r_ukd z,f&Sm;ypfEkdifygvdrfhr,f? 58

trSw( f 2)? azaz:0g7Dv 2009 ckep S f

tvif;&eH@ *sme,f

r[efawmhwJh ygwD a,bk,stm;jzifh w¶kwfjynf uGefjrLepftkyfpkd;r_ 21 &mpkykHpH[m a&&Snfckdif+rJzkd@ odyfvG,fvS[ef r&Sdygbl;? ta=umif;ESpfcsuf&Sdygw,f? yxrtcsufu w¶kwfjynfukd tkyfcsKyfzkd@twGuf csrSwfxm;wJh uGefjrLepfygwD&JŒ r[mAsL[mrSmukdu tajccH"da&m"d jzpfaewm&Sdygw,f? tpkd;&u pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufzkd@ay:vpDawG t&Sdefjr‡ifh aqmif¶Gufae w,f? pD;yGm;a&; jrifhwufaqmif¶Gufwm[m uGefjrLepfpkd;rkd;r_ukd usm;uefwnfaqmufzkd@ eJ@ a&&SnfEkdifiHa&;wnf+idrfzkd@ &nf¶G,fygw,f? okd@aomf oDtkd&Dt& pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_u jynfoltrsm; qef@usifr_ tm;aumif;zkd@eJ@ tm%m&Siftpkd;& z,f&Sm;+yD; 'Drkdua&pD jzpf xGef;zkd@ tajccHESpfck zefwD;ay;ygw,f? 'kwd,tcsuf/ uGefjrLepfpepfukd tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;awGa=umifh vkyfaqmif cJh=uwm? 21 &mpktwGufawmh tH0ifzkd@ rvG,fa=umygyJ? rufpf/ vDeifeJ@ armfwkd@&JŒ oif=um;r_awGe@J urBmh uset f pdwt f ykid ;f rsm;uae txD;usejf zpfaewJh acwfaemufuswhJ v,form;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf trsKd;om;a&;tiftm;/ vlr_a&;wkd;wufr_awG&zkd@ vrf;!$efcsufjzpfcJhygw,f? 'gayr,fh 21 &mpk w¶kwfrSmawmh tJ'Dh toGifjyifvuQ%mrsKd; awG r&SdawmhatmifygyJ? aocsmwmu uGefjrLepfygwD[m urBmeJ@twl ajymif;vJaewJht&m&mukd wkdif;jynfrSm vkdufavsmnDaxG usifhokH;aeygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;udpP rSefor#ukd zkH;zdxdef;csKyfvkdwJh armf&JŒtm%mykdif0g'ukd pGef@v$wf+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ trSefwu,fvkdtifukd a&SŒwef;wif+yD; ygwDu vkyfaqmifvmygw,f? 'D r[mAsL[mu b,favmuf wm&SnfqufoGm;EkdifrvJ/ yg0g vuf0g;}uD; tkyfr_ukd rpGef@v$wfbJ b,favmufa0;a0; c&D;qufEkdifOD;rvJ qkdwmukd w¶kwf 21 &mpk orkid ;f opfu tajzay;ygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dx h ufy&dk iS ;f vif;aewmu w¶kw&f ŒJ pD;yGm;a&; wk;d wuf r_u vGwfvyfpGm a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufwJh tpkd;&wpfck ay:xGef;vmzkd@ zdtm;awG ay;aew,fqkdwJh tcsufygyJ? ? ÐÐÐÐÐ &nf!$ef; - Democracy's Good Name by Michael Mandelbaum - Mao - the Unknown Story by John Chang and Jon Holliday

59